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Bradley Manning

Bradley Manning (born December 17, 1987) is a former United States Army Private First Class who, while deployed as an intelligence analyst in Iraq, leaked more than 700,000 classified and sensitive government documents to WikiLeaks between 2009 and 2010.^[1]^[2] The disclosures included detailed reports from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, over 250,000 United States diplomatic cables, and video footage of military operations such as the 2007 Baghdad airstrike known as "Collateral Murder."^[3] Manning was arrested in May 2010 after confiding in hacker Adrian Lamo, who alerted authorities, and faced charges including aiding the enemy, espionage, and computer fraud.^[4] In a 2013 court-martial at Fort Meade, Maryland, a military judge convicted Manning on 20 specifications, including five counts under the Espionage Act for willfully communicating national defense information to an unauthorized party, but acquitted on the charge of aiding the enemy.^[5] Manning was sentenced to 35 years confinement, reduction in rank to private, forfeiture of pay, and a dishonorable discharge on August 21, 2013.^[6] The leaks sparked intense debate over government transparency, the human cost of war, and the risks to national security, with supporters viewing Manning as a whistleblower exposing misconduct and critics arguing the releases compromised intelligence sources and diplomatic relations without sufficient public benefit.^[7] Shortly after sentencing, Manning announced a gender transition, adopting the name Chelsea Manning and requesting to be referred to with female pronouns; hormone therapy was approved in 2016, followed by gender-affirming surgery in 2017.^[8] On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted the sentence to time served plus 120 days, resulting in release on May 17, 2017, after approximately seven years of confinement.^[9] Post-release, Manning has engaged in public advocacy, writing, and political activities, including unsuccessful runs for the U.S. Senate in Maryland.^[10]

Early Life

Family Background and Childhood

Bradley Manning was born Bradley Edward Manning on December 17, 1987, in Crescent, Oklahoma, a small farming town approximately 40 miles north of Oklahoma City.^[11]^[12] His father, Brian Manning, was an American who had served as a naval intelligence analyst and met Manning's mother, Susan, while stationed in Wales.^[13]^[14] The couple married in 1979 after Susan relocated from her native Wales to Oklahoma; they had an older daughter, Casey, born in 1976, followed by Bradley.^[14] Manning's early childhood in Crescent was marked by familial instability, including his mother's struggles with alcoholism and his parents' contentious relationship.^[15]^[16] Brian Manning, who worked in the computer industry after leaving the Navy, was often absent due to travel, leaving Susan as the primary caregiver despite her health issues.^[17] The family home environment reportedly involved neglect, with accounts of limited provision of substantial food and episodes requiring emergency intervention.^[16] Manning's parents divorced around 2000-2001 amid these difficulties.^[18] Following the divorce, Manning moved with his mother to Haverfordwest, Wales, in November 2001, where they lived for about four years.^[19]^[16] In Wales, Manning enrolled in local schooling, demonstrated an early aptitude for computers, but faced bullying from peers.^[19]^[12] At age 17, in 2005, Manning returned to the United States to reside with his father and stepmother in Oklahoma, seeking to escape the deteriorating situation abroad.^[16]^[20]

Education and Formative Experiences

Manning attended Tasker Milward secondary school in Haverfordwest, Wales, from around age 12 to 16, following his family's relocation there in 2001 after his parents' divorce.^[21] Classmates recalled him as intellectually sharp and politically astute, with a strong sense of justice and awareness of global issues uncommon for his age; he was also bullied for his small stature, effeminate mannerisms, and openness about being gay.^[22] ^[21] He completed secondary education in 2005 at age 17 amid family instability, including his mother's alcoholism and declining health, prompting his return to the United States to live with his father in Oklahoma.^[23] In Oklahoma, Manning held short-term jobs in food service and retail in Tulsa, often quitting or being let go due to interpersonal difficulties.^[23] His father, a software engineer, had earlier introduced him to computers, fostering an early aptitude for programming and technology that Manning demonstrated by repairing family systems and exploring online hacking communities as a teenager.^[24] By age 18, he enrolled in college—taking limited coursework in subjects like history—while working at a Starbucks, though financial and personal challenges limited his academic progress.^[16] These years shaped Manning's worldview amid isolation and rejection; he openly identified as gay in a conservative environment, contributing to emotional turmoil and a growing disillusionment with authority, evidenced by early online expressions of anti-war sentiment.^[24] Seeking structure and educational funding via the GI Bill, he enlisted in the U.S. Army in May 2007 at his father's urging, viewing military service as a path to higher education.^[16]

Military Career

Enlistment and Training

Bradley Manning entered active duty in the United States Army as an intelligence analyst (MOS 35F) on October 2, 2007.^[25] His enlistment followed encouragement from his father, a former Navy intelligence analyst, amid Manning's recent departure from community college and amid the Army's recruitment challenges during the Iraq War surge.^[26] The Army, facing personnel shortages, had relaxed some enlistment standards by 2007, including waivers for prior issues.^[27] Manning reported for Basic Combat Training (BCT) at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, in fall 2007.^[28] He encountered significant difficulties during the 10-week program, including physical injuries to his shoulder and foot early on, which led to his temporary assignment to a discharge unit after about six weeks.^[29] ^[30] Despite these setbacks and reports of behavioral issues, such as struggles with authority and physical fitness, Manning was allowed to complete BCT, reportedly through expedited processing amid the Army's need for personnel.^[31] ^[32] Following BCT, Manning proceeded to Advanced Individual Training (AIT) for intelligence analysis at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, where he received specialized training in handling classified information, data analysis, and intelligence reporting.^[25] This phase focused on skills relevant to his role, including work with secure networks like SIPRNet and JWICS, though Manning later noted the training emphasized operational tasks over strict security protocols.^[33] By mid-2008, he had qualified as a 35F analyst and was assigned to his first duty station.^[30]

Deployment and Role in Iraq

Manning deployed to Iraq on October 27, 2009, as a Private First Class assigned to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, and was stationed at Forward Operating Base Hammer, located 30 miles east of Baghdad.^[34]^[35] In this capacity, Manning served as an intelligence analyst, responsible for processing and analyzing battlefield reports, monitoring insurgent activities, and contributing to operational briefings for brigade leadership.^[19]^[36] Prior to deployment, a mental health specialist had evaluated Manning and recommended against sending him to Iraq due to concerns over emotional stability, but chain-of-command superiors overrode the assessment and proceeded with the assignment.^[37] Similarly, a non-commissioned officer had advised against deployment after Manning shouted at higher-ranking personnel during a training exercise at Fort Drum, citing potential risks to unit cohesion, though this recommendation was also disregarded.^[38] Manning's tour lasted approximately nine months, concluding in mid-2010, during which the analyst handled sensitive communications derived from multiple intelligence networks.^[39]^[12]

Access to Classified Information

Private First Class Bradley Manning served as a 35F Human Intelligence Analyst with the United States Army's 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, deployed to Iraq from October 2009 until his arrest in May 2010.^[5] In this role, stationed at Contingency Operating Base Hammer east of Baghdad, Manning operated within a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF), where he processed and analyzed intelligence data to support brigade operations.^[31] His position granted him routine access to classified networks and databases, including the Secret Internet Protocol Router Network (SIPRNet), a secure system handling information up to the Secret classification level, as well as shared DoD systems interfacing with State Department data.^[40] Manning held a Top Secret security clearance with eligibility for Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI), standard for intelligence analysts requiring access to compartmented intelligence sources.^[41] This clearance enabled him to query and retrieve data from multiple platforms, such as the Combined Information Data Network Exchange (CIDNE), which aggregated field reports from Afghanistan and Iraq, and the Distributed Common Ground System-Army (DCGS-A).^[42] Testimony during his court-martial revealed that the operational environment in Iraq allowed analysts like Manning broad, often unmonitored access to these closed databases, with minimal oversight on queries or downloads due to high workload and resource constraints.^[43] Access to United States diplomatic cables, primarily managed by the State Department, occurred through SIPRNet interconnections, where select cables were mirrored for DoD use under systems like Net Centric Diplomacy.^[44] Manning exploited search functionalities and unauthorized data-mining software installed on his workstation to identify and extract over 250,000 such cables, which were not originally intended for routine Army field access but became available due to inter-agency data sharing protocols and inadequate segmentation.^[40] Subsequent Army investigations identified systemic security lapses, including failure to revoke or restrict Manning's access despite prior behavioral concerns, leading to disciplinary actions against 15 personnel involved in his supervision and network management.^[38] These lapses highlighted broader vulnerabilities in classified information handling during combat deployments, where operational tempo prioritized access over granular controls.^[45]

Disclosure of Classified Materials

Motivations and Methods of Leakage

Private First Class Bradley Manning's motivations for disclosing classified materials centered on a desire to provoke public debate regarding U.S. foreign policy and the conduct of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In court proceedings on February 28, 2013, Manning stated that his actions were intended to "spark a debate about foreign policy" and to reveal "the true cost of the wars" to the American public, emphasizing a belief that the information belonged to the public rather than being hidden by the government.^[46] ^[47] Manning's defense argued that his "sole purpose was to make a difference" without malicious intent, portraying the leaks as an effort to highlight perceived injustices observed during deployment.^[48] Manning expressed disillusionment with U.S. military actions, particularly after viewing incidents like the 2007 Baghdad airstrike video, which depicted civilian casualties and was later released as "Collateral Murder" by WikiLeaks. In online chats with hacker Adrian Lamo in May 2010, Manning described feeling that the documents exposed diplomatic and military hypocrisies, stating intentions to initiate "worldwide debate, debates, and reforms."^[49] These communications revealed Manning's internal conflict, citing personal distress and a sense of moral obligation to transparency amid perceived governmental overclassification.^[50] Regarding methods, Manning accessed classified networks including SIPRNet and JWICS while stationed at Forward Operating Base Hammer near Baghdad from late 2009 to mid-2010, exploiting his role as an intelligence analyst to query and download approximately 750,000 documents without proper authorization.^[2] He copied files onto rewritable CDs disguised with personal content, such as a Lady Gaga album, to evade detection, then removed them from the secure facility for transfer to an unclassified system.^[1] Transmission to WikiLeaks occurred via their secure online submission portal, involving encrypted uploads and tools like Wget for bulk downloads, with initial contact established through email and subsequent submissions of key files like the Afghan and Iraq war logs starting in early 2010.^[49] Manning took precautions such as using personal laptops in non-secure environments, including hotel rooms during leave, to process and send the materials, avoiding direct email attachments in favor of anonymous drop methods provided by WikiLeaks.^[51]

