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AMC Gremlin

The AMC Gremlin is a subcompact automobile produced by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from 1970 to 1978, notable for its quirky, asymmetrical design and role as an affordable economy car in response to rising imports.^[1]^[2] Based on a shortened wheelbase version of the AMC Hornet compact car platform—reduced from 108 inches to 96 inches—the Gremlin shared many mechanical components with its sibling, including cam-in-block straight-six engines and four-wheel drum brakes, while featuring a distinctive chopped rear kammback tail for improved aerodynamics and a sporty two-door hatchback body style.^[2]^[1]^[3] Introduced on April 1, 1970, as a 1970 model year vehicle, the Gremlin was developed in just 18 months to capture the burgeoning subcompact market, starting with a base 199-cubic-inch (3.3 L) inline-six engine producing 128 horsepower paired to a standard three-speed manual transmission, with options for a larger 232-cubic-inch (3.8 L) six-cylinder (145 hp) and, from 1972 to 1976, a 304-cubic-inch (5.0 L) V8 (up to 150 hp).^[1]^[4]^[2] Despite its unconventional styling that drew criticism for looking unfinished, the Gremlin achieved solid sales for AMC, with 28,560 units sold in its debut year alone and a cumulative total of 671,475 over its run, representing a significant portion of the company's passenger car output and helping sustain AMC through the 1970s oil crises with competitive fuel economy ratings around 20-25 mpg in standard configurations.^[5]^[1]^[4] The model was phased out after 1978 in favor of the restyled AMC Spirit, but its legacy endures as a symbol of AMC's innovative yet budget-conscious approach to survival in the American auto industry, with surviving examples now gaining traction in the collector market for their rarity and modifiable performance potential.^[6]^[4]

Development and Design

Origins

In 1968, American Motors Corporation (AMC) undertook a market analysis that highlighted the growing demand for affordable subcompact vehicles in the United States, driven by the popularity of imports such as the Volkswagen Beetle and the looming threat of fuel efficiency concerns that could escalate into broader economic pressures like an oil crisis.^[7] This assessment underscored the need for AMC, as a smaller domestic manufacturer, to develop a low-cost entry to counter foreign competition and preempt anticipated subcompacts from larger rivals like Ford's Pinto and Chevrolet's Vega, both announced that year for 1971 release.^[8] The analysis positioned the subcompact segment as essential for AMC's survival, emphasizing economy, simplicity, and pricing accessibility to appeal to budget-conscious buyers.^[1] To address this opportunity, AMC vice president of design Richard Teague assembled a dedicated team in 1968 to conceptualize the vehicle, leveraging the upcoming Hornet compact platform as the foundation.^[5] The approach involved shortening the Hornet's wheelbase by 12 inches (from 108 to 96 inches) and overall length by 18 inches to create a more compact footprint while retaining the front structure for maximum efficiency, resulting in a design that balanced innovation with practicality.^[5] The project was completed in just 18 months from approval to production. Teague's team drew initial inspiration from the AMX-GT show car, displayed at the New York International Auto Show in April 1968, which previewed elements of a truncated rear and sporty proportions tailored to the subcompact market.^[9] The Gremlin concept received final approval in late 1968, prompting a compressed development timeline to accelerate production and gain a first-mover advantage over competitors.^[9] AMC rushed engineering and tooling, launching production at its Kenosha, Wisconsin plant in April 1970—just months ahead of the Pinto and Vega—to capture early market share in the subcompact category.^[5] Cost-saving strategies were central to the project, with the Gremlin sharing a high degree of components with existing AMC models like the Hornet, which minimized retooling expenses and enabled a base price of $1,879—under $2,000—to make it the most affordable new American car available.^[1] This high parts commonality not only reduced development costs but also streamlined manufacturing, allowing AMC to allocate resources toward marketing the Gremlin as an "American-made import fighter."^[5]

Styling and Engineering

The AMC Gremlin's styling was characterized by its bold, asymmetrical design, which featured a dramatically chopped rear section that created a distinctive wedge profile. This rear was shortened by 18 inches in overall length compared to the AMC Hornet, achieved by truncating the body behind the rear wheels and adopting a kammback tail inspired by aerodynamic principles developed by German engineer Wunibald Kamm in the 1930s. The kammback approach involved a tapered rear that abruptly squared off to minimize drag while maintaining structural efficiency, allowing AMC to produce a subcompact vehicle at lower development costs by repurposing the Hornet platform. This cost-saving measure resulted in an overall length of 161 inches for the initial 1970 model, making the Gremlin one of the shortest American cars of its era while still providing a functional liftgate for cargo access.^[5] At the front, the Gremlin's styling emphasized a slanted nose with a compact grille and round exposed headlights, contributing to its quirky, forward-leaning appearance on a 96-inch wheelbase—12 inches shorter than the Hornet's. Higher trims offered optional styling accents like body-colored bumpers, but the core design prioritized simplicity and visual impact over elaborate features. The unibody construction, shared with the Hornet, provided a lightweight yet rigid platform weighing around 2,600 pounds (1,180 kg) for base models, enhancing fuel efficiency in an era of rising oil prices. Engineering-wise, the Gremlin utilized independent front suspension with unequal-length A-arms and coil springs for improved handling over contemporary rivals, paired with a solid rear axle supported by shortened leaf springs; however, the abbreviated rear setup occasionally led to axle hop under hard braking. Weight distribution was officially stated as 57 percent front and 43 percent rear, though the shortened wheelbase likely shifted it closer to 60/40, making the car nose-heavy and influencing its dynamic balance.^[5]^[10] Aerodynamically, the kammback rear was intended to reduce drag, with some enthusiast measurements estimating a coefficient of around 0.49—higher than modern standards but competitive for 1970s subcompacts—though official figures like a claimed 0.40 remain unverified in independent testing. Despite its diminutive exterior dimensions, the Gremlin's interior accommodated five passengers, offering surprising headroom and legroom up front due to the efficient packaging of the unibody design, though the rear seat was notably cramped for adults on longer trips. This blend of unconventional styling and pragmatic engineering helped the Gremlin stand out as an affordable, space-efficient economy car in a market dominated by larger domestics.^[11]^[5]

