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ERP

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business management software that integrates core processes such as finance, human resources, supply chain, manufacturing, and sales into a centralized system, typically using a shared database to facilitate real-time data sharing and operational efficiency across an organization.^[1]^[2] Originating from material requirements planning (MRP) systems developed in the 1960s for inventory management in manufacturing, ERP evolved in the 1970s with manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) to encompass broader production planning, before the term "ERP" was coined in the early 1990s to describe enterprise-wide integration beyond manufacturing.^[3]^[4] Key features of ERP systems include seamless integration of disparate departmental functions to eliminate data silos, automation of routine tasks like order processing and reporting, advanced analytics for decision-making, and scalability to support growing operations, often with modules for accounting, procurement, and customer relationship management.^[5]^[6] These capabilities enable standardized processes and improved visibility, though successful implementations require careful customization and can involve significant costs and risks of disruption if not managed properly.^[7] Notable providers like SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics dominate the market, with cloud-based deployments increasingly preferred for their flexibility and lower upfront investment compared to on-premises models.^[8]

Business and Management

Enterprise Resource Planning

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a category of business management software that integrates and automates core operational processes across an organization, including finance, human resources, manufacturing, supply chain, and procurement, enabling real-time data sharing and centralized control.^[1]^[9] These systems replace disparate legacy applications with a unified platform, reducing data silos and facilitating standardized workflows.^[10] ERP solutions are deployed either on-premises, in the cloud, or as hybrid models, with cloud-based options gaining prevalence due to scalability and lower upfront costs.^[11] The origins of ERP trace back to the 1960s with the development of material requirements planning (MRP) systems, initially designed for inventory control and production scheduling in manufacturing firms; Joseph Orlicky pioneered MRP at Black & Decker around 1964 to optimize material needs based on demand forecasts.^[12] By the 1970s and 1980s, MRP evolved into MRP II, incorporating broader capabilities like capacity planning and financial integration, often running on mainframes or minicomputers with limited real-time access.^[3] The term "ERP" emerged in the early 1990s as systems expanded beyond manufacturing to encompass enterprise-wide functions, driven by client-server architectures and the Y2K compliance push, which prompted many organizations to consolidate software.^[13] Cloud ERP emerged in 1998 with NetSuite's offering, enabling web-based access and subscription models.^[14] Core ERP components typically include modules for financial accounting (e.g., general ledger, accounts payable/receivable), human capital management (e.g., payroll, recruitment), supply chain management (e.g., procurement, inventory tracking), and customer relationship management, often extensible via custom integrations or analytics tools.^[10]^[15] Implementation involves data migration, process reengineering, and user training, with success depending on alignment to business needs; failure rates can exceed 50% due to scope creep or inadequate change management.^[16] ERP adoption yields benefits such as enhanced operational efficiency through automation of routine tasks, improved visibility via real-time reporting, and better compliance with regulatory standards, potentially reducing inventory costs by 20-50% in manufacturing.^[4]^[16] However, challenges include high initial costs—averaging millions for large deployments—lengthy rollout periods (6-24 months), and risks of disrupting operations during go-live phases.^[17] Vendor lock-in and customization complexities further complicate maintenance, though modular, SaaS-based ERP mitigates some issues by allowing phased adoption.^[18] As of 2025, the global ERP software market generates approximately US$55.88 billion in revenue, with projections for annual growth driven by AI integrations in ERP and SMB uptake; manufacturing accounts for nearly 47% of users, followed by retail and services.^[19]^[20] North America dominates with over $20 billion in market value, reflecting mature adoption rates exceeding 80% among large enterprises.^[21] Leading providers like SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics hold significant shares, emphasizing cloud migration amid digital transformation pressures.^[22]

