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CIS

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a regional intergovernmental organization formed on December 8, 1991, by the leaders of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine through the Belavezha Accords, with subsequent adherence by Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan (later associate member), and Uzbekistan, aimed at preserving ties among former Soviet republics amid the USSR's dissolution while affirming their sovereignty and independence.^[1]^[2] Its nine full members as of 2025—Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—represent a population of approximately 300 million and coordinate on issues including trade, transport, border security, and cultural exchanges, though without supranational authority or binding enforcement mechanisms.^[1]^[3] The CIS has enabled limited successes, such as the establishment of a free trade area in 2011 that boosted intra-regional commerce to over $50 billion annually by facilitating tariff reductions and harmonized standards, alongside joint initiatives in antimissile defense and counterterrorism through affiliated bodies like the Collective Security Treaty Organization.^[4] However, it has faced substantial criticism for ineffectiveness in fostering deep integration, exacerbated by divergent national interests, economic disparities, and geopolitical tensions, resulting in partial disengagement by members like Ukraine (which never ratified the CIS Charter) and Georgia (which withdrew in 2009 following conflict with Russia), as well as perceptions of Russian predominance that undermine equal participation.^[5]^[6] Empirical analyses highlight its evolution into a consultative forum rather than a robust alliance, with member states increasingly pursuing bilateral ties or alternative groupings like the Eurasian Economic Union for practical cooperation.^[5]

Geopolitical Organizations

Commonwealth of Independent States

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a loose regional intergovernmental organization established to coordinate cooperation among former Soviet republics following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It serves primarily as a forum for multilateral discussions on economic, political, security, and humanitarian issues, without supranational authority over member states. The organization emphasizes voluntary collaboration while respecting national sovereignty, facilitating agreements on trade, border management, and defense coordination.^[7]^[1] The CIS originated from the Belavezha Accords signed on December 8, 1991, by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, which declared the Soviet Union ceased to exist and created the CIS as a successor entity to manage the transition. On December 21, 1991, the Alma-Ata Declaration expanded membership, incorporating Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, with Belarus already included as a founder. Georgia joined in 1993 but withdrew effective August 18, 2009, citing incompatibility with its foreign policy goals after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Ukraine ceased active participation after 2014 and formally terminated involvement in CIS statutory bodies in 2018, though it retains de jure founder status without engagement. As of 2025, the nine active full member states are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; Turkmenistan holds associate member status, participating selectively.^[8]^[9] The CIS structure includes the Council of Heads of State as the supreme decision-making body, addressing strategic issues like security and foreign policy; the Council of Heads of Government, focusing on economic and social cooperation; and the Council of Foreign Ministers for diplomatic coordination. The Executive Committee, headquartered in Minsk, Belarus, acts as the permanent administrative organ, implementing decisions, monitoring agreements, and supporting specialized bodies such as the Council of Defense Ministers and the Anti-Terrorism Center. Other entities include the Interparliamentary Assembly for legislative harmonization and the Economic Court for dispute resolution in trade matters. The organization operates through charters and protocols ratified by members, with meetings rotating among capitals; for instance, a 2025 summit in Dushanbe approved a Military Cooperation Concept through 2030 and a Border Security Program for 2026-2030.^[10]^[11] Key functions encompass facilitating free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor; coordinating defense and border security; combating illegal migration and terrorism; and promoting environmental and humanitarian initiatives. Military cooperation includes joint exercises and information sharing, while economic efforts involve trade liberalization and statistical harmonization via bodies like the Interstate Statistical Committee. Despite ambitions for deeper integration, such as a free trade zone established in 2011, effectiveness has been limited by geopolitical tensions, including Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which prompted Moldova and others to reassess participation while maintaining formal ties for practical benefits like visa-free travel and economic links. The CIS has also extended observer status to entities like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2025, signaling efforts to adapt amid shifting Eurasian dynamics.^[7]^[11]^[12]

