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Elements of art

The elements of art are the fundamental visual components that serve as building blocks for creating and understanding artworks, typically comprising line, shape, form, space, color, value, and texture.^[1] These elements provide the essential vocabulary for artists to construct compositions and for viewers to analyze visual structure, enabling the expression of ideas, emotions, and narratives across various media such as painting, sculpture, and design.^[2]^[3] The concept of elements of art was formalized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Western art education, influenced by modernist movements such as Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, De Stijl, and Bauhaus, which emphasized abstraction, functionality, and the structural components of visual design.^[4] These elements are universally applied in visual arts education and criticism, forming the foundation upon which principles of design—such as balance, rhythm, and emphasis—are built to achieve harmonious and impactful creations.^[5]^[6]

Introduction

Definition and Purpose

The elements of art are the irreducible components that constitute the foundational vocabulary of visual expression in artistic creation. These include line, shape, form, space, color, value, and texture, each serving as a basic unit that artists manipulate to construct compositions.^[7]^[8] Recognized across traditional and contemporary practices, these elements provide the essential tools for translating concepts into tangible visual forms, allowing for both representational and abstract works.^[2] The primary purpose of the elements of art is to enable artists to communicate complex ideas, evoke emotional responses, and organize visual information in a structured manner. By selecting and combining these components, creators can convey narratives, cultural symbols, or personal experiences, fostering viewer engagement and interpretation.^[9] In educational and professional contexts, they form the basis for systematic analysis and production, helping artists build coherence and impact in their works.^[3] Distinct from the principles of design—such as balance, contrast, and rhythm, which function as organizational rules for arranging elements—the elements themselves act as the raw materials of art. For instance, in drawing, lines and values might combine to suggest depth and movement, while in painting, the interplay of color and texture can heighten emotional intensity without relying on specific techniques.^[10]^[11] This separation underscores how elements provide the substance, while principles guide their effective deployment to achieve artistic intent.^[12]

Historical Development

The concept of elements of art traces its origins to ancient Greek philosophy, where thinkers like Plato and Aristotle explored foundational principles of representation and harmony in visual forms. Plato, in his discussions of mimesis, viewed art as an imitation of the physical world, which itself imitated ideal Forms, emphasizing proportion and balance as essential to aesthetic truth.^[13] Aristotle built on this by treating mimesis as a natural human instinct for replication, arguing in his Poetics that art achieves excellence through structured unity, rhythm, and proportional elements that evoke emotional catharsis, influencing later understandings of line, shape, and composition.^[14] In Roman antiquity, Marcus Vitruvius Pollio extended these ideas into practical architecture in his De architectura (c. 30–15 BCE), outlining principles of firmitas (strength), utilitas (utility), and venustas (beauty), which relied on symmetrical proportions, harmonic orders, and spatial arrangements derived from human anatomy and nature.^[15] These tenets formalized early notions of form and space as core elements, bridging philosophical theory with built environments and setting precedents for Renaissance architects and artists.^[16] The Renaissance marked a pivotal formalization of these elements through empirical study and humanism, with Leonardo da Vinci exemplifying the era's focus on line and form. In works like his anatomical drawings and Vitruvian Man (c. 1490), Leonardo dissected the body to reveal proportional ideals, using precise lines to convey volume and movement, thereby elevating drawing as a scientific and artistic tool for capturing three-dimensional form.^[17] This approach integrated ancient proportions with observational realism, influencing the systematic analysis of visual components in painting and sculpture.^[18] By the 19th and early 20th centuries, movements like Impressionism shifted emphasis toward color and texture as dynamic elements. Artists such as Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir broke from academic traditions by applying loose brushstrokes and vibrant, unmixed colors to capture light's fleeting effects, prioritizing optical texture over precise line to evoke atmospheric space and immediacy.^[19] This evolution influenced the Bauhaus school (1919–1933), where Johannes Itten integrated color theory into art education, developing a contrast-based system in his The Elements of Color (1961, based on earlier teachings) that treated hue, value, and saturation as structural tools alongside line and shape for harmonious design.^[20] Arthur Wesley Dow's Composition (1899) further systematized these ideas in American pedagogy, advocating exercises in line, notan (light-dark harmony), and color to build abstract compositions inspired by Japanese prints and Western principles.^[21] In the mid-20th century, Abstract Expressionism expanded the elements through gestural mark-making, as seen in Jackson Pollock's drip technique from 1947 onward, where poured lines and textured layers on unstretched canvas emphasized process, rhythm, and spatial energy over representation.^[22] This approach redefined line and texture as expressive forces. Subsequent modern developments adapted these elements to digital media, with pioneers in the 1960s–1980s using software to manipulate pixels for shape, color, and form, evolving traditional principles into interactive and algorithmic compositions that maintain harmony while incorporating virtual space.^[23]