Economics

Effective Rate of Protection

The effective rate of protection (ERP) measures the percentage increase in domestic value added for an industry attributable to the full structure of import tariffs, including those on final outputs and intermediate inputs. Unlike the nominal tariff rate, which applies only to the final good, ERP accounts for how tariffs on imported inputs raise production costs, potentially amplifying or diminishing the overall protection level. This metric reveals the true incentive for domestic production by focusing on value added, defined as output value minus input costs, under protected versus free-trade conditions.^[23] The standard formula for ERP in industry j is: e_j = \frac{t_j - \sum_i a_{ij} t_i}{1 - \sum_i a_{ij}} where t_j is the nominal tariff rate on output j, t_i is the tariff rate on input i, and a_{ij} is the share of input i in the total cost of output j under free-trade prices (assuming fixed input coefficients). A positive ERP indicates net protection, while a negative value signals effective taxation of the industry. For instance, if an industry's nominal output tariff is 25% but inputs (comprising 75% of costs) face no tariffs, the ERP rises to approximately 100%, as the tariff disproportionately boosts the protected value-added margin.^[23]^[24] ERP gained prominence through empirical studies in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly those led by economist Béla Balassa, who applied it to assess protection in developing countries. Balassa's 1965 analysis of industrial tariffs and subsequent World Bank-backed projects across over 200 sectors in nations like Mexico and Turkey demonstrated that effective rates often exceeded nominal rates in import-substituting industries, leading to resource misallocation toward low-value-added activities. These findings influenced trade policy debates, highlighting how input tariffs could escalate protection for processing stages, as seen in average ERPs of 50-100% in some Latin American economies during the 1970s.^[25]^[26] Despite its utility, ERP relies on partial-equilibrium assumptions, such as unchanged input-output coefficients and no substitution toward domestic alternatives, which critics argue overstate protection in dynamic economies. It also ignores general-equilibrium effects like exchange rate adjustments or non-tariff barriers, potentially underestimating total distortions. Empirical applications, such as U.S. historical comparisons from 1821-1962, show ERP varying widely by sector—positive for manufactures but negative for agriculture—underscoring its sensitivity to input shares. Policymakers use ERP to prioritize tariff reforms, favoring reductions in high-ERP sectors to enhance efficiency, though calculations require detailed trade and cost data for accuracy.^[27]^[28]

Neuroscience and Psychology

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are transient voltage fluctuations in the brain, typically in the microvolt range, generated by synchronized neural activity in response to specific sensory, cognitive, or motor events.^[29] These potentials are extracted from electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings by averaging multiple epochs of brain activity time-locked to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus, which enhances the signal while suppressing unrelated background noise.^[30] ERPs provide millisecond-level temporal resolution, enabling precise mapping of neural processing stages, though spatial resolution is limited compared to techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).^[31] The foundations of ERP research trace back to Hans Berger's 1929 discovery of EEG, but systematic extraction of event-locked responses emerged in the 1960s with the advent of computer-based signal averaging, which allowed isolation of evoked potentials dwarfed by ongoing EEG activity by factors of 10 to 100.^[32] A landmark finding was the identification of the P3 component in 1965 by Sutton and colleagues, observed during auditory oddball tasks where rare stimuli elicited a positive deflection peaking around 300 milliseconds post-stimulus.^[33] Subsequent decades refined ERP methodology and nomenclature, with components labeled by polarity (positive P or negative N) and approximate peak latency in milliseconds, shifting focus from basic waveform characterization to applications in cognitive inquiry.^[34] Prominent ERP components include early sensory responses like the N1 (negative peak ~100 ms, linked to initial attention allocation) and P2 (~200 ms, involved in stimulus evaluation), followed by later cognitive markers such as the N400 (~400 ms, reflecting semantic integration and incongruity detection during language processing) and P300 (context updating and decision-making in tasks requiring novelty detection).^[35] The N400 amplitude increases with semantic violations, as seen in mismatched word pairs, indicating predictive coding failures in language comprehension.^[36] These components vary by electrode site, stimulus modality, and task demands, with centro-parietal maxima for P300 and fronto-central distributions for N400.^[31] ERPs are applied in cognitive neuroscience to dissect perceptual, attentional, and mnemonic processes, revealing, for instance, deficits in P300 amplitude among schizophrenia patients during attention tasks.^[29] Clinically, they aid early detection of Alzheimer's disease through prolonged latencies in MCI cohorts and support pharmacotherapy evaluation by tracking cognitive enhancements.^[37] ^[38] In developmental and neurological contexts, ERPs index atypical processing in autism or multiple sclerosis, with larger effect sizes for visual versus auditory paradigms in the latter.^[39] Despite strengths in temporal precision, interpretations require caution due to overlapping generators and individual variability, often corroborated by source localization or concurrent imaging.^[30]