Interior and Features

The AMC Gremlin employed a compact two-door hatchback body style with a liftgate, designed for efficient space utilization in a subcompact footprint; rear seat was optional in base two-passenger models. The rear seats folded down flat to expand the cargo area, transforming the standard 6 cubic feet of trunk space behind the seats into approximately 18 cubic feet for greater versatility in hauling items. This configuration prioritized practicality for daily use, allowing the Gremlin to serve as both a passenger vehicle and a light hauler.^[12]^[13] Standard equipment emphasized affordability and basic comfort, including durable vinyl upholstery on bench or optional bucket seats, an AM radio (optional in early models but increasingly standard), a heater and defroster, ashtrays, front armrests, rubber floor mats, and a dome light. The interior layout featured a straightforward dashboard with essential gauges and controls, promoting ease of use for entry-level buyers seeking economical transportation. These elements reflected American Motors' focus on value-oriented subcompacts during the early 1970s energy crisis.^[14]^[15] Optional features enhanced drivability and convenience, such as power steering for reduced effort in the compact chassis, air conditioning for climate control, and an Adjust-O-Tilt steering wheel available on models with automatic transmissions. The Gremlin was available in base, Deluxe, and Custom trim levels; the base offered simple vinyl seating, while Deluxe and Custom variants included upgraded cloth/vinyl upholstery combinations, woodgrain dashboard accents, and additional cosmetic details like striped trim panels for a more refined cabin appearance.^[16]^[17] Safety considerations included a collapsible steering column to mitigate injury risk in frontal impacts and a padded dashboard for occupant protection, aligning with federal standards of the era. For the 1974 model year, updates incorporated 5-mph front and rear bumpers to meet new NHTSA regulations for low-speed collision resistance, along with energy-absorbing designs that maintained the vehicle's compact styling while improving durability.^[18]^[19]

Production and Models

Initial Production (1970–1972)

The AMC Gremlin entered production in April 1970 at American Motors Corporation's Kenosha, Wisconsin assembly plant, debuting as a 1970 model year vehicle and marking AMC's entry into the subcompact segment ahead of competitors like the Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega.^[5] In its abbreviated launch year, the model achieved production of 28,560 units, reflecting a rapid development timeline that leveraged the existing Hornet platform to deliver an affordable economy car starting at $1,879 FOB Kenosha.^[20] ^[5] This initial output positioned the Gremlin as a value-oriented alternative to imported subcompacts, with marketing campaigns touting it as "America's newest car" to highlight its domestic engineering and lower price point compared to foreign rivals.^[5] For the 1971 model year, the standard engine was the 232-cubic-inch inline-six producing 135 horsepower (gross), with the optional 258 cubic-inch inline-six providing 150 horsepower (gross) for buyers seeking more power.^[21] ^[5] The introduction of the X package added sporty appeal with features like a Hurst Competition/Plus shifter for manual transmissions, rally instrumentation, and distinctive styling elements such as hood and decklid stripes, appealing to younger buyers interested in a pseudo-performance variant.^[22] These enhancements contributed to robust sales growth, with 76,908 units produced, helping AMC capture a significant share of the burgeoning subcompact market.^[5] ^[23] In 1972, minor updates further diversified the lineup, including the availability of Levi's edition upholstery featuring genuine denim seats with signature stitching and pockets on the door panels, a novel collaboration with Levi Strauss & Co. to attract fashion-conscious consumers.^[24] The X package evolved with added fender flares for a wider stance, body-side moldings, and 14-inch styled wheels, enhancing its sporty image without major mechanical changes, and the optional 304 V8 was newly available.^[21] ^[5] Production was 64,944 units for the year, underscoring the Gremlin's sustained popularity during its early phase as AMC continued to emphasize its compact utility and competitive pricing in advertisements.^[5]

Mid-Cycle Updates (1973–1975)

For the 1973 model year, American Motors Corporation (AMC) updated the Gremlin to comply with new federal safety regulations by adding 5-mph bumpers at the front and rear, which were designed to absorb low-speed impacts without significant damage.^[25] The 232-cubic-inch inline-six-cylinder engine remained the standard powerplant, offering 100 horsepower (net) and improved torque over previous configurations, while the optional 304-cubic-inch V8 continued for performance-oriented buyers.^[5] Sales reached 122,844 units amid the onset of the 1973 oil crisis, which boosted demand for fuel-efficient subcompacts like the Gremlin.^[20] In 1974, the Gremlin received further styling adjustments to accommodate the mandated 5-mph bumpers, extending the overall length to 170.3 inches and altering the front fascia for a more integrated appearance.^[5] AMC launched the sporty Gremlin X trim, featuring bold side stripes, a performance suspension, mag-style wheels, and an optional 304-cubic-inch V8 engine producing 150 gross (130 net) horsepower, appealing to enthusiasts seeking a muscle-car alternative in subcompact form.^[26] Assembly of the Gremlin also began in Mexico through AMC's partnership with Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM), producing localized versions with adapted features for that market.^[27] Benefiting from heightened interest in economical vehicles during the ongoing energy shortage, sales peaked at 171,128 units, representing AMC's strongest year for the model.^[20] The 1975 Gremlin incorporated emissions-control measures required by updated federal standards, including the addition of catalytic converters and electronic ignition, while the 258-cubic-inch inline-six became the sole engine offering, detuned to 110 net horsepower to accommodate the new exhaust system.^[5] Interior refinements included high-back front seats for improved comfort and support, along with revised upholstery options in select trims.^[21] To address competitive pressures from imports and rivals like the Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega, AMC enhanced rustproofing treatments on key body panels and made steel-belted radial tires optional for better handling and longevity. Production totaled 56,011 units, reflecting a decline as the new AMC Pacer diverted buyer interest.^[4] ^[28]

Final Years (1976–1978)

