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Centime

A centime (French: [sɑ̃tim]) is a fractional monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a basic currency, such as the franc, dinar, or dirham, used in several countries with historical ties to French colonial or linguistic influence.^[1] The term derives from the Latin centesimus, meaning "hundredth," reflecting its role as a subunit in decimal-based monetary systems.^[2] Historically, the centime was introduced in 1795 as part of France's revolutionary decimal currency reform, dividing the new franc into 100 centimes to simplify transactions and align with the metric system.^[3] It served as the primary small-denomination coin for everyday use in France, with bronze and later aluminum issues minted in values from 1 to 25 centimes, featuring designs like the Phrygian cap symbolizing liberty during the Second Republic and beyond.^[4] The French franc and its centime circulated widely until 2002, when they were phased out in favor of the euro; smaller centime denominations gradually fell out of use due to inflation, with the 5 centime coin demonetized in 1966 and production of 1 and 5 centime coins ceasing in 2001, and all French franc coins fully demonetized in 2005.^[5]^[6] Today, the centime continues as the official subunit in active currencies, including the euro cent (commonly called centime) in French-speaking countries of the Eurozone. It notably denominates the Swiss franc (CHF) in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, where 100 centimes equal one franc and coins are issued in 5, 10, 20, and 50 centime denominations.^[7] It also denominates the Central African CFA franc (XAF) and West African CFA franc (XOF) in 14 African nations, the Algerian dinar (DZD) with 100 centimes per dinar (though rarely used in practice due to their minimal value), and the Moroccan dirham (MAD), where it is interchangeably called santim.^[8]^[9]^[10] These usages maintain the centime's legacy in multilingual contexts, often alongside local names like Rappen in German-speaking Switzerland or santimat in Arabic-speaking Morocco.^[11]

Etymology and Definition

Etymology

The term centime entered English from French in the late 18th century, with the earliest recorded use in 1796 referring to the French coin equal to one hundredth of a franc.^[12]^[1] In French, centime was coined during the decimal monetary reform of the Revolutionary period, specifically around 1795, as part of the new franc system, drawing on the structure of décime (a tenth part).^[13]^[1] The word derives from Old French centiesme or centisme, meaning "hundredth," which traces back to Latin centēsimus (hundredth), the ordinal form of centum (hundred).^[14]^[15]^[16] This etymological root emphasizes the unit's role as a centesimal (one-hundredth) subdivision, paralleling terms like cent in other languages, and reflects the influence of Latin numerical terminology on modern Romance-language coinage nomenclature.^[1]^[17]

Definition

A centime is a monetary subunit equivalent to one hundredth (1/100) of a franc or similar base currency unit, primarily used in French-speaking countries and territories. The term derives from the French word for "hundredth," reflecting its role as a fractional denomination in decimal-based currency systems. It has been employed historically with national francs, such as the French franc, Belgian franc, and Luxembourg franc, where it represented the smallest commonly circulating coin values.^[1]^[14] In contemporary usage, the centime continues as the designation for the euro's subunit (the cent) in French within the Eurozone, appearing on coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 centimes. It also serves as the official subunit for the Swiss franc (divided into 100 centimes, alongside the German "Rappen") and the CFA franc in West and Central African countries (though centime coins are rarely issued). This subunit facilitates small-scale transactions and price expressions, maintaining consistency across franc-influenced monetary traditions despite the euro's adoption in 2002.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Historical Development

