Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

45th_parallel_south

The 45th parallel south is a circle of latitude that lies 45 degrees south of the Earth's equator, marking the theoretical halfway point between the equator and the South Pole.^[1] Unlike its northern counterpart, approximately 97% of this parallel traverses open ocean, primarily through the South Atlantic Ocean east of South America, the South Pacific Ocean to the west, the Tasman Sea east of New Zealand, the Indian Ocean south of Australia, and the Southern Ocean as it approaches Antarctica.^[2] The remaining land portion—about 3%—crosses three main regions: the Patagonian territories of southern Argentina and Chile in South America, and the South Island of New Zealand in Oceania.^[3]^[1] In Patagonia, the parallel cuts through rugged, sparsely populated landscapes characterized by Andean foothills, Patagonian steppes, and glacial valleys, entering Argentina near the Atlantic coast and crossing into Chile before reaching the Pacific. This segment highlights the region's dramatic geography, including influences from the nearby Andes mountains and the onset of the cooler, wind-swept subpolar climate. Further west across the Pacific, the parallel intersects New Zealand's South Island, running roughly 500 kilometers from the fjords of Fiordland National Park on the west coast—near Caswell Sound—to the coastal plains near Oamaru on the east, passing through the Southland and Otago regions with their mix of mountains, lakes, and tussock grasslands.^[2]^[1] The 45th parallel south falls within the "Roaring Forties," the belt of latitudes between 40° and 50° south renowned for persistent strong westerly winds that drive global ocean currents and have historically shaped maritime navigation routes around Cape Horn and in the Southern Ocean. These winds contribute to the parallel's dynamic oceanic environment, fostering unique marine ecosystems and challenging sailing conditions, while the land areas along its path support temperate agriculture, including notable wine production in Otago—home to some of the world's southernmost vineyards—and emerging viticulture in northern Patagonia.^[4]^[1]

Geography

Definition and characteristics

The 45th parallel south is a circle of latitude defined as the set of points on Earth's surface that are 45 degrees south of the equator, measured angularly from the equatorial plane. This parallel forms a small circle around the planet, spanning the full 360 degrees of longitude from the antimeridian (180°) eastward.^[5] Due to Earth's oblateness, the geometric properties of this parallel deviate from a perfect sphere. The radius of the parallel (distance from the rotation axis to the latitude line) is approximately 4,512 km, resulting in a circumference of about 28,360 km.^[6] The geocentric distance from Earth's center to points on this parallel is roughly 6,364 km.^[6] In angular terms, the 45th parallel south lies halfway between the equator and the South Pole, but the actual midpoint along the meridional arc is displaced due to polar flattening. The arc distance from the equator to the parallel is approximately 4,985 km, while from the parallel to the South Pole it is about 5,017 km; thus, the true halfway point is around 16 km south of the parallel.^[5] At this latitude, the axial tilt of Earth (about 23.44°) ensures no midnight sun occurs, as the parallel does not extend beyond the polar circles, but it experiences extended daylight during the Southern Hemisphere summer. On the December solstice, daylight lasts approximately 15 hours 38 minutes; on the June solstice, it lasts about 8 hours 46 minutes.^[7] In contrast to the 45th parallel north, which crosses substantial landmasses in Europe, Asia, and North America, the southern parallel traverses over 90% ocean, with only brief intersections over land such as New Zealand's South Island.^[8]

