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General order

A general order is a formal, published directive issued by a commander or authorized military headquarters, binding on all personnel under their authority and addressing permanent policies, procedures, or matters of broad interest within the organization. In military contexts, these orders serve to enforce regulations, announce official actions, or establish standing guidelines that are not covered by existing laws or service-specific rules.^[1] General orders differ from special orders, which are typically more temporary, directive in nature, and targeted at specific individuals, units, or situations rather than applying broadly across a command.^[2] They are often numbered sequentially for reference and can include announcements, policy updates, or ethical directives, ensuring uniformity and discipline throughout the force.^[3] Historically, general orders have been used since the early days of organized militaries to maintain order and communicate essential information efficiently. A prominent application of general orders in the United States Armed Forces is the general orders for sentries, which vary by branch: the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard use a set of 11 orders, while the Army and Air Force use three.^[2] These orders emphasize core responsibilities such as taking charge of one's post, reporting irregularities, and obeying commands, forming the foundational training for recruits to ensure vigilant security in diverse scenarios. Mastery of these orders is a fundamental requirement for service members, underscoring their role in upholding operational readiness and accountability.^[3]

Definition and Characteristics

Core Definition

A general order is a published directive issued by a military commander that establishes permanent instructions applicable to all personnel within their command, focusing on broad policy, administration, or operational guidelines rather than targeting specific units or individuals.^[4] These orders are binding on the entire organization under the commander's authority, ensuring uniform conduct and compliance across the force.^[4] In distinction from other military directives, general orders differ from special orders, which are tailored instructions affecting only individuals or small groups for particular duties or assignments.^[4] This broad scope allows general orders to address command-wide matters, such as disciplinary standards or resource allocation, without the specificity required for ad hoc or personal directives. The term "general order" derives from 18th- and 19th-century military practices in European and American armies, where such directives emerged to standardize command administration during conflicts like the American Revolutionary War.^[5] It was formalized in U.S. military regulations through the Articles of War, first adopted by the Continental Congress in 1775, which provided the legal framework for issuing such orders to maintain discipline and order in the Continental Army. General orders thus serve primarily to enforce consistent policies that support the command's overall mission and cohesion.^[4]

Key Characteristics

General orders in military organizations are distinguished by their permanence, remaining in effect until explicitly revoked or superseded by subsequent directives, which contrasts with the transient nature of verbal or informal commands. This enduring quality ensures consistent application of policies across extended periods, supporting long-term command stability and discipline. For instance, they are designed for matters of lasting importance that cannot be readily integrated into standing regulations, thereby providing a reliable framework for ongoing operations.^[6] The scope of general orders is comprehensive, applying to all personnel within a specified command structure, including enlisted members, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers, unless exceptions are explicitly stated. This broad applicability extends to entire units such as divisions or armies, ensuring uniform standards and expectations throughout the organization without selective enforcement. Such universality reinforces the hierarchical chain of command and fosters collective accountability.^[6] In terms of format, general orders are typically issued in written form, sequentially numbered (e.g., General Order No. 1), and structured with a heading identifying the issuing authority, a title summarizing the purpose, a body divided into numbered sections (using Roman numerals) and paragraphs (using Arabic numerals) that include rationale for the order, effective dates, and provisions for revocation or amendment, followed by an authentication block verifying the commander's approval. This standardized structure facilitates clear communication and archival reference.^[6] Enforceability is a core attribute, as general orders carry binding legal authority; violations are treated as breaches of military discipline and are punishable under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) for failure to obey a lawful general order or regulation, potentially resulting in administrative or punitive actions to maintain good order and discipline. This legal backing underscores their role in upholding operational integrity and accountability within the force.^[7]

Purpose and Usage

Strategic Objectives

General orders in the military are designed to achieve strategic objectives that underpin discipline and operational efficiency across large-scale forces. At their core, these objectives include fostering uniformity in soldier conduct, effectively communicating command policies on non-tactical matters, implementing preventive measures to deter misconduct, and adapting directives to specific operational contexts such as wartime or peacetime environments. By addressing these aims, general orders help commanders align the behavior and actions of troops with broader mission requirements, minimizing risks to cohesion and effectiveness. A primary strategic objective is to ensure uniformity in conduct, which reduces ambiguity and promotes consistent application of rules among diverse units. This standardization is critical for large forces, where varying interpretations could lead to disorganized responses in scenarios like occupation duties or surrender protocols, thereby maintaining overall command integrity. For instance, general orders outline clear expectations for ethical behavior during such situations, preventing ad hoc decisions that could undermine military objectives.^[8] Another key goal is the communication of policy, allowing commanders to articulate intent on matters beyond tactical operations, such as ethical standards and administrative procedures. These orders serve as a formal channel to disseminate overarching directives, ensuring all personnel understand obligations related to entitlements, reporting, and compliance without reliance on informal guidance. This structured conveyance reinforces accountability and aligns individual actions with institutional values.^[2] General orders also prioritize preventive discipline by establishing proactive rules that avert potential misconduct and preserve good order. Examples include explicit prohibitions on looting, which safeguard resources and international norms, or restrictions on fraternization to protect hierarchical structures and unit cohesion. Such measures deter violations before they occur, fostering a culture of self-regulation and reducing the need for reactive enforcement.^[9] Finally, adaptation to context enables general orders to be tailored to evolving needs, balancing rigidity with flexibility. In wartime, they may emphasize resource conservation to prolong operational sustainability or morale-boosting policies to sustain troop effectiveness under stress, while peacetime versions focus on routine administrative efficiency and community relations. This contextual customization, guided by principles like military necessity, ensures relevance without compromising core disciplinary standards.^[9]