For 1976, American Motors Corporation discontinued all V8 engine options for the Gremlin, limiting powertrains to the 232-cubic-inch (3.8 L) and 258-cubic-inch (4.2 L) inline-six engines to align with growing consumer demand for fuel-efficient vehicles amid lingering effects of the 1973 oil crisis.^[29] This shift emphasized economy, with the base six-cylinder producing 90 horsepower and achieving up to 20 miles per gallon in highway driving. Sales reached 67,962 units that year, reflecting a continued but moderating interest in the subcompact as competition from imported economy cars intensified. In 1977, the Gremlin underwent minor cosmetic updates, including a revised grille with a more angular design and integrated turn signals, while the Custom trim became the standard offering with added features like improved upholstery and optional power accessories to boost appeal.^[23] A new optional 121-cubic-inch (2.0 L) inline-four engine, sourced from Volkswagen and producing 81 horsepower, was introduced exclusively on Custom models for better fuel economy, though it offered less power than the sixes. Production fell to 40,426 units, impacted by surging sales of Japanese imports like the Toyota Corolla and rising fuel prices that favored even smaller, more efficient rivals.^[5] The 1978 model year marked the Gremlin's end, with no significant mechanical or styling changes beyond carryover features from 1977, as AMC prepared to replace it with the more modern Pacer and Spirit lines. Production totaled 22,104 units before discontinuation in December 1978, concluding a nine-year run that saw overall Gremlin output of 671,475 vehicles. The phase-out was driven by escalating fuel costs, a flood of efficient imports eroding domestic subcompact market share, and AMC's strategic pivot toward partnerships like the upcoming Renault alliance.^[30] ^[5]

Engine Options and Performance

The AMC Gremlin was powered by a selection of AMC's inline-six engines as standard equipment, with V8 options available for enhanced performance during much of its production span. In its debut 1970 model year, the base engine was a 199-cubic-inch (3.3 L) overhead-valve inline-six rated at 128 horsepower (gross) and 195 lb-ft of torque. Starting in 1971, the standard engine was the 232-cubic-inch (3.8 L) inline-six producing 135 horsepower (gross), while the optional 258-cubic-inch (4.2 L) inline-six delivered 150 horsepower (gross) and 245 lb-ft of torque. V8 powertrains included the 304-cubic-inch (5.0 L) unit with 150 horsepower (gross) from 1972 to 1976, and the larger 360-cubic-inch (5.9 L) V8 offering 175 horsepower (gross) in select years up to 1976. By 1972, industry-wide adoption of net horsepower ratings reduced these figures to approximately 100 hp for the 232, 110 hp for the 258, 130 hp for the 304, and 170 hp for the 360.^[5] ^[21] Transmission choices emphasized simplicity and reliability, with a three-speed manual gearbox standard across all models and engine configurations. An optional three-speed Chrysler TorqueFlite automatic became available from 1971 onward, replacing the earlier Borg-Warner unit and providing smoother shifting for V8-equipped variants. Performance varied significantly by powertrain; base inline-six models with the manual transmission achieved 0-60 mph acceleration in 10 to 12 seconds, while V8 versions with the TorqueFlite could sprint to 60 mph in about 8.5 seconds. Top speeds reached approximately 100 mph for six-cylinder Gremlins and 110 mph for those with the 304 V8.^[4] ^[5] ^[31] Fuel economy for the inline-six engines typically ranged from 18 mpg in city driving to 22 mpg on the highway, making the Gremlin competitive in its era for an American subcompact. Handling characteristics benefited from a short 96-inch wheelbase and independent front suspension, earning praise for responsive steering in road tests, though the live rear axle contributed to some criticism of instability during hard cornering.^[13] ^[20] ^[21]

Special Variants

Randall 401-XR Edition

The Randall 401-XR Edition represented a high-performance, dealer-modified variant of the AMC Gremlin, created by the Randall AMC dealership in Mesa, Arizona, with official endorsement from American Motors Corporation to install the larger V8 engine option.^[4] Production occurred from 1972 to 1974, starting with Gremlin X models equipped with the 304 cu in V8, which were then swapped for the 401 cu in (6.6 L) V8 sourced from the AMC Javelin lineup, delivering 255 net horsepower.^[32] A total of 21 units were built, including 20 street-legal examples and one dedicated drag racing version, far fewer than the initially planned 100.^[4]^[33] Key features emphasized performance enhancements, such as a custom Hurst Competition/Plus shifter paired with a Borg-Warner T-10 four-speed manual transmission, 3.54:1 rear axle gears for quicker acceleration, and a dual exhaust system to improve engine breathing and sound.^[34] Additional upgrades included heavy-duty suspension components and optional Stewart-Warner gauges for better monitoring during spirited driving.^[34] These modifications enabled impressive dynamics for the era, with Car Craft magazine reporting a quarter-mile time in the high 13-second range for a tested example, establishing its credentials as a potent subcompact despite the Gremlin's economy car roots.^[4] Developed during the waning years of the muscle car era amid rising fuel costs and emissions regulations, the 401-XR served primarily as a showroom draw to attract performance enthusiasts to AMC dealerships, offering a unique blend of compact packaging and big-engine power.^[34] Priced at approximately $2,995—compared to the base Gremlin's $1,999 starting price (or the Gremlin X's around $2,300) for 1972—it targeted buyers seeking an affordable alternative to fading pony cars like the Ford Mustang.^[34]^[4]^[35] Today, the Randall 401-XR remains a rare collector's item, with surviving examples commanding premium values due to their limited numbers and historical significance as one of the earliest American hot hatches.^[33] Documented instances of drag strip competition, including the purpose-built racer, highlight its role in grassroots motorsport, further cementing its legacy among AMC enthusiasts.^[4]