Policy and Research Organizations

Center for Immigration Studies

The Center for Immigration Studies (CIS) is a nonprofit research organization established in 1985 that focuses on the demographic, economic, social, and cultural effects of immigration on the United States.^[13] It describes itself as independent and non-partisan, producing reports, briefings, and data analyses to inform immigration policy debates.^[14] CIS argues that high levels of immigration, particularly illegal immigration, impose fiscal burdens, depress wages for low-skilled native workers, and strain public resources, advocating for significant reductions in both legal and illegal inflows to prioritize assimilation and national interests.^[15]^[16] Founded initially under the influence of environmentalist John Tanton and historian Otis L. Graham Jr., CIS separated from Tanton's Federation for American Immigration Reform to maintain a research-oriented profile distinct from advocacy groups.^[13] Mark Krikorian has served as executive director since 1995, overseeing a staff of researchers who draw on government data sources such as Census Bureau statistics and Department of Justice records.^[17] The organization's work emphasizes empirical analysis, including studies on immigrant welfare usage, where it has reported that non-citizen households access benefits at higher rates than native households, attributing this to policy incentives favoring family-based migration over skilled selection.^[18] CIS research spans topics like labor market displacement, with findings that immigration reduces employment and earnings opportunities for less-educated Americans; asylum system integrity, highlighting fraud in credible fear screenings where approval rates exceed 90% despite weak evidentiary standards; and housing affordability, linking population growth from immigration to rising costs.^[19]^[20] Recent publications, such as a 2025 analysis of household survey data, documented a 2.2 million decline in the foreign-born population from January to July, attributing it to enforcement measures and economic factors rather than data artifacts.^[15] Funding derives primarily from private foundations and occasional government grants from agencies like the U.S. Census Bureau, without reliance on foreign or corporate donors that might influence outputs.^[13] The organization has faced criticism from pro-immigration advocates and outlets like the Southern Poverty Law Center, which labels CIS an anti-immigrant entity tied to white nationalist networks due to founder Tanton's associations, though CIS maintains its work is data-driven and not ideologically motivated.^[21] Such designations from the SPLC, an advocacy group with a history of expansive hate-tracking criticized in federal court rulings for inaccuracies, contrast with CIS's citations in congressional testimonies and policy discussions.^[19] Reports on immigrant crime reporting or fiscal costs have been challenged by libertarian-leaning analysts like those at the Cato Institute, who argue CIS overstates net burdens by undercounting tax contributions, yet CIS counters with adjustments for long-term entitlements and household size.^[22] Despite disputes, CIS data has informed restrictionist reforms, including H-1B visa adjustments favoring higher-wage workers.^[23]

Technology and Security Organizations

Center for Internet Security

The Center for Internet Security (CIS) is a nonprofit organization established on August 22, 2000, following a meeting of business and government leaders at the Cosmos Club in Washington, D.C., amid rising internet-related cybersecurity threats.^[24] Founded by experts from government, private sector, and security institutions, CIS operates as a 501(c)(3) entity dedicated to identifying, developing, validating, promoting, and sustaining best practices in cybersecurity.^[25] Its mission centers on harnessing a global IT community to safeguard public and private organizations against cyber threats, with a focus on practical, accessible solutions for entities with limited resources.^[26] CIS develops consensus-driven resources, including the CIS Controls, a set of 18 prioritized, prescriptive safeguards in version 8.1 (updated to address hybrid/cloud environments and supply chain risks), designed to defend against common threats, ensure regulatory compliance (such as PCI DSS, HIPAA, and GDPR), and establish cyber hygiene.^[27] Complementing these are over 100 CIS Benchmarks, vendor-neutral configuration guidelines for securing operating systems, applications, and cloud platforms like AWS and Alibaba Cloud, created through objective, community-vetted processes.^[28] These tools are implemented in levels tailored for organizations of varying sizes, emphasizing cost-effective actions to align security with business objectives.^[27] A core component is the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC), which serves as the primary hub for cyber threat prevention, protection, response, and recovery for U.S. state, local, tribal, and territorial (SLTT) governments.^[29] MS-ISAC provides real-time threat intelligence, monitoring, advisories, and incident response support under a cost-sharing model funded by federal grants and CIS resources.^[26] Additional offerings include commercial tools like CIS SecureSuite for automated compliance and hardened virtual images for secure cloud deployments, with funding derived from product sales, services, and government appropriations.^[26] As of 2025, CIS continues to evolve its programs, including pilots like Secure Cyber City initiatives to enhance community-wide resilience.^[30]