Path around the world

The 45th parallel south traces a global path dominated by oceanic expanses, intersecting land only twice in significant segments. Starting in the Pacific Ocean near the 180th meridian, it first encounters land on New Zealand's South Island, crossing approximately 500 km from the rugged coastline of Fiordland National Park—entering at Caswell Sound—eastward through the Central Otago region near Queenstown and Cromwell, before exiting near Oamaru on the Pacific coast.^[2] After re-entering the Pacific Ocean, the parallel spans thousands of kilometers of open water eastward, making its next landfall in South America at roughly 71° W longitude in Chile's Aysén Region, where it navigates through the labyrinthine fjords and archipelagos of the Patagonian channels.^[9] Continuing southeast, the parallel traverses the Andes' foothills and Patagonian steppes, entering Argentina's Chubut Province and covering about 800 km of varied terrain marked by lakes, rivers, and volcanic landscapes, such as near General Carrera Lake and the town of Sarmiento, before reaching the South Atlantic Ocean near 65° W longitude.^[10] From there, it arcs across the South Atlantic, skirts the southern tip of Africa without crossing it, traverses the expansive Indian Ocean, and continues through the Southern Ocean, bypassing Australia to the north and Antarctica to the south, with no additional major land intersections until it loops back to the Pacific near its starting point. Minor islands dot the route sporadically, though the parallel largely avoids them; notable nearby outliers include Chile's Diego Ramírez Islands at approximately 56° S and 68° W, representing the region's isolated land features.^[9] Over 90% of the parallel—estimated at 97% by geographic surveys—consists of ocean, underscoring its maritime character, with the Pacific segment comprising the longest continuous stretch, followed by portions in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.^[2] In total, land coverage amounts to roughly 1,300 km, confined to the New Zealand and South American segments, a stark contrast to the more frequent continental crossings of the 45th parallel north, as illustrated in comparative world maps that emphasize the southern parallel's oceanic isolation.^[9]

Climate and environment

Meteorological features

The 45th parallel south predominantly traverses oceanic regions, resulting in a temperate oceanic climate over the limited land areas it crosses, such as parts of Patagonia and Fiordland in New Zealand. These areas experience strong westerly winds known as the Roaring Forties, which drive high precipitation levels, typically ranging from 3,000 to 8,000 mm annually in western sectors like Patagonia's southern cordillera and Fiordland's coastal zones. Average annual temperatures on land hover between 5°C and 15°C, moderated by the surrounding Southern Ocean, where sea surface temperatures remain cooler, often 4–10°C year-round due to the influence of polar waters.^[11]^[12]^[13] Seasonal variations along the parallel are pronounced, with summer months (December to February) featuring mild temperatures up to 15–20°C but frequent storms from passing low-pressure systems. Winters (June to August) bring colder fronts, with temperatures dropping to 0–5°C and gale-force winds exceeding 20 m/s, exacerbated by the Roaring Forties' persistence. These patterns are modulated by the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), which strengthens westerlies during its positive phase, increasing storm frequency, and by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles, where El Niño events often reduce precipitation in southeastern land areas while La Niña enhances it through intensified cyclones.^[14]^[15]^[16] Oceanic phenomena dominate the parallel's meteorology, with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) flowing eastward and promoting upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters around 45°S, particularly south of frontal zones. This current, combined with frequent subantarctic low-pressure systems, generates highly variable weather, including rapid shifts from calm to stormy conditions and enhanced wave heights. The ACC's transport of cold water also contributes to cooler surface temperatures and supports the overall westerly wind regime.^[17]^[18] As of 2025, climate change has intensified meteorological features along the 45th parallel south, with studies indicating an approximately 8% increase in extreme wind speeds in the Southern Ocean since the 1980s, linked to strengthened westerlies and poleward-shifted storm tracks. This trend, observed in reanalysis data, has led to more severe gales and heightened storm intensity, particularly during winter, amplifying erosion and precipitation extremes in coastal regions.^[19]^[20]

