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Elohim

Elohim (אֱלֹהִים, ʾĕlōhīm) is a Hebrew noun that functions primarily as a title for the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible, appearing over 2,600 times and denoting a singular deity despite its grammatically plural form, which can also refer to other gods, supernatural beings, or human authorities.^[1]^[2] Etymologically, Elohim derives from the ancient Semitic root ʾel, signifying "deity," "power," or "might," and represents the plural (or intensive plural of majesty) of the singular form Eloah (אֱלוֹהַּ), a term for God that parallels cognates like Aramaic ʾelāh and Arabic ʾilāh.^[3]^[1] The plural ending -im is a standard Hebrew masculine plural marker, but when applied to the Israelite God, it typically pairs with singular verbs and pronouns to emphasize divine sovereignty and uniqueness, as seen in Genesis 1:1 ("In the beginning Elohim created...").^[2]^[4] In biblical usage, Elohim most often translates as "God" in the [[English language|English]] when referring to Yahweh, the covenant God of Israel, appearing in key texts like the creation account in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:2–3).^[1] It can denote plural "gods" in prohibitions against idolatry, such as [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]] 5:7 ("You shall have no other elohim before me"), or describe a divine assembly in poetic passages like Psalm 82:1, where God stands among the "elohim."^[4]^[2] Additionally, the term extends to angels (Psalm 8:5), foreign deities (Judges 11:24), demons (Deuteronomy 32:17), and even human judges (Exodus 21:6), illustrating its broad application to entities of authority or spiritual significance in ancient Israelite worldview.^[4]^[1] This multifaceted usage underscores Elohim's role as a generic yet majestic descriptor in Hebrew theology, bridging monotheistic emphasis on one supreme God with acknowledgments of other spiritual powers under divine rule.^[2]^[4]

Linguistic Foundations

Etymology

The term Elohim derives from the Proto-Semitic root ʾil-, meaning "god" or "deity," which forms the basis for divine nomenclature across Semitic languages.^[5] This root appears in cognates such as Akkadian ilu (god) and Arabic ʾilāh (god), reflecting a shared semantic field for divinity in ancient Near Eastern contexts.^[5] In Hebrew, Elohim emerges as an extended form ʾilāh-, interpreted as a broken plural of ʾil-, where the morphology shifts from a simple noun to a construct denoting plurality or intensification.^[6] Within Northwest Semitic languages, Elohim shows strong influence from terms like Ugaritic ʾil and the Canaanite proper name El, designating the high god of the Canaanite pantheon as a creator and father figure.^[7] This connection underscores Elohim's roots in a broader West Semitic tradition, where El served as both a generic title for deity and a specific epithet for the supreme divine authority, influencing early Hebrew conceptualizations of the divine.^[7] The historical development of Elohim in early Hebrew traces to the late second millennium BCE, with attestations emerging in epigraphic materials around the 8th century BCE, though direct uses in Hebrew inscriptions are limited and related terms like El appear in contemporaneous Israelite contexts.^[8] These early uses indicate Elohim's integration into Hebrew as a term for divine power, evolving from its Proto-Semitic origins amid cultural exchanges in the Levant. Scholars debate whether Elohim originally functioned as a generic plural denoting multiple gods or as a majestic plural emphasizing singular divine majesty. One view posits it as a broken plural ʾilāh- initially meaning "gods," later reanalyzed as a singular form due to its consistent pairing with singular verbs in Hebrew texts, reflecting a semantic shift from polytheistic to monotheistic usage.^[6] Conversely, some argue against a true majestic plural in ancient Hebrew, suggesting the form's plurality stems from morphological patterns rather than intentional intensification, with no clear evidence for royal "we"-like constructions in the language.^[9]

Grammar and Morphology

In biblical Hebrew, ʾĕlōhîm functions as a masculine plural noun, marked by the characteristic -îm ending typical of such forms, yet it frequently appears with singular verbs and adjectives when referring to the deity, as in the construct wayyōʾmer ʾĕlōhîm ("and [he] said, God").^[10]^[11] This syntactic behavior reflects an abstract or intensive plural, emphasizing fullness or majesty rather than numerical plurality, a usage paralleled in other Hebrew nouns like bāhemôt ("beasts" or "cattle," treated as a singular collective in contexts such as Psalm 104:25) or kərûbîm ("cherubim," denoting a unified divine entity).^[10]^[12] The noun also appears in the construct state, where it loses the case ending and takes a short e-vowel, as in ʾĕlōhê Yiśrāʾēl ("God of Israel"), indicating possession or relation while maintaining its plural morphological base.^[11]^[12] This form aligns with standard Hebrew genitive constructions for plural nouns, underscoring ʾĕlōhîm's flexibility in syntax despite its form. (Waltke and O'Connor 1990, §7.4.2) Phonetically and orthographically, ʾĕlōhîm in the Masoretic Text is vocalized with a ḥolem (ō) on the lamed and a ḥîreq (î) before the plural suffix, rendering it as אֱלֹהִים, while earlier traditions like Archaic Biblical Hebrew show variations such as ʾĕlōhê in construct forms without full plural leveling.^[11] In the Septuagint, it is typically transliterated and translated as the singular theós (θεός), reflecting Greek grammatical norms that prioritize semantic singularity over Hebrew morphology, though occasional plural renderings appear in contexts denoting multiple deities.^[12]