Structural Elements

Line

In art, line is defined as a continuous mark created by a moving point, serving as one of the foundational visual elements that can vary in width, direction, length, and quality to convey structure and intent.^[24] This path connects points and establishes the basic framework for composition, often described as an extension of a dot traveling across a surface.^[25] Lines manifest in various types, each contributing distinct visual effects: straight lines include horizontal ones that suggest stability and calm, vertical lines that imply strength and growth, and diagonal lines that evoke movement and tension; curved lines flow organically to indicate grace or softness; zigzag lines create energy and disruption; and implied lines arise from aligned edges or interruptions that suggest continuity without explicit marks.^[26]^[24] These types enable artists to guide the viewer's eye and organize pictorial space dynamically. Functionally, lines serve multiple roles in two-dimensional works: contour lines outline the edges of forms to define boundaries and silhouettes; gesture lines capture the essence of movement and action through quick, fluid strokes; and division lines separate areas within a composition, creating compartments or emphasizing contrasts in space.^[25]^[24] In sketching, contour drawing, for instance, trains artists to observe edges precisely, while gesture sketches rapidly convey posture and rhythm to direct attention along implied paths.^[27] The expressive potential of lines lies in their varying qualities, where thickness can emphasize importance or weight—thicker lines drawing focus and suggesting solidity, thinner ones implying delicacy; broken or dashed lines introduce rhythm and interruption for a sense of hesitation or progression; and overall line character influences mood, as fluid lines evoke serenity and jagged ones tension.^[28]^[29] Culturally, lines adapt to traditions, such as the bold, economical brushstrokes in Japanese sumi-e painting, where sparse, varying ink densities capture the vital spirit of subjects like bamboo or mountains through minimal yet potent marks.^[30] These qualities allow lines not only to structure but also to emotionally engage viewers, as noted by Henri Matisse: "Drawing is putting a line (a)round an idea."^[26]

Shape

In the visual arts, shape refers to a two-dimensional, flat area that is enclosed or bounded, limited to height and width, and typically defined by an outline or a shift in color, value, or texture.^[31] This element distinguishes itself as a static, enclosed form within a composition, existing in two primary states: positive shapes, which are the filled or foreground areas that draw attention, and negative shapes, the surrounding voids or background spaces that contextualize and define the positives through contrast.^[32] Shapes are broadly classified into two types: geometric and organic. Geometric shapes feature precise, regular edges and forms, such as circles, squares, triangles, and rectangles, which convey structure, order, and mathematical clarity in designs. Organic shapes, by contrast, are irregular, free-flowing, and biomorphic, often imitating natural contours like those of plants, animals, or landscapes to evoke fluidity and life.^[31] Artists create shapes through various methods, including outlining with lines to enclose an area, forming silhouettes via tonal or color contrasts that delineate edges, or employing abstraction to suggest forms without explicit boundaries, particularly in modern and contemporary practices. Lines frequently act as the foundational boundaries that generate these enclosed areas.^[5] Within a composition, shapes serve essential functions, including symbolism—where forms like circles can represent unity, wholeness, or eternity^[33]—pattern formation through repetition to establish rhythm and visual interest, and balance by distributing weight to achieve symmetrical or asymmetrical equilibrium.^[31] For instance, in Cubism, Pablo Picasso fragmented organic subjects into interlocking geometric shapes to explore multiple perspectives and deconstruct reality, as exemplified in his 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.^[34] In opposition, Art Nouveau emphasized sinuous organic shapes derived from nature to promote harmony and movement, seen in the illustrative works of Alphonse Mucha, such as his posters featuring flowing floral and human forms.^[35]