Medicine and Biology

Estrogen Receptor Positive

Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) status describes cells that express estrogen receptors, nuclear proteins that bind the hormone estrogen, thereby facilitating its signaling to promote cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation. In oncology, this term predominantly applies to breast cancer, where ER+ tumors constitute approximately 70-80% of invasive cases, distinguishing them from hormone receptor-negative subtypes that lack such dependency on estrogen for growth.^[40]^[41] The presence of these receptors, primarily estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) encoded by the ESR1 gene, enables estrogen to activate transcriptional pathways that upregulate genes involved in cell cycle progression and survival.^[42]^[43] Biologically, ER+ cells respond to circulating estrogens, which diffuse into the nucleus and bind ERs, inducing conformational changes that allow dimerization, DNA binding to estrogen response elements, and recruitment of coactivators for gene transcription. This mechanism underpins the hormone-dependent growth of ER+ malignancies, particularly in postmenopausal women where ovarian estrogen production ceases but peripheral aromatization in adipose tissue sustains low-level estrogen. ERβ, encoded by ESR2, plays a less dominant role in breast tissue but can modulate ERα activity, though its expression often correlates inversely with tumor aggressiveness. Resistance to estrogen signaling blockade can arise via ESR1 mutations, ligand-independent ER activation, or crosstalk with growth factor pathways like HER2 or PI3K, complicating long-term therapeutic efficacy.^[44]^[43]^[45] Diagnosis of ER+ status relies on immunohistochemical assays quantifying receptor expression, with positivity defined as at least 1% of tumor cells staining positive for ER, per guidelines from bodies like the American Society of Clinical Oncology. This biomarker informs prognosis, as ER+ breast cancers generally exhibit slower growth and better outcomes compared to triple-negative subtypes, with 5-year survival rates exceeding 90% for early-stage localized disease. Treatment paradigms center on endocrine therapies to disrupt ER signaling: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen competitively inhibit ER binding, while aromatase inhibitors (e.g., anastrozole, approved by the FDA in 1995 for postmenopausal ER+ cases) suppress estrogen biosynthesis. For advanced or metastatic ER+ disease, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (e.g., palbociclib, approved 2015) combined with endocrine agents extend progression-free survival, as evidenced by trials showing hazard ratios below 0.6 for disease progression.^[46]^[47]^[48] Emerging resistance mechanisms, including acquired ESR1 mutations detected in up to 40% of metastatic ER+ cases post-endocrine therapy, drive de novo ligand-independent activity, prompting development of selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) like fulvestrant, which promote ER proteasomal degradation. Clinical data indicate that ER+ tumors with low receptor expression (1-10%) may confer intermediate prognosis, warranting tailored approaches beyond binary classification. Overall, ER+ classification enables targeted interventions that leverage the causal role of estrogen in tumorigenesis, yielding superior response rates—over 50% objective response to first-line endocrine therapy in hormone-naive advanced disease—compared to cytotoxic chemotherapy alone.^[49]^[50]^[48]

Engineering and Telecommunications

Effective Radiated Power

Effective radiated power (ERP), also known as equivalent radiated power, quantifies the total radio frequency (RF) power emitted by a transmitting antenna system in its maximum radiation direction, standardized relative to the output of a half-wave dipole antenna with the same peak field strength. This metric incorporates the transmitter's output power, the antenna's directional gain over a dipole reference (0 dBd), and deductions for losses such as those from transmission lines, connectors, or filters. ERP is a computed value rather than a direct measurement, essential for assessing signal propagation, coverage, and compliance with emission standards in telecommunications and broadcasting.^[51]^[52] The calculation of ERP follows the relation ERP = P_t × G_a - L, where P_t is the transmitter power output (in watts), G_a is the antenna gain relative to a half-wave dipole (in linear units or converted from dBd), and L accounts for all system losses (in linear units). In decibel terms, ERP (dBW) = P_t (dBW) + G_a (dBd) - L (dB). For instance, a transmitter outputting 100 watts connected to an antenna with 6 dBd gain and 1 dB line loss yields an ERP of approximately 159 watts (or 22 dBW). This formulation ensures ERP reflects real-world radiated efficiency, distinguishing it from raw transmitter power, which ignores antenna directivity.^[53]^[54] ERP differs from effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), which normalizes to a hypothetical isotropic radiator (0 dBi) rather than a dipole; since a half-wave dipole exhibits about 2.15 dB gain over isotropic, ERP ≈ EIRP - 2.15 dB for equivalent systems. Regulatory bodies like the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) predominantly employ ERP for licensing in services such as cellular radiotelephone (e.g., maximum ERP limits per 47 CFR § 22.913 to prevent interference) and public safety radio (e.g., up to 300 watts ERP for fixed stations per 47 CFR § 90.205). These limits safeguard spectrum allocation, with signal boosters capped at 5 watts ERP under normal conditions to mitigate health and interference risks.^[55]^[56]^[57]

