Defense Meritorious Service Medal

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal (DMSM) is a mid-level military decoration awarded by the United States Department of Defense to recognize outstanding non-combat meritorious achievement or service performed while assigned to joint duty activities or joint task forces, typically over a period exceeding 12 months.^[1] Established by Executive Order 12019 on November 3, 1977, and signed by President Jimmy Carter, the medal is presented in the name of the Secretary of Defense to members of the U.S. Armed Forces as well as members of the armed forces of friendly foreign nations (eligibility expanded by Executive Order 13666 in 2014) who demonstrate performance clearly above that required by their duties.^[2]^[1]^[3] The medal itself is a bronze disc measuring 1.5 inches (3.81 cm) in diameter, featuring a circular laurel wreath enclosing a five-pointed pentagon surmounted by an eagle with wings elevated and displayed, symbolizing vigilance and national defense.^[4] In the order of precedence, the DMSM ranks below the Defense Superior Service Medal but above the Meritorious Service Medal, and it is not authorized for valor or combat conditions, where awards like the Bronze Star Medal apply instead.^[1] Eligibility extends to all ranks, with approval authority delegated to senior DoD officials such as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or combatant commanders, and posthumous awards are permitted.^[1] Since its inception, the DMSM has been conferred thousands of times to honor contributions to joint operations, emphasizing sustained excellence in non-combat roles that enhance national security and inter-service cooperation.

History

Establishment

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal was established on November 3, 1977, through Executive Order 12019, signed by President Jimmy Carter.^[5] This order authorized the creation of the medal, along with its accompanying ribbons and appurtenances, to be awarded by the Secretary of Defense.^[5] The medal was intended to recognize non-combat meritorious achievement or service that is exceptionally outstanding, performed by members of the U.S. Armed Forces while serving in joint activities under the supervision of the Secretary of Defense, thereby filling a recognition gap below higher awards such as the Defense Superior Service Medal and above service-specific commendations.^[6] Specifically, it honors service or accomplishments that demonstrate distinction and leadership beyond standard expectations in joint duty assignments.^[2] Initial eligibility was limited to military members of the U.S. Armed Forces assigned to designated joint activities, such as those under the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or jointly manned organizations like NATO staffs and Military Assistance Advisory Groups.^[2] The first award of the medal was presented shortly after its establishment to Major Terrell G. Covington of the U.S. Army.^[7]

Amendments and Expansions

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal underwent a significant amendment on April 18, 2014, through Executive Order 13666, signed by President Barack Obama.^[8] This order modified the original Executive Order 12019 by inserting language to extend eligibility beyond U.S. Armed Forces members to include "any member of the armed forces of a friendly foreign nation" serving with or assigned to joint activities of the Department of Defense.^[8] The change specifically targeted recognition for outstanding non-combat meritorious achievement or service in joint duty assignments, ensuring foreign personnel contributing to U.S.-led multinational efforts could receive the award.^[9] The purpose of this expansion was to strengthen international partnerships by acknowledging the vital roles played by allied forces in joint operations, while avoiding the creation of a distinct foreign-specific decoration that might complicate award protocols.^[9] Prior to 2014, the medal was limited to U.S. personnel, but the amendment aligned it with broader DoD objectives for collaborative defense initiatives, such as those involving friendly nations in shared security environments.^[8] This adjustment formalized the inclusion of foreign military members assigned, detailed, or attached to joint duty activities or joint task forces.^[9] A further amendment occurred on October 3, 2022, through Executive Order 14085, signed by President Joe Biden.^[10] This order updated Executive Order 12019 to explicitly include members of the United States Space Force—established in 2019—in the medal's eligibility criteria, alongside other armed forces branches. It also revised language for gender neutrality (e.g., replacing "men" with "members"). The change ensured the award's applicability to all current U.S. military services in joint activities, without altering core non-combat meritorious service requirements.^[9] As of November 2025, no further major legislative or executive amendments have been enacted to the medal's framework beyond these updates.^[9] Instead, minor administrative refinements have occurred through updates to Department of Defense directives, notably the DoD Manual 1348.33 series, which governs processing, recommendations, and approval procedures for military decorations.^[9] For instance, Change 6 to Volume 4, effective September 19, 2023, clarified eligibility details and streamlined submission timelines, such as requiring recommendations within 90 days of intended presentation.^[9] The 2014 expansion has notably broadened the medal's application, facilitating awards to personnel from multinational coalitions in operations like NATO missions and UN peacekeeping efforts, thereby enhancing interoperability and mutual recognition among allied forces.^[9] This has supported DoD goals of fostering sustained international cooperation in non-combat joint activities without diluting the award's prestige.^[8]