Dimensional Elements

Form

In the visual arts, form refers to a three-dimensional object or figure possessing height, width, and depth, serving as the volumetric extension of two-dimensional shape. While actual form is realized in sculptural media through tangible mass, it is frequently implied in paintings and drawings via optical illusions that suggest solidity and enclosure of space. This element allows artists to represent objects as having physical presence, distinguishing form from the flat contours of shape.^[2] Forms are broadly categorized into geometric and organic types. Geometric forms derive from mathematical precision, such as cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones, which exhibit regularity and symmetry often associated with constructed or idealized structures. In contrast, organic forms mimic natural irregularities, including the curving contours of human figures, animal bodies, or landscape elements like rolling hills, evoking fluidity and life-like variability.^[36]^[2]^[6] Artists create the illusion of form in two-dimensional works primarily through techniques like shading, which employs gradations of light and dark to model volume and suggest curvature, and linear perspective, which establishes depth via converging lines and vanishing points. In three-dimensional media, sculpture achieves actual form by carving, modeling, or casting materials to produce tangible bulk. These methods transform flat shapes into convincing representations of solidity.^[37]^[2]^[29] Form functions to convey qualities of mass, weight, and density, enhancing realism by implying gravitational pull and physical heft in depicted objects. Symbolically, it can evoke emotional or conceptual depth; for instance, rounded, organic forms often suggest softness, approachability, or vitality, while angular geometric forms may imply rigidity or tension. In Renaissance painting, Caravaggio masterfully employed chiaroscuro—a stark contrast of light and shadow—to model forms with dramatic realism, as seen in works like The Calling of Saint Matthew, where intense illumination sculpts figures from surrounding darkness. In modernist abstraction, Constantin Brâncuși's sculptures, such as Bird in Space, distill organic essence into streamlined, polished forms that prioritize pure volume and symbolic flight over literal representation, influencing the shift toward non-figurative art.^[29]^[38]^[39]

Space

Space in art is defined as the infinite or enclosed area in which artistic elements exist, encompassing the distances or areas around, between, and within objects or forms to create context, depth, and visual relationships.^[40] This element is fundamental to composition, as it allows artists to organize subjects and evoke a sense of environment or dimension, distinguishing occupied areas from voids.^[41] Space is broadly categorized into positive and negative aspects. Positive space refers to the areas occupied by the main subjects or forms, such as figures or objects that draw the viewer's focus as the primary content of the artwork.^[42] In contrast, negative space consists of the empty or unoccupied areas surrounding these forms, which play a crucial role in defining shapes, providing balance, and influencing perception by shaping the context around the subjects.^[41] A classic example of this interplay is Rubin's vase, an optical illusion where the positive space can alternate between a central vase and two facing profiles, demonstrating how negative space can redefine the focal point and create ambiguity in interpretation.^[43] Space manifests in two primary types: actual and pictorial. Actual space involves real, tangible depth and volume, as seen in three-dimensional works like sculptures, where the physical expanse around and within forms can be experienced directly by the viewer.^[44] Pictorial space, on the other hand, is the illusion of depth created on a two-dimensional surface, achieved through techniques such as linear perspective—which uses converging lines to suggest recession into the distance—and atmospheric perspective, which employs gradations in clarity, color intensity, and scale to imply faraway elements.^[45] These methods transform a flat plane into a perceived three-dimensional environment, enhancing spatial relationships. The functions of space in art include generating depth to mimic reality, achieving compositional balance by distributing visual weight, and emphasizing subjects through isolation or contrast with surrounding voids.^[46] In Renaissance painting, for instance, Masaccio's Holy Trinity (c. 1427) exemplifies pictorial space via linear perspective, where architectural elements converge to a vanishing point, creating a convincing illusion of architectural depth on the chapel wall and drawing the viewer into a sacred, receding void.^[47] Conversely, in minimalist art, negative space serves to heighten focus on forms; Frank Stella's Black Paintings series (1958–1960) employs stark, shaped canvases against expansive white grounds, using the surrounding negative space to underscore geometric simplicity and challenge traditional boundaries of the artwork.^[48] Through these applications, space not only structures the visual field but also guides emotional and perceptual responses.