Ancient Near Eastern Context

Role in Canaanite Religion

In Canaanite religion, the term elohim (often rendered as ilhm in Ugaritic texts) functioned primarily as a collective noun denoting a divine assembly or pantheon of gods, presided over by the high god El as the head of a cosmic council. This assembly, known in Ugaritic as pḫr ʾilm ("assembly of the gods") or dr bn ʾil ("circle of the sons of El"), included major deities such as Baal, Anat, and Yam, along with lesser divine beings, and served to deliberate on matters of kingship, cosmic order, and ritual obligations. Similar usage appears in Phoenician contexts during the Iron Age, where elohim denoted a generic category of deities within a polytheistic framework, reflecting shared Northwest Semitic conventions for referring to the divine collective.^[13]^[14] Archaeological excavations at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) in modern-day Syria have uncovered clay tablets dating to the Late Bronze Age (approximately 14th–12th centuries BCE) that preserve ritual and mythological texts employing ilhm to describe this divine council in cultic practices. These texts, such as sacrificial lists and incantations (e.g., KTU 1.47 [RS 1.017]), depict the assembly participating in offerings, feasts, and judgments, underscoring elohim's role in maintaining ritual harmony and cosmic stability within Canaanite worship. The discovery of over 1,500 such alphabetic cuneiform tablets highlights the term's integration into everyday religious administration and temple rituals at Ugarit, a key Canaanite city-state.^[13] In Canaanite mythology, elohim-like figures within the divine assembly play pivotal roles in epic narratives, particularly the Baal Cycle, where they engage in cosmic battles and deliberations over divine authority. For instance, the council convenes under El's leadership to address challenges to the pantheon's order, such as Baal's conflicts with the sea god Yamm and the death god Mot, with the assembly ultimately affirming Baal's kingship after his victories restore fertility and rain to the land (CAT 1.2.I–1.4.VIII). These myths portray the ilhm as active participants in resolving divine rivalries, emphasizing themes of hierarchy and renewal that permeated Canaanite cultic storytelling.^[13]^[15] The transition to Israelite religion involved syncretism, wherein Yahweh assimilated key attributes of the Canaanite El, including his role as patriarchal head of the divine council and benevolent creator, effectively merging elohim as a title for Yahweh while subordinating other deities. This process is evident in early Iron Age contexts, where Yahweh adopted El's metallurgical associations—linked to craft and forge symbolism in Levantine traditions—and his position as judge over the assembly, reflecting a gradual consolidation of Canaanite polytheistic elements into a more centralized worship. Such assimilation positioned Yahweh as the public face of El (Elohim), resolving tensions between local and broader Near Eastern divine identities.^[16]

Connections to Ugaritic Deities and Texts

The Ugaritic tablets, unearthed during excavations at Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit) in Syria between 1929 and the late 1930s, provide crucial textual evidence for understanding the term ʾlhm and its parallels to the Hebrew Elohim. These cuneiform inscriptions, primarily from royal archives and temples, reveal a pantheon where ʾlhm (or ʾilm) denotes both the collective "gods" and the divine assembly presided over by the high god El.^[17]^[18] Scholars translating these texts, such as those in the Baal Cycle (KTU 1.1–1.6), interpret ʾlhm as referring to the plural body of deities under El's authority, mirroring the dual singular-plural usage seen in biblical contexts.^[18] This duality is evident in passages like KTU 1.4.III:14, where El convenes the pḫr ʾilm ("assembly of the gods"), a motif that underscores El's role as patriarch and ruler of the divine family.^[19] In Ugaritic mythology, the ʾlhm assembly parallels biblical depictions of a divine council, such as in Psalm 82, where ʾelohim stands amid the ʿadat ʾel ("assembly of El/gods"). Ugaritic texts use terms like ʿdt ʾilm ("assembly of El/the gods") and pḫr bn ʾilm ("assembly of the sons of El") to describe gatherings at El's cosmic abode, often for deliberations on cosmic order or kingship (e.g., KTU 1.15.II:7–11).^[18]^[20] These scenes highlight shared theological motifs in ancient Near Eastern literature, where the high god El oversees a council of lesser deities, influencing Israelite conceptions of a heavenly court without implying strict polytheism.^[15] Specific Ugaritic deities further link to elohim concepts, with Baal as a prominent storm god and warrior within the ʾlhm pantheon, often acting as El's subordinate yet challenging his authority in myths like the Baal Cycle. Asherah, known in Ugaritic as Athirat, serves as El's consort and "mother of the gods," bearing epithets that position her as a nurturing figure integral to the divine assembly (e.g., KTU 1.4.III:21–22, where she is rbt ʾaṯrt ym "Lady Athirat of the Sea").^[21]^[22] Athirat's role as El's wife and intercessor reflects broader elohim-like familial structures in Canaanite theology, with her cultic presence in Ugaritic rituals paralleling later biblical references to Asherah poles.^[23] These Ugaritic parallels influenced Israelite monolatry by providing a framework for elevating Yahweh within a council motif, evidenced by shared epithets like El Shaddai ("God Almighty"), attested in Ugaritic personal names and texts as a title for El (e.g., in Ras Shamra onomastics).^[24] This epithet, appearing in biblical patriarchal narratives (Genesis 17:1), suggests continuity from Canaanite traditions where El Shaddai connoted a protective, mountain-dwelling deity, aiding the transition to Yahwistic worship.^[25] Overall, the tablets illustrate how ʾlhm functioned as both a singular high god and plural pantheon, shaping early Israelite theology through mythological and lexical borrowing.^[7]