Hurst Rescue System

The Hurst Rescue System 1 was a specialized emergency response vehicle developed by Hurst Performance in the early 1970s, utilizing the AMC Gremlin as its base platform to provide rapid deployment of hydraulic extrication tools and other first-aid equipment.^[36] Created in response to the need for faster accident scene interventions, particularly after George Hurst observed delays in racetrack rescues, the System 1 integrated the company's newly introduced Jaws of Life tool—a hydraulic power unit with spreaders capable of applying up to 10,000 pounds of force—directly into the vehicle's design for immediate use.^[36] Marketed primarily from 1972 to 1974 as a "highway safety vehicle," it targeted fire departments and police agencies for urban and highway crash responses, emphasizing quick access to entrapment victims.^[37] Built on the compact Gremlin chassis, typically in a two-seater configuration to maximize cargo space, the Hurst Rescue System 1 featured engine options including the standard 258-cubic-inch (4.2 L) inline-six producing 110 horsepower (net) or the optional 304-cubic-inch (5.0 L) V8 for enhanced performance in pursuit or loaded scenarios.^[36]^[38]^[39] Key modifications included reinforced mounting points for heavy tools, a 1,000-pound capacity winch for vehicle stabilization, integrated firefighting equipment such as a 25-gallon water tank and foam applicator, a full first-aid kit, an onboard generator for powering the Jaws of Life, a collapsible stretcher, and push bumpers fore and aft to aid in scene maneuvering.^[38]^[40] These vehicles were fully equipped upon delivery, with prices ranging from $11,000 to $13,000 depending on options, making them a cost-effective alternative to larger rescue rigs.^[40] Production was limited, with fewer than 10 units built and sold to various departments before the program ended around 1974, coinciding with shifting priorities in emergency vehicle design and the Gremlin's evolving model lineup.^[41] As AMC faced financial challenges through the late 1970s, support for such specialized conversions waned, leading to the Hurst Rescue System 1's phase-out alongside the Gremlin's discontinuation in 1978.^[37] Surviving examples, like the one preserved by Murray County Rescue in Georgia since its 1974 purchase for $12,500, remain rare artifacts of innovative 1970s rescue technology.^[42]

International Markets

Canada and Mexico

In Canada, the AMC Gremlin was assembled at the Brampton Assembly plant in Ontario beginning in 1970, serving both the domestic market and exports to the United States.^[43] Initial production at Brampton for the abbreviated 1970 model year reached 12,618 units, contributing to the model's strong early performance amid rising demand for subcompact cars.^[43] Canadian-market Gremlins featured optional metric gauges to align with national measurement standards, particularly after metrication efforts in the 1970s.^[44] Starting with the 1974 model year, emissions adjustments were implemented to meet Canadian federal regulations, including modifications to the exhaust systems and carburetors on inline-six engines, similar to U.S. updates but tailored for local testing.^[45] Overall, the Gremlin was bolstered by its affordability and fuel efficiency during the oil crisis.^[28] In Mexico, production of the Gremlin began in 1974 under Vehículos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM), AMC's joint-venture subsidiary, at assembly facilities in Mexico City to meet local content requirements and avoid import tariffs.^[27] Initial models were equipped exclusively with the 232-cubic-inch inline-six engine, producing 145 horsepower, and retained the core Gremlin body style with minor adaptations for Mexican roads, such as reinforced suspension components.^[27] Output for the first generation (1974–1978) exceeded 20,000 units, with annual figures peaking at about 6,800 in 1977, reflecting steady demand in a market favoring economical imports alternatives.^[46] From 1979 to 1983, VAM produced a second-generation Gremlin based on the updated AMC Spirit platform, featuring a restyled front end derived from the Hornet sedan for improved aerodynamics and local aesthetics, while retaining the rear hatchback design.^[47] These later models offered engine options including the uprated 282-cubic-inch inline-six, delivering 130 horsepower with VAM-specific tuning for higher torque at low speeds.^[27] Unique local features included upscale trims with optional vinyl roofs for added luxury appeal, such as those seen on higher-end variants emphasizing comfort for urban and highway use.^[48] This extended production run supported tariff avoidance strategies and enabled exports to other Latin American countries, where the Gremlin's durability in varied climates proved advantageous.^[27]

Europe and Australia

The AMC Gremlin was exported to Australia and various European markets as part of American Motors' strategy to compete with imported subcompacts, with vehicles adapted for right-hand drive configurations and local regulatory requirements such as metric speedometers.^[5] In Australia, the Gremlin was assessed for local production through a partnership with Australian Motor Industries (AMI). In 1970, a single completely knocked-down (CKD) kit was shipped to AMI's assembly plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria, where it was built as a right-hand drive model and branded the Rambler Gremlin. The evaluation vehicle featured the 258 cu in inline-six engine, the sole powertrain option considered for the region due to fuel economy priorities, and received local tuning to the suspension for Australia's rough roads. Although praised for its economical performance, AMI concluded that market conditions, including high tariffs and competition from established imports, did not support full-scale assembly or sales, limiting availability to grey market imports thereafter.^[49] In Europe, the Gremlin entered through grey imports and dealer networks, particularly in the UK and Switzerland during the 1970s. Swiss importer J.H. Heller AG of Zurich began bringing in Gremlins alongside other AMC models like the Javelin starting in 1970, with vehicles receiving Swiss type approval for road use. In the UK, low-volume sales occurred via dealer-converted right-hand drive examples, often with speedometers recalibrated to kilometers per hour to comply with local standards. These conversions typically involved relocating the steering components and dashboard instruments, though they were rudimentary compared to factory efforts.^[50] Export efforts faced significant hurdles from high import tariffs and punitive fuel taxes on larger engines, which favored smaller European and Japanese rivals. The 1973 oil crisis, triggered by OPEC's embargo that quadrupled oil prices, temporarily boosted demand for fuel-efficient imports like the Gremlin by highlighting the need for subcompacts amid shortages and rationing. However, this also led to the discontinuation of V8 engine options in export markets, as buyers shifted toward six-cylinder and four-cylinder variants for better economy, aligning with global trends toward downsizing.^[51]