Eligibility and Criteria

Award Requirements

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal (DMSM) is awarded for exceptionally meritorious service or achievement in a non-combat environment, recognizing outstanding performance that surpasses that of peers in joint activities.^[1]^[2] This typically requires at least 12 months of sustained performance encompassing an entire joint assignment, though impact awards for shorter periods may be authorized with clear justification of the distinguishing contributions.^[1] Recipients must demonstrate accomplishments that exceed expected duty standards based on their grade and experience, such as exemplary leadership in joint operations or significant contributions to Department of Defense-wide initiatives that enhance mission effectiveness.^[1]^[2] These achievements are evaluated through specific, factual narratives highlighting the actions, their quality, and their broader impact, ensuring the service or achievement is incontestable and distinguishes the individual from contemporaries.^[1] Eligible recipients include members of all U.S. Armed Forces branches (including active duty, Reserve, and National Guard components) who are assigned to joint duty activities, such as those under the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff organizations, combatant commands, defense agencies, or designated joint task forces.^[1]^[2] Since a 2014 policy expansion, eligible foreign military personnel from friendly nations serving in these joint assignments are also authorized to receive the award.^[1] The DMSM excludes any recognition for combat-related actions, for which higher valor awards such as the Bronze Star Medal are required instead.^[1]^[2] Subsequent awards of the DMSM are denoted by oak leaf clusters attached to the ribbon or suspension ribbon of the medal, with no limit on the number of times it may be earned.^[1]^[2] The Defense Meritorious Service Medal (DMSM) ranks below the Defense Superior Service Medal, which recognizes superior non-combat meritorious achievement or service in positions of significant responsibility, and above the service branch-specific Meritorious Service Medal (MSM) in the U.S. military awards order of precedence.^[6] This positioning reflects its role as a mid-tier award for outstanding performance exceeding normal duties, typically in joint assignments lasting more than 12 months.^[6] In the overall order of precedence for U.S. military personal decorations, the DMSM follows the Purple Heart and precedes the MSM.^[11] Unlike the MSM, awarded by individual military services for achievements within their own branches, the DMSM is a Department of Defense-wide decoration specifically for joint, inter-service, or multi-national contributions under the authority of the Secretary of Defense.^[11] It emphasizes collaboration across services, distinguishing it from service-specific recognitions that do not require inter-service involvement.^[6] The DMSM is differentiated from the higher-ranking Legion of Merit by its focus on meritorious service at a mid-level rather than exceptional conduct or heroism that merits elevated prestige.^[11] As a non-combat award, it contrasts sharply with valor decorations like the Bronze Star Medal, which honors heroic or meritorious actions in combat, and the Purple Heart, awarded for wounds or death in action against an enemy.^[6]

Design and Appearance

Medal Obverse and Reverse

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal is a bronze medallion measuring 1.5 inches (3.81 cm) in diameter, suspended from a ring attached to a plain suspension bar by its ribbon.^[4]^[2] The obverse features a circular wreath of laurel branches tied with a ribbon at the base, enclosing a pentagon overlapping the wreath, with an American eagle with wings upraised standing on the bottom edge of the pentagon.^[4] The eagle symbolizes vigilance and the United States, while the pentagon alludes to the Department of Defense; the laurel wreath represents achievement.^[4] The reverse is plain with a raised inscription reading "DEFENSE MERITORIOUS SERVICE" in three horizontal lines across the center, and "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" arched around the bottom edge, leaving blank space above the central inscription for engraving the recipient's name; it is bordered by a plain raised edge.^[4]^[2] The medal was designed by Mildred Orloff and sculpted by Lewis J. King, Jr., of the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, with the design approved in 1977 to align with the award's establishment by Executive Order 12019.^[2]^[4]