Biblical Applications

Singular Usage for the God of Israel

In the Hebrew Bible, Elohim appears over 2,600 times, with the majority of these instances functioning as a singular proper name for the God of Israel, often paired with singular verbs and adjectives to denote a unified divine subject.^[1] This monotheistic adaptation transforms the morphologically plural form into a title emphasizing Yahweh's sole authority, as seen in the opening of the creation narrative: "In the beginning Elohim created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis 1:1), where the singular verb bara ("created") highlights divine origination.^[1] The term's singular usage is prominently linked to motifs of creation and covenant, portraying God as the transcendent creator and faithful covenant partner. In priestly texts like Genesis 1, Elohim evokes God's orderly and powerful role in forming the cosmos from chaos.^[1] This theme extends to covenant contexts, such as Exodus 20:2: "I am Yahweh your Elohim, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery," where it underscores God's redemptive authority and relational bond with Israel.^[1] Distinct from the personal name YHWH, which conveys intimacy and specificity, Elohim functions as a majestic title accentuating divine power and sovereignty, frequently in priestly writings (e.g., Genesis 1) and narrative portions (e.g., Exodus 6:2–3).^[2] In these sources, it emphasizes Yahweh's supreme might without implying multiplicity, adapting ancient Near Eastern terminology to Israelite monotheism.^[1] Scholars interpret this singular Elohim as a hypostatic title, representing a concrete manifestation or aspect of divine authority that concretizes an abstract sense of godhood.^[26] Such views highlight its role in affirming Yahweh's unique essence amid broader Semitic linguistic traditions.

Plural Usage and Interpretations

In the Hebrew Bible, the term Elohim occasionally appears in contexts that emphasize its plural form through associated pronouns or verbs, prompting diverse interpretive traditions. A prominent example is Genesis 1:26, where Elohim states, "Let us make humankind in our image, after our likeness," using plural cohortative and pronominal forms that suggest a collective deliberation.^[27] This phrasing has been understood in ancient Jewish exegesis as a majestic plural, a rhetorical device indicating divine authority and intensity rather than numerical plurality, akin to royal speech patterns in Semitic languages.^[27] Alternatively, some interpretations view it as divine consultation with celestial beings, reflecting a participatory act in creation without implying multiple deities of equal status.^[27] Rare instances where Elohim governs plural verbs further highlight potential polytheistic undertones or references to subordinate divine entities. For example, in Psalm 82:1, God stands in the congregation of the mighty; he judges among the gods (elohim with plural implications in context), evoking ancient Near Eastern conceptions of a pantheon or council of gods, though the verse's theological context subordinates them to Yahweh's authority.^[28] Rabbinic literature addresses the plural form of Elohim through midrashic explanations that reconcile it with monotheism, often portraying it as an expression of divine humility or inclusivity. In Genesis Rabbah 8:3-8, for instance, the plural in Genesis 1:26 is interpreted as God consulting the angels to teach humility, emphasizing that creation involves heavenly witnesses but ultimate authority rests solely with the one God. Other midrashim suggest the plural signifies God's multifaceted attributes or a deliberate avoidance of arrogance, transforming linguistic plurality into a theological virtue that underscores divine transcendence.^[29] Modern scholarship debates whether such plural usages preserve remnants of henotheistic origins in Israelite religion, where Yahweh was supreme among other gods, later edited into a monotheistic framework during the exilic or post-exilic periods. Proponents of this view cite textual inconsistencies, like the plural forms in early poetic strata, as evidence of an evolutionary shift from acknowledging rival deities to exclusive Yahwism around the 6th century BCE.^[30] Conversely, some argue these are stylistic or abstract plurals consistent with monotheism from the outset, reflecting rhetorical intensification rather than polytheistic survival, though archaeological and comparative data from Ugaritic texts support gradual theological refinement.^[31]