Experimental and Concept Vehicles

Fuel Experiments

In the 1970s, amid rising concerns over fuel shortages and air pollution, the AMC Gremlin became a popular testbed for university researchers exploring alternative fuels to enhance efficiency and curb emissions in internal combustion engines. A pioneering effort occurred in 1970 when Stanford University students converted a 1970 Gremlin, powered by its standard 232 cubic inch inline-six engine, to operate on methanol for the Clean Air Car Race. Modifications included an exhaust-heated intake manifold to aid fuel vaporization, a rejetted carburetor, and a three-way catalytic converter, enabling low-emission performance that met emerging federal standards. The vehicle secured victory in the race's Liquid Fuel Division, with emissions testing revealing substantial reductions in hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides compared to conventional gasoline operation, though challenges like cold-start difficulties and fuel corrosion persisted.^[52]^[53] In 1972, a team from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) adapted a donated 1972 Gremlin body and a modified Ford Boss 351 V8 engine to run on hydrogen for the Urban Vehicle Design Competition, which the project won. The conversion produced only water vapor as exhaust, demonstrating hydrogen's potential for near-zero tailpipe emissions, but highlighted practical hurdles such as bulky storage tanks for gaseous hydrogen and the lack of refueling infrastructure. American Motors supported the initiative by providing the chassis, fostering early academic-industry ties in clean propulsion research.^[54]^[55] Throughout the mid-1970s, additional Gremlin prototypes underwent conversions to propane and natural gas by various universities to assess viability for urban driving and engine longevity under non-petroleum fuels. These tests confirmed comparable mechanical wear to gasoline setups while achieving lower emissions, though issues like reduced power output and cold-weather starting remained. AMC's provision of vehicles for such projects aided broader exploration of combustion-based alternatives, laying groundwork for subsequent fuel-flexible technologies.^[56]

Electric and Prototype Concepts

In the 1970s, American Motors Corporation (AMC) explored electric vehicle technology through experimental conversions of its Gremlin subcompact, aiming to address urban commuting needs amid rising fuel costs and environmental concerns. In 1973, Seattle City Light modified a production AMC Gremlin into an electric prototype powered by 24 rechargeable six-volt lead-acid batteries, enabling a range of approximately 50 miles at highway speeds.^[57]^[58] The vehicle achieved a top speed of 50 mph and was designed for short-distance city driving, with charging available at curbside stations for about 25 cents per hour.^[59] This prototype demonstrated early potential for battery-electric cars in everyday use but highlighted limitations like long recharge times of up to a full day.^[58] AMC also developed several non-production prototypes based on the Gremlin platform to test innovative designs and features for future models. The 1972 Gremlin Voyager concept featured a standard Gremlin body with a unique slide-out rear cargo shelf dubbed the "Grem-Bin," which extended load length by 18 inches to simplify hauling without altering the vehicle's compact footprint.^[60] In 1974, the Gremlin XP prototype, built from a 1971 model, incorporated increased glass area for better visibility, a custom hood, and a distinctive interior, serving as a styling exercise to refine the Gremlin's aesthetics.^[61] That same year, the Gremlin G-II prototype blended the Gremlin's rear with the smoother front end from the Hornet model, including a special grille and aerodynamic enhancements to preview a sleeker second-generation design.^[62] These experimental efforts culminated in the 1977 Concept 80 touring exhibit, which showcased forward-looking Gremlin-derived vehicles as styling studies for 1980s production. One highlight was the Concept Grand Touring, a near-production-ready coupe that evolved the Gremlin's silhouette with updated trim and cabin features, directly influencing the 1979 Spirit liftback replacement.^[63] The exhibit also included the AM Van, a minivan concept with an extended wheelbase, three-abreast seating for up to eight passengers, and proposed all-wheel-drive capability, foreshadowing elements of AMC's later Eagle vehicles.^[64]^[65] Primarily intended for trade shows and public demonstrations, these prototypes tested market interest in versatile, efficient designs while informing AMC's shift toward more aerodynamic and multi-purpose platforms.

Reception and Legacy

Sales and Marketplace Impact

The AMC Gremlin debuted with a base price of $1,879 for the two-passenger model in 1970, undercutting competitors and positioning it as an affordable entry in the emerging subcompact segment.^[66] By 1978, the base price had risen to $3,399 due to inflation and added features, reflecting broader economic pressures on the automotive industry.^[67] This pricing strategy helped the Gremlin capture a notable share of the U.S. subcompact market during its peak years, appealing to budget-conscious buyers seeking domestic alternatives to imports.^[68] As the first American-built subcompact, the Gremlin initially outperformed rivals like the Ford Pinto and Chevrolet Vega in terms of market timing and relative sales success for its manufacturer, with 53,480 units sold in its first full year of 1971 compared to the newcomers' launches.^[69] Total U.S. sales reached approximately 671,475 units over its nine-year run, a strong performance for American Motors Corporation (AMC) amid intensifying competition.^[70] However, by 1975, sales declined sharply to 56,011 units as Japanese imports gained dominance in the fuel-efficient segment, eroding the Gremlin's position.^[20] Marketing efforts emphasized the Gremlin's quirky, economical appeal through campaigns highlighting its low cost, such as ads proclaiming "If you can afford a car, you can afford two Gremlins," which resonated during economic uncertainty.^[4] The 1973 oil embargo provided a significant boost, driving sales to a peak of 171,128 units in 1974 as consumers prioritized smaller, more efficient vehicles amid fuel shortages and rising prices.^[20] Dealer incentives, including promotional rebates and financing deals, further supported this surge during the 1973-1974 period, helping AMC maximize volume.^[71] Post-embargo stagnation in the late 1970s contributed to declining demand, but the Gremlin's foundation on a shortened Hornet platform enabled cost-effective production sharing, bolstering AMC's survival as an independent automaker.^[72]