Ecological impacts

The 45th parallel south traverses diverse terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in New Zealand's South Island and Patagonia, where temperate rainforests dominate coastal and lowland areas. In New Zealand, these include podocarp-broadleaf forests featuring ancient podocarps such as rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), alongside dense understories of ferns like tree ferns (Cyathea spp.) and ground ferns, which thrive in the high-rainfall conditions of the Te Wähipounamu World Heritage Area.^[21] Inland and at higher elevations along the parallel, alpine tussock grasslands prevail, characterized by snow tussocks (Chionochloa spp.) that form resilient canopies supporting specialized invertebrate communities and contributing to soil stability and water retention in the South Island's high country.^[22] In Patagonia, the parallel intersects Valdivian temperate rainforests with evergreen broadleaf trees like coigüe (Nothofagus dombeyi) and arrayán (Luma apiculata), transitioning eastward to Patagonian steppes of grasses and shrubs, and Andean-Patagonian forests with Nothofagus species; these habitats sustain herbivores such as guanacos (Lama guanicoe), which graze on steppe vegetation, and lesser rheas (Rhea pennata), or ñandú, that forage across open woodlands and grasslands.^[23]^[24] Marine ecology along the 45th parallel south in the Southern Ocean relies on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) as a foundational species in the food web, sustaining high productivity driven by upwelling nutrients from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which supports massive aggregations of predators including humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), and diverse seabirds like albatrosses. These krill-based ecosystems face vulnerability from overfishing, with commercial harvests regulated to prevent collapse of dependent populations, as krill biomass fluctuations could cascade through trophic levels affecting whale migrations and penguin breeding success.^[25] Biodiversity hotspots along the parallel include New Zealand's Fiordland National Park, a UNESCO site within Te Wähipounamu, where unique fjord ecosystems harbor ancient temperate rainforests descending to marine inlets, fostering high endemism in flora and fauna such as the takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) and diverse freshwater species in glacially carved waters.^[21] Threats to these hotspots encompass invasive species, including rats (Rattus spp.) and stoats (Mustela erminea), which prey on native birds and insects, exacerbating habitat fragmentation from historical land use changes that isolate forest patches and reduce genetic diversity.^[26] As of 2025, climate change amplifies ecological pressures along the 45th parallel south, with ocean acidification reducing carbonate availability and impairing shell formation in shellfish like mussels and pteropods, key prey in Southern Ocean food webs. Terrestrial and marine species exhibit southern range shifts, including retreating kelp forests (Macrocystis pyrifera) due to warming waters exceeding thermal tolerances, altering habitat for fish and invertebrates. IPCC assessments indicate significant risks of biodiversity loss by 2050 in southern hemisphere temperate zones under continued warming, particularly for forest and coastal ecosystems vulnerable to compounded stressors like drought and acidification.^[27]^[28]

Human and cultural aspects

Settlements and landmarks

The 45th parallel south traverses remote and rugged terrains, resulting in sparse human settlements primarily in New Zealand and Patagonia, though nearby larger towns exist. In New Zealand's South Island, the parallel passes close to Queenstown, located at approximately 45.03° S, a prominent tourist hub renowned for adventure activities and scenic landscapes overlooking Lake Wakatipu.^[29]^[30] Further west, it approaches Te Anau at about 45.42° S, a key gateway to Fiordland National Park, providing access to natural landmarks such as the fjord approaches to Milford Sound. In South America, the parallel cuts through Chile's Aysén Region, near small settlements like Puerto Aysén at 45.40° S and Balmaceda at 45.91° S, both modest towns serving regional travel and aviation needs amid forested and glacial landscapes.^[31]^[32] Crossing into Argentina's Chubut Province, it lies near Comodoro Rivadavia at roughly 45.86° S, the nearest significant settlement and an established oil port on the Gulf of San Jorge with a population of approximately 180,000-267,000 as of 2025. Other nearby areas include the town of Río Senguer at about 45.3° S (population ~3,000). Infrastructure along the parallel remains limited due to the challenging mountainous and coastal topography, supporting only minor roads and trails with an estimated total population of approximately 220,000-250,000 across all nearby sites as of 2025, driven by larger hubs like Comodoro Rivadavia and Queenstown. In New Zealand, State Highway 6 intersects the parallel near Cromwell, facilitating access to Central Otago's vineyards and lakes.^[33] In Patagonia, Argentina's Ruta 3 parallels the Atlantic coast nearby, connecting coastal ports through arid steppes. As of 2025, modern developments include tourism markers such as the 45th Parallel South Marker near Cromwell, offering viewpoints and interpretive signs for visitors.^[34] Renewable energy initiatives have emerged, notably wind farms in Chubut Province, such as the Vientos de la Patagonia project near Comodoro Rivadavia, harnessing Patagonian winds for sustainable power generation near the parallel.^[35]

