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26th parallel south

The 26th parallel south is a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere located 26 degrees south of the Earth's equator, forming an imaginary line that encircles the globe parallel to the equator. This parallel traverses the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Africa, crosses the African continent (through Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Eswatini, and Mozambique), enters the Indian Ocean, passes through central Australia, continues across the Pacific Ocean, and intersects the continent of South America (in Chile and Argentina) before returning to the Atlantic. In Australia, the 26th parallel south holds particular geographical and administrative significance as it defines the northern boundary of South Australia, extending approximately 1,200 kilometers from east to west.^[1] This border connects three key tripoints: Surveyor General's Corner (26° S, 129° E) with Western Australia and the Northern Territory; Poeppel Corner (26° S, 138° E) with the Northern Territory and Queensland; and Haddon Corner (26° S, 141° E) with Queensland.^[1] Sections of the line were surveyed in the late 19th century, with later surveys in the 20th century completing the demarcation amid challenges from remote desert terrain; markers like concrete obelisks were placed at these corners to delineate state territories.^[1] Further west in Australia, the parallel crosses Western Australia near Shark Bay on the coast, where it serves as a legal demarcation for regional restrictions, including the southern boundary of the "Northern Region" under liquor control laws that limit sales and consumption to mitigate social issues in remote areas.^[2] Beyond Australia, the parallel influences subtropical climates along its path, supporting diverse ecosystems from arid deserts in southern Africa and South America to coastal zones, though it lacks major international borders elsewhere compared to its role in Australian state divisions.

Definition and Characteristics

Circle of Latitude

The 26th parallel south is a circle of latitude that lies 26 degrees south of the Earth's equator, forming an imaginary line parallel to the equator that encircles the globe.^[3] This line serves as a key reference in the global coordinate system, helping to define positions on Earth's surface relative to the equator and poles. Latitude is angularly measured northward or southward from the equator, with the 26th parallel south precisely located at the coordinate 26°00′00″ S. These measurements use degrees (°), where each degree divides into 60 arcminutes (′) and each arcminute into 60 arcseconds (″), providing a sexagesimal system for precise geolocation that originated from ancient astronomical observations.^[4] Positioned about 2.56 degrees south of the Tropic of Capricorn at approximately 23°26′22″ S, the 26th parallel south falls within the subtropical zone, which generally spans from around 23.5° to 40° latitude in both hemispheres and is characterized by transitional climatic patterns between tropical and temperate regions.^[5]^[6] The basic geometric properties of this circle derive from Earth's approximate sphericity, with an equatorial circumference of 40,075 km serving as the baseline. The circumference at 26° S is calculated as C = 40{,}075 \times \cos(26^\circ) km; since \cos(26^\circ) \approx 0.8988, this yields approximately 36,026 km. Similarly, the radius of the parallel from Earth's rotation axis is the equatorial radius (about 6,378 km) multiplied by \cos(26^\circ), resulting in roughly 5,734 km. To arrive at these values, start with the standard equatorial parameters from the WGS 84 ellipsoid model, apply the cosine function to account for the latitude's angular offset (using a calculator or trigonometric tables for \cos(26^\circ)), and multiply accordingly for the scaled dimensions.^[7]

Astronomical and Geometric Properties

The 26th parallel south lies approximately 2.89 million meters south of the equator, calculated as the arc length along a great circle using Earth's mean radius of 6,371 km and the angular distance of 26° (or about 0.454 radians).^[8] This positioning places it just south of the Tropic of Capricorn, located at roughly 23.44°S, where the Sun reaches its zenith only once annually during the December solstice; at 26°S, the Sun never passes directly overhead, with the maximum noon solar elevation instead occurring on the December solstice at approximately 87.44°.^[9] Daylight duration along the parallel varies seasonally due to Earth's axial tilt. On the December solstice (southern summer), when the Sun's declination δ is -23.44°, the approximate day length is 13 hours and 38 minutes, computed using the formula for daylight hours:

