Automan
Automan is an American science fiction superhero television series created by Glen A. Larson that aired on ABC from December 15, 1983, to April 2, 1984.[1] The series centers on Walter Nebicher, a shy and overlooked computer programmer for the Los Angeles Police Department, who develops a sophisticated artificial intelligence program that manifests as a holographic superhero named Automan to assist in solving crimes.[2][3] Accompanied by Cursor, a versatile holographic sidekick capable of generating vehicles and objects from thin air, Automan uses advanced digital technology to combat urban threats, blending elements of action, comedy, and early computer-generated effects.[2][3] The show stars Desi Arnaz Jr. as Walter Nebicher, Chuck Wagner as the charismatic Automan, Heather McNair as fellow officer Roxanne Caldwell, Gerald S. O'Loughlin as Capt. E. G. Boyd, and Robert Lansing as Lt. Jack Curtis.[2] Produced by Larson's Glen A. Larson Productions in association with 20th Century Fox Television, Automan drew inspiration from the 1982 film Tron, incorporating neon-lit visuals and light-reflective suits to create a futuristic aesthetic.[3] The series featured innovative special effects for its time, including holographic projections and dynamic vehicle transformations, but these elements contributed to its high production costs.[3] Although 13 episodes were produced, only 12 aired during its single season, with the unaired episode later included in DVD releases.[4][3] Despite its ambitious premise and guest appearances by actors like Clu Gulager, Automan struggled with low ratings, averaging around 13.6 in Nielsen households, leading to its cancellation after one season.[2] The combination of expensive visual effects and occasionally corny dialogue failed to sustain viewer interest in a competitive 1980s TV landscape.[3] However, it has since gained a cult following for its pioneering use of CGI-like holograms and as an example of Larson's signature style in sci-fi programming, similar to his works like Battlestar Galactica and Knight Rider.[2][3] The complete series was released on DVD in 2015 by Shout! Factory, renewing appreciation for its retro-futuristic charm.[3]Premise and Production
Synopsis
Automan is an American science fiction television series produced by Glen A. Larson, centering on the adventures of Walter Nebicher, a shy and overlooked police department computer programmer in Los Angeles. Frustrated by his superiors' dismissal of his ideas and his own lack of field experience, Walter secretly develops a groundbreaking artificial intelligence program that evolves into Automan, a holographic superhero who can project himself into the physical world to fight crime. Automan materializes by drawing power directly from the city's electrical grid, allowing him to interact with real objects and people while remaining intangible when needed.[5] The core dynamic revolves around Walter's timid, intellectual nature contrasting sharply with Automan's confident, charismatic heroism; Walter often serves as the strategist behind the scenes, inputting data into his computer to guide Automan's actions during high-stakes operations. Automan is supported by Cursor, a versatile holographic motorcycle that transforms into various forms, such as a car or boat, providing rapid mobility and aiding in pursuits or escapes. Together, they tackle complex criminal schemes that conventional policing cannot address, emphasizing themes of technological empowerment and unlikely partnerships.[5] Set against a near-futuristic backdrop of 1980s Los Angeles enhanced with cybernetic elements, the series combines science fiction spectacle with action sequences and light comedic moments arising from the duo's mismatched personalities and Automan's fish-out-of-water experiences in the human world. The holographic effects, achieved through pioneering computer-generated imagery, underscore Automan's otherworldly presence without disrupting the grounded crime-fighting narrative.[2]Development
Automan was conceived by television producer Glen A. Larson, who drew inspiration from the burgeoning field of early computer graphics and the 1982 film Tron, envisioning a live-action superhero powered by emerging digital technology to combat urban crime.[6] Larson's concept centered on a holographic artificial intelligence that could materialize in the real world, blending science fiction with themes of AI ethics and the potential for technology to aid law enforcement.[6] To ensure originality and leverage expertise, Larson brought on board Donald Kushner and Peter Locke, key figures from the production of Tron, as operating producers.