Scientific Concepts

Cis isomer (chemistry)

In stereochemistry, a cis isomer is a geometric isomer in which two substituents or ligands occupy positions on the same side of a reference plane, such as a carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes, a ring structure in cycloalkanes, or a coordination plane in metal complexes.^[31] The term derives from the Latin cis, meaning "on this side," contrasting with trans ("across" or "on the other side").^[32] This isomerism arises due to restricted rotation around double bonds or in rigid structures, leading to distinct spatial arrangements with identical molecular formulas but different physical and chemical properties.^[33] In alkenes, cis-trans isomerism occurs when each carbon of the double bond is attached to two different groups, preventing free rotation and fixing the substituents' positions. For example, in 2-butene (C4H8), the cis isomer has the two methyl groups on the same side of the double bond, resulting in a bent molecular shape and higher dipole moment compared to the trans form.^[33] Cis alkenes generally exhibit higher boiling points due to greater molecular polarity and intermolecular attraction, but they are less thermodynamically stable than trans isomers because of steric repulsion between adjacent substituents; trans-2-butene has a heat of hydrogenation 1.0 kcal/mol lower than cis-2-butene, indicating higher stability.^[34] Cis isomers can be synthesized via partial hydrogenation of alkynes using Lindlar's catalyst, which favors syn addition.^[35] Similar principles apply to cyclic compounds, where cis isomers feature substituents on the same face of the ring plane. In 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane, the cis form has both methyl groups on the same side, leading to increased ring strain and different reactivity compared to the trans isomer.^[36] For larger rings like cyclohexane, cis-1,2-disubstituted derivatives adopt conformations where substituents are either both axial or both equatorial in chair flips, influencing solubility and biological activity. In coordination chemistry, cis isomers are common in square planar and octahedral complexes. The anticancer drug cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) ([Pt(NH3)2Cl2]), features two ammonia and two chloride ligands adjacent (90° angle) in a square planar arrangement, enabling DNA cross-linking, whereas the trans isomer is inactive.^[37] In octahedral MA4B2 complexes, the cis form has B ligands at 90° to each other, often more polar and reactive than the trans (180°).^[38] Nomenclature shifts to E/Z descriptors for alkenes with non-identical substituents to avoid ambiguity, but cis/trans remains standard for symmetric cases or coordination compounds.^[39]

Cis (mathematics)

In mathematics, the cis function is defined as cis(θ) = cos(θ) + i sin(θ), where θ is a real-valued argument in radians, cos denotes the cosine function, sin the sine function, and i the imaginary unit satisfying i² = -1.^[40]^[41] This expression represents a point on the unit circle in the complex plane.^[40] The cis notation derives directly from Euler's formula, e^{iθ} = cos(θ) + i sin(θ), making cis(θ) equivalent to e^{iθ} for all real θ.^[40]^[42] Consequently, the derivative of cis(z) with respect to z is i e^{i z}, and its indefinite integral is (1/i) e^{i z}.^[40] The function satisfies key identities, such as cis(θ + φ) = cis(θ) cis(φ), which follows from the angle addition formulas for sine and cosine or the exponential property e^{i(θ + φ)} = e^{iθ} e^{iφ}.^[40] The cis notation originated in the late 19th century, with its earliest documented use appearing in Irving Stringham's 1893 textbook Uniplanar Algebra, where it served as a compact way to express trigonometric forms of complex numbers.^[43] Earlier attributions to William Rowan Hamilton lack primary evidence, as his works on quaternions and complex numbers predated the specific cis acronym but did not employ it.^[44] In applications, cis primarily aids in the polar representation of complex numbers, z = r cis(θ), where r is the modulus and θ the argument (or phase angle).^[45] This form simplifies multiplication and division: for z₁ = r₁ cis(θ₁) and z₂ = r₂ cis(θ₂), the product is z₁ z₂ = r₁ r₂ cis(θ₁ + θ₂), and the quotient is z₁ / z₂ = (r₁ / r₂) cis(θ₁ - θ₂), assuming r₂ ≠ 0.^[45]^[41] It also streamlines De Moivre's theorem, stating [cis(θ)]^n = cis(nθ) for integer n, which is useful for computing powers and roots of complex numbers.^[45] While pedagogically valuable in precalculus and early complex analysis for avoiding explicit exponentials, cis sees limited use in advanced research, where the exponential form e^{iθ} predominates for its alignment with analytic continuation to complex arguments.^[40]^[46]