Ribbon and Devices

The ribbon of the Defense Meritorious Service Medal measures 1 3/8 inches in width and features a symmetrical pattern of vertical stripes: 1/16-inch white edges, 1/4-inch crimson stripes adjacent, then 7/32-inch white stripes flanking a central core of three 1/16-inch bluebird stripes separated by two 1/16-inch white stripes.^[4] The colors of the ribbon carry specific symbolic meaning. The crimson and white stripes replicate those of the Legion of Merit ribbon, denoting meritorious service at a high level, while the bluebird stripes represent the Department of Defense and its joint service mission.^[4] Additional awards of the medal are denoted by devices attached to the ribbon. A bronze oak leaf cluster, measuring 13/32 inch in width with stems pointing to the wearer's right, is worn for the second and each subsequent award, with a maximum of four such clusters. The fifth award is represented by a silver oak leaf cluster, equivalent to five bronze ones, and further awards use Arabic numerals in bronze or silver if clusters exceed the limit.^[1]^[2] The "R" device, a bronze letter "R", is authorized for awards recognizing specific achievement for remote combat impacts on or after January 7, 2016. It is worn centered on the ribbon if no other devices are present, or to the right of oak leaf clusters or numerals when combined.^[1] These ribbons and devices are worn on the full-size medal suspended from the ribbon or as a ribbon bar on uniforms, with no service stars authorized for this decoration.^[1]

Recognition and Impact

Precedence and Wear

The Defense Meritorious Service Medal holds a defined position in the order of precedence for United States military decorations, worn immediately following the Purple Heart and preceding the Meritorious Service Medal on full dress uniforms.^[6] This placement reflects its status as a joint service award for meritorious achievement at the non-combat level, subordinate to combat-related honors but above service-specific meritorious awards.^[6] Wear of the medal is regulated by Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 4, which outlines procedures for DoD joint personal military decorations, supplemented by service-specific guidelines such as Army Regulation 670-1 for the Army.^[6]^[12] The full-size medal is suspended from a ribbon and worn on the left side of the chest during formal occasions, such as ceremonies or parades, positioned according to the overall precedence order.^[6] For everyday and service dress uniforms, the corresponding ribbon is worn in the ribbon rack on the left chest, maintaining the same precedence sequence.^[12] When multiple awards of the medal are authorized, only one full medal or ribbon is worn, with subsequent awards denoted by devices such as bronze oak leaf clusters (up to four, with a silver cluster replacing five bronze), Arabic numerals for higher quantities, or the "R" device for remote combat-related meritorious service; these devices are centered on the suspension ribbon of the full medal or on the ribbon bar, and awards are arranged horizontally in rows if space requires stacking.^[6] A miniature version of the medal, reduced to a 0.5-inch scale, is permitted on dinner dress uniforms for military personnel and on civilian formal attire for retirees and veterans during appropriate events, such as memorials or official functions.^[6]^[13] Miniature medals are not authorized for wear by civilians without military service entitlement.^[13]

Notable Recipients

General David Petraeus received the Defense Meritorious Service Medal.^[14] Admiral Peter Pace received the Defense Meritorious Service Medal.^[15] Colonel Bud Day, a Vietnam War prisoner of war veteran, received the Defense Meritorious Service Medal.^[16] Rear Admiral Barbara E. McGann received the Defense Meritorious Service Medal. General William T. Lord received the Defense Meritorious Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster.^[17] These examples illustrate the medal's bestowal upon senior military personnel serving in joint capacities, recognizing exceptional non-combat achievements that enhance inter-service collaboration. The award is given to members of all ranks, including enlisted personnel, though notable recipients are often high-ranking officers.