Key Documents Released

Manning transmitted to WikiLeaks a cache exceeding 700,000 classified files, including military incident reports, diplomatic dispatches, and detainee assessments, primarily obtained via unauthorized downloads from U.S. government networks between November 2009 and May 2010.^[47] ^[39] Among the initial releases was the "Collateral Murder" video on April 5, 2010, which featured unedited Apache helicopter gunship footage from a July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike killing at least 12 individuals, among them two Reuters journalists and several civilians, with crew audio revealing callous commentary amid the engagement.^[52] ^[53] The Afghan War Logs, released July 25, 2010, comprised approximately 90,000 significant activity reports spanning January 2004 to December 2009, documenting coalition operations, Taliban attacks, and unreported civilian casualties estimated at over 100 in incidents not publicly acknowledged by U.S. or NATO forces.^[54] ^[55] These files highlighted patterns of detainee abuse by Afghan forces and U.S. efforts to suppress evidence of corruption within the Karzai government.^[1] In October 2010, WikiLeaks published the Iraq War Logs, totaling around 400,000 field reports from 2004 to early 2009, which exposed over 100,000 Iraqi deaths including 66,000 civilians, systematic torture by Iraqi security forces overlooked by U.S. troops under rules of engagement, and underreported electrocution and rape in detention centers.^[56] ^[1] The logs also detailed 15,000 previously unrecorded civilian fatalities, challenging official casualty figures.^[57] Cablegate followed in November 2010, involving more than 250,000 unredacted U.S. State Department cables from 1966 to February 2010, revealing candid assessments of foreign leaders, intelligence operations, and U.S. pressure tactics on allies regarding issues like Iran's nuclear program and Saudi funding of extremists.^[58] ^[59] Earlier partial releases in late 2010 included redacted versions analyzed by media outlets, exposing espionage in U.N. bodies and critiques of authoritarian regimes.^[60] Additional files encompassed over 700 Guantanamo Bay detainee assessments leaked in April 2011, containing Joint Task Force Guantanamo evaluations of 780 captives, many labeled low-threat despite prolonged detention, with evidence of unreliable confessions obtained via torture and erroneous releases of dangerous individuals.^[61] ^[62] These documents underscored inconsistencies in threat assessments and the internment of innocents based on faulty intelligence.^[1]

Interaction with Intermediaries

Bradley Manning initiated contact with WikiLeaks in early 2010 by using their anonymous online submission system, which required the Tor browser for secure uploads. He compressed classified files—including the "Collateral Murder" video, Iraq and Afghanistan war logs, and State Department cables—onto CDs and uploaded them in batches via Dropbox and the WikiLeaks portal. Manning later testified that he confirmed successful submissions by monitoring WikiLeaks' publications for matching content, such as the April 5, 2010, release of the Apache helicopter footage.^[44]^[47] On May 20, 2010, Manning contacted hacker Adrian Lamo via AOL Instant Messenger after reading a profile on Lamo, expressing admiration and seeking discussion on hacking and intelligence work. Over the next five days, in chats spanning May 20 to 25, Manning confessed to Lamo that he had leaked approximately 750,000 documents, including 250,000 diplomatic cables, to WikiLeaks, motivated by a desire to expose perceived injustices like civilian casualties in Iraq. He described WikiLeaks as having conducted "due diligence" on the materials and mentioned indirect coordination, such as providing context for releases.^[49]^[50] Lamo, viewing Manning's actions as potentially aiding enemies like al-Qaeda, contacted U.S. intelligence officials on May 25, 2010, and provided the full chat logs to the FBI. Lamo testified in Manning's 2013 court-martial that he believed Manning posed a national security risk, despite initially portraying himself as a journalist offering source protection. These interactions with Lamo inadvertently facilitated Manning's identification and arrest by Army Criminal Investigation Division agents on June 27, 2010, at his unit in Iraq.^[63]^[50]

Legal Consequences

Arrest and Initial Charges

On May 25, 2010, Adrian Lamo, a former hacker, reported to U.S. authorities online chat logs in which Private First Class Bradley Manning confessed to leaking classified U.S. military documents, including a video of a 2007 Apache helicopter attack in Baghdad known as "Collateral Murder," to WikiLeaks.^[64] Manning had initiated contact with Lamo around May 20, 2010, via Internet Relay Chat and email, after reading a Wired magazine profile of Lamo, during which Manning boasted of obtaining and disclosing over 250,000 State Department cables, 500,000 Army reports, and other sensitive files.^[49] Manning, then stationed as an intelligence analyst at Forward Operating Base Hammer near Baghdad, Iraq, was arrested by U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command agents on May 27, 2010, on suspicion of unlawfully disclosing classified information, including the Apache video.^[65]^[27] He was initially confined at the base before being transferred to a military detention facility in Kuwait on May 29, 2010, where investigators searched his computers and personal devices, confirming unauthorized downloads and transmissions.^[66] Formal charges under the Uniform Code of Military Justice were preferred against Manning on July 6, 2010, consisting of two counts with 12 specifications: one under Article 92 for willfully communicating, delivering, and transmitting classified information—including the Iraq video and diplomatic cables—to unauthorized recipients via unauthorized software like Wget; and another under Article 134 for exceeding authorized access on a classified computer system between November 2009 and May 2010. These initial charges focused on mishandling specific datasets tied to his role in the 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, and did not yet encompass the full scope of later-added espionage and aiding-the-enemy allegations.^[53] Manning was held in pretrial confinement in Kuwait until July 31, 2010, when he was flown to Quantico Marine Corps Base in Virginia for an Article 32 pretrial hearing.^[67]

Pretrial Detention and Hearings

Following his arrest on May 29, 2010, in Iraq, Manning was initially detained at Camp Arifjan in Kuwait before being transferred to the Marine Corps Base Quantico brig in Virginia on July 29, 2010.^[68] There, he was held in maximum custody under Prevention of Injury (POI) status, a restrictive measure involving 23-hour daily solitary confinement, removal from cell for exercise or hygiene in restraints, and frequent checks every five minutes, which defense attorneys argued amounted to pretrial punishment prohibited under Article 13 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.^[69] Manning remained at Quantico until April 10, 2011, when he was transferred to medium-security confinement at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, after complaints from his defense and external observers, including a United Nations special rapporteur on torture who in August 2012 deemed the conditions a potential violation of international prohibitions against cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.^[70] Military officials justified the measures citing Manning's history of suicidal ideation and gestures, such as fashioning a noose from a bedsheet, as presented during hearings.^[71] The Article 32 preliminary hearing convened on December 16, 2011, at Fort Meade, Maryland, to determine if charges warranted a court-martial; it concluded on December 22 without recommendation for dismissal, leading to formal charges announced on February 23, 2012, including 22 counts under the Espionage Act and Uniform Code of Military Justice.^[72] Defense efforts to subpoena up to 50 witnesses, including State Department officials and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, were largely denied, with the hearing focusing on Manning's mental state and personal struggles rather than evidentiary merits of the leaks.^[73] Subsequent Article 39(a) pretrial hearings, beginning April 24, 2012, addressed procedural matters, including motions to suppress evidence from Manning's computer chats and to dismiss charges on speedy trial grounds, as he had been in pretrial confinement for nearly two years by then.^[74] A dedicated Article 13 hearing in November 2012 examined Quantico conditions, with Manning testifying on November 28 about emotional distress, sleep deprivation from constant lighting and checks, and incidents of forced nudity after a bedsheet incident, described by a Quantico psychiatrist as harsher than typical death row confinement.^[75] Brig officials defended the protocols as standard for high-risk detainees, not punitive, but on January 8, 2013, the military judge ruled the treatment violated Article 13, crediting Manning with 112 days off any eventual sentence while rejecting defense demands for full charge dismissal.^[74] This ruling acknowledged excessive restrictions without suicide risk justification after initial assessments, though it upheld the overall legality of maximum custody classification.^[76]

Court-Martial Proceedings

Private First Class Bradley Manning's court-martial proceedings began with a pretrial hearing on February 28, 2013, during which Manning entered guilty pleas to 10 of the 22 charges, including unauthorized disclosure of classified information, admitting to providing more than 700,000 documents to WikiLeaks in an effort to foster public debate on U.S. foreign policy.^[77]^[78] The pleas carried a potential maximum of 20 years' confinement, but prosecutors proceeded to trial on the remaining counts, including the most serious charge of aiding the enemy under 10 U.S.C. § 904.^[34] The full trial commenced on June 3, 2013, at Fort Meade, Maryland, before a military judge, Colonel Denise Lind, in a bench trial without a jury panel.^[77]^[34] Prosecution evidence included forensic analysis of Manning's computer showing systematic downloads of classified materials from systems like SIPRNet and JWICS, chat logs with informant Adrian Lamo revealing Manning's intent to leak to WikiLeaks, and testimony establishing that the releases caused verifiable risks to national security, such as exposure of intelligence sources.^[5] Manning's defense, led by David Coombs, argued that the leaks were motivated by moral concerns over U.S. actions in Iraq and Afghanistan, with Manning testifying on July 25, 2013, that he selected documents unlikely to cause direct harm and anticipated constructive policy discussions rather than damage.^[79] The defense challenged Espionage Act applications under the First Amendment, contending the statute's lack of a public interest defense unduly criminalized whistleblowing, though Lind rejected motions to dismiss on those grounds.^[5] On July 30, 2013, Lind acquitted Manning of the aiding-the-enemy charge but convicted him on 20 specifications across 19 charges, including five counts under the Espionage Act for willfully communicating national defense information to unauthorized parties, theft of government property, and computer fraud.^[5]^[80] These convictions exposed Manning to up to 136 years of confinement, later reduced by Lind to a maximum of 90 years through merger of some counts.^[81] The sentencing phase, lasting from August 1 to 21, 2013, featured prosecution witnesses detailing potential harms like the endangerment of Afghan informants whose identities appeared in leaked files, leading to targeted killings, and defense character witnesses attesting to Manning's troubled upbringing and gender identity struggles as mitigating factors.^[79] On August 21, 2013, Lind imposed a sentence of 35 years' confinement, reduction to E-1 rank, forfeiture of all pay, and a dishonorable discharge, crediting Manning for 1,293 days of pretrial confinement.^[82]^[79]