Health Organizations

Clinical Immunology Society

The Clinical Immunology Society (CIS) is a professional organization dedicated to advancing clinical immunology, particularly in the diagnosis, treatment, and research of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) and immune dysregulation disorders. Established in 1986, CIS serves as the primary interdisciplinary body in North America for clinicians, researchers, and scientists working in this field, emphasizing translational research and patient care excellence.^[47]^[48] Its mission is to facilitate education, translational research, and novel therapeutic approaches in clinical immunology to improve outcomes for patients with immunologic and inflammatory disorders.^[49] CIS's core focus lies in PID, encompassing over 400 genetic disorders that impair immune function, leading to recurrent infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. The society addresses gaps in clinical management by promoting early diagnosis through education and guidelines, such as updates on PID classification from international expert committees.^[50] It collaborates with global partners via the International Alliance of Primary Immunodeficiency Societies (IAPIDS), representing societies across five continents to harmonize standards in PID care.^[51]^[52] Key activities include the annual CIS Meeting on Immune Deficiency and Dysregulation, which provides advanced training on PID diagnosis, molecular pathogenesis, and emerging therapies; the 2025 edition is scheduled for May 1–4 in Houston, Texas.^[53] CIS also hosts the CIS Summer School, a intensive program for pediatricians, internists, and scientists committed to PID management, and monthly Case Conference Webinars for discussing complex patient cases.^[54]^[53] Additional efforts involve advocacy on health policy issues affecting immunologic patients and resources like clinical practice guidelines.^[52] The society maintains committees such as the Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology (DLI) Committee, which standardizes laboratory practices for immune evaluation, and the Adult Immunology Committee (AIC), focused on transitioning pediatric PID patients to adult care.^[55] The CIS Foundation supports research grants, patient education, and programs like the Diagnostic PID School.^[56] Leadership includes a rotating presidency; John L. Fahey, MD, served as the inaugural president from 1987–1988, followed by notable figures in immunology such as Max D. Cooper, MD (1994–1995).^[57] Headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, CIS fosters a multidisciplinary community through membership open to professionals advancing immunologic care.^[58]

Education Organizations

Council of International Schools

The Council of International Schools (CIS) is a non-profit membership organization dedicated to advancing high-quality international education through professional services, accreditation, and community collaboration among schools and higher education institutions. Established in 2003 as an independent entity following its legal separation from the European Council of International Schools (ECIS), CIS assumed responsibilities for accreditation and recruitment services previously managed under ECIS, which had been founded in 1965.^[59]^[60] The organization operates globally, headquartered in the Netherlands, and focuses on fostering interculturally competent global citizens and socially responsible leadership in education.^[61] CIS serves a membership community exceeding 1,560 schools and universities across 121 countries, providing resources such as professional development opportunities, networking events, and collaborative platforms to enhance educational practices.^[62] Its activities emphasize alignment with international benchmarks, including the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, and incorporate commitments to child protection through adherence to an International Taskforce on Child Protection recommendations.^[62] Member institutions benefit from access to peer-reviewed standards and community-driven initiatives aimed at continuous improvement in teaching, learning, and institutional governance. A core service of CIS is its International Accreditation program for primary and secondary schools, which evaluates institutions against research-informed standards in areas such as purpose (mission and strategic planning), practices (teaching quality, student learning, and safeguarding), and planning (well-being and global citizenship development).^[63] The process involves self-assessment, evidence demonstration, and peer evaluation by trained reviewers, ensuring schools meet criteria for effective educational philosophy and commitment to improvement.^[63] Accreditation serves as a mark of quality assurance, recognized by governments, education ministries, and universities worldwide, thereby validating the delivery of rigorous international curricula.^[63]