Operational Implementation

In military operations, general orders are integrated into daily routines through structured training programs, pre-deployment briefings, and regular inspections to promote awareness and adherence among personnel. Implementation varies by branch; for example, in the US Army, commanders ensure that units incorporate these orders into annual training support packages, such as those for equal opportunity and sexual harassment prevention, using resources available on systems like the Army Training Network. During in-processing and command climate assessments, personnel receive direct briefings on order requirements, while inspections verify compliance with applicable regulations. This routine embedding helps maintain operational readiness by aligning individual actions with broader directives.^[10]^[11] Monitoring compliance with general orders falls primarily to unit commanders, who conduct periodic audits, compliance reviews, and staff assistance visits to identify deviations and enforce accountability. Violations are reported through established channels, such as military criminal investigation divisions for serious infractions or dedicated databases for tracking issues like extremist activities, with results entered within specified timelines like 30 days for command climate assessments. Commanders also oversee organizational inspection programs, tailoring audits to unit needs and ensuring corrective actions address root causes of non-compliance, as guided by service-specific inspector general doctrines. These mechanisms allow for proactive enforcement, minimizing disruptions in ongoing operations.^[11]^[12] Amendments to general orders are handled through coordinated procedures that avoid full reissuance, preserving operational continuity while addressing minor clarifications or evolving needs. Changes are processed via the chain of command with input from legal advisors, and updates are disseminated service-wide by appropriate headquarters, often requiring approval from higher authorities for waivers. For instance, new command assumptions trigger updated documentation without overhauling existing orders, and regulatory guidance permits supplements for specific adjustments. This approach ensures directives remain relevant without interrupting mission focus.^[11] The application of general orders significantly enhances unit cohesion by establishing a shared framework that reduces ambiguities and fosters mutual trust among members. Military discipline—bolstered by consistent order enforcement—manifests in cohesion, bonding, and teamwork, creating equitable environments that prevent conflicts arising from unclear expectations. By promoting dignity, respect, and swift resolution of issues through training and inspections, these orders contribute to stronger interpersonal dynamics and overall operational effectiveness.^[11]

Issuance Process

Preparation and Approval

The preparation of a general order begins with drafting by designated staff officers, typically the adjutant or personnel staff (G-1/S-1) in the US Army, who coordinate input from operations (G-3/S-3), logistics (G-4/S-4), and other sections to ensure the directive addresses legal, logistical, and ethical considerations. This process involves reviewing applicable Army regulations, such as AR 25-50 for correspondence standards and AR 25-30 for publication guidelines, to verify compliance with policy and avoid conflicts with higher directives.^[13]^[14] Templates from military manuals, including standardized formats in DA Pam 25-40 (as of October 2024), are used to maintain consistency in structure and language, emphasizing clarity, active voice, and numbered paragraphs for directives.^[15] Key content elements include a preamble that states the issuing authority, such as the headquarters, location, date, and order number (e.g., "General Orders No. 1"), establishing the scope and legal basis. The body contains the core directives, often organized into consecutively numbered paragraphs or sections detailing what is required, why (purpose), when (effective date), how (methods), where (applicable areas), and who (assigned personnel or units), with provisions for any necessary allotments or citations to supporting regulations. The document concludes with a signature block for authentication, typically phrased as "By order of [Commander]" followed by the signature of the adjutant, chief of staff, or the commander themselves, ensuring official validity.^[16] Approval follows a hierarchical process, starting with internal staff coordination where the draft is staffed among relevant sections for concurrence, often including input from higher echelons if the order impacts broader operations. Legal advisors, such as the Staff Judge Advocate (SJA) or Judge Advocate General (JAG) representatives, conduct a mandatory review to confirm adherence to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), international law, and ethical standards, particularly for orders involving personnel actions, restrictions, or resource allocation. Final sign-off is provided by the issuing commander, who may delegate authentication to the chief of staff in larger units, with the order becoming binding upon signature.^[17] The timeline for preparation varies by urgency and complexity; urgent orders, such as those in response to immediate operational needs, are typically completed within 24 to 72 hours using abbreviated processes like verbal warnings followed by written confirmation. More complex general orders, involving extensive coordination or doctrinal alignment, may require several days to weeks, adhering to the one-third/two-thirds planning rule where the commander allocates one-third of available time for development and the remainder for subordinate execution and refinement (as of FM 5-0, November 2024).^[17]