Conviction, Sentencing, and Appeals

On July 30, 2013, United States Army Private First Class Bradley Manning was convicted by military judge Colonel Denise Lind at Fort Meade, Maryland, on 20 of 22 specifications, including six counts under the Espionage Act for willfully communicating national defense information to an unauthorized recipient, five counts of theft of government property, and computer-related offenses under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, but acquitted of aiding the enemy, the gravest charge carrying a potential life sentence.^[83]^[5] The convictions related directly to Manning's unauthorized disclosure of over 700,000 classified and sensitive documents, including diplomatic cables, military logs, and the "Collateral Murder" video, to WikiLeaks between November 2009 and May 2010.^[83] The court-martial proceedings, which began in June 2013 after over three years of pretrial detention, featured Manning pleading guilty in February 2013 to lesser charges of mishandling classified information but contesting the espionage and theft specifications, arguing the leaks aimed to provoke public debate rather than harm U.S. interests.^[9] Prosecutors presented evidence of Manning's use of software like Wget to download files and communications indicating intent to publicize the materials, while the defense highlighted Manning's motives tied to perceived government wrongdoing and lack of direct harm caused.^[83] On August 21, 2013, following a two-month sentencing phase with testimony from over 90 witnesses, Judge Lind imposed a sentence of 35 years' confinement—the longest ever for a U.S. military whistleblower leak case—plus reduction to the lowest enlisted rank of private (E-1), total forfeiture of pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge.^[82]^[84] Prosecutors had sought 60 years, citing the leaks' potential to endanger national security, while the defense requested no more than 25 years, emphasizing Manning's youth, mental health struggles, and absence of proven casualties from the disclosures.^[83] Manning received credit for 1,293 days of pretrial confinement, including 112 days for unlawful conditions at Quantico brig.^[84] Manning's civilian defense counsel announced an immediate appeal of the sentence and convictions, targeting alleged prosecutorial overreach in Espionage Act applications to non-spying conduct and pretrial mistreatment.^[85] In April 2014, Army Major General Buchanan, as convening authority, approved the findings and sentence without clemency, rejecting defense arguments for reduction.^[86] The appeal process delayed due to Manning's transition to civilian counsel and military procedural requirements; a formal appeal to the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals was filed in May 2016, seeking dismissal of charges or sentence reduction to 10 years, contending the Espionage Act's vagueness and disproportionate punishment.^[87] Further review by the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces followed, upholding the Espionage Act convictions in 2018 on grounds the statute clearly proscribed unauthorized disclosures.^[88]

Pardon and Release

On August 21, 2013, a military judge sentenced Manning to 35 years of confinement at hard labor, reduction to the lowest enlisted rank, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and a dishonorable discharge following conviction on charges including violating the Espionage Act and theft of government property.^[89]^[90] On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted Manning's sentence, leaving 90 days remaining after accounting for time served since arrest in May 2010, with the prison term set to expire on May 17, 2017; this action reduced the effective confinement to approximately seven years but did not constitute a pardon, as it neither forgave the offenses nor restored military rank or civilian rights lost due to the dishonorable discharge.^[10]^[91]^[92] The commutation was one of 209 granted by Obama on that date, amid broader clemency efforts focused on non-violent drug offenders, though Manning's case involved national security violations; administration officials cited Manning's cooperation with authorities, good behavior, and the disproportionate length of the original sentence relative to similar cases as factors.^[10]^[93] Manning was released from the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, on May 17, 2017, after serving the commuted term, at which point the three-year period of supervised release commenced under military jurisdiction.^[91]^[92] No further appeals or clemency requests for a full pardon were granted during the subsequent Trump administration, leaving the conviction intact.^[94]

Gender Dysphoria and Identity Change

Early Indicators of Gender Distress

Manning reported experiencing a vague sense of being "different" from an early age, accompanied by intense feelings of loss, frustration, loneliness, and discomfort with his body and societal role.^[95] In his hometown of Crescent, Oklahoma, he faced frequent bullying at home, school, and on the school bus for effeminate mannerisms and speech, including slurs such as "girly-boy" and "faggy."^[95] These experiences contributed to a troubled childhood marked by parental divorce around age 11 or 12, after which he relocated to Wales with his mother, exacerbating feelings of alienation as a "feminine" American in a British school environment.^[95]^[96] During adolescence in the United Kingdom, Manning began cross-dressing on an almost weekly basis, experimenting with cosmetics, clothing, and accessories, only to experience subsequent shame leading to purging these items.^[95] He described struggling with gender identity throughout his life, initially identifying as gay by the end of schooling but remaining unsettled.^[95] Prior to enlisting in the military, he experimented with androgynous styles such as dyed hair and eyeliner but suppressed overt femininity to conform socially, while contemplating transition yet fearing loss of family support.^[95] In later statements, Manning asserted that his desire to live as female stemmed from feelings held "since childhood," a claim echoed in court testimony where a psychologist diagnosed him with gender dysphoria—formerly gender identity disorder—and linked it to longstanding emotional distress from early life.^[97]^[96] Defense arguments during his 2013 court-martial highlighted these indicators, including effeminacy and identity struggles, as factors in his psychological state, though the diagnosis was formalized post-arrest by Army specialists.^[96]^[98]

Public Announcement and Medical Transition

On August 22, 2013, one day after being sentenced to 35 years in military prison, Manning issued a public statement declaring a female gender identity and requesting to be known thereafter as Chelsea Elizabeth Manning.^[99] In the statement, distributed via email to supporters and first broadcast by NBC News on August 23, Manning expressed a long-held sense of being female since childhood and stated, "As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me," while hoping to begin hormone replacement therapy "as soon as possible" to align physical appearance with identity.^[8] ^[100] The announcement came amid ongoing pretrial and post-conviction discussions of gender dysphoria, with Manning citing prior suicidal ideation linked to gender-related distress.^[99] Initial requests for hormone therapy were denied by military authorities in August 2014, despite recommendations from military medical evaluations diagnosing gender dysphoria and deeming treatment medically necessary to mitigate risks of self-harm.^[101] Manning's legal team, supported by the American Civil Liberties Union, filed complaints arguing that denial violated the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment, prompting over a year of litigation including administrative appeals and federal court filings.^[9] The U.S. Army approved hormone therapy on February 12, 2015, marking the first such authorization for an active-duty service member or military prisoner, with treatment commencing shortly thereafter under supervised medical protocols at Fort Leavenworth.^[102] ^[103] A Leavenworth County, Kansas, district judge granted Manning's petition for a legal name change from Bradley Edward Manning to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning on April 23, 2014, citing no evidence of fraudulent intent and compliance with state procedural requirements.^[104] Hormone therapy proceeded without reported surgical interventions during the initial phase, though subsequent approvals in 2016 allowed for gender-affirming surgery candidacy evaluations, reflecting evolving military policy accommodations amid external advocacy pressures.^[9] Manning's transition occurred entirely within the confines of male military incarceration, with accommodations limited to medical directives rather than facility transfers until later years.^[105] Manning publicly announced on August 22, 2013, one day after her sentencing, that she identified as a woman, requested to be known as Chelsea Manning, and sought hormone replacement therapy as part of her gender transition while incarcerated at Fort Leavenworth.^[106] ^[107] The U.S. Army initially denied hormone therapy, citing military prison policies that did not provide such treatment for gender dysphoria, prompting Manning to file a federal lawsuit in September 2014 against the Department of Defense and officials including Secretary Chuck Hagel, alleging denial of medically necessary care under the Eighth Amendment.^[108] ^[9] In April 2014, a Kansas court approved her legal name change to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning, though the military continued to refer to her by her prior name in official proceedings.^[2] The lawsuit advanced with ACLU involvement, leading to the Army's approval of hormone therapy in February 2015 following medical evaluations confirming gender dysphoria.^[103] ^[9] Further litigation culminated in September 2016 when the Army authorized gender confirmation surgery, marking a rare accommodation in a military facility and setting a precedent for transgender inmate care, though Manning underwent the procedure in 2017 after her release.^[109] These legal battles highlighted tensions between constitutional rights to medical treatment for serious conditions and military correctional standards, with courts emphasizing that deliberate indifference to gender dysphoria could violate prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment.^[110] Socially, the announcement divided public opinion, with transgender rights advocates praising it as a bold affirmation amid incarceration, while critics, including some military personnel and commentators, viewed the timing—immediately post-conviction—as opportunistic or symptomatic of underlying mental health issues rather than a genuine identity shift, given Manning's prior documented gender distress but lack of transition efforts before the leaks.^[111] ^[112] Mainstream media outlets initially resisted using "Chelsea," citing journalistic standards tied to the name at the time of offenses, sparking accusations of transphobia from supporters and debates over retroactive identity in historical reporting.^[113] The case amplified discussions on transgender prisoners' vulnerabilities, including risks of assault in male facilities, but also fueled skepticism in conservative circles about taxpayer-funded transitions for convicted leakers, contrasting with sympathetic portrayals in progressive media as a human rights milestone.^[114] ^[115]