\text{Day length (hours)} = \frac{24}{\pi} \arccos\left( -\tan\phi \tan\delta \right),

where φ = -26° is the latitude and the arccos function yields radians; this results in a longer photoperiod compared to the June solstice (northern summer, δ = +23.44°), where daylight shortens to about 10 hours and 22 minutes.^[10] These variations arise from the parallel's subtropical location, which experiences moderate seasonal contrasts in solar exposure.^[11] Geometrically, the 26th parallel south forms a small circle on Earth's spheroid, parallel to the equator, with a circumference of approximately 36,028 km—reduced from the equatorial 40,075 km by the factor cos(26°) ≈ 0.8988.^[7] On a globe, this circle appears as a tilted loop when viewed from most angles, but map projections distort its representation: it renders as a straight horizontal line on Mercator projections, where spacing between parallels increases poleward to preserve angles, while pseudocylindrical projections like the Mollweide preserve its relative area but curve it slightly.

Global Path

Crossing the Atlantic Ocean and Africa

The 26th parallel south traverses the South Atlantic Ocean for approximately 7,000 km before reaching the African continent.^[12] It makes landfall in Namibia near 15°E, in the coastal region of the Namib Desert.^[13] From there, the parallel progresses eastward through southern Africa, entering Botswana at approximately 22°E and crossing the Kalahari Basin.^[14] It then enters South Africa near 24°E.^[15] After spanning about 2,000 km across the continent, the parallel exits Africa into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Mozambique near 35°E, passing just south of Inhaca Island.^[16]

Crossing the Indian Ocean and Australia

The 26th parallel south enters the Indian Ocean after crossing southern Mozambique near Maputo Bay, traversing a vast oceanic expanse of approximately 7,800 km to reach Australia. This segment passes south of Madagascar, whose southernmost point lies at about 25°28′S, and south of Mauritius at around 20°S 57°E, remaining entirely over open water in the subtropical zone. The parallel's position influences the South Indian subtropical anticyclonic gyre, a dominant circulation feature driven by wind patterns and characterized by clockwise flow in the southern hemisphere, with the gyre's western boundary near Africa and eastern extension approaching Australia's west coast.^[17] The parallel makes landfall on Australia's west coast at Shark Bay in Western Australia, crossing Dirk Hartog Island near Steep Point at coordinates 26°09′S 113°09′E. From this entry point, it cuts eastward through the arid interior landscapes of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, characterized by desert and semi-arid terrain. The route culminates at Surveyor Generals Corner, the tripoint junction of Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and South Australia, located at 26°S 129°E. The entire Australian crossing spans about 4,100 km before the parallel exits into the Pacific Ocean off Queensland's east coast near 154°E. This path briefly aligns with interstate borders, including segments defining the Northern Territory-South Australia boundary.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Crossing the Pacific Ocean and South America

The 26th parallel south departs the eastern coast of Australia into the Pacific Ocean, embarking on the longest oceanic portion of its global circuit. This traversal represents the widest expanse of the Pacific at this latitude, covering approximately 14,000 km of largely open waters with few land interruptions, highlighting the parallel's exposure to subtropical trade winds and variable sea surface temperatures influenced by the South Pacific Gyre.^[21] Landfall occurs on the western coast of South America in Chile's Atacama Region near 70°W, transitioning from oceanic to continental terrain amid arid coastal features characterized by fog-driven ecosystems. The parallel then progresses eastward, crossing the Chilean Andes—a rugged cordillera segment between 21° and 26°S—where elevations exceed 4,000 m and tectonic activity shapes the landscape through subduction zone dynamics.^[22]^[23] Upon entering Argentina near 68°W along the Andean frontier, the parallel traverses expansive Pampas-like plains, featuring semi-arid steppes and low-relief grasslands that extend eastward over a continental span of about 1,500 km. This progression shifts from high-altitude montane environments to flatter, sediment-filled basins, reflecting the transition from Andean foreland to interior lowlands. The route exits into the Atlantic Ocean off the Argentina coast near 55°W, completing the South American crossing and linking back through the South Atlantic to the parallel's initial oceanic segment near Africa, thus closing its full circumnavigational loop.^[23]