References to Divine Beings and Human Figures

In the Hebrew Bible, the term elohim occasionally refers to angelic or divine beings subordinate to the supreme God, illustrating its semantic range beyond monotheistic usage. For instance, Psalm 8:5 describes humanity as made "a little lower than the elohim," where the context suggests heavenly entities rather than the singular deity, emphasizing human dignity in relation to spiritual powers.^[32] Similarly, Genesis 6:2 employs "sons of elohim" to denote divine beings who interact with human women, a phrase interpreted by many scholars as referring to angels or supernatural entities in ancient Near Eastern cosmological motifs.^[33] These references highlight elohim's flexibility in denoting a class of exalted, non-human figures within the divine hierarchy. The word elohim also extends to human figures invested with authority, particularly in judicial contexts, where it conveys the idea of divinely sanctioned power. In Exodus 21:6, the instruction to "bring [the servant] to the elohim" is understood as referring to human judges or elders who officiate legal proceedings, such as the ritual of servitude, underscoring the term's application to earthly representatives of justice.^[34] This usage reflects a broader biblical pattern where elohim attributes quasi-divine authority to mortals acting in God's stead, blending the sacred and profane realms without implying deification. A prominent motif involving elohim as divine beings appears in depictions of the "divine council," an assembly of heavenly entities presided over by Yahweh. In Job 1:6, the "sons of elohim" (bene elohim) gather before Yahweh, portraying them as subordinate members of this celestial court who report and receive directives, akin to ancient Near Eastern assemblies of gods.^[35] Psalm 82 further elaborates this concept, with Yahweh judging the elohim for failing to uphold justice among nations, declaring them "gods" (elohim) and "sons of the Most High" yet mortal in their accountability, which reinforces the term's role in describing a tiered divine order.^[35] The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, often renders elohim in these non-supreme contexts as angeloi ("angels" or "messengers"), clarifying distinctions from the primary deity. For example, in Psalm 8:5, the Hebrew elohim becomes angeloi, aligning with interpretations of intermediary beings and influencing later Jewish and Christian exegesis.^[36] This translational choice in passages like Job 1:6 and Genesis 6:2 similarly emphasizes angelic over polytheistic connotations, adapting the term for Hellenistic audiences while preserving its plural implications for divine subordinates.^[36]

Source Criticism and Textual Analysis

The Elohist Source

The Elohist (E) source represents one of the four hypothetical documentary strands proposed in the Documentary Hypothesis for the composition of the Pentateuch, formalized by Julius Wellhausen in the late 19th century. This hypothesis posits that the Torah was compiled from independent sources—J (Yahwist), E (Elohist), D (Deuteronomist), and P (Priestly)—edited together over centuries. The E source is distinguished by its predominant use of "Elohim" as the name for God, reflecting a northern Israelite perspective, and is dated by scholars to the 9th or 8th century BCE, likely originating in the northern kingdom of Israel after the schism from Judah around 922 BCE.^[37]^[38] Key texts attributed to E include portions of the patriarchal narratives in Genesis, such as the story of Abraham's deception in Genesis 20:1b-18 and the binding of Isaac in Genesis 22:1-19, as well as elements of the Exodus account like the oppression of the Israelites in Exodus 1:15-22 and the burning bush revelation in Exodus 3:4b-15, though the latter shows signs of later Priestly editing. These passages emphasize prophetic figures and divine encounters mediated through dreams, angels, or indirect means rather than direct appearances. Stylistically, E features more dialogue-heavy narratives and an emphasis on the "fear of God" as a theme of reverence and obedience, as seen in Abraham's test in Genesis 22:12, where God declares, "Now I know that you fear God." While E includes some anthropomorphic depictions of God—such as speaking through intermediaries—it generally portrays the divine more abstractly and distantly than the Yahwist source, with "Elohim" used consistently until the revelation of YHWH's name to Moses at Exodus 3:14.^[38]^[37]^[38] Scholarly critiques of the Elohist source and the broader Documentary Hypothesis have emerged prominently in the 20th and 21st centuries, questioning the coherence and independence of E as a unified document. Critics like Umberto Cassuto in the 1940s argued that E may represent fragments or supplements to earlier traditions rather than a distinct source, while others, such as Richard Elliott Friedman, defend a modified version but acknowledge overlaps with J in the combined JE material. Alternative models, including the supplementary hypothesis—which views the Pentateuch as a core text expanded through layers of additions—and fragmentary approaches, have gained traction post-Wellhausen, emphasizing redactional processes over four clean sources. These debates highlight ongoing uncertainties about E's precise extent and dating, with some proposing a later composition influenced by northern prophetic circles.^[39]^[39]

Plural-Singular Constructs in Hebrew Bible

In Semitic languages, including Biblical Hebrew, the pluralis excellentiae (also known as the majestic plural or plural of intensity) is a grammatical construction whereby a plural noun form expresses a singular entity to convey majesty, excellence, or augmentation, often applied to divine, royal, or formidable subjects. This feature appears across ancient Near Eastern texts but is particularly evident in the Hebrew Bible, where it underscores the grandeur of the referent without implying multiplicity. Scholarly analyses trace its roots to broader Semitic patterns, distinguishing it from standard plurals by its syntactic behavior, such as agreement with singular verbs or adjectives.^[40] The most prominent example is Elohim (אֱלֹהִים), appearing over 2,600 times in the Hebrew Bible, primarily as a title for the singular God of Israel despite its plural form. It consistently takes singular verbs and pronouns, as in Genesis 1:1 ("In the beginning Elohim created [singular] the heavens and the earth"), emphasizing divine sovereignty and majesty. This usage parallels other instances, such as Adonai (אֲדוֹנָי), literally "my lords" as the plural of adon ("lord" or "master"), which appears over 400 times with singular verbs and modifiers to denote God's supreme authority. For instance, in Malachi 1:6, it invokes God as the singular "master" demanding honor, intensifying the term's honorific weight. Likewise, behemoth (בְּהֵמוֹת, bəhēmôt) in Job 40:15 refers to a singular colossal beast as a symbol of untamable power, deriving from the plural of behemah ("beast") to augment its majestic scale in poetic description. These cases parallel the phenomenon's application in other Semitic contexts, such as Ugaritic, where plural forms elevate nouns for emphasis.^[40] This plural-singular dynamic carries implications for textual criticism, as variant readings in ancient manuscripts reveal challenges in interpreting these forms, influencing understandings of majestic or divine elements. For example, the Septuagint often renders plural majesty terms like Elohim in singular forms, affecting monotheistic interpretations in Second Temple Judaism and early translations. Such variants underscore the stability of this Semitic idiom across textual traditions, though occasional differences highlight scribal emphases on intensity.^[41]