Incarceration Experiences

Prison Conditions and Alleged Abuses

Following her conviction on July 30, 2013, and sentencing on August 21, 2013, Manning was transferred to the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, a maximum-security military prison housing male inmates convicted of serious offenses.^[116] Conditions there included standard military disciplinary measures, such as restrictions on privileges for rule violations, but Manning's legal team and advocates alleged a pattern of punitive treatment exacerbating her mental health issues, including gender dysphoria.^[117] On July 5, 2016, Manning attempted suicide by hanging, leading to hospitalization and an investigation by prison officials who classified the act as "conduct which threatens" under military regulations.^[118] In response, a disciplinary board convicted her of administrative offenses in September 2016, imposing 14 days of solitary confinement as punishment, a measure her attorneys described as counterproductive to suicide prevention and potentially indefinite if repeated.^[119] ^[120] Critics, including the ACLU, argued this approach ignored clinical recommendations against isolating individuals with suicide risk, viewing it as abusive rather than rehabilitative.^[121] Manning began a hunger strike on September 9, 2016, citing inadequate medical care and the threat of further solitary confinement, which she linked to ongoing psychological distress.^[122] The strike ended on September 14 after military officials agreed to provide gender-affirming surgery recommended by her psychologists, though her lawyers maintained that punitive isolation constituted relentless abuse undermining her survival.^[123] On October 3, 2016, during a separate week-long solitary stint for a prior infraction, Manning made a second suicide attempt by cutting herself, requiring further medical intervention and prompting renewed concerns from her legal team about the prison's handling of her vulnerabilities.^[124] ^[125] Military spokespersons defended the solitary confinements as standard enforcement of rules prohibiting self-harm, which they framed as threats to order and safety rather than cries for help, while denying any intent to abuse.^[126] These incidents drew international scrutiny, with human rights groups contending that such punishments violated protocols under the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners by isolating someone already prone to despair, though no formal findings of abuse were issued by oversight bodies during her incarceration.^[127] Manning's commutation on January 17, 2017, and release on May 17, 2017, followed these events without resolution of the disciplinary disputes.^[128]

Mental Health Crises

During incarceration at the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Manning exhibited acute mental health deterioration manifested in self-harm and suicide attempts. On July 5, 2016, she attempted suicide by hanging herself in her cell, leading to hospitalization and subsequent recovery under medical observation.^[129]^[130] Military authorities then imposed 14 days of solitary confinement as disciplinary punishment for the self-harm incident, a measure critics described as exacerbating her vulnerability.^[131] On October 3, 2016, while serving the initial days of that solitary sentence, Manning made a second suicide attempt, reportedly on the first night of unannounced isolation, which her legal team attributed to the cumulative stress of confinement and untreated gender dysphoria.^[124]^[118] She was again placed under suicide watch protocols, though access to hormone therapy—approved earlier that year following legal advocacy—remained inconsistent amid ongoing disputes over treatment standards for transgender inmates.^[30] These episodes occurred against a backdrop of prior psychiatric evaluations highlighting Manning's history of distress, including violent outbursts documented during military training and deployment, as presented by her defense during the 2013 sentencing phase.^[132]^[133] A further crisis emerged on March 11, 2020, during civilian detention in Virginia for refusing to testify before a grand jury investigating WikiLeaks; Manning attempted suicide that day, was hospitalized, and recovered after intensive intervention, with her attorneys linking the act to prolonged isolation and refusal to grant bail.^[134]^[135]^[136] Reports from her legal team and medical observers emphasized heightened self-harm risks for individuals with gender dysphoria in restrictive carceral environments, though military records focused on compliance violations rather than underlying causal factors.^[137]

Refusal to Cooperate with Investigations

In March 2019, Chelsea Manning was incarcerated for civil contempt after refusing to testify before a federal grand jury in the Eastern District of Virginia investigating WikiLeaks and its founder Julian Assange.^[138] Manning, who had previously disclosed classified documents to WikiLeaks in 2010, invoked her Fifth Amendment rights but stated that she had already provided all relevant information during her 2013 court-martial, where she admitted to the leaks under oath.^[139] She further objected to the grand jury process on principled grounds, citing its secrecy, lack of adversarial safeguards, and potential for prosecutorial abuse, declaring, "I will not cooperate with this or any other grand jury."^[140]^[139] U.S. District Judge Leonie Brinkema ordered Manning's indefinite detention until she complied or the grand jury's term expired, imposing daily fines of [$500](/page/500), which increased to [$1,000](/page/1,000) after several weeks.^[141] By May 2019, after 62 days in custody at the Alexandria Detention Center, Manning was temporarily released when the grand jury's term ended, having accrued approximately [$32,000](/page/32,000) in fines.^[142] However, she was subpoenaed again for a new grand jury, leading to her re-incarceration on May 16, 2019, upon renewed refusal to answer questions, even after immunity was offered.^[143] Over the ensuing months, fines continued to accumulate, totaling more than [$250,000](/page/250,000) by early 2020.^[134] Manning's stance drew support from civil liberties advocates who criticized grand juries as tools for coercing testimony in leak prosecutions, while national security officials argued her cooperation could clarify WikiLeaks' role in soliciting and publishing classified material.^[142] On March 10, 2020, Manning attempted suicide in custody, prompting hospitalization and her lawyers' motion to release her on humanitarian grounds.^[134] She was freed on March 12, 2020, after the grand jury investigating Assange disbanded without securing her testimony, ending nearly a year of intermittent detention.^[144] Manning maintained that her refusal was not to protect Assange personally but to oppose compelled participation in secretive proceedings that she viewed as unjust.^[139]

Post-Incarceration Life

Immediate Reintegration Challenges

Upon her release from the United States Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth on May 17, 2017, following the commutation of her 35-year sentence by President Barack Obama, Manning encountered profound difficulties transitioning from the regimented prison environment to civilian life.^[91] The abrupt shift exacerbated her sense of disorientation, as she later reflected that the "free world" offered less structural support than incarceration, where basic housing and healthcare were assured, leaving her to navigate independence amid lingering psychological vulnerabilities from prior suicide attempts.^[145]^[146] Her dishonorable discharge stripped her of military benefits, including healthcare entitlements critical for continuing hormone therapy and managing gender dysphoria, forcing reliance on private or donor-funded medical care in the initial months.^[147] Employment barriers compounded these issues; the espionage conviction and high-profile status rendered conventional job prospects in technology or intelligence sectors unattainable due to security clearance ineligibility and employer hesitancy toward a figure associated with massive data leaks that compromised national security operations.^[29] Initial financial strain ensued, with no steady income source immediately available, though she resided in a sparsely furnished Manhattan apartment secured through supporter networks and required a personal security detail amid threats stemming from her actions.^[29] Intense public scrutiny further hindered reintegration, as media interviews commenced within days of release—such as one on May 25, 2017—thrusting her into a spotlight that amplified isolation and the challenge of reconstructing a personal narrative after years of enforced silence.^[29] Absent formal parole supervision, these self-directed adjustments nonetheless mirrored broader ex-offender reintegration obstacles, including housing instability and heightened risk of behavioral relapse under release stresses, though Manning avoided immediate recidivism by channeling efforts into advocacy circuits that eventually provided speaking fees as a primary livelihood.^[146]^[29]

Professional Pursuits in Technology and Privacy

Following her release from prison on May 17, 2017, Manning transitioned into roles centered on digital privacy and security, leveraging her background in intelligence analysis to consult on technologies countering surveillance. She joined Nym Technologies as a security consultant, focusing on mixnet protocols designed to anonymize internet traffic and shield users from tracking by governments and corporations.^[148] In this capacity, she addresses privacy engineering, hardware optimization, and threat modeling to bolster network-level anonymity.^[149] Manning has contributed to privacy-focused cryptocurrency initiatives, including early conceptual work on decentralized systems for secure communication sketched during her incarceration around 2016, which informed post-release collaborations with MIT-affiliated cryptographers by 2021.^[150] These efforts emphasize cryptographic tools over regulatory frameworks, with Manning arguing in November 2023 that technological innovations provide more reliable privacy protections than laws, given enforcement challenges and state incentives for surveillance.^[148] Her consulting extends to AI applications in security and post-cryptocurrency privacy models, aiding firms in developing resilient data protection amid evolving threats.^[145] Public engagements have amplified her technical advocacy, including warnings on corporate data practices at events like those in Berlin in May 2018, where she critiqued platforms such as Google and Facebook for enabling mass surveillance.^[151] Manning promotes practical defenses, such as favoring Apple hardware for its cybersecurity features and mandatory VPN usage, as detailed in her October 2024 recommendations for evading digital tracking. These pursuits reflect a commitment to engineering-based countermeasures against the very intelligence apparatuses she once served, prioritizing user autonomy in an era of pervasive monitoring.