Regional Geography

Features in Africa

The 26th parallel south enters Africa from the Atlantic Ocean along the coast of Namibia, traversing the arid expanse of the Namib Desert, one of the oldest and driest coastal deserts in the world, characterized by vast linear dunes reaching heights of up to 300 meters. This region features extensive sand seas, including the southern portions of the Namib Sand Sea, where the parallel passes near towering coastal dunes and ephemeral river systems such as those similar to the Koichab River, which occasionally flood but remain mostly dry riverbeds supporting unique fog-dependent ecosystems.^[24] Continuing eastward, the parallel crosses into Botswana, where it traverses the southern sands of the Kalahari Desert, a semi-arid savanna covering much of the country's interior with red aeolian sands and scattered acacia woodlands.^[25] In this area, it intersects the fringes of the broader Kalahari ecosystem, influenced distantly by the seasonal wetlands of the Okavango Delta to the north, though the terrain here remains predominantly dry Kalahari basin with fossil river valleys and pans that fill sporadically during rare rainfall events.^[26] In South Africa, the parallel moves through the savanna landscapes of the North West Province, featuring open grasslands and thornveld typical of the bushveld biome, before entering the elevated Highveld plateau in Gauteng province, a region of rolling hills and temperate grasslands at altitudes around 1,500 meters.^[27] It passes just north of Johannesburg, located at approximately 26.2° S, marking the transition from semi-arid savannas to the more dissected highland terrain of the interior plateau. Further east, the parallel crosses Eswatini, traversing the eastern foothills of the Lebombo Mountains, a narrow basalt range forming a natural escarpment with steep slopes and wooded ridges, before entering Mozambique.^[28] In Mozambique, it descends into the coastal lowlands near Maputo Bay, an inlet of the Indian Ocean characterized by mangrove-fringed estuaries and flat alluvial plains supporting subtropical scrub vegetation. Throughout its path across Africa, the 26th parallel south intersects few permanent rivers, primarily encountering dry wadis and ephemeral watercourses that highlight the region's overall aridity, with surface water largely dependent on infrequent seasonal floods rather than consistent flow.^[25]

Features in Australia

In Western Australia, the 26th parallel south intersects the coastline at Shark Bay, a region renowned for its hypersaline lagoons that support unique microbial ecosystems, including living stromatolites—layered structures formed by cyanobacteria dating back over 3.5 billion years and representing some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth.^[29] These lagoons, such as Hamelin Pool, exhibit salinity levels up to twice that of seawater, fostering restricted biodiversity adapted to extreme conditions.^[30] Adjacent to these marine features lies Francois Peron National Park, encompassing 52,500 hectares of arid shrublands, rolling sandplains, and dramatic coastal landscapes with red ochre cliffs contrasting against white sandy beaches and turquoise waters.^[31] As the parallel progresses eastward through Western Australia's interior, it traverses the Southern Carnarvon Basin, a Phanerozoic sedimentary province overlying Precambrian basement rocks of the West Australian Craton, characterized by Permian to Cretaceous strata including sandstones, limestones, and evaporites that record episodes of marine transgression and arid deposition.^[32] Upon reaching the 129th meridian east, the parallel delineates the border between the Northern Territory and South Australia, where it crosses expansive arid gibber plains—stony desert pavements composed of weathered quartzite pebbles covering clay-rich soils—and approaches the northern edges of the Lake Eyre Basin, featuring ephemeral salt lakes and playas that accumulate evaporites during infrequent wet periods.^[33] These inland terrains reflect the dominance of semi-arid to arid climates, with sparse acacia shrublands and saltbush over self-mulching cracking clays. Further east, along the South Australia-Queensland border up to the tripoint at Poeppel Corner, the parallel cuts through the Channel Country, a vast floodplain dissected by anastomosing intermittent rivers such as the Cooper Creek and Georgina River, which distribute seasonal floodwaters across black soil plains during rare monsoonal events. This region transitions into the Mitchell Grass Downs, expansive treeless grasslands dominated by perennial Astrebla species (Mitchell grasses) on heavy cracking clays, supporting episodic herbaceous growth tied to erratic rainfall and forming a key component of the Great Artesian Basin's surficial expression.^[34] Geologically, the parallel highlights Australia's ancient cratonic stability, with Precambrian shields exposed or underlying the western segments in the Yilgarn and Pilbara regions' margins, transitioning to vast central sedimentary basins like the Eromanga Basin, where Mesozoic sandstones and shales preserve fluvial and lacustrine deposits from Gondwanan times.^[33] This creates a stark coastal-inland contrast: from the biologically rich, indented marine embayments of Shark Bay to the hyper-arid, dune-strewn deserts and salt-encrusted pans dominating the interior, underscoring the parallel's traversal of Australia's climatic and topographic gradients.^[35]