Visual Properties

Color

Color is a fundamental element of art, perceived by the human eye as the result of light wavelengths reflected or emitted by objects, allowing artists to evoke mood, depth, and visual interest in compositions.^[49] It is characterized by three primary attributes: hue, which refers to the pure color name such as red, blue, or yellow; saturation, measuring the intensity or purity of the hue from vivid to muted; and value, indicating the lightness or darkness of the color.^[50] These attributes enable artists to manipulate color for expressive purposes, with value serving as a key component that interacts with hue and saturation to create tonal variations.^[51] In color theory, foundational to artistic practice, colors are categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary types based on mixing principles. In traditional color theory used in art education, primary colors are considered red, yellow, and blue, which cannot be created by combining other hues and form the basis for all others in subtractive systems like pigments, though modern subtractive models use cyan, magenta, and yellow for more accurate mixing.^[52]^[53] In the traditional RYB model, secondary colors, such as green (from yellow and blue), orange (from red and yellow), and purple (from red and blue), result from mixing two primaries, though mixes may appear muted compared to modern models; while tertiary colors like red-orange or blue-green emerge from combining a primary with an adjacent secondary.^[54] While RYB remains influential in artistic practice due to historical conventions, contemporary color science favors CMY for subtractive mixing in printing and digital design, highlighting an evolving understanding in the field.^[55] Complementary color schemes, pairing opposites on the color wheel (e.g., red and green), maximize contrast and visual harmony, enhancing balance and emphasis in artworks.^[52] Color serves multiple functions in art, including evoking emotional responses, such as red symbolizing passion and energy, which can stimulate arousal and intensity in viewers.^[56] Symbolically, colors carry cultural variations; for instance, white represents purity and innocence in Western traditions but mourning and death in many Eastern cultures.^[57] In design, harmonious color use—through analogous schemes of adjacent hues—creates unity and flow, guiding the viewer's eye across a composition.^[52] Artists apply color through subtractive mixing, where pigments absorb certain wavelengths (e.g., combining cyan, magenta, and yellow in printing yields a range of hues), versus additive mixing, where light sources combine to produce colors (e.g., red, green, and blue lights creating white).^[58] In Impressionism, Claude Monet exemplified additive principles in subtractive media by using broken color techniques—small dabs of pure hues—to capture fleeting light effects, as seen in his Impression, Sunrise (1872), where vibrant blues and oranges convey atmospheric luminosity.^[59] Psychologically, warm colors like reds and oranges advance spatially and energize moods, fostering feelings of warmth and excitement, while cool colors such as blues and greens recede, promoting calmness and expanding perceived depth in a scene.^[56] These effects influence how viewers interpret space and emotion, with warm tones often compressing environments and cool ones suggesting vastness.^[60]