[6][7] The pilot episode was written by Larson himself in 1982 and pitched to ABC as a spiritual successor to his successful series Knight Rider, which had debuted that year and capitalized on high-tech vehicle action. ABC greenlit the project in mid-1983, committing to an initial order of 13 episodes to allow for the exploration of the series' innovative premise, including the ethical dilemmas of creating sentient AI for crime-fighting.[7] This pre-production phase emphasized differentiating Automan from other sci-fi offerings through advanced holography effects, positioning it as a visually groundbreaking show amid the 1980s fascination with computers.[6] During casting, Desi Arnaz Jr. was selected for the lead role of Walter Nebicher, the programmer who activates Automan, bringing a relatable everyman quality to the character's technological ingenuity.[2]Filming and Effects
The visual effects pipeline for Automan relied on pre-CGI optical and practical techniques to realize the holographic superhero and his digital companion, Cursor. The titular character's glowing, wireframe-like appearance was achieved in-camera using a beam splitter rig mounted on the film camera, which projected bright light through a 45-degree two-way mirror to illuminate an actor in a black spandex bodysuit adorned with reflective tape patterned after the costume's neon lines. This setup created a traveling matte effect, allowing the camera to capture both the live set and the lit figure simultaneously, with post-production adding color and star-field compositing via front projection screen material. Effects supervisor David Garber oversaw this labor-intensive process, which drew inspiration from contemporary films like Tron but adapted for television's constraints.[8][9] Cursor, the mischievous flying drone, was brought to life through frame-by-frame hand animation, simulating early computer graphics without digital tools, while holographic vehicles such as the Autocar underwent blue-screen chromakey compositing for integration into live-action footage. These methods, though groundbreaking for 1980s TV, demanded extensive post-production and doubled some shoots—once with the actor in the reflective suit and again in standard wardrobe for flexibility.[8][10] Principal filming occurred at 20th Century Fox Studios in Century City, Los Angeles, with exterior sequences shot on urban streets to evoke a neon-drenched, tech-saturated cityscape that complemented the show's futuristic aesthetic.[11] Production hurdles arose primarily from the effects' complexity and expense, with each episode costing over $1 million—a substantial budget for the era driven by the optical rigs, animation, and overtime from grueling 14- to 18-hour shooting days spanning multiple crew shifts. These high costs, under the oversight of Glen A. Larson's production company, contributed to streamlining certain sequences in practice, though the full 13-episode order was completed; ultimately, only 12 aired due to the combination of budgetary pressures and underwhelming viewership.[9][12][8]Characters and Cast
Main Characters
Walter Nebicher serves as the central human protagonist, a shy and introverted police officer with exceptional computer programming skills, relegated to the department's records or computer division due to his lack of field experience and self-assurance. His primary motivation stems from frustration with departmental bureaucracy and a deep-seated desire to actively combat crime, leading him to develop and activate an advanced AI program during off-hours to bypass these limitations. Through his partnership with Automan, Walter gradually confronts his insecurities, evolving from a behind-the-scenes technician to a more assertive contributor in law enforcement operations.[13][14][15] Automan, the titular holographic artificial intelligence, embodies the confident and charismatic counterpart to Walter's timidity, manifesting as a superhuman figure with the ability to generate solid holographic constructs for tools, disguises, or vehicles as needed. Ethically programmed to prioritize justice and non-lethal resolutions, Automan's role is to execute high-stakes actions that Walter cannot, drawing knowledge from observed media to mimic human behaviors and skills while interfacing seamlessly with technology. This dynamic positions Automan as both a protector and mentor, reinforcing themes of empowerment through innovation without endorsing violence.[15][14][13] Lieutenant Jack Curtis acts as Walter's authoritative superior and occasional field partner, a pragmatic and skeptical veteran officer who embodies traditional policing methods amid the duo's experimental tactics. Motivated by duty and results, Curtis often questions Walter's reliance on unproven technology but provides essential departmental cover and investigative leads, highlighting tensions between conventional authority and futuristic aid.[16][2] Cursor functions as Automan's versatile and personable sidekick, a sentient, shape-shifting orb of light that materializes physical objects on demand, from vehicles to gadgets, enhancing the team's mobility and resourcefulness. With a witty, sarcastic voice that injects humor into tense scenarios, Cursor's role underscores the narrative's blend of sci-fi ingenuity and lighthearted camaraderie, serving as an extension of Automan's capabilities while occasionally offering clever insights.[13][14]Cast and Crew