Features in South America

The 26th parallel south enters South America along the arid coastline of northern Chile's Atacama Region, where rugged coastal cliffs rise from the Pacific Ocean amid hyperarid desert conditions, with minimal vegetation adapted to extreme dryness. As it progresses inland, the parallel crosses the Coastal Cordillera and the Central Depression, featuring the El Salado valley—a broad alluvial basin with coalescing fans depositing gravels from the Precordillera—and reaches the western flanks of the Andes, including the Cordillera de Domeyko and the incipient Andean slopes, marked by sparse pre-Andean valleys incised into ancient erosion surfaces.^[36] In Argentina, the parallel traverses the Andean foothills in western Catamarca Province, transitioning into the semi-arid plains of the Puna de Atacama and eastern foreland basins, where tectonic uplift has shaped elevated plateaus and low-relief badlands. Hydrologically, it intersects Andean rivers such as tributaries of the Río Salado del Norte, which drain the eastern Andean slopes toward interior basins, supporting intermittent flows in otherwise dry channels. Geologically, the region reflects the influence of the Nazca-South American subduction zone, with active fault lines like segments of the Atacama Fault System extending into the Andes and scattered volcanic remnants from Miocene-Pliocene activity, including ignimbrites and calderas that contribute to the Atacama Gravels Formation infilling tectonic depressions up to 600 meters thick.^[37]^[38]^[36] Biodiversity along the parallel shifts from coastal scrub communities in Chile's loma formations—dominated by fog-dependent succulents and shrubs like Nolana species—to montane steppe in the Argentine Andes, featuring drought-tolerant grasses, cushion plants, and Andean herbs in the high-altitude puna ecoregion, highlighting a gradient driven by elevation and aridity.^[39]

Climate and Ecology

Climatic Variations

The 26th parallel south traverses the subtropical zone, where the descending branch of the Hadley circulation cell predominates, creating semi-permanent high-pressure systems that suppress cloud formation and precipitation, resulting in predominantly dry conditions across much of its path.^[40] This atmospheric dynamic, centered around latitudes 20°–30°S, fosters arid and semi-arid environments by promoting subsidence and divergence of air masses, which inhibits convective rainfall. Köppen-Geiger climate classifications along the parallel reflect this subtropical aridity with regional variations driven by topography, ocean currents, and proximity to moisture sources. Hot desert climates (BWh) prevail in the Namib Desert of Namibia and the Australian outback, characterized by extreme aridity and high temperatures where mean annual precipitation falls below 250 mm and the temperature of the coldest month exceeds 0°C.^[41] Semi-arid steppe conditions (BSh or BSk) dominate the Kalahari Basin in Botswana and the South African Highveld, as well as the Dry Chaco region in northern Argentina, with annual rainfall between 250–500 mm, sufficient for sparse grasslands but limited by seasonal variability.^[41] On the Chilean coast, a Mediterranean climate (Csb) emerges due to the cool Humboldt Current, featuring dry summers and mild, wetter winters. In contrast, humid subtropical climates (Cfa) occur along the Mozambique coast, influenced by warm Indian Ocean waters that enhance moisture availability.^[41] Annual mean temperatures along the parallel typically range from 18°C to 25°C, with interior deserts like the Australian outback near the Northern Territory-South Australia border recording averages around 21°C and summer highs exceeding 40°C, while coastal and highland areas such as the Chilean Andes experience winter lows dipping to 10°C.^[42] Precipitation patterns underscore the aridity, with most segments receiving 100–500 mm annually, concentrated in summer thunderstorms; for instance, the Kalahari at Tsabong averages 250–400 mm, mostly October–May. Higher rainfall exceeding 800 mm occurs in eastern South America near the parallel in Paraguay and Brazil, and along the Mozambique coast, where monsoon-like influences from the Indian Ocean drive convective storms during the warm season.^[43]^[44] As of November 2025, climate change is intensifying aridity along the parallel, with rising temperatures and more frequent droughts threatening ecosystems, such as marine heatwaves impacting Shark Bay's seagrass beds and accelerated desertification in the Namib and Kalahari regions.^[45]