Publication and Communication

Once approved, general orders are officially published through established military channels to ensure widespread awareness and compliance across the command structure. Traditionally, these orders have been disseminated via printed bulletins issued by administrative headquarters down to the regimental level, where they are posted on command boards or incorporated into daily orders of the day for immediate visibility. This method allows for physical authentication with signatures and seals, retaining multiple copies at the issuing headquarters for record-keeping and distribution to personnel sections.^[18] In contemporary militaries, particularly since the 1990s, publication has shifted toward digital distribution to enhance efficiency and reach. General orders are now made available through secure online portals managed by the Army Publishing Directorate, enabling access via departmental networks, email notifications, and specialized applications like the Integrated Personnel and Pay System-Army (IPPS-A) for personnel-related directives.^[19]^[20] Electronic transmission via secure messaging systems supplements physical copies when mailing delays could hinder operational needs, with formats standardized under AR 600-8-105 (as of 2022) to facilitate automated processing.^[20] Acknowledgment protocols are integral to confirming receipt and ensuring accountability, requiring personnel to sign physical receipts, complete relevant sections such as social security numbers on orders for entitlements, or log digital confirmations through unit systems. Verbal orders, often used in urgent scenarios, must be followed by written confirmation within 30 days, with soldiers reporting to specified locations or submitting vouchers as evidence of compliance. These steps tie into broader enforcement mechanisms, where failure to acknowledge can lead to disciplinary review under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.^[20] Disseminating general orders in field conditions presents significant challenges, particularly during deployments with unreliable communications infrastructure. Hard copy methods can suffer from slow delivery and vulnerability to environmental factors, while digital alternatives may falter due to bandwidth limitations or cybersecurity risks in contested environments. Units have reported difficulties in timely dissemination, sometimes resulting in fragmented understanding of directives and requiring confirmatory measures to bridge gaps in reach.^[21]^[22] Note: The processes described herein primarily apply to the United States Army; issuance procedures may vary in other branches of the US Armed Forces, such as the Navy or Air Force.

Types and Variations

Standing General Orders

Standing general orders are permanent directives within military structures, designed to establish enduring rules that apply indefinitely without the need for frequent updates or reissuance. These orders provide a stable framework for routine operations, governance, and discipline, distinguishing them from temporary directives that address specific, short-term situations. Examples include the standardized sentry duties outlined in the 11 General Orders of the U.S. Armed Forces, which guide watchstanding and security protocols across branches, as well as uniform regulations that dictate attire standards for personnel.^[3] Another representative instance is base access policies, which control entry to installations through consistent identification and authorization requirements to maintain security.^[23] Policies on conduct and ethics, such as those in Army Regulation 600-20 on command authority, harassment prevention, and equal opportunity, may be enforced through standing general orders to promote a respectful and cohesive force. These serve as foundational, indefinite guidelines that all personnel must adhere to, reinforcing ethical standards and mission effectiveness.^[11]

Temporary General Orders

Temporary general orders serve as short-term directives issued by military commanders to address specific, time-bound operational needs, providing ad hoc guidance that applies only until the situation resolves or an explicit expiration occurs. Unlike standing orders, they are designed for flexibility in dynamic environments, such as deployments or emergencies. Examples of temporary general orders include conduct restrictions, such as General Order Number 1 issued during the Iraq campaign to regulate behavior prejudicial to good order and discipline, including prohibitions on alcohol and curfews in areas of unrest.^[24] In operational contexts, commanders may issue temporary orders for equipment handling during exercises or to activate units for natural disaster response under Title 32 or Title 10 authorities. For instance, in response to hurricanes or floods, orders may direct reserve components for disaster relief, focusing on logistics and security until civilian agencies resume control.^[25] These orders typically include explicit durations, often aligned with the event's timeframe—such as 30 to 180 days for mobilization periods—and incorporate automatic sunset clauses that terminate them upon mission completion or a set date unless extended. This time-bound nature prevents indefinite application and allows commanders to adapt to changing conditions without overhauling permanent policies.^[26] Temporary general orders are triggered by immediate operational requirements, including enemy actions that necessitate rapid unit mobilization or specific campaign phases demanding tailored directives. If a temporary general order demonstrates long-term effectiveness in maintaining discipline or operational efficiency, it can evolve into a standing order through reissuance as a permanent directive by higher command, integrating successful provisions into ongoing unit policies.