Introduction in France

The centime was introduced in France as a subunit of the new decimal currency system established during the French Revolution. On 15 August 1795 (28 Thermidor An III in the Republican calendar), the National Convention passed the Monetary Law, which replaced the traditional livre tournois with the franc, divided into 10 décimes (tenths) and 100 centimes (hundredths). This reform aimed to simplify and standardize the complex pre-revolutionary monetary system, which had been based on non-decimal divisions like 20 sous to a livre, by aligning currency with the emerging metric system of weights and measures. The silver franc was defined as weighing 5 grams of 90% fine silver, with the centime representing one-hundredth of that value, facilitating easier calculations and trade.^[21] The term "centime," derived from the Old French "centiesme" meaning "hundredth," first appeared in official use around this period, reflecting the decimal emphasis of the reform. Initial coinage included copper centimes minted from 1795 onward, though production was limited due to economic instability and the ongoing wars of the Revolution. These early coins, often featuring revolutionary symbols like the Phrygian cap or Liberty's profile, circulated alongside assignats (paper money) but faced challenges from inflation and counterfeiting. By 1796, the Directory began more systematic minting, with the 1-centime piece weighing 2 grams of copper, though widespread adoption was hampered until stabilization efforts later.^[14]^[22] The centime's role solidified under Napoleon Bonaparte's Consulate. In 1800, the establishment of the Banque de France provided institutional support for the currency, and the Law of 7 Germinal An XI (28 March 1803) fixed the franc's metallic standard—known as the germinal franc—at 4.5 grams of silver (90% fine) for the 5-franc piece, with centimes scaled accordingly. This reform ended the monetary volatility of the Revolutionary era, making the centime a stable everyday unit for small transactions, such as market purchases or wages. By the early 19th century, higher-denomination centime coins (5, 10, and 20 centimes in billon or silver) were introduced to meet practical needs, marking the centime's integration into French economic life.^[22]^[23]

Adoption in Other Countries

The centime was adopted as the subunit of the Belgian franc in 1832, shortly after Belgium's independence from the Netherlands, when the new kingdom established its currency at parity with the French franc and divided it into 100 centimes to facilitate trade and alignment with French monetary standards.^[24] This subdivision mirrored the French system, promoting economic integration in the region, with early coins issued in denominations such as 1, 2, 5, and 10 centimes.^[25] In Switzerland, the federal constitution of 1848 laid the groundwork for a unified currency, leading to the introduction of the Swiss franc in 1850 under the Federal Coinage Act, explicitly divided into 100 centimes (or rappen in German-speaking regions) to standardize coinage across cantons and align with the French franc's decimal structure.^[26] Initial coins included 1, 2, 5, and 10 centime pieces, reflecting the metric-inspired decimalization that had influenced French currency reforms.^[27] Luxembourg followed suit in 1854 by issuing its first franc coins, subdivided into 100 centimes, replacing the Dutch guilder and tying the currency's value to the French and Belgian francs for stability amid regional economic ties.^[28] Denominations began with 2½, 5, and 10 centimes in silver and bronze, supporting local commerce while maintaining parity.^[29] Monaco adopted the Monegasque franc in 1837, equivalent to the French franc and divided into 100 centimes, as part of broader French influence on its monetary system; this arrangement persisted until the euro's introduction, with Monaco minting its own centime coins alongside French ones.^[30] Beyond Europe, Haiti introduced the gourde in 1813 as its national currency post-independence, subdivided into 100 centimes to establish economic sovereignty while drawing on French colonial precedents; early silver coins were struck in 6, 12, and 25 centime values.^[31] In the mid-20th century, the CFA franc—created in 1945 for French colonies in Africa—was structured with 100 centimes as subunits, replacing earlier colonial francs and providing monetary stability pegged to the French franc, though centime-denominated coins were never issued in practice.^[32] This system extended to multiple West and Central African nations upon independence, perpetuating the centime's role in former Francophone territories.^[33]