Interpretations in Religious Traditions

In Judaism and Christianity

In Jewish theology, Elohim is interpreted within a strictly monotheistic framework, emphasizing God's absolute unity despite the term's plural form. Medieval philosopher Maimonides, in his Guide for the Perplexed, argued that Elohim denotes the singular, incorporeal essence of God, rejecting any implication of plurality and aligning it with philosophical proofs of divine oneness derived from Aristotelian logic.^[42] In Kabbalistic traditions, Elohim is associated with the sefira of Binah (Understanding), the third emanation on the Tree of Life, representing the feminine, receptive aspect of divine intellect that structures creation through analytical discernment.^[43] Christian patristic interpreters, such as Augustine of Hippo, viewed the plural form of Elohim in Genesis as a subtle foreshadowing of the Trinity, where the singular verb forms underscore unity amid plurality, reflecting the coeternal Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.^[44] During the Reformation, translations like Martin Luther's German Bible (1534) and the King James Version (1611) rendered Elohim uniformly as "Gott" or "God," prioritizing doctrinal clarity to affirm monotheism and avoid polytheistic misreadings in vernacular contexts.^[45] Modern Jewish scholarship, exemplified by Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig's 1925–1961 German translation Die Schrift, aimed to preserve the Hebrew Bible's oral and dialogical qualities, encouraging readers to engage with its theological ambiguities. Theological debates surrounding Elohim often center on its conveyance of divine transcendence versus immanence. In Judaism, Elohim symbolizes God's majestic, judgmental power—transcendent as the sovereign creator—while paired with YHWH to balance immanent mercy, as explored in medieval commentaries and modern analyses.^[46] Christian theology similarly employs Elohim to depict God's transcendent sovereignty in creation (e.g., Genesis 1:1), yet integrates it with immanent relationality through Christ, fostering discussions on how the term bridges the infinite divine with the finite world.^[46]

In the Latter Day Saint Movement

In the theology of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Elohim is understood as the proper name-title for God the Eternal Father, distinct from Jehovah, who is identified as Jesus Christ in His premortal role. This distinction emerged in Joseph Smith's teachings during the 1830s and 1840s, influenced by his study of Hebrew and revelations emphasizing a plurality of divine beings. Smith taught that Elohim represents supreme power and exaltation, serving as the literal father of the spirits of all humanity, including Jesus Christ.^[47]^[1] A key development occurred in the King Follett Discourse delivered by Smith on April 7, 1844, where he highlighted the plural form of Elohim in Genesis 1:1, interpreting it as evidence of multiple gods organized in a divine council under the direction of the head God. Smith stated, "The head one of the Gods brought forth the Gods," linking this plurality to the creation process and the potential for human deification. This sermon formalized the concept that Elohim presides over other divine beings, tying into broader doctrines of eternal progression.^[48]^[49] The term Elohim appears in Latter-day Saint scriptures such as the Pearl of Great Price and Doctrine and Covenants, often in contexts affirming premortal existence and familial divine relationships. In the Book of Abraham, the creation narrative describes "the Gods" organizing the earth, with Elohim implied as the presiding Father directing Jehovah and others, underscoring premortal councils where spirits were organized. Doctrine and Covenants 132:20 promises that the exalted will become "gods" like Elohim, inheriting all power and continuing the works of creation eternally. These texts portray Elohim as the architect of the plan of salvation, from premortal life to exaltation. The plurality associated with Elohim connects directly to the doctrine of exaltation, where faithful individuals progress to become like God the Father, joining divine councils and achieving godhood through eternal marriage and obedience. This teaching, rooted in Smith's revelations, posits that humans are literal spirit children of Elohim with divine potential, as articulated in Doctrine and Covenants 76 and 132. Exaltation enables participants to participate in creation and governance akin to Elohim's role.^[50]^[1] Contemporary Latter-day Saint scholarship reinforces these interpretations, with historians noting the evolution from early fluid usage to the 1916 First Presidency clarification distinguishing Elohim as the Father from Jehovah as the Son. In temple ordinances, Elohim is invoked as the authoritative voice of God the Father, guiding participants through covenants that echo premortal and exaltation themes, though details remain sacred and are not publicly elaborated. Scholars at institutions like Brigham Young University emphasize Elohim's role in embodying familial and plural divine majesty, aligning with Smith's original teachings.^[1]