Geography and Places

Erp, Belgium

Erpe is a village and deelfgemeente (sub-municipality) of Erpe-Mere in the East Flanders province of Belgium, situated in the Denderstreek region southeast of the provincial capital Ghent.^[58] It lies along the Molenbeek and Ter Erpenbeek rivers, contributing to its picturesque, low-lying geography with elevations typically under 20 meters above sea level and fertile alluvial soils supporting agriculture.^[59] The area's rural character features scattered farms, woodlands, and waterways that facilitate local cycling routes and recreational paths.^[60] Historical records trace Erpe's origins to at least 1057, when it appears in medieval charters, reflecting its role in the feudal landscape of medieval Flanders amid the region's textile and agricultural economy.^[59] The village developed as a small agrarian settlement, with the Church of Saint Martin serving as a central landmark since the medieval period, exemplifying Gothic architectural influences common in Flemish rural parishes.^[61] In 1977, Erpe merged with Mere and other sub-municipalities to form Erpe-Mere under Belgium's municipal restructuring, preserving local administrative identity while integrating services.^[62] Demographically, Erpe contributes to Erpe-Mere's total population of 21,013 residents as of 2024 estimates, spread across 34.41 km² with a density of 610.7 inhabitants per km², indicative of semi-rural suburbanization near larger centers like Aalst.^[63] The local economy emphasizes agriculture, horticulture, and small-scale services, bolstered by proximity to the E40 motorway and rail links via NMBS stations in the municipality, supporting commuting to urban employment hubs.^[64] Community facilities include recreational programs like sports camps and playgrounds organized by the municipal administration.^[65]

Culture and Media

Erotic Role-Play

Erotic role-play (ERP) constitutes a sexual practice in which participants adopt fictional personas or scenarios to simulate erotic encounters, often emphasizing power dynamics, novelty, or taboo elements to amplify arousal and fantasy enactment. This form of role-playing typically occurs between consenting adults, either in physical settings or virtually through text, voice, or digital media, and may incorporate costumes, props, or scripted dialogues to immerse participants in the chosen narrative.^[66] Psychological motivations for ERP frequently include the desire to escape everyday identities, explore suppressed desires, and experience heightened intimacy through structured fantasy, as evidenced in ethnographic analyses of role-playing communities where erotic elements facilitate emotional release and relational bonding.^[67] Empirical studies link ERP to broader patterns of sexual fantasy and BDSM interests, with surveys revealing its integration into diverse paraphilic behaviors; for instance, in a UK-based investigation of kink communities, role-play emerged as a prevalent activity alongside pet play and age regression, correlating with self-reported enhancements in sexual satisfaction when practiced consensually.^[68] Validation research on erotic fantasy questionnaires indicates that role-play scenarios rank highly in content across genders, serving as a mechanism for expressing multifaceted desires without real-world consequences, though individual variability exists based on personality traits like openness to experience.^[69] Specific subtypes, such as dominance-submission enactments, demonstrate physiological arousal responses tied to anticipated power exchanges, with neuroimaging and self-report data suggesting parasympathetic activation that counters stress and promotes pleasure when boundaries are clearly negotiated.^[70] While ERP can foster therapeutic benefits like stress reduction and self-exploration—mirroring findings in related practices such as puppy play, where participants report relaxation and escape from self via embodied roles—potential risks arise from inadequate consent or mismatched expectations, potentially leading to emotional distress if fantasies blur into non-consensual territories.^[71] Prevalence data from representative samples underscore its commonality; for example, in assessments of sexual behaviors, role-play aligns with reported lifetime engagement in fantasy-driven activities by over 30% of respondents in kink-oriented cohorts, though underreporting persists due to stigma.^[72] Overall, causal analyses emphasize that ERP's efficacy hinges on mutual agreement and psychological safety, enabling causal pathways from fantasy ideation to tangible arousal without inherent pathology when devoid of coercion.^[73]