Value

Value refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a tone or color in an artwork, independent of hue, forming a scale from pure white (the lightest value) to pure black (the darkest), with middle gray at the midpoint.^[61] This tonal range allows artists to manipulate light and shadow to convey form, depth, and emotional impact without relying on chromatic elements.^[62] Artists employ various value scales to achieve specific effects: high-key compositions dominate with light tones, creating an airy, ethereal mood often associated with serenity or whimsy; low-key arrangements emphasize dark tones for dramatic intensity and mystery; while a full range of values from light to dark promotes realism and dynamic contrast.^[63] These scales guide the viewer's perception, with high-key evoking lightness and openness, low-key fostering tension and introspection, and broad ranges enhancing lifelike representation.^[64] Value serves critical functions in composition, including modeling three-dimensional form through subtle gradations known as chiaroscuro, which transitions from light to dark to simulate volume and illumination.^[65] High contrast in value establishes focal points by drawing attention to brighter areas against darker surroundings, directing the eye and emphasizing key subjects.^[66] Additionally, value creates atmospheric effects for spatial depth, where distant elements appear lighter and less contrasted to mimic the haze of air, enhancing the illusion of recession in landscapes. Common techniques for rendering value include hatching and cross-hatching in drawing, where parallel lines of varying density build tonal gradations—hatching uses single-direction lines for subtle shading, while cross-hatching layers intersecting lines to deepen shadows and suggest texture.^[67] In painting, grayscale studies isolate value by working in monochrome, allowing artists to refine light-dark relationships before introducing color, ensuring structural integrity in the final piece.^[68] Exemplary uses of value appear in Rembrandt van Rijn's works, such as The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632), where dramatic chiaroscuro contrasts illuminate figures against deep shadows, heightening emotional and narrative tension.^[69] Similarly, black-and-white photography, as practiced by Ansel Adams in images like Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico (1941), underscores value's potency in capturing mood and form, influencing painters to prioritize tonal harmony for expressive depth.^[69]

Surface Elements

Texture

Texture refers to the perceived surface quality of an artwork, encompassing both the tactile sensation and visual appearance that evokes a sense of touch. It is experienced either physically through direct contact or visually through illusion, distinguishing actual texture, which is tangible and inherent to the materials used, from implied texture, which simulates surface qualities using artistic techniques.^[70]^[2]^[71] Types of texture vary in character and origin, including contrasts such as rough versus smooth, or matte versus glossy, which influence how light interacts with the surface. Natural textures derive from materials found in nature, such as wood grain or stone, providing inherent tactile qualities, while artificial textures are simulated, such as faux fur or metallic effects created through layering. These distinctions allow artists to manipulate viewer perception, blending sensory cues to enhance the artwork's impact.^[2]^[72] Texture serves multiple functions in art, including adding realism by mimicking real-world surfaces, evoking emotional responses—such as tension through rough, jagged applications or calm via smooth gradients—and fostering sensory engagement, particularly in mixed media where diverse materials invite tactile exploration. In sculpture and installation art, it heightens immersion, while in painting, it conveys mood and depth without physical relief.^[73]^[2] Artists employ various techniques to achieve texture across mediums. In painting, impasto involves applying thick layers of paint to create raised, tactile surfaces, while scumbling uses dry brushing for subtle, diffused effects. Sculpture techniques like carving remove material from a block to reveal inherent textures, such as the grain in wood or veins in marble. In printmaking, etching incises lines into a plate, producing varied tonal textures when inked and pressed. Mark making often contributes to these textures by varying stroke pressure and direction.^[74]^[75]^[76] Notable examples illustrate texture's versatility. Vincent van Gogh's The Starry Night (1889) exemplifies actual texture through swirling impasto strokes that convey turbulent energy and emotional intensity. In contemporary digital art, CGI techniques simulate complex textures like weathered stone or soft fabric in films and video games, enhancing virtual realism without physical materials.^[77]^[70]