Cultural Significance

The AMC Gremlin has garnered notable associations with prominent figures, particularly two future U.S. presidents who drove the car in their early careers. Bill Clinton used a green AMC Gremlin to navigate rural Arkansas roads during his unsuccessful 1974 congressional campaign, embodying the vehicle's economical appeal for budget-conscious drivers. Similarly, George W. Bush drove a family-owned Gremlin with Levi's denim interior while pursuing his Master of Business Administration at Harvard in 1973, highlighting the car's role in everyday mobility for young professionals. This "future presidents" connection underscores the Gremlin's ubiquity in 1970s American life, as it served as an accessible subcompact for a wide range of users. In popular media, the Gremlin left an indelible mark, appearing in the 1984 film Gremlins directed by Joe Dante, where a 1973 model is prominently featured as the first vehicle seen, parked outside the inventor's shop. The car's name and its mascot logo—depicting a mischievous imp—provided a loose inspiration for the film's titular creatures, blending automotive quirkiness with cinematic fantasy and amplifying the Gremlin's cultural footprint. Additionally, Mattel immortalized the model in its Hot Wheels line with the "Greased Gremlin," a hot rod variant based on the 1972 AMC Gremlin, introduced in the early 1970s and continuing as a collector's favorite in various releases. The Gremlin's legacy endures through its cult status among enthusiasts, drawn to the car's unconventional, truncated design that symbolized bold experimentation amid the 1970s oil crises. Restored examples, often featuring original V8 options or custom modifications, command prices up to $40,000 or more at auctions and enthusiast markets as of 2025, reflecting growing appreciation for its innovative subcompact engineering.^[73] Active communities, such as the American Motors Owners Association, host dedicated events like the annual Gathering of the Gremlins in Colorado, where owners showcase preserved vehicles and celebrate the model's enduring charm. The Gremlin also appeared at major 1970s auto shows, including the 1971 Paris Motor Show, and continues to feature in modern exhibitions at classic car events, where its design ingenuity is highlighted as a precursor to hot hatch concepts.

