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Building 20

Building 20 was a temporary wooden structure constructed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1943 to accommodate the expanding Radiation Laboratory, or "Rad Lab," which focused on radar research during World War II.^[1] Spanning approximately 200,000 square feet across three stories with a simple timber frame and plywood partitions, the building's intentionally impermanent design—featuring easily modifiable walls and an open layout—allowed researchers to reconfigure spaces freely, promoting serendipitous interactions and interdisciplinary collaboration.^[2] This flexibility earned it the nickname "Plywood Palace" and later the "Magical Incubator," as it housed pioneering work that contributed to wartime victories and post-war innovations, including microwave technologies, acoustic research leading to the founding of Bose Corporation, high-speed photography, robotics, and early computing developments like the PDP-1 minicomputer from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).^[3]^[4] Notable figures such as linguist Noam Chomsky and nuclear scientists worked there, alongside the first interdisciplinary labs at MIT, fostering an environment where diverse fields like linguistics, computer science, and nuclear engineering overlapped.^[2] The structure remained in use for over five decades, surviving student unrest in the 1960s without incident due to its unique community spirit, until its demolition was approved in 1998 and completed by May 1999 to clear the site for the Ray and Maria Stata Center, a modern facility designed by Frank Gehry to house computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics programs.^[1]^[2]^[5]

History

Origins and Construction

In the early 1940s, as the United States prepared for and entered World War II, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) faced urgent demands for expanded technical training and research facilities to support the war effort. The establishment of the Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) in 1940, tasked with advancing microwave radar technology under the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), quickly outgrew existing spaces on campus, necessitating rapid construction of additional accommodations.^[6] This wartime impetus, driven by the need to counter threats like German U-boats and V-1 rockets, positioned the Rad Lab as a pivotal hub, employing thousands and contributing to over half of the radar systems used by Allied forces.^[6] The planning for what became Building 20 began in early 1943, amid escalating pressures from the Rad Lab's growth. MIT leadership, including President Karl T. Compton—who headed NDRC Division D—and Rad Lab Director Lee A. DuBridge, collaborated with NDRC chair Vannevar Bush to secure approval as a war emergency measure. The design was completed in just one day by the architectural firm McCreery & Theriault, initially proposed as the "Building 22 Annex" to extend adjacent facilities. On May 5, 1943, the Cambridge Board of Appeals granted permission for construction, prioritizing speed over permanence to house radar development divisions.^[7] Construction proceeded swiftly on a 2.8-acre site at 18 Vassar Street, east of Building 22 and north of the campus swimming pool, utilizing expedient wartime materials including a timber frame on concrete footings and slabs, grey asbestos shingles for the exterior, and rock wool insulation. Lacking a basement to accelerate the build, the three-story, approximately 200,000-square-foot structure was completed by December 1943 at a cost of $848,513 for the building itself, part of a total project expense of approximately $1.05 million (equivalent to about $18.4 million in 2023 dollars). Intended solely as a temporary facility for 5-10 years of use, it exemplified utilitarian wartime architecture, enabling immediate occupancy by nine Rad Lab divisions while allowing for postwar repurposing.^[7]

World War II Use

The MIT Radiation Laboratory, commonly known as the Rad Lab, was established on October 1, 1940, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the auspices of the National Defense Research Committee to advance radar technology for the Allied war effort.^[6] This initiative was spurred by the Tizard Mission, which introduced the British-invented cavity magnetron—a compact device enabling high-power microwave generation for radar systems.^[8] Initially operating in limited facilities, the lab relocated to the newly completed Building 20 in 1943, where its temporary, adaptable design facilitated rapid expansion and experimentation.^[6] At its peak in 1945, the Rad Lab employed nearly 4,000 personnel, including physicists, engineers, and support staff, focusing primarily on microwave radar development to support Allied forces against threats like German U-boats and V-1 flying bombs.^[9] The laboratory's efforts produced over 100 radar systems, accounting for most of the microwave radars deployed by the United States during the war, with industry production valued at $1.5 billion.^[10] Key achievements included significant improvements to the cavity magnetron for enhanced efficiency and power output, as well as the development of the SCR-584 radar gun director, a microwave-based system that automatically tracked aircraft and directed antiaircraft fire with unprecedented accuracy up to 40 miles.^[8]^[11] Organizationally, the Rad Lab was divided into more than 20 specialized groups addressing critical components such as antennas, transmitters, receivers, and signal processing, enabling integrated system design and testing.^[12] Operations occurred in a highly classified environment requiring security clearances and photo badges for access, with 24/7 shifts to meet urgent military demands.^[13] The lab collaborated closely with U.S. military branches, including the Army Signal Corps and Navy Bureau of Ships, ensuring rapid deployment of technologies like LORAN navigation and microwave early-warning radars that proved decisive in naval and air campaigns.^[6]