Ecological Zones and Biodiversity

The 26th parallel south primarily crosses arid and semi-arid biomes, characterized by xeric shrublands, deserts, and transitional savannas that support specialized flora and fauna adapted to low precipitation and high evaporation rates. These ecosystems exhibit a gradient from coastal fog-dependent habitats to hyper-arid interiors, fostering unique biodiversity in isolated pockets across Africa, Australia, and South America. Succulent plants and drought-tolerant species dominate, reflecting adaptations to the parallel's subtropical positioning, which limits rainfall to under 250 mm annually in many areas.^[46] In Africa, the parallel intersects the Namib and Succulent Karoo deserts, where succulent flora thrives amid extreme aridity. The Namib Desert features endemic species like Welwitschia mirabilis, a gymnosperm with two persistent leaves that can live over 1,000 years by absorbing coastal fog through specialized leaf structures and employing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis for water conservation.^[47] Further inland, the Succulent Karoo biome, an arid biodiversity hotspot, hosts over 6,000 plant species—70% of which are succulents—concentrated in Namibia and South Africa, with high endemism driven by edaphic diversity and winter rainfall.^[48] To the east, the Kalahari thornveld savanna in Botswana and South Africa consists of open woodlands dominated by acacia trees such as Vachellia erioloba (camelthorn), which form keystone structures supporting herbivores and preventing soil erosion in sandy, nutrient-poor soils.^[49] Australia's segment features mallee shrublands and eucalypt woodlands, particularly around Shark Bay at approximately 26°S, where multi-stemmed eucalypts like Eucalyptus roycei (Shark Bay mallee) create low, resilient canopies adapted to semi-arid conditions with sandy substrates.^[50] These terrestrial zones transition to coastal marine ecosystems in Shark Bay, a biodiversity hotspot with the world's largest sea-grass banks (4,800 km²) sustaining dugong populations of about 11,000 individuals and diverse shark assemblages including tiger, whale, and hammerhead species.^[29] In South America, the parallel traverses the Argentine Monte desert, a xeric woodland-shrubland with columnar cacti such as Trichocereus terscheckii and thorny shrubs like Prosopis species, which provide habitat for endemic reptiles and small mammals across latitudes from 24°S to 44°S.^[51] Semi-arid shrublands of the Coquimbo Region in northern Chile, in the transition from the Atacama Desert, feature drought-adapted shrubs and succulents supporting high plant endemism, though Mediterranean-like conditions with species like the Chilean palm (Jubaea chilensis) are more prominent further south. Andean foothill endemics at around 26°S in Chile and Argentina feature fragmented populations of guanacos (Lama guanicoe), a key herbivore that maintains grassland dynamics in arid valleys.^[52] Ecological transitions along the parallel shift abruptly from coastal marine systems—rich in algae and invertebrates—to inland xeric zones, where aridity fragments habitats and promotes isolated refugia for drought-adapted species.^[53] These gradients, exacerbated by sandy substrates and episodic flooding, create mosaic landscapes that enhance beta diversity but increase vulnerability to isolation.^[47] Conservation efforts focus on countering desertification threats, such as shrub encroachment and habitat loss, through protected areas like Namibia's Namib-Naukluft National Park, which safeguards 49,768 km² of hyper-arid ecosystems, including succulent inselbergs and Welwitschia populations, to preserve endemic biodiversity amid climate-driven expansion of barren zones.^[54]