Desi Arnaz Jr. starred as Walter Nebicher, the timid police computer expert who programs the Automan hologram to aid in crime-fighting. The son of entertainers Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz Sr., Arnaz drew on his comedic heritage to infuse the character with awkward charm and timing that highlighted Walter's social ineptitude amid high-stakes scenarios. Chuck Wagner portrayed Automan, the sleek, neon-glowing holographic superhero capable of solidifying for action. A trained musical theater actor from the University of Southern California, Wagner brought physicality to the role, performing in the character's form-fitting costume and handling demanding sequences that required precise movement and presence.[17][8] Robert Lansing portrayed Lieutenant Jack Curtis, the pragmatic and skeptical superior officer. Known for his roles in science fiction, including Gary Seven in Star Trek: The Original Series, Lansing added authority to the character's traditional law enforcement perspective.[2] Gerald S. O'Loughlin played Capt. E. G. Boyd, the gruff police superior who oversees the department and reluctantly tolerates Walter's unconventional methods. A seasoned character actor with a background in military service and stage work, O'Loughlin was a veteran of police procedurals, most notably as Lieutenant Ed Ryker on the ABC series The Rookies from 1972 to 1976.[18][19][2] Heather McNair appeared in a recurring role as Roxanne Caldwell, Walter's fellow officer and romantic interest who becomes privy to the Automan secret. McNair, an actress with credits in science fiction television, provided grounded support to the ensemble through her portrayal of the level-headed colleague.[20] The series was created and executive produced by Glen A. Larson, a prolific television producer behind science fiction hits like Battlestar Galactica and Knight Rider, who envisioned Automan as a blend of technology and heroism. Multiple directors helmed episodes, including Lee H. Katzin for the pilot, contributing to the show's dynamic visual style.[2][21] The synth-heavy score was composed primarily by Stu Phillips, known for electronic soundtracks in 1980s action series, which enhanced the futuristic atmosphere with pulsating rhythms and ambient layers.[22][23]Broadcast History
Airing Schedule
Automan premiered on the ABC network on December 15, 1983, airing initially on Thursday evenings at 8:00 p.m. ET. The series ran for 12 episodes until its finale on April 2, 1984, with the episodes broadcast in near-production order following the pilot. Although 13 episodes were produced, the final one, "Club Ten," remained unaired during the original run due to network decisions. In March 1984, the show shifted to Monday nights at the same time slot amid scheduling changes. The broadcast timeline is as follows:| Episode # | Title | Air Date |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Automan | December 15, 1983 |
| 2 | Staying Alive While Running a High Flashdance Fever | December 22, 1983 |
| 3 | The Great Pretender | December 29, 1983 |
| 4 | Ships in the Night | January 5, 1984 |
| 5 | Unreasonable Facsimile | January 12, 1984 |
| 6 | Flashes and Ashes | January 19, 1984 |
| 7 | The Biggest Game in Town | January 26, 1984 |
| 8 | Renegade Run | March 5, 1984 |
| 9 | Murder MTV | March 12, 1984 |
| 10 | Murder, Take One | March 19, 1984 |
| 11 | Zippers | March 26, 1984 |
| 12 | Death by Design | April 2, 1984 |
Ratings and Cancellation
Automan achieved an average Nielsen rating of 13.6 during the 1983–84 television season, translating to approximately 14–16 million viewers per episode based on contemporary household estimates, but it ranked tied for 66th place overall, indicating underwhelming performance relative to network expectations. The show particularly underperformed in key adult demographics, appealing more to children than to the 18–49 age group that advertisers prioritized, which limited its ad revenue potential despite the solid raw viewership numbers.