Historical and cultural significance

The 45th parallel south entered European exploration records during Captain James Cook's second voyage (1772–1775), when his ships Resolution and Adventure traversed the Southern Ocean at high latitudes, passing through regions influenced by the parallel's winds and currents while seeking evidence of a southern continent. Cook's expedition, the first to cross the Antarctic Circle, skirted areas near 45°S during its circumnavigation, documenting ice barriers and stormy seas that shaped early understandings of the region's navigability.^[36]^[37] In the 19th century, further mapping efforts brought the parallel into sharper focus. German naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach, employed by the New Zealand Company, explored the South Island of New Zealand—spanning latitudes around 41°S to 46°S—between 1839 and 1841, providing detailed accounts of its geography, geology, and botany that highlighted the parallel's role in the island's diverse terrains.^[38]^[39] These expeditions underscored the parallel's strategic importance for colonial expansion, though earlier European sightings, such as those during Cook's voyages, had already established its place in maritime charts. Indigenous perspectives on the 45th parallel south emphasize relational and experiential geographies rather than numerical coordinates. In New Zealand, Māori navigators relied on a star compass (kāpehu whetū), observing over 200 stars, constellations, and their rising and setting points to maintain direction across the Pacific, without reference to degrees of latitude; this holistic system integrated celestial, oceanic, and wind patterns for voyages that inadvertently aligned with the parallel's path.^[40]^[41] Similarly, in Patagonia, Tehuelche and Mapuche communities developed oral traditions tied to environmental cues, viewing the landscape through stories of winds as spiritual forces and animals like guanacos and rheas as guides for seasonal migrations across the steppe around 45°S; these narratives framed the parallel's harsh westerlies not as abstract lines but as living elements in cultural and ecological knowledge.^[42]^[43] The parallel's cultural symbolism is deeply rooted in maritime lore, particularly the "Roaring Forties"—the belt of persistent westerly winds between 40°S and 50°S that propelled sailing ships during the Age of Sail but also claimed countless lives through sudden gales. This phenomenon, named by 19th-century sailors for its relentless roar, inspired adventure literature and sea shanties, symbolizing the untamed Southern Ocean and influencing global trade routes from Europe to Australasia.^[18] In modern contexts, the 45th parallel south features in tourism branding, such as in New Zealand's Central Otago region, where sites like Queenstown—positioned at approximately 45°S—are promoted as the "halfway point between the equator and the South Pole," drawing visitors to wine tours and adventure activities that evoke the parallel's remote allure, with tourism growth contributing to Queenstown's population reaching ~53,800 in the district as of 2025.^[44] Recent cultural engagements reflect growing eco-tourism and artistic initiatives along the parallel. In Patagonia, Argentina, the National Shearing Fair in Río Mayo (at ~45.62°S) has evolved in the 2020s to incorporate sustainable wool production workshops and indigenous Tehuelche storytelling, blending traditional herding practices with environmental education to promote low-impact tourism amid climate challenges.^[45] Similarly, New Zealand's efforts, such as guided eco-treks in the Catlins region near 45°S (~46.5°S), emphasize conservation of native forests and seabird habitats, aligning with national sustainability goals to foster responsible visitation without major myths but through experiential narratives of southern wilderness.^[46]