Political and Activist Engagements

Following her release from prison in May 2017, Manning pursued political office by announcing her candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate seat in Maryland on January 13, 2018, via a video posted on Twitter.^[152] She filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission three days later, challenging incumbent Senator Ben Cardin in the June 26, 2018, primary.^[153] Manning cited concerns over the "rise of authoritarianism" as a motivating factor for her bid, emphasizing themes of government transparency and opposition to surveillance practices.^[154] Her campaign remained low-profile, with limited public appearances and a basic website launched in early May 2018.^[155] In the primary election, Manning received approximately 11,000 votes, or 2.9% of the total, resulting in a landslide defeat to Cardin.^[156] Manning has sustained herself through paid speaking engagements at universities and public forums, focusing on topics such as whistleblowing, artificial intelligence, government secrecy, and transgender rights.^[157] Notable appearances include a lecture at UCLA on March 5, 2018, discussing ethical values and secrets; a talk at the University of Pennsylvania in December 2017 on technology, government, and activism; and an event at the University of Michigan in March 2018 addressing societal institutions.^[158] ^[159] ^[160] In August 2018, Australian authorities denied her a visa for a planned speaking tour, citing her espionage conviction as a failure of the "character test," though she participated remotely in an event at the Sydney Opera House.^[161] She received approval for a similar tour in New Zealand.^[162] Manning has engaged in direct action protests, including multiple arrests related to advocacy for transgender access and against perceived restrictions. On December 5, 2024, she was among over a dozen activists arrested by U.S. Capitol Police during a sit-in in a women's restroom near House Speaker Mike Johnson's office, protesting a proposed policy limiting transgender individuals' use of sex-segregated facilities.^[163] ^[164] The demonstration, organized by the Gender Liberation Movement, involved approximately 15 participants charged with illegal protesting.^[165]

Recent Activities and Public Incidents

Following her release from civil contempt detention in March 2020, Manning resumed public engagements, including DJ sets focused on hyperpop and electronic music. She performed her first public DJ set in over 15 years on August 20, 2022, at a Brooklyn event, featuring mashups of tracks by artists such as Charli XCX and Cardi B.^[166]^[167] Manning has pursued professional roles in technology and privacy advocacy, serving as Chief Security Officer at Nym Technologies, a firm developing privacy-enhancing tools.^[168] In this capacity, she has contributed to discussions on data security, recommending practices like strong encryption and limited social media data sharing.^[169] She spoke at events including the IMPAKT Festival in 2023, SXSW in March 2023, and Web Summit in November 2024, addressing themes of surveillance, AI, and internet decentralization.^[170]^[171]^[168] In public statements, Manning has warned of a "splinter net" emerging by 2030-2032 due to geopolitical instability and centralized control, stating, "30 years was a good run" for the open web.^[169] She identified censorship as a persistent threat, emphasizing the need for decentralized systems to counter algorithmic biases and monopolies.^[168] A notable public incident occurred on December 5, 2024, when Manning was arrested alongside other protesters outside House Speaker Mike Johnson's office in Washington, D.C., during a demonstration advocating for transgender rights.^[163] The group breached a restricted area, leading to charges of crowding, obstructing, or incommoding, from which they were later released.^[163]

Reactions and Controversies

Perspectives from Supporters

Supporters of Manning's actions portray her as a principled whistleblower whose disclosures illuminated systemic abuses in U.S. military operations and foreign policy, arguing that the released materials—totaling around 750,000 documents and videos—revealed unaccountable violence and deception without causing verifiable operational harm.^[172]^[173] They contend that documents such as the Iraq and Afghanistan war logs exposed patterns of civilian casualties, torture cover-ups, and friendly fire incidents that contradicted official narratives of precise, humane warfare, thereby enabling public debate and contributing to shifts in policy, including the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq.^[174]^[175] Daniel Ellsberg, the Pentagon Papers leaker, has repeatedly hailed Manning as "an American hero" for her role in advancing transparency and press freedom, drawing parallels to his own leaks by emphasizing that her actions exposed executive overreach and war prolongation based on falsified progress reports, while defending her refusal to cooperate with grand juries as a stand against compelled testimony that erodes civil liberties.^[176]^[177] Civil liberties organizations echo this, with the ACLU asserting that Manning's Espionage Act prosecution violated First Amendment protections by punishing disclosure without proving intent to harm national security, and the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) challenging her computer fraud conviction as an overreach that criminalized routine data handling tools like Wget, used to download files she was authorized to access.^[178]^[179] Amnesty International, while not formally designating Manning a prisoner of conscience due to questions over her precise motivations, campaigned extensively for her clemency, welcoming President Obama's 2017 commutation of her 35-year sentence as a human rights milestone and highlighting how the leaks pointed to potential international law violations, such as indiscriminate attacks documented in the July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike video released via WikiLeaks.^[180]^[181] Anti-war activists and transparency advocates further argue that Manning's disclosures, including diplomatic cables critiquing allies' corruption and U.S. support for authoritarian regimes, dismantled illusions of moral high ground in interventions, fostering global scrutiny without evidence of sourced deaths or tactical setbacks, as corroborated by a classified Pentagon assessment finding no strategic damage from the publications.^[175]^[173]

Criticisms and National Security Concerns

U.S. government officials and military leaders criticized Private First Class Bradley Manning's actions as a grave breach of national security, arguing that the unauthorized disclosure of over 700,000 classified documents—including 250,000 State Department diplomatic cables, 400,000 Army field reports from Iraq and Afghanistan wars, and videos of airstrikes—provided adversaries with detailed insights into American intelligence sources, operational methods, and diplomatic vulnerabilities. Prosecutors during Manning's 2013 court-martial emphasized that these leaks, transmitted to WikiLeaks, enabled hostile entities to identify and potentially target U.S. informants and allies named in the materials, thereby endangering lives and compromising ongoing operations.^[7]^[39] The disclosures prompted concerns over a "chilling effect" on intelligence gathering and international cooperation, with State Department officials testifying that foreign diplomats and sources became wary of sharing candid information with U.S. personnel, fearing future exposure and undermining trust in bilateral relationships. Although no formal comprehensive damage assessment was completed by the State Department, witnesses described persistent disruptions to foreign policy execution, including strained alliances due to revelations of U.S. assessments of partner nations' leaders and internal deliberations. Military testimony highlighted risks to tactical advantages in counterinsurgency efforts, as leaked war logs detailed unreported civilian casualties and rules of engagement, potentially informing enemy adaptations.^[182]^[7] Manning's conviction on 19 counts under the Espionage Act of 1917, including violations for communicating national defense information to unauthorized parties, reflected official views that the leaks inflicted substantial, if not immediately quantifiable, harm by eroding the integrity of classified systems and emboldening anti-U.S. propaganda through WikiLeaks' publications. Critics, including Department of Defense spokespersons, contended that the absence of detected immediate fatalities did not negate the foreseeable perils to personnel and the broader erosion of deterrence against future insider threats, with initial fears of catastrophic damage proving less severe in retrospect but validating the prosecution's case for severe penalties.^[183]^[184]

Debates on Whistleblowing Ethics

The ethical debates surrounding Bradley Manning's disclosure of approximately 750,000 classified and unclassified documents to WikiLeaks in 2010 center on whether such actions constitute legitimate whistleblowing—intended to expose wrongdoing and foster public accountability—or unauthorized leaking that prioritizes personal judgment over institutional oaths and legal protocols. Proponents argue that Manning's releases, including the "Collateral Murder" video depicting a 2007 U.S. Apache helicopter attack in Baghdad that killed civilians and Reuters journalists, fulfilled a moral imperative to reveal alleged military misconduct and excessive governmental secrecy, thereby sparking necessary public discourse on U.S. foreign policy.^[185] This perspective aligns with utilitarian reasoning, positing that the societal benefit of transparency outweighs the risks, as evidenced by comparisons to historical leaks like the Pentagon Papers, where disclosures prompted ethical reckonings without proven catastrophic harm.^[186] Critics counter that Manning's indiscriminate mass release bypassed established whistleblower channels, such as internal military inspectors general or congressional oversight, violating the deontological duty inherent in the enlistment oath to protect classified information and uphold chain-of-command loyalty.^[187] They contend that ethical whistleblowing requires targeted disclosures of specific illegality, not broad dumps that included mundane diplomatic cables and potentially endangered intelligence sources, as U.S. officials reported complications in ongoing operations and strained alliances post-leak.^[188] Manning's guilty plea to misuse of classified material in 2013 underscored this view, with prosecutors framing the acts as aiding adversaries by providing exploitable intelligence, rather than principled dissent.^[189] Philosophical analyses further highlight tensions between consequentialist defenses—where no direct deaths were causally linked to the leaks—and concerns over precedent-setting erosion of trust in intelligence systems, potentially incentivizing future insiders to unilaterally deem information "public interest."^[190] Contractarian frameworks have been invoked to justify Manning's actions as upholding an implicit social contract for government accountability, yet opponents emphasize that oaths explicitly prioritize national security over individual moral intuitions.^[191] Manning herself has distanced from the "whistleblower" label, describing the leaks as a principled response to disillusionment with U.S. operations in Iraq, complicating narratives of heroic intent.^[158] These debates persist, influencing discussions on reforming laws like the Espionage Act to better distinguish protected disclosures from prosecutable breaches.^[192]

Long-Term Impacts on Policy and Precedent

The leaks perpetrated by Army Private First Class Bradley Manning in 2010 prompted the U.S. Department of Defense to implement enhanced cybersecurity measures, including the deployment of software to monitor unusual data access or usage across its networks; by December 2010, approximately 60% of DoD computer systems were equipped with such tools.^[193] These changes were part of a broader response to insider threats, leading federal agencies to reevaluate access management protocols and reduce over-reliance on employee trustworthiness, as evidenced by subsequent policy shifts emphasizing data loss prevention and anomalous activity detection.^[194] The State Department similarly adopted auditing and monitoring technologies to safeguard diplomatic communications, reflecting a systemic tightening of information handling procedures across executive branch entities.^[195] Manning's 2013 court-martial established a significant legal precedent under the Espionage Act of 1917, convicting him on 20 specifications including unauthorized disclosure of national defense information, without requiring proof of intent to injure the United States or aid a foreign power.^[183] This ruling, upheld by the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals in 2018, demonstrated the Act's applicability to leaks intended for public dissemination via media outlets like WikiLeaks, creating a framework for prosecuting whistleblowers regardless of purported public interest motives. While Manning was acquitted of the charge of aiding the enemy, the case contributed to a chilling effect on potential leakers by affirming severe penalties—initially a 35-year sentence, later commuted by President Obama on January 17, 2017—without carve-outs for journalistic channels, influencing subsequent administrations' approaches to similar disclosures.^[196]^[197] These developments had limited cascading effects on broader policy, with no fundamental reforms to whistleblower protections or the Espionage Act emerging; instead, they reinforced executive emphasis on classification integrity amid ongoing debates over transparency, though assessments indicate the leaks inflicted no enduring strategic harm to U.S. military operations or alliances.^[198]^[199]