References

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Jan 3, 2020 · Only the Gremlin was a true success story. AMC built 671,475 Gremlins between 1970 and 1978. That's a drop in the bucket compared to other ...
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Feb 19, 2019 · The '73 carries the Gremlin's ace in the '70s subcompact game: a 150-horsepower 304-cubic-inch V-8 that was a new option for '72. That year only ...
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Do Not Feed After Midnight: The AMC Gremlin - Ate Up With Motor
Apr 8, 2008 · Despite its late introduction, the AMC Gremlin managed a modest 28,560 sales in the 1970 model year. Better yet, total American Motors sales ...
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Gremlin Reborn: The 1979 AMC Spirit - Mac's Motor City Garage
Jan 26, 2025 · The 1979 AMC Spirit was a transformed Gremlin with new styling, two-door Liftback and Sedan options, and a 2.0-liter engine.Missing: figures | Show results with:figures<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
"What's wrong with this picture?" The AMC Gremlin takes on the VW ...
May 21, 2013 · The Gremlin was created to compete with the VW Beetle, which had higher sales. The Gremlin had better stability, larger engine, and more cargo ...<|separator|>
[8]
Prelude to the AMC Gremlin: The 1968 AMX-GT Concept
Oct 29, 2025 · In an interview for the August 1970 issue of Popular Mechanics, AMC vice president of design Richard Teague detailed how the AMX-GT laid the ...Missing: origins development analysis
[9]
Richard A. Teague Design Page - Los Angeles Movie Palaces
For the Gremlin, the Hornet wheelbase was reduced to 96 inches (2,438 mm) and the overall length cut from 179 to 161 inches (4,500 to 4,100 mm). The Gremlin was ...
[10]
AMC launches Gremlin in U.S. - Automotive News
Apr 2, 2018 · The concept did not go into production, but the AMX name was used from 1968 to 1970 on a shortened, two-seat sports car built from the Javelin.
[11]
The Gremlins Will Get You If You Don't Watch Out! - Decode Systems
Aug 20, 2005 · AMC spokesmen give weight distribution as 57/43, but that's the Hornet's ratio, so I'd say the Gremlin must be nearer 60/40, because both ...
[12]
Aerodynamics of the Gremlin - The AMC Forum - Page 1
May 15, 2023 · Not sure if the wheelbase difference would make much of a difference in ET and MPH, but would probably help with stability. Any other ...Missing: styling kammback
[13]
1977 AMC Gremlin - Top Speed
Aug 13, 2016 · There was practically no cargo space behind the rear seats, with just six cubic feet available. However, if the seat was folded forward, cargo ...Missing: trunk volume
[14]
Curbside Classic: AMC Gremlin - 1971 Small Car Comparison ...
Jan 8, 2024 · Shorten the Hornet's wheelbase from 108” to 96”, and cut everything off behind the rear wheels in a dramatic Kammback. The result looks so ...
[15]
1972 AMC Gremlin - conceptcarz.com
Standard equipment included a dome light, rubber floor mats, trunk mat, heater and defroster, ashtrays, front armrests, and fold-down rear seats. As a ...
[16]
[PDF] Gremlin 1972 - Auto Catalog Archive
Standard Features: 6.00 x 13 Polyester-cord tires, blackwall. Vinyl ... Long wearing, easily cleaned vinyl upholstery. Plug-in socket for main wiring ...Missing: 1970 | Show results with:1970
[17]
[PDF] 1972 AMC Full Line
An Adjust-O-Tilt steering column is a new option for. Gremlins with automatic transmissions. In other words, Gremlin has a lot of class in its class. GREMLIN IS ...
[18]
[PDF] 1971 AMC Full Line
Rear tread for sixes (and V-8's) 57.0" (56.6"). ⚫ Trunk space 11.2 cu. ft. Cargo space for Sportabout (underfloor storage) 58.3 cu. ft. (3.8 cu. ft.).Missing: volume | Show results with:volume<|separator|>
[19]
Four reasons why the AMC Gremlin was a bad idea - Indie Auto
Apr 20, 2022 · During the eight full model years the Gremlin was in production it garnered only 26 percent of AMC's passenger-car output even though it was ...
[20]
The 1974 AMC Gremlin saw some styling updates to Accommodate ...
May 21, 2025 · A stronger rear bumper was set lower—front and rear passenger car bumpers were now required by NHTSA to have uniform heights, take angle impacts ...
[21]
AMC Gremlin: A Terrible Car That Wasn't Really Terrible - MotorTrend
Jun 1, 2020 · Introduced on April Fool's Day, 1970, AMC sold 25,300 Gremlins in that abbreviated first year. The Gremlin's first full year of sales was 1971, ...
[22]
The AMC Gremlin X: Because different is good - Hemmings
Jun 25, 2014 · In 1971, the car's first full year on the market, AMC sold 53,480 examples, but by 1974, the total had climbed to 131,905. The 1975 introduction ...
[23]
Remembering the Highly Successful 1971 AMC Lineup | 2017
Feb 20, 2017 · For 1971, the four-passenger model was available as the Gremlin X, which included a special custom trim and equipment. Hood and body stripes and ...
[24]
Blue Jean Baby: The Levi's Gremlin - Mac's Motor City Garage
Jan 18, 2023 · So in 1973, AMC introduced the Levi's Gremlin—a car wearing blue jeans, if you will. The Levi's Custom Interior package, as it was officially ...
[25]
AMERICAN MOTORS - The New York Times
Nov 5, 1972 · Mr. Teague is proud of the results on the 1973 American Motors models, which have new bumpers designed to meet Federal standards. The rules ...
[26]
CC Capsule: 1974 AMC Gremlin X - Perhaps Not Quite As Advertised
Aug 2, 2023 · As with the 1974 AMC Matador; removing the federally mandated 5 mph crash bumper from this Gremlin reveals a much more attractive car. Reply.
[27]
Made in Mexico | The Online Automotive Marketplace - Hemmings
Mar 26, 2024 · Base Gremlins got 6.95 x 14-inch tires, while X models were fitted with big DR70x14 inch tires. Upholstery selections, always a VAM strongpoint, ...Missing: development platform
[28]
America's First Hot Hatch Came With A V8 - HotCars
Dec 23, 2024 · Come 1976, US EPA regulations had reduced the power in the 304 V8 to a mere 120 horses. Consequently, appeal for the engine option slowed, and ...
[29]
1977 AMC Gremlin X: They've gone stark raving plaid! - Hagerty Media
Dec 17, 2022 · The Gremlin X remained the sporty version and added those amazing plaid bucket seats, full-length sport stripes with a matching rear deck stripe ...
[30]
AMC buying VW four-cylinder engine was Roy D. Chapin Jr.'s last ...
Oct 17, 2025 · VW four proved too small for the Gremlin. Beginning in February 1977 the four was offered in AMC's smallest car, the Gremlin. The Times stated ...
[31]
1972 AMC Gremlin X/5 Litre: detailed specifications, performance ...
0-60 mph 9.5 s. Top speed. 177 km/h / 110 mph. 1972 AMC Gremlin X/5 Litre specifications. sections. pictures dimensions & weights performance fuel consumption.
[32]
Driveway Find: 1972 Gremlin 401-XR, Dealer Special With 6.6L Punch
Aug 15, 2025 · Enter in '72, the “Superacious” Gremlin 401 XR-1, carrying American Motors tall-deck 401CID V8 engine, with 255 net HP from the factory. The ...Missing: history collaboration
[33]
AMC Gremlin Randall 401-XR: The Forgotten Hot Hatch Muscle Car ...
Aug 16, 2024 · Nicknamed "Street Sweeper" by Car and Driver magazine, the Randall 401-XR was an outrageous little hatchback with a muscle car heart.Missing: history specifications collaboration Hurst
[34]
Muscle Cars You Should Know: AMC Gremlin 401-XR
Jan 27, 2018 · That certainly provided the Gremlin with a significant weight advantage, but it wasn't until 1972 that AMC would offer V8 power in the Gremlin.
[35]
The One Hot Rod Part We Hope You Never Have to Use
Jun 10, 2016 · In the early 1970s, Hurst created an emergency rescue vehicle named Hurst Rescue One to deploy its Jaws of Life. This AMC Gremlin was a two ...
[36]
The AMC Gremlin was the best April Fool's joke a car company ever ...
Apr 1, 2022 · The Gremlin was at the very least a successful prank. It took a dose of humour and some shoestring budget engineering and created a lasting cultural impact.<|control11|><|separator|>
