Awar

Awar (Arabic: أَعْوَر, al-ʿAwar), meaning "the one-eyed," is a demonic figure in Islamic folklore depicted as one of the five sons of Iblis, the leader of the devils, tasked with tempting humans toward adultery, fornication, and lasciviousness.^[1]^[2] According to medieval Islamic scholar Zakariya al-Qazwini in his encyclopedic work ʿAjāʾib al-Makhlūqāt wa Gharāʾib al-Mawjūdāt (Wonders of Creation), Awar governs the domain of lust and seduction, enticing individuals to view illicit acts as alluring and without consequence.^[2] In classical texts such as Makāʾid al-Shayṭān by Ibn Abi al-Dunya and Al-ʿAthāmah by Abu Ash-Shaykh al-Asbahani, Awar is portrayed as beautifying zina (extramarital sex) in the eyes of the tempted, making it appear desirable and leading believers astray from moral and religious obligations.^[1] His siblings include Thabr (overseer of calamities and mourning), Musawwat (lord of lies), Dasim (instigator of household strife), and Zalanboor (deceiver in markets and trade), each assigned specific vices to propagate evil under Iblis's command.^[2]^[1] These accounts, drawn from early exegetical traditions attributed to figures like Mujahid and Ibn Abbas, emphasize Awar's role in the broader demonic hierarchy aimed at corrupting human society, though such narrations lack direct authentication from prophetic hadith.^[1]

Etymology

Name Origin

The name Awar derives from the Arabic definite noun al-aʿwar (الأعور), literally translating to "the one-eyed" or "the blind in one eye." This appellation stems from the Semitic triconsonantal root ʿ-w-r (ع-و-ر), which broadly signifies a defect, flaw, or blemish, with particular emphasis on physical impairments related to sight.^[3] The root's verbal form, ʿawara (عَوَرَ), describes the action of squinting, being cross-eyed, or suffering from any ocular distortion that impairs clear vision, thereby evoking concepts of partial blindness or skewed perception in classical Arabic lexicography. Such linguistic associations underscore themes of incomplete or flawed discernment, often metaphorically linked to evasion or obscured truth in descriptive contexts. In Islamic tradition, the name Awar (or al-Aʿwar) emerges in early exegetical narrations, such as those attributed to the tabiʿi scholar Mujahid ibn Jabr (d. 104 AH/722 CE). These accounts, preserved in works like Ibn Abi al-Dunya's Makāʾid al-Shayṭān and Abu Shaykh al-Asbahani's Al-ʿAthāmah, are considered weak or unauthenticated by scholars.^[1]^[4]

Linguistic Variations

In Arabic texts on Islamic demonology, the name of this entity is typically rendered as al-Aʿwar (الأعور), literally meaning "the one-eyed," with common English transliterations including Al-A'war, Awar, or Al-Aawar. The root word aʿwar (أعور) derives from the Arabic term for being one-eyed or blind in one eye, reflecting a physical descriptor that has remained consistent across classical sources.^[5] In non-Arabic languages influenced by Islamic traditions, the name appears with slight phonetic adaptations, such as A'war in Persian-influenced texts, where regional pronunciation may emphasize the glottal stop. A direct translation into English and other Western languages is often "The One-Eyed," emphasizing the literal meaning rather than the proper name, as seen in scholarly discussions of jinn hierarchies. Medieval Islamic scholarship exhibits minor orthographic and phonetic shifts due to dialectal differences, with the name consistently appearing as al-Aʿwar in works like Zakariya al-Qazwini's ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-gharāʾib al-mawjūdāt (Wonders of Creation).^[2] These variations arose from the challenges of transcribing Arabic into regional scripts and oral traditions, but the core form al-Aʿwar predominates in authoritative compilations of demonological lore.

Role in Islamic Demonology

Parentage and Family

In Islamic demonology, A'war is described as one of five sons of Iblīs, the leader of the shayāṭīn (devils) and a jinn who defied God's command to prostrate before Adam.^[1] This familial structure positions A'war within the demonic hierarchy as part of Iblīs's progeny, tasked with advancing infernal objectives against humanity. The Quran affirms that Iblīs has descendants (dhurriyyah), as stated in Surah al-Kahf (18:50), though it does not specify names or details. Some early traditions attribute the origin of these sons to Iblīs laying eggs, a symbolic representation of unnatural propagation distinct from human or angelic reproduction. This account is narrated from Mujāhid ibn Jabr (d. 104 AH), an early Quranic exegete, but lacks support from authentic prophetic sources and is deemed unreliable by later scholars. Alternative views suggest Iblīs's offspring result from conventional means, possibly involving a consort, though no definitive evidence exists. A'war's siblings, as per these narrations, are Thabr (or variants such as Shabr or Tir; overseer of calamities and mourning), Miswaṭ (or Musawwaṭ or Masut; lord of lies), Dāsim (instigator of household strife), and Zalanbūr (or Zalambūr or Zalnabur; deceiver in markets and trade).^[1]^[4] These accounts, preserved in classical texts like Ibn Abī al-Dunyā's Makā'id al-Shayṭān (d. 281 AH), outline a divided hierarchy under Iblīs without prophetic authentication.^[4] Such traditions appear in tafsīr works like al-Ṭabarī's Jāmiʿ al-Bayān but are classified as weak (ḍaʿīf) and not part of the sahīh hadith collections.^[1]