Scientific and navigational role

Astronomical observations

At 45° S latitude, the sun never reaches the zenith, with its maximum noon altitude occurring during the southern summer solstice in December at approximately 68.5° above the horizon, calculated as 90° minus the difference between the latitude and the sun's declination of -23.5°; conversely, the minimum noon altitude during the southern winter solstice in June is about 21.5°, derived from 90° minus the sum of the latitude and the sun's declination of +23.5°.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 5 </grok:render> Unlike higher southern latitudes, there is no circumpolar sun, as the sun's declination does not exceed -45° to remain continuously above the horizon for 24 hours.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 3 </grok:render> However, the Southern Cross constellation (Crux) is perpetually visible throughout the night and year from this parallel, due to its position in the southern celestial sky accessible from latitudes south of 20° N.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 48 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 49 </grok:render> In celestial navigation, the 45th parallel south has historically supported dead reckoning during southern ocean voyages, where latitude determination relied on sextant observations of southern stars in the absence of Polaris; for instance, Achernar (α Eridani), with its declination of -57°, allows approximate latitude estimation by measuring its meridian altitude and adjusting for its non-pole position, a method detailed in southern hemisphere navigation tables.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 10 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 11 </grok:render> This approach contrasts with northern hemisphere practices, emphasizing reliance on constellations like the Southern Cross for directional orientation rather than a single pole star. Regions along the 45th parallel south, such as Fiordland in New Zealand, offer exceptional dark sky conditions for astronomical observations, with minimal light pollution enabling clear views of the Milky Way arching overhead year-round and ideal for stargazing deep-sky objects like nebulae and galaxies.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 19 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 21 </grok:render> During geomagnetic storms, the aurora australis becomes visible from these latitudes, particularly on clear nights when solar activity extends the phenomenon equatorward to around 45° S, as observed in southern New Zealand and Tasmania.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 28 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 31 </grok:render> The European Space Agency's Gaia mission, concluding observations in 2025, has enhanced astronomical precision along the 45th parallel south through its global astrometry, providing positional data for billions of stars with microarcsecond accuracy (down to about 20 μas for bright sources), allowing refined latitude measurements to within arcseconds via parallax and proper motion analysis—far surpassing traditional sextant methods and differing from the northern parallel's simpler Polaris-based sightings.<grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 38 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 42 </grok:render><grok:render type="render_inline_citation"> 44 </grok:render>

Exploration and mapping history

The early exploration of the 45th parallel south primarily involved coastal voyages by European navigators seeking passages to the Pacific, though precise mapping of the parallel itself was not a focus until later centuries. In 1615–16, the Dutch expedition commanded by Willem Schouten and Jacob le Maire departed from Puerto Deseado (approximately 47°45'S) on the Patagonian coast and sailed southward, crossing the 45th parallel en route to discovering Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn at 56°S, but without detailed cartographic records of the latitude.^[47] Earlier Spanish expeditions, such as those in the wake of Ferdinand Magellan's 1519–22 circumnavigation, approached southern latitudes via the Strait of Magellan (around 53°S) but provided only rudimentary coastal sketches near 45°S in Patagonia, prioritizing trade routes over systematic surveying. During the 1772–75 second voyage of Captain James Cook aboard HMS Resolution and Adventure, the expedition crossed the 45th parallel south near New Zealand's South Island, recording positions around 45°48'S at the south entrance of Dusky Sound and noting navigational features amid efforts to chart the sub-Antarctic region.^[48] This voyage marked one of the first relatively accurate latitudinal fixes in the area, using astronomical observations to resolve the parallel's position relative to the Antarctic Circle. In the 19th century, systematic surveys advanced knowledge of the parallel's terrestrial segments. The HMS Beagle's 1831–36 expedition, under Robert FitzRoy with naturalist Charles Darwin, surveyed Patagonian coasts and inland areas near 45°S, including the Santa Cruz River valley (~50°S), where Darwin documented basaltic platforms rising to 3,000 feet, terraced landscapes up to 500 feet, and sparse vegetation supporting guanacos and ostriches.^[49] Further south, observations at Port Desire (~47°S) and the Chonos Archipelago (explicitly 45°S) highlighted geological strata with tertiary shells and cryptogamic-rich forests extending toward Cape Horn.^[49] Concurrently, Argentine-Chilean boundary commissions from the 1880s to early 1900s, amid disputes over Patagonia, referenced parallels like the 45th south for orographical and latitudinal demarcations, as seen in the 1881 treaty and subsequent arbitral proceedings that fixed segments from 26°52'45"S to the Strait of Magellan using surveyed lines.^[50] Twentieth-century advancements shifted toward technological mapping of the parallel's full extent. Post-World War II aerial surveys, leveraging wartime photography techniques, provided comprehensive coverage of land-based segments; in New Zealand, surveys from 1946 onward captured the South Island's traversal near Stewart Island, revealing topographic details previously obscured by cloud cover.^[51] In Patagonia, similar efforts by national agencies in the 1950s documented coastal and Andean features along ~45°S.^[52] Satellite geodesy revolutionized global verification starting in the 1970s, with NASA's Landsat program acquiring multispectral imagery of southern hemisphere latitudes, enabling precise path confirmation across oceanic gaps and landmasses through the Worldwide Reference System, which catalogs scenes by path/row grids encompassing 45°S.^[53] Oceanic expanses between continents delayed complete circumnavigation verification until mid-century expeditions bridged the gaps. The 1950s saw increased latitudinal profiling during the International Geophysical Year (1957–58), including Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition traverses that indirectly corroborated the parallel's Antarctic approaches via overland and aerial routes south of 45°S. These efforts, combined with ship-based surveys, overcame prior limitations from ice and remoteness. Recent refinements stem from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) advancements; a 2025 reprocessing of data from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic sites (1995–2021) has enhanced coordinate accuracy for the 45th parallel south, integrating GPS observations to reduce errors in time series for geospatial modeling in regions like Patagonia and New Zealand.^[54] This updates earlier integrations, such as NOAA's 2024 frameworks, by incorporating viscoelastic Earth responses and atmospheric corrections for sub-millimeter precision.