Human and Cultural Aspects

Political Boundaries

The 26th parallel south forms a key political boundary within Australia, defining the northern extent of South Australia. It demarcates the border between South Australia and the Northern Territory along the segment from 129° E to 138° E longitude, and continues as the boundary between South Australia and Queensland from 138° E to 141° E longitude.^[1]^[55] This latitudinal line was formally established as South Australia's northern border through British Letters Patent issued on July 6, 1863, which annexed the Northern Territory from New South Wales to South Australia and specified the 26th parallel south as the southern limit of the annexed territory between 129° E and 138° E longitude.^[56] The demarcation originated in British colonial administration to facilitate territorial governance and expansion in the region.^[57] The borders were surveyed in the late 19th century using astronomical methods for precision, as colonial surveyors relied on observations of celestial bodies to fix latitude accurately amid vast, arid landscapes. Instruments such as the transit theodolite and sextant were employed to determine positions along the parallel; for example, the Queensland-South Australia segment was surveyed starting in January 1880 by Augustus Poeppel, who marked mile posts and corners like Poeppel Corner at 26° S, 138° E.^[55] At the western tripoint known as Surveyor General's Corner (26° S, 129° E), a short 127-meter east-west segment of the 26th parallel constitutes part of the Western Australia-Northern Territory border, arising from discrepancies in early colonial surveys that required later adjustments to align the 129° E meridian.^[20] In Africa, the 26th parallel south does not align with any major international borders, as the boundary between Botswana and South Africa, which the parallel crosses, follows river courses such as the Nossob and Molopo for over 90% of its length.^[58] In South America, the parallel traverses the territories of Chile and Argentina but does not define primary international or internal political boundaries, with the Chile-Argentina frontier instead following the Cordillera de los Andes from approximately 23° S southward to 52° S as established by the 1881 Boundary Treaty.^[59]

Notable Locations and Significance

In Africa, the 26th parallel south passes approximately 20 kilometers north of Johannesburg, South Africa's largest city and economic powerhouse, which lies in the Gauteng province renowned for its historical and ongoing gold mining operations that have shaped the nation's development.^[60]^[61] The parallel also skirts close to the coast near Maputo, Mozambique's capital, underscoring the region's coastal urban and trade significance.^[62] Economically, the line traverses areas vital to mining, including gold extraction in Gauteng.^[63] In Australia, the parallel intersects the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, a UNESCO-listed site celebrated for its unique marine ecosystems, including ancient stromatolites and diverse wildlife that draw ecotourism focused on snorkeling, dolphin interactions, and coastal exploration.^[29] Nearby towns like Denham and Carnarvon serve as key hubs for visitors, with the area featuring markers along tourism routes highlighting the parallel's geographical role.^[64]^[65] These sites contribute to broader cultural narratives, including Indigenous Australian songlines—traditional paths and stories that connect landscapes and communities, some of which traverse this latitude in Western Australia. In South America, the parallel crosses northern Chile's Atacama Desert and extends into Argentina's Andean foothills, where the arid climate supports clear skies for astronomical observations; similar conditions extend south to regions like the Elqui Valley in Chile, home to world-class observatories such as Mamalluca, advancing studies of the southern celestial hemisphere.^[66] Approximately 440 kilometers south of the parallel lies La Serena, a coastal city in the Coquimbo region tied to nearby wine production, while further east in Argentina, the Mendoza area—about 770 kilometers south—exemplifies viticulture in the Cuyo region, with malbec vineyards benefiting from high-altitude, dry conditions similar to those along the parallel.^[67] Culturally, the parallel holds Indigenous significance in Australia through songlines that encode knowledge of the land, guiding navigation and storytelling across borders.^[68] In modern contexts, it serves as a reference line in navigation systems and climate research, helping delineate subtropical zones and track environmental patterns like aridification in southern hemisphere deserts.^[69]