Specific Temptations

In Islamic demonology, Al-A'war, one of the five sons of Iblis, holds the specific responsibility of inciting humans toward zina (adultery or fornication), portraying the act as alluring and justifiable to overcome moral inhibitions.^[1] This role involves enticing individuals by embellishing the perceived pleasures of illicit sexual relations, thereby promoting debauchery and lasciviousness as pathways to personal gratification.^[1] Traditional reports attribute this assignment to Iblis's delegation of tasks among his progeny, with Al-A'war focusing on sexual transgression as a core means of corrupting human piety.^[1] Al-A'war's methods align with the broader tactics of the shayatin, employing waswas—subtle whispers that infiltrate the heart to amplify desires and erode ethical resolve. These temptations exploit innate human vulnerabilities, such as lust, to foster not only direct commission of zina but also related evasions of religious duties, including neglect of prayer (salah) in favor of worldly indulgences. Such influences are said to manifest as internal rationalizations that normalize ethical lapses, drawing individuals away from taqwa (God-consciousness).^[1]

Cultural Depictions

In Religious Texts

Awar does not appear by name in the Quran, which refers broadly to the shayatin (devils) as offspring and allies of Iblis in verses such as al-Kahf 18:50, but provides no specific details on individual progeny. The primary textual reference to Awar is a narration attributed to the tabi'i scholar Mujahid ibn Jabr (d. 104 AH), describing Iblis as having five sons assigned to particular temptations, with al-A'war responsible for inciting zina (adultery and debauchery). This narration is recorded in classical compilations, including Ibn Abi al-Dunya's Maka'id al-Shaytan (p. 35) and Abu al-Shaykh al-Asbahani's Al-ʿAthāmah (5/1682), linking it interpretively to Quranic descriptions of satanic forces.^[4]^[1] In classical exegeses, such as al-Tabari's Jami' al-Bayan fi Ta'wil al-Qur'an (vol. 15, p. 292, under al-Kahf 18:50), the narration is invoked to elaborate on the Quranic mention of Iblis's "dhurriyyah" (offspring), portraying the shayatin as organized under Iblis to mislead humanity through targeted vices. Al-Tabari compiles various athar (reports from companions and successors) to contextualize demonic progeny as extensions of Iblis's rebellion, though he notes the interpretive nature of such details absent direct Quranic specification. These works position the athar tradition as illustrative for demonological exegesis, emphasizing Awar's function in luring people toward moral corruption as part of broader satanic strategy.^[4] Scholarly discussions on the narration's authenticity, engaged by hadith critics including Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his Fath al-Bari and related commentaries, treat the specific naming of sons like Awar as a mursal athar from Mujahid rather than a prophetic hadith with full isnad. Critics note the lack of direct prophetic attribution, rendering it useful for illustration but not binding doctrine. This debate underscores the narration's role in demonological exegesis while cautioning against over-literalism.^[1]

In Folklore and Modern Interpretations

In Islamic folklore, particularly within Persian and Arabic narrative traditions, Awar—also known as al-A'war, meaning "the one-eyed"—is depicted as a cunning prince among the jinn, serving as one of the five sons of Iblis and embodying evasion and lascivious temptation.^[2] He is often portrayed as a sly trickster who eludes capture by divine forces or human exorcists, using his guile to approach vulnerable individuals, such as ascetics in the wilderness, whom he lures away from spiritual discipline through whispers of forbidden desires.^[5] These stories, drawn from medieval compilations like Zakariya al-Qazwini's ʿAjāʾib al-makhluqāt (Wonders of Creation), emphasize Awar's role in fostering moral corruption, making sins like adultery appear alluring and guilt-free, thereby testing the resolve of the pious.^[2] Regional variations in Middle Eastern oral traditions further cast Awar as a one-eyed deceiver.^[6] In these tales, he roams desert fringes or hidden realms, preying on travelers or hermits by manifesting as a seductive figure or illusory companion, evading retribution through shape-shifting or swift disappearance. Such depictions appear in folklore derivatives inspired by broader jinn lore, including echoes in One Thousand and One Nights-style narratives where similar entities tempt protagonists toward ruin.^[7] In modern interpretations, Awar has been adapted into Western supernatural fiction, notably in the American television series Supernatural (season 12, episode 15, "Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell"), where he appears as a rank-three demon under the command of Crowley, involved in infernal hierarchies and soul consumption. This portrayal draws loosely from Islamic demonology, blending Awar's traditional lascivious and evasive traits with contemporary horror tropes.^[7]