Gender and Identity Terms

Cisgender

Cisgender denotes an individual whose personal sense of gender identity corresponds with their biological sex, defined by chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical characteristics such as XX chromosomes and ovaries for females or XY chromosomes and testes for males.^[64]^[65] This alignment represents the typical human condition, where self-perception of maleness or femaleness matches observable reproductive biology without requiring medical intervention or social transition.^[32] The term originates from the Latin prefix cis-, meaning "on this side of," analogous to its use in chemistry for isomers where substituents are on the same side of a molecular bond, in contrast to trans-.^[32] Biologist Dana Leland Defosse coined "cisgender" in a 1994 Usenet posting to describe non-transgender individuals, aiming to provide a neutral antonym to "transgender" and avoid pejorative implications in prior terms like "non-transgender."^[66] It appeared in psychological literature by the late 1990s and entered dictionaries around 2015, coinciding with expanded discourse on gender variance in academic fields influenced by social constructivist theories.^[66]^[32] Population-level data from probability samples, such as the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, estimate transgender identification at approximately 0.6% of adults, implying cisgender prevalence exceeds 99%.^[67] Similar rates hold internationally, with variations attributable to survey methodology rather than true incidence shifts; for instance, self-reported gender incongruence remains under 1% in large-scale demographic studies.^[68] These figures underscore cisgender as the statistical norm, rooted in evolutionary adaptations for reproduction where sex-based behaviors and identities typically converge without discord.^[64] In scientific usage, cisgender contrasts biological sex—a bimodal category determined by gamete production—with subjective gender identity, though the term's adoption in peer-reviewed work has been critiqued for conflating immutable biology with psychosocial constructs, potentially inflating the perceived spectrum of gender experiences.^[32] Sources promoting the term often emanate from fields like gender studies, where empirical scrutiny of underlying assumptions, such as the innateness of gender incongruence, is sometimes limited by ideological commitments.^[69] Nonetheless, no evidence supports gender identity as detached from sex in cisgender populations; congruence persists as the default outcome of neurodevelopmental processes aligned with sexual dimorphism.^[64]

Other Uses

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The Center for Immigration Studies is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit, research organization.
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[28]
CIS Benchmarks
### Summary of CIS Benchmarks
[29]
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CIS is proud to partner with four international societies focused on primary immunodeficiency representing the five major continents.
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Provide advanced training for physicians and researchers working in the field of primary immune deficiency that covers diagnosis, therapy and future trends ...
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Applicants should be pediatricians, internists, or scientists committed to the clinical management of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases.
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CIS - CIS
Clinical Immunology Society 555 East Wells Street Suite 1100 Milwaukee, WI 53202-3823 USA Phone: (414) 224-8095 Fax: (414) 272-6070CIS 2025 Annual MeetingMeetingsAboutValue of CIS MembershipResources
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[61]
Council of International Schools (@CISEducation) / X
The Council of International Schools (CIS) is a membership community committed to high quality international education. The Netherlands cois.org ...
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About CIS - Council of International Schools
CIS is a global not for profit membership community that includes more than 1360 institutions committed to high-quality international education. Learn more.CIS Events · Working for CIS · CIS Leadership Team · Child ProtectionMissing: history | Show results with:history
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International School Accreditation | CIS
©2025 COUNCIL OF INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS ... CIS leads a collaborative global membership community of schools and higher education institutions, exploring and ...School MembershipRecognition of CIS ...
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Differentiating sex and gender in health research to achieve ... - NIH
Sex usually refers to a person's biological characteristics, whereas gender refers to socially constructed roles and norms.
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https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cisgender-overview
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Cisgender - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Cis-gender, from Latin cis- "on this side of" + gender, originated in psychological journals in the 1990s; meaning "not transgender," in general use by ...
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Demographics and health outcomes in a U.S. probability sample of ...
Introduction. It is estimated that 0.6% of adults identify as transgender1 in the United States (Flores, Brown, & Herman, 2016).
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A Data Portrait of Cisgender, Transgender, and Gender ...
Oct 1, 2024 · Gender-nonconforming people disproportionately identified as female (55.6%). Regarding sexuality, gender minorities tended to be nonheterosexual ...
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Cisgender | TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly
May 1, 2014 · Furthermore, though “nontransgender” is a synonym for cisgender, the term came under criticism for the negative quality of its identity ...<|separator|>