Apollonis

In Greek mythology, Apollonis (Ancient Greek: Ἀπολλωνίς) was one of the three younger Muses known as the Mousai Apollonides. She was a daughter of the god Apollo and was worshipped alongside her sisters Cephisso and Borysthenis at the sanctuary of Delphi.^[1] These Muses were associated with inspiration in music, poetry, and the arts, and were sometimes identified by the musical terms Hypate, Mese, and Nete, referring to the highest, middle, and lowest notes.^[1] Apollonis' name, meaning "of Apollo" or "pertaining to Apollo," reflects her close connection to her father. Little is known of her specific attributes beyond her role in the Delphic cult, where the Muses Apollonides were honored as patronesses of the oracle and artistic endeavors.^[2]

Etymology and Name

Linguistic Origins

The name Apollonis derives from the Ancient Greek Ἀπολλωνίς (Apollōnís), a theophoric personal name constructed from the stem of the god Apollo's name, Ἀπόλλων (Apollōn), combined with the feminine suffix -ίς (-ís), which conveys possession, relation, or appurtenance. This formation yields the meaning "belonging to Apollo" or "of Apollo," a common pattern in ancient Greek nomenclature for expressing divine affiliation.^[3] Theophoric names like this were prevalent in Greek culture, often signaling familial or regional ties to the honored god. Apollo-derived names, including feminine forms such as Apollonis, saw increased popularity during the Hellenistic period.^[3]

Mythological Role

Apollonis of Cyzicus was a historical figure from the Hellenistic period and does not feature in Greek mythology. There exists a separate minor deity named Apollonis in ancient Greek tradition, described as one of the three younger Muses (Mousai Apollonides), daughters of the god Apollo, who were venerated at Delphi.^[1] This mythological figure is distinct from the queen and is covered in other sources on Greek mythology.

Parentage and Family

No information.

Association with the Muses

No information.

Worship and Cult

Sanctuary in Delphi

The worship of Apollonis centered on the sanctuary of Apollo in Delphi, located in the region of Phocis, where she was venerated as one of the three Apollonides—a trio of minor Muses regarded as daughters of the god Apollo. This localized cult was situated adjacent to the grand Temple of Apollo and the nearby Oracle, highlighting her close association with prophetic inspiration and musical arts within the broader Delphic complex.^[1] Historical accounts from ancient authors provide evidence for the dedication of the Apollonides—Apollonis, Cephisso (or Kephiso), and Borysthenis—in the Delphic sanctuary, with traditions tracing back to the Archaic period. The earliest reference appears in a fragment attributed to Eumelus of Corinth (8th–7th century BCE), who identifies them explicitly as Apollo's daughters, while later sources such as John Tzetzes (12th century CE, commenting on Hesiod) reinforce their cultic presence at Delphi. Plutarch (in Symposium 9.14) describes three Muses worshipped at Delphi, equating them with the lyre-string names Nēte, Mesē, and Hypatē, a configuration later traditions associate with the Apollonides. Pausanias, in his Description of Greece (10.19.4), notes the depiction of the Muses in the pediments of the Temple of Apollo, suggesting their honored status within the sanctuary's artistic and religious framework from classical antiquity onward.^[4]^[5] The cult of the Muses, including the Apollonides, integrated with the sanctuary's features through votive offerings. The nearby Castalian Spring, a key site for ritual purification flowing from the slopes of Mount Parnassus just east of the main temenos, served as a focal point for devotees seeking divine inspiration in Apollo's oracle and the arts.^[6]

Rituals and Honors

The Apollonides, comprising Apollonis, Cephiso, and Borysthenis as daughters of Apollo, received honors at his Delphic sanctuary, where they were venerated as a trio of younger Muses distinct from the Olympian nine. Ancient sources describe their worship tied to Apollo's cult, with hymns composed in recognition of their inspirational roles in music and poetry.^[1] Rituals honoring Apollonis emphasized libations and purification, performed at the Muses' shrine located south of Apollo's temple in Delphi. Devotees used water from the adjacent sacred spring for lustrations that cleansed participants before engaging in artistic or prophetic activities. These practices underscored the Apollonides' association with creative purity and divine inspiration.^[7] As part of broader Muse veneration, Apollonis shared in the musical and poetic recitations integral to Delphic festivals, particularly the Pythian Games held every four years in Apollo's honor. These events featured prominent competitions in hymn singing, lyre and kithara playing, and flute performance, where victors received laurel wreaths symbolizing Apollonian and Muse-like patronage of the arts.^[8]^[9] The Apollonides' cult exhibited syncretism with the wider worship of the Muses, yet remained uniquely localized to Delphi, where their triad—sometimes named after lyre strings as Nete, Mese, and Hypate—reflected harmonic principles in ancient musical theory. Plutarch notes this configuration in discussions of Muse numerology, linking it to early Delphic traditions before the expansion to nine Muses.^[1]

Depictions in Literature and Art

References in Classical Texts

Apollonis is first attested in the fragmentary epic poetry of Eumelus of Corinth (8th–7th century BCE), where she appears as one of three Muses fathered by Apollo in a Delphic setting. In fragment 35, preserved through later scholia, Eumelus names the trio as Cephiso, Apollonis, and Borysthenis, portraying them as Apollo's daughters who embody the harmonious origins of music and prophecy at his oracle.^[10] This reference establishes Apollonis within a localized Corinthian tradition of Delphic mythology, emphasizing her role in divine inspiration without elaborating on individual attributes. Plutarch (c. 46–119 CE) invokes Apollonis in his philosophical dialogue Quaestiones Convivales (9.14), employing her as an exemplar of concordant divine offspring to illustrate principles of musical harmony. During a sympotic discussion on the numerical symbolism of the nine Muses, Plutarch notes that the three principal strings of the lyre—hypatē, mesē, and nētē—are poetically identified with Apollo's daughters Cephisō, Apollonis, and Borysthenis, symbolizing the balanced tones that underpin cosmic and artistic order. This usage integrates Apollonis into a broader Neoplatonic reflection on music's ethical and metaphysical dimensions, linking her etymologically to Apollo while underscoring her association with melodic unity. Later allusions in scholiastic traditions reinforce Apollonis's cultic significance without developing mythic narratives. In his commentary on Hesiod's Works and Days (schol. 1–2), John Tzetzes (12th century CE) cites Eumelus's fragment to affirm the three Apollonid Muses as a variant Delphic genealogy, distinct from the standard nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, thereby preserving evidence of her worship in ritual contexts.^[11] These secondary references highlight Apollonis's enduring, if peripheral, status in Hellenistic and Roman-era interpretations of Greek religious traditions.

Iconography and Representations

Apollonis, as one of the three Apollonides, lacks distinct iconography in surviving ancient art due to her minor role in mythology. She is not individually depicted, but shares in the general representations of the Muses as youthful female figures embodying divine inspiration, often shown with attributes like lyres or scrolls to symbolize music and poetry.^[1] Artifacts from the Delphic sanctuary, such as pediment sculptures from the Temple of Apollo, feature groups of Muses near the god, reflecting broader themes of harmony and prophecy associated with Apollo's cult. Vase paintings from the Classical period depict Muses with lyres in scenes of Apollo's musical contests, where elements like the lyre strings may symbolically align with traditions of the Apollonides, though without specific identification. These representations reinforce the collective identity of Apollo's daughters within Delphic worship, distinct yet complementary to the iconography of the nine Olympian Muses.^[12]