[25] The series aired in a competitive landscape, initially debuting on Thursday nights before shifting to Monday at 8 p.m. ET, where it contended with established hits like CBS's Scarecrow and Mrs. King and NBC's Dick Clark's TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes, as well as broader seasonal rivals including NBC's The A-Team and CBS's Simon & Simon. This positioning contributed to inconsistent retention, as the program failed to build a loyal audience amid stronger performers in action and variety genres. High production costs further exacerbated the issue; each episode exceeded $1 million, driven largely by the innovative but resource-intensive special effects budget, outpacing the revenue supported by its ratings.[9][26] ABC announced the cancellation in May 1984, pulling the series after just one season without renewal for fall. Although 13 episodes were fully produced, the network aired only 12 during the original run, shelving the 13th episode, "Club Ten," which first aired in the United Kingdom on August 25, 1984, and was later included in home video releases; this left Automan without a proper series finale in the US. The decision reflected broader network strategies to cut underperforming shows amid a declining ABC season, prioritizing cost efficiency over continued investment in speculative sci-fi programming.[27][28]Reception and Analysis
Critical Response
Upon its premiere in December 1983, Automan received generally positive critical reception, earning an 83% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on available reviews. Critics highlighted the series' innovative use of pre-CGI techniques inspired by Tron.[29] However, the show faced criticism for its formulaic police procedural plots, which often felt predictable and underutilized the sci-fi premise in favor of standard crime-solving tropes.[30] These narrative shortcomings, combined with dated dialogue and corny moments, contributed to mixed initial reception amid stiff competition from established series like Magnum, P.I..[30] In retrospective analyses, Automan is appreciated among science fiction enthusiasts for its pioneering role in depicting digital heroes on television, predating widespread CGI adoption and providing inspiration for portrayals such as Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation through actor Brent Spiner's experience with the show.[30] Reviewers in the 2010s and beyond have lauded its sense of fun and the magnetic presence of Chuck Wagner as Automan, while acknowledging the pacing issues and 1980s cheesiness that make it a nostalgic but uneven watch for modern audiences.[30] The series is often remembered as an ambitious but short-lived experiment that prioritized spectacle over depth, earning appreciation in sci-fi circles for its effects work.[30]Technical Innovations
Automan's visual effects marked a significant step in simulating computer-generated holograms on television using pre-digital techniques, as true CGI remained prohibitively expensive for episodic TV budgets in the early 1980s. The series relied on practical elements like reflective spandex costumes embedded with light-reflecting panels—capable of bouncing back nearly 100% of incident light—and post-production processes such as traveling mattes and beam splitters for integrating animated elements with live-action footage.[9] These labor-intensive methods contributed to Automan's status as one of the costliest series of its era, with budgets surpassing $1 million per episode, highlighting the technical ambition required to realize such visuals on network television.[9] The auditory elements further enhanced the futuristic theme through a synthesized score composed by Stu Phillips, who employed electronic keyboards to craft synth-driven cues that evoked the era's vision of computational intelligence.[31] This sound design, characterized by layered oscillators and arpeggiated sequences, paralleled Phillips's work on other sci-fi productions and underscored the series' blend of analog innovation with digital conceit. Cursor, the twinkling holographic companion, featured beeping communications that added to the robotic timbre. Despite these advancements, the overall execution proved the viability of high-concept effects within TV constraints.[31]Episodes and Media
Episode List
Automan produced 13 episodes during its single season, with 12 broadcast on ABC from December 1983 to April 1984; the thirteenth episode remained unaired during the original run due to the series' cancellation but was later included in home video releases.[2] The episodes blend science fiction elements with crime-solving adventures, featuring Walter Nebicher activating his holographic creation Automan to assist in investigations. Production order aligned closely with air order, though scheduling gaps occurred after January due to low ratings. Below is a comprehensive list of episodes, including original air dates (where applicable), directors, writers, brief plot summaries, and notable guest stars.| Episode | Title | Air Date | Director | Writer(s) | Summary | Key Guest Stars |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Automan | December 15, 1983 | Lee H. Katzin | Glen A. Larson | Walter creates Automan, a holographic crime-fighter, to rescue kidnapped scientists held in Switzerland after fellow officer Lt. Jack Curtis is abducted for corporate gain. The 90-minute pilot introduces Automan's abilities, including generating holographic vehicles and disguises powered by Walter's car battery.[21] | None listed |