Current Usage

In Non-Euro Currencies

The centime functions as a fractional unit in various non-Eurozone currencies, particularly those with historical ties to the French franc system in francophone Africa, the Pacific, and Europe. These currencies maintain the centime as one-hundredth of the base unit, reflecting colonial legacies, though practical usage varies from active coinage to nominal division only. This structure facilitates minor transactions in theory, but inflation and economic factors often render centime denominations obsolete or unused in daily commerce. In Switzerland, the Swiss franc (CHF) actively employs the centime as its official subunit, with one franc equaling 100 centimes. The Swiss National Bank issues circulating coins in 5-, 10-, 20-, and 50-centime denominations, made from copper-nickel or similar alloys, which remain legal tender for small payments. These coins, alongside higher-value franc pieces, support the multilingual Swiss economy, where "centime" is the French term for the subunit (equivalent to "rappen" in German, "centesimi" in Italian, and "rap" in Romansh). This active integration underscores the centime's role in a stable, non-pegged currency outside the euro framework.^[34] Several African and Pacific currencies, pegged to the euro or dollar through historical arrangements, nominally divide into 100 centimes without issuing corresponding coins or notes. The West African CFA franc (XOF), shared by eight nations including Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire under the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), exemplifies this: it equals 100 centimes, but no centime instruments have ever been produced, limiting its use to conceptual accounting amid the currency's fixed 1:655.957 exchange rate with the euro. Similarly, the Central African CFA franc (XAF), used in six countries like Cameroon and Chad via the Bank of Central African States (BEAC), follows the identical 100-centime division, with the peg ensuring convertibility but no physical subunits in circulation. The Comorian franc (KMF) and Djiboutian franc (DJF), respectively pegged to the euro and U.S. dollar, also subdivide into 100 centimes, though inflation has sidelined any potential low-value coins, emphasizing the subunit's archival rather than transactional presence. The CFP franc (XPF), circulating in French overseas territories such as New Caledonia and French Polynesia, mirrors this pattern at a 1:119.33 peg to the euro, with 100 centimes defined but absent from issuance since the 1940s.^[20]^[35]^[36] In the Algerian dinar (DZD), the centime persists as a defunct subunit worth one-hundredth of the dinar, introduced during the 1964 currency reform but discontinued in practice due to hyperinflation eroding its value below usability. No centime coins circulate today, and transactions occur in whole dinars or higher, highlighting how economic pressures can marginalize the centime even in officially defined systems. The Moroccan dirham (MAD) subdivides into 100 santims (equivalent to centimes), with the Bank Al-Maghrib issuing circulating coins in 10, 20, and 50 santim denominations, alongside higher values, for everyday use in this non-pegged North African economy.^[37] Across these non-Euro contexts, the centime symbolizes continuity from French monetary influence, prioritizing larger denominations for modern economies while retaining the fractional framework for international standardization.

In the Eurozone

In the Eurozone, the euro is subdivided into 100 units officially termed "cents" in English and across most member states' documentation from the European Central Bank. However, in French-speaking countries such as France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Monaco, the colloquial and often official term "centime" (or "centime d'euro") is commonly used to refer to these subunits, reflecting linguistic continuity from pre-euro franc-based currencies. This usage avoids confusion with the French word "cent," which means "hundred," and aligns with everyday speech in these regions. For instance, the Banque de France describes euro coins as "1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 centimes" in its official materials on currency.^[18] In France, "centime" has been the standard spoken and written term for the euro cent since the currency's introduction in 2002, appearing in government publications, banking resources, and public communications. The National Bank of Belgium similarly employs "cent(ime)" in French-language descriptions of euro denominations, indicating its acceptance in the French Community of Belgium. Luxembourg's central bank uses "cents" in some technical specifications but reverts to "centimes" in fiscal and pricing contexts, such as environmental taxes measured in "centimes d'euro." In Monaco, which adopted the euro unilaterally in 2002, numismatic and official references consistently label the subunits as "centimes d'euro."^[38]^[18]^[39]^[40]^[41] This linguistic preference does not alter the euro's uniform structure or legal tender status across the 20 Eurozone countries, where all 1- to 50-cent coins are interchangeable regardless of national design or terminology. The term "centime" thus serves primarily as a regional vernacular in Francophone areas, coexisting with the international "cent" in multilingual or English contexts, such as European Commission guidelines. While low-denomination coins (1 and 2 centimes) face reduced circulation in some countries due to rounding practices in cash transactions, their validity and the "centime" nomenclature remain unchanged.^[42]^[43]