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High-Key | When a piece of artwork is created using predominantly lighter values (can be achromatic or chromatic) it is considered a high-keyed composition.
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[PDF] Drawing Basics (Art-005A) - Lemoore College
High-key and low-key lighting offer contrasting approaches to using value. A gray scale value finder can help achieve accurate values. Thoughtful ...
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What is chiaroscuro? (video) - Khan Academy
Chiaroscuro, or light and dark, is a key technique for creating realistic art. It involves transitioning from light to dark to give the illusion of volume ...
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Focal Point - Brigham Young University-Idaho ART 110
A focal point is the most visually interesting area, created by contrast in value, shape, size, texture, color, and subject. Placement also helps.
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Welcome to Foundations in Art
Cross-hatching is a method of line drawing that describes light and shadow. The representation of light utilizes the white or openness of the page, while shadow ...
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[PDF] Value-Element-Of-Art.pdf
Why is value important in art? Value is important because it defines form, creates mood, adds depth, and helps to establish the focal points within an artwork.
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Chiaroscuro and Sfumato - Modern Art Terms and Concepts
Nov 5, 2019 · Meaning "to vanish like smoke," it was a method that involved applying layers of thin glazes to inform a foggy, almost ethereal effect.
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The Elements of Art: Texture | National Gallery of Art
Texture is the look and feel of a surface. Painters have many ways to create different textures. They use different sized and shaped brushes: everything from ...
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Design Elements: Texture - Brigham Young University-Idaho ART 110
Texture associates art with our sense of touch. Actual texture is palpable or physically real (like tree bark) while visual, or implied, texture is the illusion ...Missing: definition tactile
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[PDF] TEXTURE in ART - Crooked Tree Arts Center
In the visual arts, texture is the perceived surface quality of a work of art. It may be perceived physically, through the sense of touch, or visually,.
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[PDF] What Is Texture In Art
Definition, Examples. & Types Explained Texture ...Missing: institute | Show results with:institute
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Chapter 13 | Fine Art Media and Technique (Part I) - EDU 107
Jul 30, 2025 · In this module will will discuss some of the major materials, processes, and techniques used in making art.
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Texture in Art - London Art Exchange
In the context of artwork, there are two types of texture: visual and actual. ... Van Gogh and Monet both used the impasto technique in their paintings.
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Printmaking Techniques - From Etching to Embossing
Mar 7, 2024 · The engraving involves carving into the plate, while etching involves coating the plate with a protective layer, drawing the design, and then ...
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Types of Texture in Art & How to Draw Them - Art by Ro
The two most commonly used types of texture are actual and implied. ... Examples of Actual Texture in Art. The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh (1889) ...Texture In Art · Actual Texture · Texture Examples
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Mark Making Coursework Guide - Tate
Mark making describes the different lines, dots, marks, patterns, and textures we create in an artwork. It can be loose and gestural or controlled and neat.
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https://artincontext.org/printmaking-techniques/
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3.4: Techniques in Mark Making - Humanities LibreTexts
Jul 7, 2025 · Mark-making techniques include hatching, cross-hatching, stippling, scumbling, scribbling, shading, and gesture drawing.<|control11|><|separator|>
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What is mark-making and how is it important to your artwork
Mar 1, 2024 · Whether through representational imagery or abstract forms, artists use marks to communicate ideas, evoke emotions, and provoke thought.Missing: types examples
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The Importance of mark making in drawing - Vincent Matthews
Mar 11, 2021 · Mark making in drawing adds character, life, and depth, and is an honest approach to interpreting what one sees, making the drawing more ...Missing: visual functions
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The Processes and Materials of Abstract Expressionist Painting
Placing the canvas on the floor, Pollock would drip, splatter, fling, and smear paint from all sides. But despite the seemingly spontaneous appearance of his ...
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Action Painting Movement Overview | TheArtStory
Aug 18, 2018 · Just as the artist affects the canvas by making a mark on it, that mark in turn affects the artist and determines the trajectory of the next ...Artworks And Artists Of... · Autumn Rhythm (number 30) · Untitled
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Abstract expressionism | Tate
Abstract expressionism is the term applied to new forms of abstract art developed by American painters such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko and Willem de ...
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Gestural - Tate
Gestural is a term used to describe the application of paint in free sweeping gestures with a brush.
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(PDF) An exploration of the act of (digital) mark-making in the form of ...
This paper proposes that posted online content can be understood as (digital) mark-making. Through research as creative practice in the form of drawings ...
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Mark Making and Appropriation 2021 - Ken Turner - UAL Showcase
I work with mixed media that combines drawing, painting, sculpture, performance, printing, video, photography, and digital media that includes augmented reality ...