Post-War Transition

Following the end of World War II, the MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) underwent demobilization, formally closing on December 31, 1945, as wartime contracts expired.^[14] Much of the laboratory's equipment was preserved for postwar applications, with key components salvaged and repurposed by MIT faculty such as George R. Harrison for ongoing research initiatives.^[15] Personnel transitions were swift, with numerous Rad Lab scientists opting to remain at MIT rather than disperse to industry or other institutions, laying the groundwork for civilian research endeavors.^[16] In 1946, MIT leadership decided to retain Building 20 for continued use, despite its designation as a temporary wartime structure slated for demolition after the conflict.^[3] This choice stemmed from acute campus space shortages exacerbated by a postwar enrollment surge, where World War II veterans comprised approximately 3,000 of MIT's 5,000 students that year, overwhelming existing facilities.^[17] The building's availability thus provided essential overflow space for emerging academic programs unable to secure permanent quarters elsewhere on campus.^[3] Early reassignments centered on allocating Building 20 to the newly formed Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), established on January 1, 1946, under the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development before shifting to full MIT administration by July.^[14] RLE integrated remnants of the Rad Lab's Basic Research Division with nascent efforts in acoustics and communications, enabling a seamless pivot from radar-focused wartime projects to broader electronics and signal processing studies.^[16] This merger preserved institutional expertise while expanding into peacetime domains, with Building 20 serving as the lab's initial headquarters in its A wing.^[15] The transition brought significant administrative hurdles, as Building 20 lacked formal heating systems, comprehensive plumbing, and zoning approvals typical of permanent structures, reflecting its hasty wartime construction.^[18] Researchers addressed these deficiencies through improvised solutions, such as student-constructed partitions using readily available materials to divide spaces, compensating for the building's rudimentary infrastructure.^[15] These ad-hoc adaptations, while functional, underscored the challenges of repurposing a facility not originally designed for long-term academic occupancy. The period marked a profound cultural shift within Building 20, moving from the secrecy and compartmentalization of classified military work to an environment of open academic collaboration.^[19] This change encouraged interdisciplinary interactions among physicists, engineers, and other scholars, fostering a sense of shared ingenuity in the building's flexible, unpretentious layout.^[15] Early physical modifications, like rerouting utilities for new equipment, further supported this evolving atmosphere of experimentation.^[18]

Physical Characteristics

Architectural Design

Building 20 was a three-story temporary structure spanning approximately 200,000 square feet, featuring a flat roof covered in tar paper and gravel that provided passive radiant heating to the top floor on sunny days.^[20]^[2] Its layout included a main corridor roughly 400 feet long, with four wings extending from a central hallway to facilitate navigation and access.^[21] The building rested on a floating concrete slab about eight inches thick, lacking a basement and employing minimal foundations to enable rapid wartime erection.^[20] The structure utilized a timber frame construction with plywood walls impregnated with asbestos fibers for siding, alongside wartime-standard lumber that prioritized availability over quality.^[2] Glass windows with deteriorating putty completed the exterior, contributing to its utilitarian aesthetic.^[2] These materials were selected for their low cost and ease of assembly, reflecting its hasty wartime construction in 1943. Construction began in the summer of 1943 and was completed by December of that year.^[22]^[23] The design embodied "expedient architecture," a philosophy focused on swift, functional construction for immediate needs rather than longevity or visual appeal, with the building originally intended to serve only through the war's end plus six months.^[22] Engineering emphasized adaptability through open floor plans supported by few load-bearing walls, enabling occupants to reconfigure spaces informally by drilling holes or removing partitions without structural concerns.^[3] Basic utilities, including creaky wooden beams that required periodic tightening and poor ventilation, underscored the priority of practicality over comfort.^[2] Despite its makeshift quality, Building 20 earned nicknames like the "Plywood Palace" and "Temporary Building 20" for its ramshackle appearance, drawing criticism as a fire hazard and inefficient space due to issues like temperature fluctuations and asbestos risks.^[2]^[3] Yet it was lauded for cost-efficiency and the informal flexibility that inadvertently fostered interdisciplinary collaboration, with its wooden construction allowing easy modifications for evolving research needs.^[22]