References

[1]
The world's other 45th parallel - Chicago Tribune
Jun 29, 2008 · There's a 45th parallel in the Southern Hemisphere and it, too, lies halfway between the Equator and a pole, in this case, the South Pole.
[2]
The 45th Parallel Traverse
An exciting first attempt to traverse the South Island from coast to coast, following the circle of latitude that is 45° south of the Earth's equator.Missing: route | Show results with:route
[3]
45th Parallel (S) traverse
### Summary of the 45th Parallel South Path
[4]
Roaring and Screaming: The Science of South Swells
Jul 22, 2014 · The Roaring Forties refers to the area between 40 and 50 degrees latitude south with the Fifties and Sixties below. Famous for relentless winds, ...
[5]
Not Exactly Half Way to the North Pole - State Cartographer's Office
Mar 9, 2025 · There are several markers in Wisconsin that claim to be on the 45th parallel. The most well known of these is the “Poniatowski Marker” in ...Missing: route | Show results with:route
[6]
Online calculator: Earth Radius by Latitude (WGS 84) - Planetcalc.com
This online calculator calculates Earth radius at given latitude using WGS 84 reference ellipsoid.
[7]
Comparative Lengths of Days and Nights
Comparative Lengths of Days and Nights ; 40° N · 15h 02m. 14h 40m ; 45° N · 15h 38m. 15h 14m ; 50° N · 16h 23m. 15h 56m ; 60° N · 18h 53m. 18h 08m.
[8]
45th Parallel
Many monuments and signs on the 45th Parallel declare that the latitude is "Halfway between the North Pole and the Equator", but again this is not precisely ...
[9]
Satellite map of 45th parallel south. Latitude: -45.0000 Longitude
Map of 45th parallel south. The 45th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 45 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane.
[10]
Mind your Latitude: 45° to 46° South | The Bubbly Professor
Jan 25, 2020 · Chile Chico: Chile Chico is a tiny town located on the south shore of General Carrera Lake. General Carrera Lake—shared by Chile and Argentina ...
[11]
Marine west coast climate | Characteristics & Facts | Britannica
Oct 18, 2025 · ... latitude. Mean annual temperatures are usually 7–13 °C (45–55 °F) in lowland areas, the winters are mild, and the summers are relatively ...Missing: parallel | Show results with:parallel
[12]
Statistical analysis of the precipitation trends in the Patagonia region ...
The highest recorded annual totals of over 3,000 mm are found in the southern cordillera between 40 and 45° S (although situated to the lee of the rain–bearing ...Missing: Fiordland | Show results with:Fiordland
[13]
Weather and climate in Fiordland - Department of Conservation
An average of about 7 metres of rain falls per year, over an average of about 200 rain-days per year. Don't forget your rain jacket!Missing: Patagonia 45th parallel<|control11|><|separator|>
[14]
The Patagonian Icefields today - AntarcticGlaciers.org
Jun 22, 2020 · The region has a temperate maritime climate, with a strong west-east precipitation gradient as a result of the year-round passage of westerly ...
[15]
Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from Observations and ...
This had a greater negative impact on tropospheric temperatures in the southern midlatitudes than the high latitudes (Angell 1988; cf. Fig. 2), which would ...
[16]
El Niño & La Niña (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) | NOAA Climate.gov
El Niño and La Niña are the warm and cool phases of a natural climate pattern across the tropical Pacific known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or “ENSO” ...El Niño–Southern · August 2017 ENSO update · ENSO Blog
[17]
On the relationship between fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar ...
Jul 28, 2007 · The overall pattern of surface chlorophyll is consistent with strongest upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water south of the Polar Front (PF).
[18]
What are the Roaring Forties? - NOAA's National Ocean Service
Jan 4, 2021 · The Roaring Forties take shape as warm air near the equator rises and moves toward the poles. Warm air moving poleward (on both sides of the ...Missing: seasonal variations 45th