In Gnosticism and Raëlism

In Gnostic traditions of the 2nd to 4th centuries CE, as preserved in the Nag Hammadi library, Elohim is portrayed not as the supreme deity but as one of the subordinate archons or cosmic rulers under the authority of the demiurge Yaldabaoth (also known as Saklas or Samael). The Apocryphon of John, a key Sethian Gnostic text, describes Elohim emerging as the first of two sons born to Eve following her assault by Yaldabaoth; Elohim is depicted with a bear's face, deemed unrighteous, and assigned dominion over the elements of water and earth.^[51] This representation contrasts sharply with the true, ineffable God—the Invisible Spirit—who exists beyond the material realm as an eternal, uncontaminated source of light and knowledge. Yaldabaoth, the ignorant and arrogant chief ruler who fashions the flawed physical world and its 365 demons, is equated with the biblical creator God of the Hebrew Scriptures, including the figure addressed as Elohim, falsely proclaiming, "I am God, and there is no other God beside me."^[52] Gnostic cosmology thus reframes Elohim within a dualistic framework, where these lower powers embody deception and limitation, trapping divine sparks (human souls) in matter until liberated through gnosis, or salvific knowledge.^[51] Raëlism, founded in 1974 by French journalist Claude Vorilhon (who adopted the name Raël after an alleged encounter), reinterprets Elohim as a plural term for advanced extraterrestrial beings from a distant planet who scientifically engineered all life on Earth, including humanity, through genetic manipulation and DNA synthesis. Vorilhon claimed that in 1973, near Clermont-Ferrand, France, he met these Elohim—who resemble humans but possess superior technology—and was taken to their world in 1975, where they revealed humanity's origins and tasked him with preparing Earth for their return.^[53] This narrative is detailed in his 1974 book The Book Which Tells the Truth, which posits Elohim as the "those who came from the sky" referenced in ancient Hebrew texts, mistranslated as a singular God; they created humans in laboratories as an experiment in infinite diversity, drawing from ancient astronaut hypotheses popularized by figures like Erich von Däniken.^[54] Raëlians view Elohim as atheist scientists promoting sensuality, peace, and scientific progress, with rituals like the "transmission of the cellular plan" (a palm-marking ceremony) intended to send human DNA to Elohim computers for future resurrection via cloning.^[55] The movement's emphasis on cloning as a path to immortality gained notoriety in 2002 when its affiliate Clonaid announced the birth of the first cloned human, "Eve," though no verifiable evidence emerged, leading to widespread scientific skepticism and regulatory scrutiny.^[56] In the 2020s, Raëlism has continued advocating human cloning and genetic engineering as fulfillment of Elohim's vision, with Raël publishing updates like Intelligent Design (revised editions post-2020) to affirm extraterrestrial creation amid debates on transhumanism, while facing critiques for pseudoscience and cult-like structure from scholars in new religious movements.^[57] This modern fringe cosmology has influenced UFO religions and popular media, including a 2024 Netflix documentary exploring its claims, but remains marginal, claiming around 100,000 adherents worldwide (though verified figures are lower, around 20,000 as of the 2010s).^[58]