Interior Layout and Adaptability

The original interior layout of Building 20 featured vast open floors structured on a 20-foot grid, creating modular 20 by 20-foot bays with minimal permanent fixtures such as exposed wooden beams and basic plywood partitions, which allowed for easy reconfiguration to accommodate varying research requirements.^[24] This design emphasized functionality over permanence, with wide spans supporting heavy equipment loads while leaving ample uninterrupted space for laboratories and workshops.^[25] Over decades, occupants adapted these spaces through incremental modifications, installing custom wiring, ventilation systems, and shielding tailored to specific needs, often drawing from available resources to create specialized environments like acoustic isolation chambers for linguistics research. For instance, in the 1950s, Noam Chomsky and colleagues in the linguistics department configured rooms with soundproofing and recording setups to study speech acoustics, punching holes in walls and ceilings for cabling and microphones without formal approvals.^[3]^[15] These changes exemplified the building's flexibility, where researchers could expand labs by removing partitions or rerouting utilities, fostering interdisciplinary overlaps such as linguistics spaces adjacent to ROTC offices or nuclear engineering shops.^[3] Maintenance challenges were persistent, including leaky windows that caused water damage, inadequate insulation leading to temperature fluctuations and dust accumulation, and fire hazards from the wooden construction combined with asbestos in composite walls, which occupants addressed through do-it-yourself repairs like patching roofs or sealing ducts using on-hand materials.^[15]^[2] The building's "temporary" designation instilled a philosophy of experimentation, permitting residents to carve openings for oversized equipment or construct informal lofts, which encouraged a culture of ownership and innovation unhindered by bureaucratic constraints.^[24] Photographic records from MIT archives depict the interiors as densely packed and eclectic, with tangled wiring, exposed plumbing, and ad-hoc lab setups crammed into bays, forming a stark contrast to the more rigid, polished designs of other campus structures and highlighting the organic evolution of spaces into a "melting pot" of scientific activity.^[26]^[3] This chaotic yet vibrant arrangement supported serendipitous collaborations, as diverse groups shared corridors and utilities in an environment that prioritized adaptability over aesthetics.^[15]

Occupants and Research

Key Laboratories and Departments

The Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), established in 1946 as the successor to the wartime Radiation Laboratory, served as the primary long-term occupant of Building 20 through the 1990s, concentrating on interdisciplinary research in communications, computing, and speech processing.^[27]^[28] RLE's presence anchored the building's role as a hub for electronics and information sciences, drawing faculty and students from electrical engineering and physics departments.^[29] Other significant units included the Acoustics Laboratory, founded in 1947 as one of MIT's first interdepartmental facilities and focused on sound analysis and engineering, which later collaborated with external firms like Bolt, Beranek and Newman.^[29] In the early 1950s, Building 20 hosted initial work for Project Lincoln, the precursor to Lincoln Laboratory, supporting defense-related projects in radar and electronics.^[30] The linguistics program, emerging in the mid-1950s and active through the 1970s, occupied spaces that fostered theoretical and computational language studies, integrating humanities with technical fields.^[2] Precursors to the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, initiated in 1959 under the AI Project, also began in Building 20 during the 1960s, laying groundwork for machine intelligence research.^[31] Building 20's occupants exemplified a blend of engineering, humanities such as linguistics, and physics groups, whose shared proximity encouraged unplanned collaborations and cross-pollination across disciplines, often leading to innovative integrations of ideas from disparate fields.^[19] For instance, interactions between RLE researchers and linguists contributed to early computational models of language.^[7] Occupancy reached its peak diversity in the 1960s through the 1980s, with over 10 laboratories and departments coexisting, including nuclear science and educational research units, reflecting the building's utility for emerging and experimental programs.^[29]^[32] Relocation began gradually in the 1980s as the aging structure prompted shifts to newer facilities, though some groups persisted until the building's demolition in 1998.^[33] Administratively, space allocation in Building 20 was notably informal, with professors frequently claiming rooms through personal initiative or ad hoc arrangements without formal central approval, which reinforced the building's flexible and autonomous research culture.^[2] This approach allowed rapid adaptation to evolving needs but sometimes resulted in uneven distribution among units.^[15]