[19]
33-year study shows increasing ocean winds and wave heights
Apr 26, 2019 · The researchers found that extreme winds in the Southern Ocean have increased by 1.5 metres per second, or 8 per cent, over the past 30 years.<|control11|><|separator|>
[20]
Guest post: Why the southern hemisphere is stormier than the northern
Dec 12, 2022 · The southern hemisphere is getting even stormier over time, whereas the north is not. This is consistent with what climate models simulate for a warming world.
[21]
Te Wahipounamu – South West New Zealand
Spectacular landforms include: the 15 fiords which deeply indent the Fiordland coastline; a sequence of 13 forested marine terraces progressively uplifted more ...
[22]
[PDF] Ecosystem services in New Zealand's indigenous tussock grasslands
Snow tussock grassland dominated the low-alpine zone on the main axial ranges of the North Island and also above treeline throughout the South Island, ...
[23]
Los Alerces National Park - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
The vegetation is dominated by dense temperate forests, which give way to alpine meadows higher up under the rocky Andean peaks. A highly distinctive and ...Missing: ecology | Show results with:ecology
[24]
Ecological Correlates of Group-Size Variation in a Resource ...
Feb 19, 2014 · The aim of this study was to model guanaco group size in contrasting scenarios of predation risk, habitat structure and population density, ...
[25]
[PDF] Understanding CCAMLR's Approach to Management
The most productive of the three zones is the. Seasonal Pack-ice Zone, where krill (Euphausia superba) is the dominant planktonic organism and the staple food ...Missing: parallel | Show results with:parallel
[26]
[PDF] Conserving Fiordland's biodiversity 1987–2015
One by one, species disappeared from Fiordland. Some species, such as moa, native New Zealand thrush (piopio), bush wren (mātuhituhi) and tieke (South Island ...
[27]
Chapter 3: Oceans and Coastal Ecosystems and their Services
The ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global climate system by regulating cycles of heat, water and elements, including carbon.Missing: parallel | Show results with:parallel
[28]
Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
Based on long-term observed changes across the regions, it was estimated that approximately 20–30% of plant and animal species are at risk of extinction when ...
[29]
Where is Queenstown, New Zealand on Map Lat Long Coordinates
Queenstown, New Zealand is located at New Zealand country in the Towns place category with the gps coordinates of 45° 1' 52.1832'' S and 168° 39' 45.5148'' E.
[30]
https://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/queenstown/
[31]
GPS coordinates of Puerto Aisén, Chile. Latitude: -45.4030 Longitude
Puerto Aisén is a city of Chile located in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region, 4 kilometres (2 mi) above the head of Aisén Fjord in the ...
[32]
Balmaceda, Chile latitude/longitude - Travelmath
The latitude and longitude of Balmaceda, Chile is: 45° 54' 33" S. / 71° 42' 2" W. From: City: round ...
[33]
45th Parallel Track | Central Otago NZ
The 45th Parallel Track has a steep start with panoramic views, starts near the 45th parallel monument, and has a viewing point aligned with the 45th parallel.Missing: America path
[34]
National Route 3 (Argentina) - Wikipedia
It starts at Avenida General Paz (A001) in Buenos Aires, crosses the provinces of Buenos Aires, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz, ending at the bridge over ...Missing: 45th parallel
[35]
45th Parallel South Marker (Cromwell, New Zealand) - Tripadvisor
Nature & Wildlife Areas in CromwellBiking Trails in CromwellEquestrian Trails in CromwellValleys in CromwellNature & Parks in Cromwell. Fun & Games in ...Missing: America path
[36]
Tenaris begins construction of second wind farm in Argentina
Jun 26, 2025 · Following a $214 million USD investment, it is expected to become operational by the end of 2025. Once operational, Tenaris's two wind farms ...Missing: Patagonia 45th parallel south