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[67]
Army Specialist Charged With Leaking Classified Video, Cables To ...
Jul 6, 2010 · Pvt. Bradley E. Manning, who was arrested in May, has been charged with violating the Uniform Code of Military Justice, ...Missing: initial | Show results with:initial
[68]
Hearing Focuses on Conditions of Alleged WikiLeaks Suspect's ...
Nov 27, 2012 · PFC Bradley Manning's lawyers claim his treatment in military prisons constituted "illegal pre-trial punishment."
[69]
Manning testifies on jail conditions - POLITICO
Nov 29, 2012 · Manning, who was arrested in Iraq in July 2010, is facing a court martial on charges ranging from aiding the enemy to disclosing classified ...
[70]
Bradley Manning treatment in 'flagrant violation' of military code
Aug 10, 2012 · A 14-month investigation by Mendez concluded that Manning had been subjected to cruel and inhuman conditions.
[71]
Manning's noose shown at hearing - POLITICO
Nov 30, 2012 · Army Maj. Ashden Fein pulled the noose from a paper bag shortly after beginning questioning Manning during a pretrial hearing on his claim.
[72]
Wikileaks suspect Bradley Manning 'should be tried' - BBC News
Jan 12, 2012 · At a December hearing known as an Article 32 hearing, Pte Manning's defence lawyers argued that the soldier was struggling with personal issues, ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[73]
Bradley Manning's defence plans to call 50 witnesses | Chelsea ...
The defence team for WikiLeaks suspect Bradley Manning is planning to call 50 witnesses at next month's military hearing, promising to turn the proceedings into ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[74]
Alleged Leaker Manning Subjected To Illegal Pretrial Punishment ...
Jan 8, 2013 · The 25-year-old intelligence analyst has been seeking to have the charges against him dropped because of the pretrial conditions he was held in ...Missing: detention | Show results with:detention<|separator|>
[75]
Quantico psychiatrist Claims Bradley Manning's Pretrial Conditions ...
Nov 29, 2012 · Quantico psychiatrist Claims Bradley Manning's Pretrial Conditions Worse than Death Row. Yesterday at Bradley Manning's Article 13 hearing ...
[76]
Bradley Manning Confinement Ruled Illegal
Jan 9, 2013 · In a major development in the Bradley Manning case, a military judge ruled today that Manning's pre-trial confinement was illegal and reduced ...
[77]
Bradley Manning Court-Martial Begins In WikiLeaks Case - NPR
Jun 3, 2013 · A military judge accepted 10 guilty pleas from Manning at a pretrial hearing in February, as he admitted to more minor offenses in an effort ...Missing: proceedings outcome
[78]
Key dates in the case of WikiLeaks source Chelsea Manning
May 17, 2017 · 28, 2013: Manning pleads guilty to leaking military information. June 3, 2013: Court martial trial begins. July 30, 2013: Manning convicted ...
[79]
Manning Sentenced to 35 Years for a Pivotal Leak of U.S. Files
Aug 21, 2013 · Bradley Manning, 25, who provided WikiLeaks with more than 700000 files, will be eligible for parole in about seven years.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[80]
Bradley Manning verdict: cleared of 'aiding the enemy' but guilty of ...
Jul 31, 2013 · Manning convicted of five violations of Espionage Act and numerous other charges, with maximum sentence of 130 years.
[81]
Judge Cuts Bradley Manning's Possible Sentence To 90 Years - NPR
Aug 6, 2013 · Manning, 25, who was found guilty of espionage and theft in the largest leak of classified intelligence in US history, could face up to 90 years in prison.<|control11|><|separator|>
[82]
Judge Sentences Manning to 35 Years of Confinement - DVIDS
Mar 7, 2025 · Manning was sentenced here today to 35 years of confinement, reduction to the lowest enlisted rank, a dishonorable discharge and forfeiture of ...
[83]
Manning Is Acquitted of Aiding the Enemy - The New York Times
Jul 30, 2013 · The sentencing phase will begin on Wednesday, with more than 20 witnesses scheduled to appear for both the prosecution and the defense. It could ...
[84]
ACLU Comment on Bradley Manning Sentence | American Civil ...
Aug 21, 2013 · A military court-martial today sentenced Pfc. Bradley Manning to 35 years in prison for giving classified material to WikiLeaks.<|separator|>
[85]
35-Year Sentence For Bradley Manning | WLRN
Aug 21, 2013 · During a press conference, Manning's civilian attorney David Coombs said they will appeal the judge's sentence and also seek a presidential ...
[86]
General denies clemency in Manning case - Politico
Apr 14, 2014 · Turning aside calls for clemency, an Army general has approved the 35-year prison sentence imposed on Pfc. Chelsea Manning for a massive ...
[87]
Chelsea Manning's Appeal Took Three Years to File. Here's Why
May 19, 2016 · Her attorneys have asked a military appellate court to dismiss her case or reduce her sentence to 10 years, which was the original sentence she ...
[88]
Military Appellate Ct. Op., United States v. Manning, 78 M.J. 501 ...
May 31, 2018 · The military judge credited, and the convening authority approved, 1,293 days of confinement credit, 112 days of which was Article 13, UCMJ, ...
[89]
Bradley Manning Sentenced To 35 Years In WikiLeaks Case - NPR
Aug 21, 2013 · In 2010, he gave WikiLeaks more than 700000 documents. A judge handed ... Bradley Manning, who was responsible for the largest leak of ...
[90]
Bradley Manning sentenced to 35 years in Wikileaks case - BBC News
Aug 21, 2013 · The US soldier convicted of handing a trove of secret government documents to anti-secrecy website Wikileaks has been sentenced to 35 years in prison.Missing: martial | Show results with:martial
[91]
Chelsea Manning to Be Released Early as Obama Commutes ...
Jan 17, 2017 · Manning is set to be freed on May 17 of this year rather than in 2045. A senior administration official said the 120-day delay was part of a ...
[92]
Chelsea Manning: Obama reduces sentence of Wikileaks source
Jan 18, 2017 · US President Barack Obama has commuted Chelsea Manning's sentence for leaking documents to Wikileaks in 2010.
[93]
Obama commutes Chelsea Manning's sentence - POLITICO
Jan 17, 2017 · “The president is commuting her sentence to time served plus 120 days in order to ensure that the sentence that she served is comparable to the ...
[94]
Commutations Granted by President Barack H. Obama (2009-2017)
District/Date: Northern District of Iowa; May 2, 2006. Sentence: 240 months' imprisonment; 10 years' supervised release. Terms of grant: Prison sentence ...
[95]
Mr. President, please give me time served
### Summary of Chelsea Manning’s Early Life, Childhood, Adolescence, Cross-Dressing, Gender Feelings, and Indicators of Gender Dysphoria Before Military Service
[96]
Bradley Manning Apologizes; Defense Cites Rough Childhood ...
Aug 14, 2013 · Moulton testified Manning suffered from gender dysphoria, previously classified as gender identity disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical ...
[97]
Bradley Manning comes out as transgender: 'I am a female'
Aug 22, 2013 · I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible.Missing: biography early
[98]
Manning's gender issues assessed in prison, lawyer says - CBS News
Sep 25, 2013 · Manning was diagnosed with gender dysphoria by two Army behavioral health specialists before her trial, but the Army has said prisoners must be ...Missing: early childhood
[99]
Chelsea Manning announces gender transition – full statement
Aug 22, 2013 · American soldier formerly known as Bradley issues statement saying she hopes to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible.Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[100]
Chelsea Manning's controversial journey to freedom | CBC News
May 17, 2017 · Dec. 17, 1987: Bradley Edward Manning is born in Oklahoma City, the younger of two kids to an American IT professional and a British-born mother ...
[101]
Chelsea Manning 'denied gender dysphoria treatment' - BBC News
Aug 22, 2014 · The US military has yet to offer Pte First Class Chelsea Manning sex change treatment despite medical recommendations, her lawyer has said.
[102]
Military Agrees To Provide Chelsea Manning With Hormone Therapy
Feb 12, 2015 · The US military has decided that it will provide Chelsea Manning with hormone therapy while she is a prisoner at the Army's Fort Leavenworth prison.
[103]
Chelsea Manning allowed to have hormone therapy - The Guardian
Feb 12, 2015 · No current member of the armed forces has ever been approved such therapy. The breakthrough is set out in a memo signed earlier this month ...
[104]
Chelsea Manning granted name change from Bradley - BBC News
Apr 23, 2014 · A judge has granted a petition from Chelsea Manning to legally change her name from Bradley, as the US soldier continues her 35-year sentence for leaking ...
[105]
Military approves hormone therapy for Chelsea Manning - USA Today
In a first for the Army, Chelsea Manning, the convicted national-security secrets leaker, has been approved for hormone therapy ...
[106]
Bradley Manning, Now Chelsea, Denied Hormones in Prison
Aug 22, 2013 · Bradley "Chelsea" Manning Denied Transgender Treatment. Manning has declared her intention to begin the gender transition with hormones, but ...Missing: ramifications | Show results with:ramifications
[107]
Bradley Manning wants to live as a woman, be known as Chelsea
Aug 23, 2013 · Bradley Manning, the Army private convicted of leaking thousands of classified documents, says he wants to change his gender and be called ...Missing: criticism | Show results with:criticism
[108]
Chelsea Manning sues to get transgender medical treatment - CNN
Sep 24, 2014 · Chelsea Manning, convicted of espionage, filed a lawsuit claiming she “has been denied access to medically necessary treatment” for her ...Missing: transition ramifications<|separator|>
[109]
Chelsea Manning Told She Can Have Gender Reassignment ...
Sep 13, 2016 · Manning was being held, said that the prison did not provide hormone therapy or gender reassignment surgery. In February 2015, the Defense ...Missing: ramifications | Show results with:ramifications
[110]
"Gender Dysphoria in the Jailhouse: A Constitutional Right to ...
Divulging that he has Gender Identity Disorder, Manning said that he had suffered for years in the wrong body and that he would henceforth be recognized as a ...Missing: early childhood
[111]
Leaker Manning wants to live as woman named Chelsea