References

[1]
Usage of the Title Elohim - BYU Religious Studies Center
The word can be translated as “god,” “gods,” “God,” “divinity,” “divine,” “godhood,” and “godhead.” It can govern both plural and singular verbs and ...
[2]
Ask a Scholar: What Does YHWH Elohim Mean? by Mark D. Futato
YHWH is the personal name of Israel's God, and Elohim is a common noun for deity. YHWH Elohim means the personal God of Israel is the universal God.
[3]
Elohim - Etymology, Origin & Meaning of the Name
Originating c. 1600 from Hebrew plural Eloh, possibly an augmentation of El, the name Elohim means God and is key to Old Testament authorship studies.
[4]
Who Are the Elohim? The Answer Might Rattle Your Theology
Most often (over 2,000 times) in the Hebrew Bible it is singular, referring to the God of Israel. We have words like this in English. For example, the word ...
[5]
Appendix II - Semitic Roots - American Heritage Dictionary
Central Semitic extended form ʾilāh‑, god. Elohim, from Hebrew ʾĕlōhîm, God, plural (used as singular) of ʾĕlōah, god. Allah, from Arabic allāh, ...
[6]
Semitic *ʾilāh- and Hebrew :אלהים From plural 'gods' to singular 'God'
As already noted by Wellhausen, this looks like a broken plural of *ʾil-, the Proto-Semitic word for 'god'. This article takes Wellhausen's observation and ...Missing: ilu | Show results with:ilu
[7]
[PDF] The God of the Patriarchs and the Ugaritic Texts: A Shared Religious ...
The Word 'il and the God El in West Semitic Language and Cult. The name of the head Canaanite god is 'il or El, which is the same word for “god” in many of ...
[8]
Religion at Kuntillet ʿAjrud - MDPI
The discovery of early Hebrew inscriptions at the site of Kuntillet ʿAjrud has generated considerable discussion among scholars over the past few decades.Missing: attestations | Show results with:attestations
[9]
(PDF) The Myth of the Plural of Majesty - Academia.edu
The plural of majesty lacks historical and linguistic support in biblical Hebrew. Ancient Hebrew texts do not exhibit any evidence for majestic plurality.Missing: etymology generic
[10]
Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/124. The Various Uses of the Plural-form - Wikisource, the free online library
### Summary of Plural of Majesty or Intensity (Section g-i)
[11]
Semitic *ʾilāh- and Hebrew אלהים‎: From plural 'gods' to singular 'God'
May 29, 2025 · The Biblical Hebrew word אלהים‎ is plural in form. Semantically and syntactically, however, it can be plural or singular.
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The Semitic Plural Elohim: Grammatical Complexity and Theological ...
The Hebrew term Elohim (אֱלֹהִים) appears throughout the Old Testament as a grammatically plural noun referring to the singular God of Israel.Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
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[PDF] The Divine Council and Israelite Monotheism - MacSphere
The name Elohim is used consistently throughout, though most scholars ... Ugaritic 'jim correspond to the Hebrew. 'elim and 'elOhim. Phrases like "sons of ...
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[PDF] Usage of the Title Elohim - BYU ScholarsArchive
This is why elohim is sometimes used as we would use an adjective in English to indicate that the noun it modifies has divine qualities.19 For example, the.
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[PDF] An Analysis of the Function of Yahweh in the Divine Council of ...
May 5, 2010 · Instead, scholars use the divine council parallels in the Ugaritic texts and Hebrew texts to prove that the biblical religion was no different.Missing: collective | Show results with:collective
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YHWH and El (Chapter Six) - Yahweh and the Origins of Ancient Israel
May 18, 2023 · Most sources claiming that YHWH and Elohim are identical by quoting the biblical formula “YHWH is Elohim” share a similar ambiguity. This ...
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Ninety years of Ugaritic Studies - CREWS Project
May 14, 2019 · We now know that Ras Shamra was the site of ancient Ugarit, a prosperous merchant city of the Bronze Age, and Minet el-Beida was its port, ...Missing: 1928-1937 | Show results with:1928-1937<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] DIVINE COUNCIL - Dr. Michael Heiser
The ʿdt ʾilm (“assembly of El/the gods”) of Ugaritic texts represents the most precise parallel to the data of the Hebrew Bible. Psalm 82:1 uses the same ...
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[PDF] The Canaanite God El: His Role in Ugaritic Literature - MacSphere
Since the passage IIIAD B 19-31 is the only one in the. Ugaritic texts which represents El as presiding over the. 'assembly of tho gods, and since tho place of ...
[20]
[PDF] The Heavenly Family of Ugarit | Ploni Almoni
Aug 15, 2017 · 9 As such, scholars regularly speak of the Ugaritic divine council as the Assembly of El. The Ugaritic divine council is consistently ...
[21]
[PDF] Athirat: As Found at Ras Shamra - BYU ScholarsArchive
Jun 6, 2007 · ... consort of El, a wet nurse to men and gods, and a goddess of the sea. In Ugarit she is called Athirat, but is also known to us as Asherah ...
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(PDF) Athirat, Asherah, Ashratu: a reassessment according to the ...
In this culture Athirat appears primarily in relationship to other gods. She is the consort of El, the head of the pantheon. In the Elimelek tablets her title ...
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[PDF] Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature
The Kuntillet 'Ajrud inscriptions date from about 800 B.C. and thus give us a direct insight into the nature of the popular religion so scathingly condemned ...<|separator|>
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B425 Ugarit and the Bible - Quartz Hill School of Theology
For in those texts the sons of god are the sons of El. Other deities worshipped at Ugarit were El Shaddai, El Elyon, and El Berith. All of these names are ...
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[PDF] A Reevaluation of the Etymology and Character of (ˀēl) šadday
this etymology runs into several phonological problems. First, the noun śādê begins with Proto-Semitic ś, while šaddaybegins with Proto-Semitic s. Because.
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Philosophical assumptions related to the question “What is a god ...
Oct 17, 2018 · In the Hebrew Bible (HB), the word “elohim” (as well as related ... hypostasis that overlapped with God while retaining a distinct nature.<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] The Meaning of "Let Us" in Gn 1:26
The plural "let us" in the phrase "let us make man" in Gn 1:26 has a long history of interpretation, reaching into pre-Christian times. What does the plural ...
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[PDF] Should אלהים (ʾĔLŌHÎM) with Plural Predication Be Translated ...
the plural verb form. however, the suffix alone is not entirely persuasive enough to rule out a plural translation, since singular suffixes can refer to plural.
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[PDF] An Explanation of the Plural Form of God's Name - Biblioteka Nauki
God's name “Elohim,” common in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition, is always used with verbs in the singular even though it is in the plural form. It is ...
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[PDF] Monotheism, Polytheism, Monolatry, or Henotheism? Toward an ...