[37]
Captain Cook's Voyages of Discovery - Gallery
Cook's second voyage ... The expedition circumnavigated the globe at a very high southern latitude, becoming one of the first to cross the Antarctic Circle.
[38]
The Voyages of Captain Cook: A Bicentennial Exhibit (Part II)
Although he did not set foot on the polar continent itself, the history of Antarctica begins with his circumnavigation on this second voyage.
[39]
Dieffenbach's account of New Zealand | Geological exploration
Ernst Dieffenbach, a German, spent two years exploring parts of New Zealand for the New Zealand Company. He then published this wide-ranging description of the ...Missing: latitude | Show results with:latitude
[40]
Travels in New Zealand: With Contributions to the Geography ...
As a surgeon and naturalist for the New Zealand Company, Ernst Dieffenbach (1811–55) travelled widely in the North Island between 1839 and 1841.
[41]
Māori star compass | Canoe navigation
Te kapehu whetū – the Māori star compass – divides the 360 degrees around a canoe in the open ocean into different whare (houses).
[42]
Polynesian Wayfinding - Hōkūleʻa
Pacific Islanders navigated open-ocean voyages without instruments, using instead their observations of the stars, the sun, the ocean swells, and other signs ...
[43]
Factors affecting local plant knowledge in isolated communities from ...
Sep 12, 2022 · We expect that people who declare themselves to be of Mapuche and/or Tehuelche origin will present greater local ecological knowledge about ...
[44]
https://www.historytoday.com/reviews/all-sea
[45]
All At Sea | History Today
Sep 9, 2019 · ... (Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties, Screaming Sixties) give more than a hint of its character. It is an aquatic realm, held apart from the ...
[46]
Calendar of Festivals and Events - Patagonia Argentina
National River Festival. Viedma, Río Negro. National Apple Festival. General Roca, Río Negro. National Golden Beach Festival, Río Negro. Barbecue Festival.
[47]
Traditional Navigation - LEARNZ |
Traditional Polynesian navigators position themselves mainly by the stars, using what's called a star compass. The ability to read the night sky is a great ...Missing: perspective | Show results with:perspective
[48]
Willem Schouten | Circumnavigation, Cape Horn, Pacific Ocean
Oct 24, 2025 · Willem Schouten was a Dutch explorer whose 1615–16 expedition discovered a new route, the Drake Passage, around the southern tip of South ...Missing: parallel Cook 1773-1775
[49]
the three voyages of captain james cook round the world.
The south entrance is situated on the north side of Cape West, in latitude 45° 48ʹ south. ... This swell we got as soon as the south point of New Zealand came in ...
[50]
The Voyage of the Beagle - Project Gutenberg
This volume contains, in the form of a Journal, a history of our voyage, and a sketch of those observations in Natural History and Geology.
[51]
[PDF] The Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case (Argentina, Chile)
From the vicinity of Mount Stokes to the 52nd parallel of south latitude, the boundary shall at first follow the continental water-parting.
[52]
https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1386i/report.pdf
[53]
[PDF] SOUTH AMERICA - USGS Publications Warehouse
Cover: Landsat false-color image of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, a heavily glacierized segment of the Andes Mountains that extends from about latitude 48° ...
[54]
The Worldwide Reference System - Landsat Science - NASA
The Worldwide Reference System (WRS) is a global notation system for Landsat data. It enables a user to inquire about satellite imagery over any portion of the ...Missing: southern hemisphere parallels
[55]
reprocessing GNSS data to infer consistent coordinate time series ...
May 6, 2025 · We present consistently processed coordinate time series for GNSS sites in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region for the time span from 1995 to 2021.