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Carnarvon Basin | Geoscience Australia
Aug 29, 2023 · The Carnarvon Basin is an epicratonic, faulted and folded Phanerozoic basin which encompasses over 1000km of the west and northwest coast of Western Australia.
[35]
Australian Landforms and their History - Geoscience Australia
Oct 31, 2014 · In the following Paleogene and Neogene Periods Australia was made up of a broadly undulating landscape, varied by a number of sedimentary basins ...Missing: 26th Precambrian
[36]
[PDF] Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion - DCCEEW
Area: 335 320 km2. The Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion consists of largely treeless plains with some occasional ridges, rivers and gorges.Missing: channel country parallel
[37]
Australia - Geologic History - Britannica
Precambrian rocks occupy three tectonic environments. The first is in shields, such as the Yilgarn and Pilbara blocks of the Western Shield, enclosed by later ...Missing: 26th parallel
[38]
[PDF] The base of the Atacama gravels formation (26°S, northern Chile)
In the region of El Salado valley (26°S), this formation corresponds to large coalescing alluvial fans, coming From the East (Precordillera) to the West ( ...
[39]
The growth of the central Andes, 22°S–26°S - GeoScienceWorld
Jan 1, 2015 · We synthesize geologic observations with new isotopic evidence for the timing and magnitude of uplift for the central Andes between 22°S and 26°S since the ...
[40]
Geochemistry and origin of volcanic rocks of the Andes (26°–28°S)
Mesozoic to Recent volcanic rocks from a transect of the Central Andes between latitudes 26 ° and 28 ° South in northern Chile and Argentina show chemical and ...
[41]
[PDF] Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use in Latin America
This report summarises key findings and lessons learned in the area of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use from the OECD Environmental Performance ...
[42]
Is Hadley Cell Expanding? - MDPI
The descending branch of Hadley Cell has a large impact on the weather and climate in the subtropics. The weather there is cloudless and rainless, and thus ...
[43]
[PDF] Updated world map of the K¨oppen-Geiger climate classification
... Africa ... The map of Köppen-Geiger climate type for South Amer- ica (Fig. 7) shows that three main climate types A, B and C dominate the climate of South America ...
[44]
Coober Pedy Airport - Climate statistics for Australian locations
A summary of the major climate statistics recorded at this site is provided below. There is also an extended table with more statistics available. More detailed ...Missing: 26S | Show results with:26S
[45]
Tshabong Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature ...
The rainy period of the year lasts for 7.0 months, from October 3 to May 2, with a sliding 31-day rainfall of at least 0.5 inches. The month with the most rain ...
[46]
Average Temperature by month, Inhambane water ... - Climate Data
The average annual temperature is 24.0 °C | 75.2 °F in Inhambane. The annual precipitation in this location is approximately 815 mm | 32.1 inch.
[47]
Terrestrial Biomes | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature
Biomes are regions of similar climate and dominant plant types. Deserts generally occur in a band around the world between 15–30° N and S latitude (Figure 4).
[48]
(PDF) Plant Ecology of the Namib Desert - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · The importance of fog water absorption for the Namib flora is discussed. Two important and noteworthy endemic plant species, i.e. Welwitschia ...
[49]
Succulent Karoo | CEPF
The hallmark of the Succulent Karoo Hotspot, which is found along the Atlantic Ocean coast of Namibia and South Africa, is its diverse and unique flora.
[50]
[PDF] Ecosystem Guidelines for the - Savanna Biome - SANBI
The vegetation of Kalahari Thornveld is an open tree savan- na with ... Thornveld savanna is widespread on the more clayey soils derived from igneous ...
[51]
Shark Bay Mallee - Eucalyptus roycei - Atlas of Living Australia
Shark Bay Mallee. Overview; Gallery; Names; Classification; Charts; Literature; Data Partners; Traits.Missing: shrublands 26S
[52]