The dominant critical consensus since the late nineteenth century holds that Israel's faith evolved from polytheism or henotheism to monotheism.
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[PDF] MONOTHEISM AND THE LANGUAGE OF DIVINE PLURALITY IN ...
Most Hebrew Bible scholars believe that Israelite religion evolved from polytheism to monotheism, an evolution in which the biblical writers participated.
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Some observations about the" Vorlage" of Ps 8: 5-7 in Heb 2: 6-8
The LXX, though, translated Elohim as “angels”. Siegert confirmed this ... 3 PSALM 8:5-7 IN HEBREWS 2:6-8 Ps 2:7 served to substantiate the exalted ...
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(2016) Identifying the "Sons of God" in Genesis 6:1–7 - Academia.edu
This paper contends that the "sons of God" referenced in Genesis 6:1-7 should be understood as evil angels rather than as descendants from the line of Seth.
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“For the Judgment is God's”: Human Judgment and Divine Justice in ...
Apr 24, 2015 · Unlike Exodus, which emphasizes the integrity of the judges ... The reading of elohim as judges resolves these difficulties as well.
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The Divine Council. (Exegetical Notes on Psalm 82) - Academia.edu
Psalm 82 raises complex issues surrounding the identity of 'gods' in the divine council. Interpretation of 'elohim' varies; it can mean 'gods' or 'God' based on ...
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Some observations about the Vorlage of Ps 8:5-7 in Heb 2:6-8
Aug 8, 2025 · The LXX, though, translated Elohim as “angels”. Siegert confirmed this: “Überall, wo elohim eine Mehrzahl meint,. ändert die Septuaginta ...
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Documentary Hypothesis: The Revelation of YHWH's Name ...
Jan 15, 2014 · The Documentary Hypothesis (also called source criticism) in its classical form proposes that the Torah (or the Hexateuch, the Torah + Joshua) ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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SCTR 15 The Documentary Hypothesis: The Elohist Source (Murphy ...
The most important theme or teaching in the entire Elohist corpus is the fear of God. This fear is not so much terror or anxiety as it is a kind of respect and ...Contents · Later Echoes · New Questions
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Reflections on the Documentary Hypothesis - Dialogue Journal
The Documentary Hypothesis is a fascinating chapter in intellectual history from the pre-critical observations of certain rabbis and philosophers concerning ...
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https://hebrewsyntax.org/hebrew_resources/Beckman%20JC%202013%20(Pluralis%20Majestatis%20BH)%20EHLL.pdf
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(PDF) "The Plural of Majesty in the Hebrew Bible - Academia.edu
The primary purpose of this essay is to define the concept of the plural of majesty and determine how pervasive it is within the Hebrew Bible.
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Moses Maimonides: Guide for the Perplexed
For these two principles, the existence of God and His Unity, can be arrived at by means of reasoning, and whatever can be established by proof is known by the ...
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The Kabbalah of Divine Names - Chabad.org
The Kabbalah of Divine Names ; Name. Sefira. Attribute ; Ekya. Ketter. Desire ; Kah. Chochmah. Wisdom ; YHVH vowelized as Elokim. Binah. Understanding ; Kel. Chessed.
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Triune Creator - Theopolis Institute
Jun 23, 2021 · The God who creates the world in Genesis 1 is named by the Hebrew plural 'elohim. In Canaanite usage, the singular 'el is the name of the ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] The King James Version and Luther's Bible Translation
Graham Tomlin here examines perhaps two of the most influential Reformation texts: Martin. Luther's translation of the Bible (1534) and the King James ...Missing: Elohim | Show results with:Elohim
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Biblical Study: The Proper Name of יהוה(Yahweh) that his People ...
Sep 26, 2024 · YAHWEH is a God/Elohim who is close to His people (immanent), He is also a God/Elohim who is far from His people (transcendent), therefore ...
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Chapter 3: God the Eternal Father
“God the Eternal Father, whom we designate by the exalted name-title 'Elohim,' is the literal Parent of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, and of the spirits of ...Missing: theology | Show results with:theology
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The King Follett Sermon
The King Follett Sermon, one of the classics of Church literature, was given by the Prophet Joseph Smith at the April 7, 1844, conference of the Church in ...The Character Of God · God An Exalted Man · The Righteous To Dwell In...Missing: text | Show results with:text
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Enrichment Section A: Who Is the God of the Old Testament
Talmage explained the special significance Elohim has for Latter-day Saints: “The name Elohim … is expressive of supreme or absolute exaltation and power.
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Becoming Like God - The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Since that sermon, known as the King Follett discourse, the doctrine that humans can progress to exaltation and godliness has been taught within the Church.Missing: Elohim | Show results with:Elohim
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The Secret Book of John (Apocryphon of John) - The Gnosis Archive
The Apocryphon of John trans. by Stevan Davies, along with extensive materials about the Gnostic traditions of John. This site includes the entire Hammadi ...
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Gnosticism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Gnosticism (after gnôsis, the Greek word for “knowledge” or “insight”) is the name given to a loosely organized religious and philosophical movement
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Extraterrestrials created all life on Earth - RAEL.ORG
... ELOHIM”, which in ancient Hebrew means, “Those who came from the sky.” Despite being a plural word, over time the word “Elohim” was mistranslated into the ...
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RAEL.ORG
Maitreya Rael is the last messenger sent by our extraterrestrial creators, the Elohim. Like Moses, Buddha, Jesus, and Mohammed, the last prophet, Rael, was ...
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Factsheet: the Raëlian movement - Religion Media Centre
Jan 7, 2022 · Vorilhon says he was told that humans were implanted on Earth by the Elohim, created in laboratories from the Elohim's DNA. The Elohim gave ...
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Raëlism: An Unconventional Religious Pathway to Transhumanism
Jul 9, 2024 · This article provides an overview of the history, ideology, and practices of the Raëlian Movement and its relationship with transhumanism.
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https://www.rael.org/ebook/intelligent-design/
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God – Elah
Article discussing the Aramaic term Elah as a designation for God and its relation to Hebrew terms like Eloah and Elohim in biblical contexts.