Notable Researchers and Projects

Building 20 at MIT served as a hub for pioneering researchers whose work spanned linguistics, information theory, and artificial intelligence. Noam Chomsky, an Institute Professor of Linguistics, conducted much of his groundbreaking research on transformational-generative grammar from the 1950s through the 1970s while based in the building, revolutionizing the field by proposing that human language acquisition stems from innate cognitive structures rather than purely environmental factors.^[3]^[34] Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, extended his foundational concepts on communication and data transmission during his tenure at MIT's Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), housed in Building 20 from 1956 onward, influencing subsequent advances in digital signal processing.^[35] Marvin Minsky, co-founder of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in 1959, pursued early AI research in the same RLE space, developing theories on machine perception and neural networks that laid groundwork for modern cognitive computing.^[22] Among the major projects originating in Building 20 was the TX-0 computer, an experimental transistorized machine completed in 1956 by MIT's Lincoln Laboratory team and operational in the RLE, marking one of the first practical uses of transistors in computing and enabling interactive programming experiments.^[22]^[36] Speech synthesis efforts advanced significantly through Dennis Klatt's work at RLE, where he developed the Klattalk system in the 1980s, a formant synthesizer that produced intelligible English speech and formed the basis for commercial text-to-speech technologies like DECtalk.^[37] The building's temporary, low-maintenance design enabled innovation by permitting researchers to freely modify interiors, such as installing custom particle accelerators in basements or constructing soundproof chambers without bureaucratic hurdles, fostering a culture of rapid prototyping.^[22] This lax environment facilitated specific impacts in cognitive science, where physical proximity between linguistics, electronics, and AI labs spurred hybrid approaches, like integrating Shannon's information models with Chomsky's syntactic theories to explore language processing computationally.^[34] Anecdotes from Building 20 highlight its collaborative spirit; for instance, Chomsky recalled impromptu hallway discussions across disciplines as key to breakthroughs, while neurophysiologist Jerome Lettvin described "raids" on adjacent spaces, like linguistics encroaching on the model railroad club's area, which unexpectedly inspired hacking innovations through shared tinkering.^[3]^[34]

Demolition and Legacy

Demolition Process

The decision to demolish Building 20 was proposed in the mid-1990s as part of MIT's campus redevelopment plans, specifically to clear the site for a new complex dedicated to computer science, information, and intelligence systems. In 1996, MIT officially announced the building's demolition, scheduled for early 1998, following years of discussions on modernizing the aging structure. Despite emotional opposition from alumni and researchers who valued its historical role in innovation, the Cambridge Historical Commission provided final approval on August 6, 1998, after a public hearing on July 30, 1998, considering MIT's documentation of the building's legacy and the proposed replacement design by Frank Gehry.^[7]^[1] Relocation efforts for Building 20's occupants began in January 1997, with departments progressively moving to temporary facilities such as Buildings 56 and 16 on the MIT campus, completing the process by 1998. Key laboratories, including the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), transitioned their operations to these interim spaces and later to the new Ray and Maria Stata Center, which opened for initial occupancy in March 2004. The RLE underwent reorganization around this time to align with the consolidated research environment in the Stata Center, though it continued as an active entity.^[7]^[38] Demolition execution commenced shortly after the 1998 approval, with the process spanning late 1998 into 1999 and completed within several months using standard heavy machinery to raze the temporary wooden structure. Prior to full teardown, specialized procedures addressed environmental hazards, including the encasement and removal of asbestos from the building's composite plywood walls—a legacy of its wartime construction materials—to ensure safe waste management and site preparation. The cleared site was immediately readied for construction of the Stata Center, marking the end of Building 20's physical presence.^[1]^[7]^[2] The demolition sparked controversies rooted in the building's profound historical value, with researchers and alumni expressing deep emotional resistance through events like a March 27, 1998, wake attended by over 200 scientists, who mourned it as the "end of an era" in MIT's innovative culture. Media coverage highlighted this sentiment, portraying the loss as a blow to the informal, adaptable environment that had fostered breakthroughs in radar, linguistics, and computing. While no large-scale formal protests halted the process, the outpouring of reminiscences and tributes underscored the tension between preservation and progress in academic infrastructure.^[39]^[19]