[PDF] Overview of the geography of the Monte Desert biome (Argentina)
Nov 7, 2008 · The Monte Desert is in western Argentina, from 24 350S to 44 200S, bordered by the Andes, Patagonian semidesert, and dry Chaco/Espinal. It has ...
[53]
Chilean Matorral | One Earth
The Chilean Matorral ecoregion is a unique Mediterranean scrub forest that has high levels of species richness and many local endemic flora and fauna species.Missing: Argentine Monte cacti 26S
[54]
Landscape connectivity among remnant populations of guanaco ...
Mar 2, 2018 · Landscape connectivity among remnant populations of guanaco (Lama guanicoe Müller, 1776) in an arid region of Chile impacted by global change.
[55]
Namib Desert - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The Succulent Karoo, which shelters many of these plants, is the world's only plant hotspot (Myers et al., 2000) that is entirely found within the desert biome ...
[56]
Namib-Naukluft Park (6709) Namibia, Africa - Key Biodiversity Areas
Plants that can tolerate the extreme aridity on a permanent basis include the lichens and succulents that dominate on inselbergs and pegmatite dykes, making use ...Missing: transitions 26S
[57]
Surveying Queensland's borders | Recreation, sport and arts
Apr 23, 2025 · 29th parallel of south latitude. The parallel of latitude and the ... The line to the 26th parallel was continued, a distance of 552¼ miles from ...
[58]
[PDF] Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia ...
Letters patent annexing the NT to South Australia, 1863. Page 1 of 1. NOTE ... the twenty sixth Parallel of South Latitude and between the One hundred and twenty ...Missing: 26th | Show results with:26th
[59]
[PDF] The Story behind the Land Borders of the Australian States
Apr 10, 2013 · ... parallel, a distance of 123 miles. ... border at the 29th parallel lies south of South Australia's northern boundary at the 26th parallel. The.
[60]
[PDF] IBS No. 122 - Botswana (BC) & South Africa (SF) 1972
The Botswana–South Africa boundary is approximately 1,105 miles long and follows rivers for more than 90 percent of its length.
[61]
https://www.britannica.com/place/Johannesburg-South-Africa/History
[62]
Where is Johannesburg, South Africa on Map Lat Long Coordinates
Johannesburg, South Africa is located at South Africa country in the Cities place category with the gps coordinates of 26° 11' 42.8856'' S and 28° 2' 2.7168'' E ...
[63]
Johannesburg - Gold Rush, Apartheid, Mining | Britannica
Johannesburg's early history is the story of gold. In 1853 Pieter Jacob Marais, a South African prospector, recovered alluvial gold from the Jukskei River.Missing: latitude | Show results with:latitude
[64]
Where is Maputo, Mozambique on Map Lat Long Coordinates
Latitude and longitude coordinates are: -25.953724, 32.588711. Maputo is the largest and the capital city of Mozambique, located on the western shore of Maputo ...
[65]
The five largest gold mines in operation in South Africa
The following are the five largest gold mines by production in South Africa in 2023, according to GlobalData's mining database.
[66]
Where diamonds are found and mined in South Africa
Diamonds are found in kimberlites near Kimberley, the Big Hole, and in the Transvaal (Cullinan, Venetia) and Northern Cape (Finsch). Alluvial diamonds are ...
[67]
Latitude and longitude of Denham, Western Australia
GPS coordinates of Denham, Western Australia, Australia. Latitude: -25.9270 Longitude: 113.5340.
[68]
Latitude and longitude of Carnarvon, Western Australia
GPS coordinates of Carnarvon, Western Australia, Australia. Latitude: -24.8840 Longitude: 113.6610.
[69]
Elqui Valley - Astronomical Tourism
The Elqui Valley has clear skies for astronomical observatories, including Cerro Tololo and Mamalluca, and is associated with UFO phenomena.<|separator|>
[70]
https://www.wine-searcher.com/regions-elqui%2Bvalley
[71]
https://www.aboriginalastronomy.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Norris-2014-Songlines-Navigation.pdf
[72]
25-26° N: the world's most perilously populated parallel - Big Think
May 19, 2022 · The 25 th and the 26 th parallel north [are] the most densely populated latitude circles,” with “[a]round 279 million people liv[ing] in these latitude lines.