Obsolete Usages

Pre-Euro Franc Currencies

The pre-euro franc currencies, primarily those of France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, all employed the centime as their official subunit, with one franc subdivided into 100 centimes. These currencies originated in the 19th century as part of the Latin Monetary Union, which standardized the franc across several European nations to facilitate trade, and remained in circulation until their replacement by the euro between 1999 and 2002. The centime, derived from the Latin "centum" meaning one hundred, was typically minted in base metals like copper or bronze for low denominations, reflecting the decimal monetary system introduced in France during the Revolutionary era.^[5]^[44]^[45] In France, the French franc was established in 1795 following the Revolution, marking one of the earliest adoptions of a decimal currency worldwide, with the centime introduced as its hundredth part. Centime coins were issued in denominations such as 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 25 from the early 19th century, often in copper or nickel, and served everyday transactions until the late 20th century; for instance, aluminum 1-centime pieces circulated from 1948 to 1989. The franc, including its centimes, was also used in associated territories like Monaco and Andorra, maintaining a fixed parity with the French unit. France adopted the euro on January 1, 1999, at a conversion rate of 1 euro = 6.55957 francs, with dual circulation ending on February 17, 2002, after which centime coins lost legal tender status but could be exchanged at the Banque de France indefinitely.^[5]^[46] The Belgian franc, introduced upon Belgium's independence in 1832, similarly divided into 100 centimes—known as "centiem" in Dutch and "centime" in French—and was minted starting in 1832 with copper 1- and 2-centime coins, later expanding to 5, 10, 25, and 50 centimes in various metals like bronze and nickel. These coins, produced by the Royal Belgian Mint, circulated widely until the 1990s, with the 50-centime piece noted for its silver content until 1967.^[47] Pegged to the French franc under the Latin Monetary Union from 1865, the Belgian franc transitioned to the euro on January 1, 1999, at 1 euro = 40.3399 francs, with centime denominations ceasing as legal tender on February 28, 2002, though exchangeable at the National Bank of Belgium until 2004 for coins.^[44]^[24]^[48] Luxembourg's franc, adopted in 1848 to replace the Dutch guilder, was subdivided into 100 centimes and initially relied on Belgian and French coins before issuing its own from 1854 in denominations including 2½, 5, and 10 centimes in bronze. By 1901, cupro-nickel replaced bronze for higher centime values, and the currency maintained a 1:1 parity with the Belgian franc from 1921 onward, facilitating cross-border use. The Luxembourg franc joined the eurozone on January 1, 1999, at the same rate of 1 euro = 40.3399 francs as Belgium, with dual circulation ending on February 28, 2002; centime coins remained exchangeable at the Banque centrale du Luxembourg until 2004.^[45]^[28]^[49]

Other Former Examples

The Algerian franc, introduced in 1848 during French colonial rule and used until 1964 when it was replaced by the Algerian dinar at par (1 dinar = 1 franc), was subdivided into 100 centimes.^[50] Similarly, the Moroccan franc, established in 1921 under the French protectorate and withdrawn in 1960 following Morocco's independence, consisted of 100 centimes, with coins issued in denominations such as 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 centimes.^[51]^[52] The Tunisian franc, in circulation from 1891 to 1958 when it gave way to the Tunisian dinar (1 dinar = 1,000 francs), was also divided into 100 centimes, featuring bronze and nickel coins for smaller units.^[53] In sub-Saharan Africa, the Malagasy franc served as Madagascar's currency from 1925 until its replacement by the ariary in 2005 at an exchange rate of 1 ariary = 5 francs; it was subdivided into 100 centimes, though centime coins became scarce due to inflation in later years.^[54] Further afield, the piastre of French Indochina, used across Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1885 to 1953, equated to 100 centimes (or cents), with zinc and bronze centime coins minted for everyday transactions under colonial administration. These examples illustrate the widespread adoption of the centime as a hundredth subunit in French-influenced colonial monetary systems, many of which persisted post-independence before eventual obsolescence.

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The franc (French: franc malgache, ISO 4217 code MGF) was the currency of Madagascar until January 1, 2005. It was subdivided into 100 centimes. History