[37]
Question of the Week: When Does Patina Become Cool?
Nov 17, 2019 · Known as the Hurst Rescue System 1, the customized Gremlin, with its 304 V8, 1000-pound winch, stretcher and fire fighting apparatus was ...
[38]
Hurst Rescue System 1 | Cars - hobbyDB
The "Hurst Rescue System 1" was based on the AMC Gremlin and designed to quickly assist vehicle extrication of crash victims. The vehicle came with the "Hurst ...
[39]
guest comments - Planet Houston AMX
Thanks For Signing My Guestbook Ya'll. Eddie, Thought you might be interested to know about our Gremlin Hurst Rescue System 1. ... 304-360-401 Jeeps.
[40]
Hurst Highway Rescue System 1 - Boron Extrication
Mar 28, 2013 · The 1974 AMC Gremlin Hurst Highway Rescue System 1 on display in the Hurst Jaws of Life booth is on loan from Murray County Rescue in Georgia.
[41]
1970 1/2 AMC Gremlin - Old Cars Canada
May 2, 2011 · The smallest AMC offering got off to a good start in an abbreviated model year, racking up 12,618 builds in Brampton, many of them headed south ...
[42]
Circuit Board | 1970-1977 AMC Gremlin Instrument Cluster ...
... gauge re-facing decals for Mopar/AMC classics. Available in white, black and silver where appropriate, as well as metric/standard as required by your build ...
[43]
AMC Gremlin | Classic Cars Wiki
In typical fashion, AMC expanded their development and manufacturing profits by adapting a shortened Hornet platform with a Kammback-type tail, continuing the ...<|separator|>
[44]
AMC Gremlin production numbers data - Automobile Catalog
Cars were equipped with range of engines of 1984 - 4981 cc (121.3 - 303.9 cui) displacement, delivering 59.5 - 112 kW (81 - 152 PS, 80 - 150 hp) of power. The ...Missing: subcompact | Show results with:subcompact
[45]
1974-78 VAM Gremlin and 1976-78 Gremlin X - The AMC Forum
Apr 20, 2013 · All 1974-1976 VAM Gremlins had Hornet front clips from the factory, it's no customization. 1974 was the first year of the Gremlin for Mexico.Missing: production DNI Somosa
[46]
1982: VAM still building new AMC Gremlins - Autoweek
May 5, 2017 · In 1982, VAM was building "Gremlinized AMC Spirits" under the Gremlin name for the Mexican market, as the original Gremlin was restyled into ...Missing: Lerma trim vinyl roof
[47]
AMC_TRIVIA - Planet Houston AMX
Oct 1, 2008 · What is a AMC Lerma? The Lerma was built by AMC's division in Mexico, VAM (Vehiculos Automotores Mexicano) and is a FOUR DOOR Spirit. It is ...
[48]
Boomerang: The only Gremlin exported to Australia ... - Hemmings
Oct 12, 2011 · The Gremlin was exported as a kit to Australia, assembled by AMI as a right-hand drive Rambler, and later restored and returned to the US.Missing: 1970-1976 | Show results with:1970-1976
[49]
AMC GREMLIN - typenscheine.ch
All Swiss type approval (type certificates) for AMC GREMLIN. Information from typenscheine.ch by Motoriker.
[50]
The Event That Changed The American Automotive Landscape ...
Sep 28, 2024 · The Clean Air Act and the oil crisis, including the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks, were key events that changed the American automotive landscape.
[51]
Exhaust Emissions from a Methanol-Fueled Automobile - jstor
An American Motors Gremlin has been converted to low- pollution operation on methanol through the use of an ex- haust-heated intake manifold, a rejetted ...
[52]
Emissions from the Methanol Fueled Stanford University Gremlim ...
Test procedures included the 1972 Federal Test Procedure (per the November 10, 1970, Federal Register), the 1970 FTP, and the 9x7 procedure, all with hot starts ...
[53]
Nice Ride: The Hydrogen Gremlin | WIRED
Sep 27, 2004 · The group did modify an AMC Gremlin to run on hydrogen back in the early 1970s, after all. The yellow hatchback was the group's entry in the 1972 Urban Vehicle ...Missing: DOE | Show results with:DOE
[54]
Prized '72 Hydrogen-Fueled Gremlin for Sale on eBay - Inhabitat
May 28, 2010 · The car was designed by students from UCLA using a vehicle body donated from American Motors and a custom made Boss 351 engine that the students ...
[55]
Gremlin Aberrations
The Javelin-based Gremlin built in full-scale as the AMX-GT, was first shown at the New York Intetnational Auto Show in April, 1968.Missing: origins history analysis
[56]
2017 Find of the Month Archive - CityArchives | seattle.gov
City Light photos from 1973 show a prototype electric car made from a modified AMC Gremlin. The car was powered by 24 rechargeable six-volt batteries and could ...<|separator|>
[57]
Seattle's Illuminating History of Electric Vehicles - Powerlines
Sep 26, 2022 · Remarkably, the prototype AMC Gremlin seen here in the photo with SCL Superintendent Gordon Vickery could be charged for just 25 cents per hour!
[58]
Gremlin Electric died with its namesake car - Times Record News
Jan 26, 2016 · The Gremlin Electric, put on the market in 1973 after six years of tinkering, would travel 50 miles on a charge and could reach a maximum speed of 50 mph.Missing: Electrom vehicle
[59]
Gremlin With a Drawer: The 1972 Voyager Concept
Aug 20, 2019 · Built for the 1972 auto show season, the Voyager was a standard production Gremlin with an eye-catching extra feature: A pull-out cargo area ...
[60]
Teague's trophy: The Gremlin XP prototype returns to the spotlight
Oct 29, 2015 · The Gremlin XP prototype, built from a 1971 Gremlin, had more glass, a custom hood, and a unique interior. It was saved by Dick Teague.Missing: G/ | Show results with:G/
[61]
A Spirited Preview: The 1974 Gremlin G-II Concept
Apr 17, 2024 · In 1974, the quirky but clever Gremlin from American Motors scored its best sales year in history with a total volume of more than 132,000 cars.Missing: Mexico VAM DNI Somosa
[62]
Forgotten Concept: AMC Concept Grand Touring | The Daily Drive
Jan 31, 2019 · The Concept Grand Touring was the most production-ready-looking concept on tour, differing from the Gremlin only in silhouette, exterior trim, and cabin ...
[63]
Is this funky AM Van the greatest AMC that never was? - Hagerty
Apr 27, 2022 · Instead, a cash-strapped AMC went into the '80s with revamped versions of the Gremlin and Hornet called the Spirit and Concord, respectively.
[64]
AMC's Concept 80 AM Van to go on display at Kenosha History Center
Jul 2, 2014 · The museum will be displaying AMC's 1977 Concept 80 AM Van, a vehicle that American Motors once believed represented its path to prosperity and a glimpse into ...
[65]
We're Head Over Heels for this, Low-Mile 1970 AMC Gremlin!
Mar 4, 2024 · In this arrangement, the only access to the rear cargo area was though the doors – though the lack of a rear seat made it seem almost roomy.
[66]
American Motors Raises Price On Gremlin Cars and Jeeps
Jan 28, 1978 · The price change by the No. 4 automaker will raise the base price of the Gremlin to $3,399, up six‐tenths of 1 percent. Custom models with a ...<|separator|>
[67]
1 Economic Crisis Allowed the AMC Gremlin to Dominate the Car ...
May 13, 2023 · When the American Motor Company needed a solid sub-compact car to fight the Volkswagen Beetle, it created something solid and original using off ...
[68]
1971 AMC Gremlin X, 1973 Chevrolet Vega GT, and 1972 Ford Pinto
Aug 5, 2025 · A loving look back at America's second attempt to rain on the imports' parade.
[69]
The Levi's AMC Gremlin wasn't just quirky—it fashioned a movement
Jul 19, 2022 · It also included color coordinated door panels with real denim pockets, special blue trim, and a Levi's logo on the fenders. AMC Levis Gremlin ...
[70]
Price Cuts, Rebates Lift Sales Of Small A.M.C. and G.M. Cars - The ...
... A. M. C. announced, on Nov. 16, a cash rebate of $253 on all new 1976 and 1977 Pacers for a limited time. “Last night it looked like it was 1973 and 1974,” said ...
[71]
Rambler Be Gone: The 1970 American Motors Hornet
Mar 9, 2025 · The Gremlin's stubby and quirky proportions created a minor sensation. But in truth, the Hornet consistently outsold the Gremlin through the ...