Aug 22, 2013 · But the latest twist, announced the morning after Manning was sentenced to 35 years in the military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., surprised ...
[112]
Chelsea Manning Is Not a Whistleblower | National Review
May 19, 2017 · Manning made no effort to filter out information that didn't show evidence of wrongdoing. He indiscriminately stole as many classified documents ...
[113]
How Wikipedia Embraced Transphobia for Chelsea Manning
Sep 3, 2013 · On August 22nd, Chelsea Manning issued a public statement confirming the longstanding reports that she was transgender and asking that instead ...
[114]
Manning case highlights the plight of transgender women in men's ...
Feb 7, 2017 · Transgender women have routinely been put in men's prisons, where they have been badly treated and have very often been victims of sexual abuse.Missing: ramifications | Show results with:ramifications
[115]
The dismal state of transgender incarceration policies
Nov 8, 2017 · In the summer of 2013, Chelsea Manning's high-profile incarceration and subsequent pardon brought the existence of trans women in prison ...
[116]
Chelsea Manning's hormone therapy approved by US Army - BBC
Feb 13, 2015 · Pte Chelsea Manning has been approved for hormone therapy while in a US military prison, her lawyers confirm. Manning previously sued for ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[117]
Lawyer for Imprisoned Whistleblower Chelsea Manning: Ongoing ...
Sep 13, 2016 · Lawyer for Imprisoned Whistleblower Chelsea Manning: Ongoing Pattern of Abuse Led to Hunger Strike. StorySeptember 13, 2016. Watch Full Show.
[118]
Chelsea Manning attempted suicide a second time, lawyers say - BBC
Nov 5, 2016 · She was found guilty in September by prison officials in Leavenworth, Kansas, of "conduct which threatens" after her initial suicide attempt.
[119]
Chelsea Manning sentenced to solitary confinement for suicide ...
Sep 23, 2016 · A military prison disciplinary board has sentenced US whistleblower Chelsea Manning to 14 days in solitary confinement, her lawyer has said.
[120]
Chelsea Manning Sentenced to Solitary Over Suicide Attempt
Sep 23, 2016 · An Army board has decided to discipline Chelsea Manning, the former Army analyst, with two weeks of solitary confinement in connection with her suicide attempt.
[121]
Chelsea Manning Faces New Charges, Indefinite Solitary ... - ACLU
If convicted of these “administrative offenses,” she could be placed in indefinite solitary confinement for the remainder of her decades-long sentence. “It is ...Missing: Bradley | Show results with:Bradley
[122]
Chelsea Manning on Hunger Strike, Citing Lack of Medical Treatment
Sep 9, 2016 · According to Manning, she is now "being punished for surviving" the suicide attempt that led the Army to file new charges that could lead to ...
[123]
Chelsea Manning Ends Hunger Strike; Army Agrees To Gender ...
Sep 14, 2016 · The medical treatment will begin with the surgery that was recommended by her psychologist in April, the American Civil Liberties Union said in ...
[124]
Chelsea Manning Tried Committing Suicide a Second Time in October
Nov 4, 2016 · ... conditions and her ability to keep fighting under these relentless abuses. ... Fort Leavenworth. After her conviction, she announced that ...
[125]
Chelsea Manning made second suicide attempt, attorneys say
Nov 4, 2016 · Manning 'tried to kill herself' last month at Fort Leavenworth prison where former army intelligence analyst is serving 40 years for leaking ...
[126]
Manning faces possible charges after attempted suicide - Al Jazeera
Jul 29, 2016 · Whistleblower Chelsea Manning could face “indefinite solitary confinement” for a suicide attempt, her lawyers say.
[127]
Chelsea Manning gets 14 days in solitary confinement for suicide ...
Sep 23, 2016 · 'I am feeling hurt. I am feeling lonely' says Manning, who did not indicate whether she would appeal against the punishment after her ...Missing: Bradley | Show results with:Bradley
[128]
Chelsea Manning released from military prison - JURIST - News
Chelsea Manning was released from US Disciplinary Barracks at Fort Leavenworth, a military prison, on Wednesday. In 2013 Manning was convicted of stealing ...
[129]
Chelsea Manning Reportedly Hospitalized After Apparent Suicide ...
Jul 6, 2016 · Chelsea Manning was treated and released from a prison hospital Wednesday after she tried to hang herself, according to reports.<|separator|>
[130]
WikiLeaks whistleblower Manning tried suicide, lawyers say
Jul 12, 2016 · Manning was convicted as Bradley Manning in 2013 and is serving a 35-year sentence. She's appealing the criminal case, arguing her sentence is ...Missing: crises | Show results with:crises
[131]
The Military Logic of Punishing Chelsea Manning's Suicide Attempt
Sep 28, 2016 · Last week, imprisoned whistle-blower Chelsea Manning was sentenced to 14 days in solitary confinement as punishment for her suicide attempt ...Missing: incidents | Show results with:incidents
[132]
WikiLeaks Sentencing: Manning Defense Focuses On Mental Health
Aug 12, 2013 · Manning had a history of violent outbursts and psychological evaluations during his military training before and after he deployed in 2009.Missing: psychiatric | Show results with:psychiatric
[133]
Defence focuses on Manning's mental health | News - Al Jazeera
Aug 12, 2013 · US whistleblower's lawyers highlight signs he was “unfit to serve” in Iraq as sentencing phase of court-martial begins.Missing: psychiatric evaluation prison
[134]
Chelsea Manning Tries to Kill Herself in Jail, Lawyers Say
Mar 11, 2020 · Bradley Manning, she was struggling with gender dysphoria under conditions of extraordinary stress and isolation while deployed to the Iraq war ...
[135]
Chelsea Manning hospitalized after suicide attempt, legal team say
Mar 11, 2020 · While in jail, for long stretches in solitary confinement and while completing gender realignment, Manning attempted suicide twice. She also ...
[136]
Chelsea Manning attempts suicide in jail says legal team | PBS News
Chelsea Manning's legal team said Wednesday that the former intelligence analyst tried to take her own life Wednesday, ...
[137]
[PDF] Case 1:14-cv-01609 Document 1 Filed 09/23/14 Page 1 of 18
Sep 22, 2014 · Incarcerated individuals, particularly male-to-female transsexuals like Plaintiff, are at a particularly high risk of engaging in self-harm ...
[138]
Chelsea Manning Is Jailed After Refusing To Testify About WikiLeaks
Mar 8, 2019 · Chelsea Manning, the former Army private, is back in U.S. federal custody, jailed over her refusal to testify before a grand jury in a case ...
[139]
Chelsea Manning jailed for refusing to testify to grand jury in ...
Mar 8, 2019 · Manning says she is refusing to testify because she objects to the secrecy of the grand jury process, and already revealed everything she knows ...
[140]
Chelsea Manning Sent Back To Jail For Refusing To Testify Before ...
May 17, 2019 · “I will not cooperate with this or any other grand jury,” Manning insisted. “So it doesn't matter what it is or what the case is, I'm just not ...
[141]
Chelsea Manning: Wikileaks source jailed for refusing to testify - BBC
Mar 8, 2019 · Former US intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning has been jailed for refusing to testify before an investigation into Wikileaks.
[142]
Chelsea Manning released from jail on contempt charge | PBS News
May 10, 2019 · Manning spent 62 days at the Alexandria Detention Center on civil contempt charges after she refused to answer questions to a federal grand jury ...<|separator|>
[143]
Chelsea Manning Sent Back To Jail For Refusing To Testify Before ...
May 17, 2019 · Problems resurfaced for Manning in March after she refused to testify to a grand jury investigating WikiLeaks and was jailed. In April, Assange ...
[144]
Chelsea Manning case: Judge orders release from prison - BBC
Mar 12, 2020 · Manning was found guilty in 2013 of charges including espionage for leaking secret military files to Wikileaks.
[145]
Chelsea Manning: 'I struggle with the so-called free world compared ...
Oct 22, 2022 · The fact that Chelsea Manning was so young when she uploaded the incident reports and significant activity logs to WikiLeaks isn't irrelevant; ...
[146]
Stan Stojkovic on Chelsea Manning - Palgrave Macmillan
Similar to other released prisoners, Ms. Manning will have to address issues such as housing, security, and post release adjustment.
[147]
Chelsea Manning to lose transgender benefits with dishonorable ...
Jan 18, 2017 · Chelsea Manning, the national-security leaker and transgender soldier, will lose her entitlement to military health care benefits.
[148]
Chelsea Manning: Tech more efficient than laws to ensure privacy
Nov 14, 2023 · Manning was convicted by court-martial in 2013 of espionage and other offences for leaking an enormous trove of military reports, videos, ...
[149]
Chelsea Manning | Speaker | Consensus 2023 | CoinDesk
Manning works as a security consultant specializing in questions of privacy, security, and hardware optimization at Nym Technologies, the leader in network ...
[150]
Chelsea Manning Is Back, And Hacking Again, Only This Time For A ...
Aug 25, 2021 · Five years ago, from her prison cell, trans whistleblower Chelsea Manning sketched out a new way to protect online privacy.
[151]
Chelsea Manning in new Google, Facebook privacy warning - DW
May 3, 2018 · US whistleblower and transgender rights advocate Chelsea Manning on Wednesday warned that she is deeply troubled about the way in which governments and large ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[152]
Chelsea Manning announces run for US Senate with video on Twitter
Jan 13, 2018 · Imprisoned leaker and activist confirms plan to run as a Democrat in Maryland with video hashtagged #WeGotThis, saying: 'We need someone ...Missing: candidacy | Show results with:candidacy
[153]
Chelsea Manning files for US Senate run in Maryland | CNN Politics
Jan 14, 2018 · Chelsea Manning, the former Army intelligence analyst who spent several years in prison for leaking classified information, has filed to run ...
[154]
Chelsea Manning says 'rise of authoritarianism' inspired U.S. Senate ...
May 8, 2018 · The transgender activist and convicted Army leaker is making an unlikely bid for the U.S. Senate in her adopted state of Maryland.
[155]
From prison to politics: Chelsea Manning runs for US Senate
May 7, 2018 · Manning's insurgent candidacy thus far has been a decidedly stripped-down affair, with few appearances and a campaign website that just went up.
[156]
Chelsea Manning loses U.S. senate primary in landslide - AL.com