Cultural and Scientific Legacy

Building 20, often dubbed the "Magical Incubator," exemplified how a temporary, makeshift structure could foster an environment of bold experimentation and unexpected discoveries at MIT. Its provisional design—thin walls that occupants freely modified with saws and drills—encouraged risk-taking by removing the psychological barriers of permanence, allowing researchers to repurpose spaces on a whim without fear of irreversible damage or bureaucratic oversight. This contrasted sharply with the rigid, over-engineered laboratories of the modern era, where fixed layouts and institutional approvals often stifle serendipitous interactions and rapid iteration. As one MIT historian noted, the building's "low-time-preference" ethos promoted a culture where failure was inexpensive and innovation was unhindered by aesthetics or regulations.^[40] The structure's legacy profoundly shaped MIT's institutional culture, particularly by inspiring the hacker ethos that emphasized playful ingenuity and collaborative tinkering. Home to the Tech Model Railroad Club, Building 20 served as the cradle for early hacker culture, where members like those who built the groundbreaking TX-0 computer pushed boundaries in programming and hardware, laying groundwork for modern computing paradigms. Alumni frequently credit its interdisciplinary proximity for breakthroughs in fields like artificial intelligence—through Marvin Minsky's lab—and linguistics, via Noam Chomsky's work, which spurred cross-pollination between computer science, cognitive science, and humanities. This serendipitous mixing of minds not only accelerated MIT's reputation for innovation but also influenced broader academic norms, demonstrating how physical flexibility could yield intellectual breakthroughs unattainable in siloed environments.^[41]^[42] Following its 1998 demolition, Building 20 received heartfelt tributes that preserved its spirit through institutional memory. A day-long celebration organized by MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science drew over 250 former occupants for oral presentations, exhibits, and reminiscences, capturing stories of its role in wartime radar development and postwar ingenuity. These accounts, archived in MIT's Institute Archives and Special Collections, alongside a commemorative video produced by MIT Infinite, ensure the building's narrative endures as a touchstone for institutional history. As part of these efforts, in 1998-1999, MIT students and faculty created a time capsule containing artifacts representing Building 20's history and innovations, which was placed in the Ray and Maria Stata Center and is scheduled to be opened in 2053. Elements of its legacy persist physically in the Ray and Maria Stata Center, its successor, which incorporates salvaged artifacts like wooden beams and signage as symbolic nods to the original's adaptive charm.^[42]^[20]^[43]^[40]^[44] Building 20's model continues to resonate in contemporary discussions of creative spaces, drawing parallels to today's makerspaces and startup incubators that prioritize modularity and community over polished design. Proponents argue it critiques overly planned buildings, which can inadvertently suppress creativity by enforcing rigid hierarchies and discouraging informal collaboration—lessons echoed in analyses of flexible workspaces that boost productivity through adaptability. Its quantitative impact is evident in hosting precursors to pivotal technologies: from radar advancements in communications during World War II, to early computing systems like the TX-0, and biotechnology tools emerging from its labs, all contributing to thousands of peer-reviewed publications and patents over its 55-year lifespan. This enduring influence underscores Building 20's role as a blueprint for environments that nurture innovation through impermanence and openness.^[45]^[46]

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