| 2 | Staying Alive While Running a High Flashdance Fever | December 22, 1983 | Winrich Kolbe | Glen A. Larson | Walter and Automan investigate the kidnapping of a mob informant tied to a casino deal, leading them to a corrupt judge; Automan uses holographic projections to infiltrate a high-society dance event and rescue the victim.[32] | Rick Lenz as Eddie Lee; Kristen Meadows as Carla |
| 3 | The Great Pretender | December 29, 1983 | Kim Manners | Sam Egan, Glen A. Larson | Automan poses as gangster Mr. Otto to expose a suspect in a paper hijacking and murder case, setting up a sting on the man's wedding day while Walter coordinates from the precinct.[33] | Robert Lansing as Mr. Otto; James Shigeta as Lt. Nakamura |
| 4 | Ships in the Night | January 5, 1984 | Bob Claver | Parke Perine | Walter and Roxanne travel to a Caribbean island to expose a cocaine smuggling scam involving corrupt police; Automan materializes on-site using the Autoplane to aid in rescuing abducted Lt. Jack Curtis amid tropical dangers.[34] | John Vernon as Curtis; Gretchen Corbett as Roxanne |
| 5 | Unreasonable Facsimile | January 12, 1984 | Winrich Kolbe | Michael S. Baser, David Garber | A businessman's death linked to a helicopter crash prompts investigation into corporate foul play; Automan, influenced by soap operas, experiments with romantic behavior including a singles bar scene while helping Walter expose the sabotage.[35] | Arte Johnson as Bernie; Belinda Balaski as Marge |
| 6 | Flashes and Ashes | January 19, 1984 | Kim Manners | Larry Brody | Walter probes his friend's death amid a weapons theft from an armory, facing Internal Affairs scrutiny for suspected corruption; Automan uses simulated scenarios against a fake medium backdrop to trap the culprits. | Charles Aidman as Eddie Haskell; Charles Lampkin as Capt. Turner |
| 7 | The Biggest Game in Town | January 26, 1984 | Winrich Kolbe | Bruce Kalish | A disgruntled ex-programmer demands $10 million ransom by hacking city systems, threatening disasters like power cuts and a bomb at police HQ; Walter and Automan navigate a computer convention to outcode the hacker. | John Calvin as Ron Tilson; Anthony James as Max |
| 8 | Renegade Run | March 5, 1984 | Allen Baron | Larry Brody, Douglas Heyes Jr. | Automan and Lt. Curtis help a friend framed for drug possession, teaming with a motorcycle gang against a corrupt sheriff in a desert chain gang escape.[36] | William Smith as Sheriff Horton; Claudia Christian as Megan |
| 9 | Murder MTV | March 12, 1984 | Bruce Seth Green | Guerdon Trueblood (story), Douglas Heyes Jr. (teleplay) | A record producer and manager of an all-girl rock band "Sweet Kicks" faces blackmail by a killer; an explosion during a music video shoot threatens the band, prompting Walter and Automan to infiltrate the scene.[37] | Laura Branigan as Jessie Cole; Marc Lawrence as Sid Cole |
| 10 | Murder, Take One | March 19, 1984 | Kim Manners | Sam Egan | A faded movie star is accused of killing a gossip columnist, but clues point to a producer laundering drug money through a $20 million film; Automan poses as an actor on set to gather evidence.[38] | Joan Blondell as Clara Malone; Cesare Danova as Victor |
| 11 | Zippers | March 26, 1984 | Alan Crosland Jr. | David Garber, Bruce Kalish | A ring stealing witness protection data via microchips operates at a male strip club; Automan goes undercover as a stripper to catch the thieves.[39] | Edie Adams as Toni; Robert Donner as Zippers |
| 12 | Death by Design | April 2, 1984 | Gil Bettman | Sam Egan | Automan protects a fashion company partner from mob hitmen after a murder, involving swimwear designs and decoding assassination patterns.[40] | Patrick Macnee as Lydell Hamilton; Anne Lockhart as Tracy Morgan |
| 13 | Club Ten | Unaired (produced 1984) | Kim Manners | Kim Weiskopf | On vacation at a luxurious Caribbean resort, Walter, Automan, and Roxanne uncover a diamond smuggling ring after Roxanne receives a danger message from a friend; they pose as guests to rescue hostages and recover gems. The episode was filmed but shelved due to budget overruns and the show's cancellation, later airing in some international markets and on DVD. | Brett Halsey as Felipe; Dennis Cole as Jack |