Jun 29, 2018 · Convicted leaker Chelsea Manning was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary for the Maryland Senate seat.Missing: withdrawal | Show results with:withdrawal<|separator|>
[157]
Chelsea Manning - Americans Who Tell The Truth
U.S. Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning) had access to classified information that deeply disturbed her conscience. When she ...Missing: high formative
[158]
Chelsea Manning discusses values, secrets and whistleblowers ...
Mar 7, 2018 · Chelsea Manning, a transgender activist and former US Department of Defense intelligence analyst who was convicted of espionage, spoke at Royce Hall on March 5.Missing: post | Show results with:post
[159]
Chelsea Manning Speaks at Penn on Technology, Government, and ...
Dec 5, 2017 · While in prison, Manning publicly identified as a trans woman and asserted her right to medical therapy. She is now an advocate for government ...
[160]
LGBTQ advocate Chelsea Manning talks societal institutions ...
Mar 16, 2018 · Manning is widely known for being sentenced to 35 years in military prison after releasing classified documents relating to the U.S.'s military ...
[161]
Chelsea Manning Australia visa: Officials refuse to grant visa ... - CNN
Aug 30, 2018 · Her first public engagement was due to be held at the Sydney Opera House on Sunday, her touring company said, before appearances in Melbourne ...
[162]
Chelsea Manning won't appear at Opera House because of visa ...
Aug 31, 2018 · Whistleblower will participate in event via satellite but has been cleared by New Zealand to apply for speaking tour visa.Missing: activist engagements
[163]
Chelsea Manning and others arrested outside Speaker Johnson's ...
Dec 5, 2024 · A group of protesters advocating for transgender rights were arrested after protesting outside of House Speaker Mike Johnson's Cannon office on ...
[164]
Capitol Police arrest Chelsea Manning, more than a dozen others ...
Dec 5, 2024 · More than a dozen transgender activists, including notorious military intelligence leaker Chelsea Manning, were arrested Thursday after storming a women's ...
[165]
Protesters urging Congress to 'flush bathroom bigotry' arrested after ...
Dec 5, 2024 · WikiLeaks whistleblower and activist Chelsea Manning was among those arrested, according to organizers with Gender Liberation Movement, the ...
[166]
Chelsea Manning, Brooklyn D.J. - The New York Times
Aug 23, 2022 · At a Friday night party in Brooklyn, Chelsea Manning led a DJ set that included Charli XCX and the “Succession” theme.
[167]
Watch Notorious Whistleblower Chelsea Manning DJ at a Brooklyn ...
Aug 25, 2022 · Manning went on to share footage from the rave, where she performed mashups of pop tracks from Cardi B and Charli XCX with a blend of hyperpop ...
[168]
WikiLeaks whistleblower Chelsea Manning says censorship is still 'a ...
Nov 14, 2024 · Former US Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning says censorship is still “a dominant threat,” advocating for a more decentralized internet.
[169]
'30 Years Was a Good Run': Chelsea Manning on the End ... - PCMag
Dec 13, 2024 · For the past several years, Manning has been working as a security consultant for Nym, a digital privacy company. She told me that, unlike what ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[170]
Chelsea Manning opens IMPAKT Festival 2023: Our Terms, Our ...
The festival exhibition will be open from 1 November to 7 January 2024. With the title Our Terms, Our Conditions the IMPAKT Festival wants to contribute to a ...
[171]
Chelsea Manning in the 2023 SXSW Studio - YouTube
Mar 14, 2023 · Take a deep dive into SXSW with our Studio Interviews, where conversations go beyond the boundaries of sessions, showcases, and screenings.Missing: activism | Show results with:activism
[172]
Chelsea Manning and the rise of 'big data' whistleblowing in the ...
Sep 5, 2018 · Chelsea Manning's disclosures on the Iraq war were major milestones in the emergence of the digital age whistleblower.
[173]
Secret Report Contradicts US Position On Chelsea Manning Leaks
Jun 20, 2017 · Prosecutors said WikiLeaks' disclosures about Iraq and Afghanistan posed a major threat to US national security.
[174]
Chelsea Manning Discusses Values, Secrets and Whistleblowers at ...
Mar 7, 2018 · Chelsea Manning spoke about topics that included ethics in public service, transgender rights activism and resistance in light of advancing technologies.Missing: leak | Show results with:leak
[175]
Chelsea Manning leaks had no strategic impact on US war efforts ...
Jun 20, 2017 · The publication of hundreds of thousands of secret US documents leaked by the Aarmy soldier Chelsea Manning in 2010 had no strategic impact on the American war ...
[176]
Daniel Ellsberg Calls Chelsea Manning “an American Hero” | Truthout
Mar 20, 2019 · The Watergate-era whistleblower praised Manning for her stand against a grand jury system used to stifle dissent.
[177]
Daniel Ellsberg responds to the unjust jailing of whistleblower ...
Mar 8, 2019 · “Chelsea Manning is again acting heroically in the name of press freedom, and it's a travesty that she has been sent back to jail for refusing ...
[178]
Why the Prosecution of Chelsea Manning Was Unconstitutional
May 19, 2016 · The ACLU filed a brief yesterday in support of Manning's military court appeal, explaining why her conviction under the Espionage Act should be overturned as ...
[179]
EFF Asks Court to Reverse Chelsea Manning's Conviction for ...
May 19, 2016 · Manning is serving a 35-year sentence for her role in the release of approximately 700,000 military and diplomatic records to Wikileaks. She ...
[180]
USA: Commutation for Chelsea Manning, long overdue positive step ...
Jan 17, 2017 · With less than a week left in his term, President Obama commuted the sentence of Chelsea Manning today. Manning had been serving a 35-year ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[181]
USA: Chelsea Manning finally free after cruel ordeal
May 17, 2017 · Chelsea Manning's long overdue scheduled release from a US military prison today finally ends her punishment for exposing classified information.
[182]
Witness says Manning damage still being felt - The Washington Post
Aug 5, 2013 · Bradley Manning had a chilling effect on diplomatic relations, the State Department never completed a formal damage assessment. “I believe my ...
[183]
Manning Found Guilty on Espionage Act Charges, Acquitted of ...
Jul 30, 2013 · A military judge found Bradley Manning guilty of violating the Espionage Act but acquitted him on the more serious charge of “aiding the enemy.”
[184]
Manning damage has fallen well short of worst U.S. fears - Reuters
Jul 30, 2013 · Accused of the nation's biggest-ever security leak, US soldier Bradley Manning was vilified by the government for causing irreparable damage to American ...
[185]
The Ethics of Leaking Classified Military Footage - Collateral Murder
Dec 23, 2024 · Leakers often argue their actions stem from a moral imperative to expose wrongdoing. In cases like Chelsea Manning's, the leaked footage ...
[186]
In Closing Arguments, Defense Argues Manning Is A Whistleblower
Jul 26, 2013 · Pfc. Bradley Manning, argued the defense, released classified information in an attempt to spark debate about things he found troubling ...Missing: ethical | Show results with:ethical
[187]
Bradley Manning and the Ethics of Secrecy
Mar 19, 2013 · The materials Manning sent to Wikileaks included videos of the 2007 Baghdad airstrike and the 2009 airstrike in Granai, Afghanistan, 250,000 ...<|separator|>
[188]
Manning Case Challenges Definition of “Whistleblower” - PBS
Jun 21, 2013 · Manning's arrest has stirred intense debate over what it means to be a whistleblower and what constitutes fair punishment.
[189]
Bradley Manning's trial threatens the rights of all future whistleblowers
Jun 3, 2013 · The government's argument is basically this: Manning “aided the enemy” because he gave classified information to a media organisation. The ...<|separator|>
[190]
Leaks and the Limits of Press Freedom | Ethical Theory and Moral ...
Jun 5, 2019 · Thus far, philosophical discussions of unauthorized disclosures of classified government information have focused on the whistleblower and her ...
[191]
Case Analysis on Whistleblowing | cyberportfolio
Conclusion: In conclusion, Chelsea Manning's release of classified footage can be morally justified through the lens of contractarianism.
[192]
Whistleblower Ethics - America Magazine
Sep 10, 2013 · Whistleblower Ethics. facebook by The Editors September 10, 2013 ... Bradley Manning, who prefers to be known as Chelsea Manning, and ...Missing: arguments | Show results with:arguments
[193]
Expert: Pentagon cybersecurity changes 'very basic, very late' - CNN
Dec 2, 2010 · Sixty percent of the Defense Department's computer system is now equipped with software capable of "monitoring unusual data access or usage.".
[194]
Manning/Snowden leaks: The threat from within emerges
Dec 4, 2015 · Manning and Snowden forced federal managers to rethink access management and the trust they put in their employees.
[195]
State Department CIO: What's Changed Since WikiLeaks
The agency is deploying new security technology in the wake of WikiLeaks. That includes auditing and monitoring tools to detect anomalous activity on the State ...
[196]
United States v. Manning - Wikipedia
At the time of my decisions I was dealing with a lot of issues." On August 21, 2013, Manning was sentenced to 35 years in prison. Manning was given credit of 1 ...Background · Pre-trial hearings · Trial · Sentencing
[197]
The Meaning of the Manning Verdict | Brennan Center for Justice
Jul 31, 2013 · ... precedent” established in the Manning case by the government's use of the Espionage Act to prosecute a leak to the media. Charles Pierce ...
[198]
[PDF] Human Rights Watch Statement on Bradley Manning
The US government decided to proceed with prosecuting Manning after he pled guilty to 10 charges, carrying a total maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. The ...
[199]
How Much Did WikiLeaks Damage U.S. National Security? - NPR
Apr 12, 2019 · Many in the national security community say the leaks were harmful to a broad range of people. However, they generally say the damage was limited and has faded.
[200]
Chelsea Manning Walks Free: How Has U.S. Security Changed?
May 17, 2017 · The whistleblower's leak had little impact on U.S. security policy and, despite his rhetoric, neither has Trump.