Other Uses

Expected Reciprocal Parallel

Expected Reciprocal Parallel (ERP) refers to a niche concept in game theory and social exchange models, denoting the anticipated mutual or symmetric responses between agents engaging in simultaneous or concurrent interactions, where strategies are conditioned on expected reciprocity to achieve equilibrium outcomes. In such frameworks, players form predictions about counterparts' actions in parallel decision processes, often modeled to account for conditional cooperation or punishment in repeated games with simultaneous moves. For instance, in reciprocity-induced cooperation models, equilibrium arises when each party's strategy aligns with the expected reciprocal strategy of others, promoting cooperation over defection despite incentives for non-cooperation.^[74] This approach contrasts with sequential games by emphasizing parallel expectation formation, reducing uncertainty through anticipated mutual adjustments. Empirical studies in behavioral economics support that expected reciprocity in parallel settings can sustain cooperation rates above Nash predictions, with laboratory experiments showing participants cooperating when anticipating reciprocal behavior from partners in simultaneous choice scenarios.^[75] However, the term remains uncommon and is not standardized, with limited peer-reviewed usage beyond extensions of standard reciprocity models like tit-for-tat in parallel formats. Applications appear in economic simulations of oligopoly games, where conjectural variations capture expected reciprocal changes in rivals' outputs during parallel production decisions. Critics note that real-world deviations from expected reciprocity, due to asymmetric information or heterogeneous beliefs, can lead to suboptimal equilibria, as observed in conformity indices measuring conditional reciprocal alignment in exclusion games.^[76] Overall, ERP highlights causal mechanisms of mutual expectation in non-sequential interactions but requires further theoretical refinement for broader applicability.

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Erpe-Mere - Belgium - City Population
Erpe-Mere. 21,013 Population [2024] – Estimate. 34.41 km² Area. 610.7/km² Population Density [2024]. 1.2% Annual Population Change [2021 → 2024]. Map Chart ...
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https://erpe-mere.be/openbaar-vervoer
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Sportkamp - Erpe-Mere
Tijdens de schoolvakanties organiseert de dienst Sport sportkampen voor kinderen. De kampen worden aangekondigd op uitinerpe-mere.be.
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[PDF] 25 Sexuality and the Erotic in Role-Play - Ashley ML Guajardo
The first part will define erotic role-play and provide a context for how it happens in online and offline games. The second section will look at studies ...
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Sexuality in Role-Playing Games - ResearchGate
This book offers an in-depth, ethnographic look into the phenomenon of erotic role-play through the experiences of players in multiplayer and tabletop role- ...
[68]
A Survey of the United Kink-dom: Investigating Five Paraphilic ...
Apr 28, 2025 · We explored demographic, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of five paraphilic interest groups in the UK: BDSM, pet play, age play/ABDL, furries, ...
[69]
Sexual Desire and Erotic Fantasies Questionnaire: Validation of the ...
Mar 17, 2023 · This questionnaire was designed to be a sex-positive and inclusive measure of the content of erotic fantasies, accessible to individuals of all gender ...
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An Evolutionary Psychological Approach Toward BDSM Interest and ...
May 20, 2024 · If there is an association of painful stimuli with sexual pleasure, the body's parasympathetic system can counterbalance the stress response, ...
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The Psychology of Puppy Play: A Phenomenological Investigation
Aug 8, 2019 · The five themes include: (1) sexual pleasure; (2) relaxation, therapy, and escape from self; (3) adult play and vibrant physicality; (4) ...
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Survey Results: Sexual Roles | Slate Star Codex
Jul 9, 2019 · Of people who expressed a preference, 71% of cis men preferred the dominant role, compared to only 16% of cis women (18% of trans women; ...
[73]
The Power of Dressing Up: Comicon NYC, Halloween, and BDSM
Oct 29, 2014 · Role playing allows couples to enact scenes that are very different from their daily lives. Each person is able to step out of themselves and ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] RECIPROCITY-INDUCED COOPERATION - George Mason University
strategy each party chooses match the expected reciprocal strategy of the other party, full cooperation becomes the reciprocity-induced equilibrium ...
[75]
Trust, Reciprocity, and Betrayal Aversion: Theoretical and ...
Mar 26, 2014 · Particularly, we are interested in the role of reciprocity because the possibility of negative expected reciprocal utility may lead to ...
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https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=755745

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