Historical Context

Origins in Military Tradition

The practice of issuing general orders traces its origins to ancient military traditions, where structured directives were essential for maintaining discipline and coordination in large formations. In the Roman legions, commanders issued edicts and standing orders to govern troop conduct and operations, often documented on wax tablets or scrolls and disseminated by centurions to ensure uniform execution across units.^[27] These early written commands formed the basis for regulating army life, including logistics and legal accountability, reflecting a shift from purely oral traditions to formalized documentation that persisted through the empire's expansions.^[28] During the medieval period, the concept evolved through chivalric codes and feudal military regulations, which imposed obligations on knights and levies to foster cohesion in fragmented armies. These codes, embedded in treatises like those influencing court-martial practices, emphasized hierarchical obedience and rudimentary standing instructions, bridging ancient precedents to the more permanent structures of emerging professional forces. By the 17th century, the rise of standing armies in Europe—driven by monarchs like Louis XIV in France and Charles II in England—necessitated systematic orders to manage permanent, paid troops, marking a transition from seasonal levies to ongoing administrative directives that standardized training, pay, and discipline.^[29]^[30] The 18th and 19th centuries saw further formalization, particularly through British colonial influences that shaped militaries in North America and beyond. In the United States, the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of War in 1775, establishing general orders for the Continental Army that mirrored British regulations, covering everything from court-martials to daily routines under George Washington's command.^[31] Concurrently, Prussian reforms under leaders like Gerhard von Scharnhorst and August von Gneisenau, following the 1806 defeat at Jena-Auerstedt, revolutionized command by emphasizing written directives through the General Staff system. The 1812 Reglement and Gneisenau's 1813 guidelines introduced mission-oriented orders, granting subordinates flexibility while ensuring clarity via detailed written intent, a practice that enhanced operational efficiency in campaigns against Napoleon.^[32] World War I accelerated standardization, as Allied forces, including the American Expeditionary Forces, issued uniform general orders to integrate diverse national units under centralized command structures.^[33] Global variations in general orders reflect differing command philosophies, with NATO militaries prioritizing interoperable, doctrine-based directives through agreements like STANAG 2014 for operation orders, fostering alliance-wide consistency. In contrast, non-Western traditions, such as the Soviet model, incorporated political oversight via politruks—political commissars who countersigned military orders to align them with party ideology, a system rooted in the Red Army's formation and persisting through the Cold War to ensure ideological loyalty alongside tactical execution.^[34]^[35]^[36] This historical progression from ancient edicts to structured modern frameworks laid the groundwork for the distinct types of general orders used today.

Notable Examples from Major Conflicts

During the American Civil War, Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant issued General Order No. 11 on December 17, 1862, targeting illicit cotton trading in his Department of the Tennessee, which encompassed parts of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi.^[37] The order specifically expelled "Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders," requiring their removal within 24 hours of receipt, though it affected fewer than 100 individuals before sparking widespread protests.^[37] President Abraham Lincoln revoked the order on January 4, 1863, after appeals highlighted its discriminatory nature, marking it as a rare instance of overt antisemitism in official Union policy and influencing Grant's later efforts to atone during his presidency.^[37] In World War II, General Order No. 1, issued on August 15, 1945, by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters pursuant to the surrender to the Allied Powers, and disseminated through the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, directed the surrender of Japanese Imperial forces to specified Allied commanders across theaters, including China, the Pacific, and Southeast Asia.^[38] This order commanded the Imperial General Headquarters to cease hostilities immediately, liberate Allied prisoners of war and civilian internees, and deliver all military equipment intact, facilitating the structured occupation of Japan under General Douglas MacArthur.^[38] It set foundational terms for demobilization and disarmament, preventing chaos in the postwar transition and enabling the Allied occupation until 1952.^[39] For the 1991 Gulf War, U.S. Central Command issued General Order No. 1 during Operation Desert Shield to regulate troop conduct in Saudi Arabia and surrounding areas, explicitly prohibiting fraternization with host nation civilians to respect Islamic customs and minimize risks of cultural misunderstandings or security incidents.^[40] The order banned unauthorized relationships, entry into religious sites without permission, and other interactions that could provoke local sensitivities, applying to all U.S. personnel and civilians accompanying the force under threat of Uniform Code of Military Justice penalties.^[40] This measure helped maintain operational discipline amid the coalition buildup, contributing to the conflict's relatively low incidence of non-combat frictions with Iraqi or allied civilians.^[41] In post-9/11 conflicts, U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan operated under standing rules of engagement (SROE) that emphasized humane treatment of detainees, as codified in Department of Defense Directive 2310.01 and Army Field Manual 1-04, requiring compliance with the Geneva Conventions and prohibiting cruel, inhuman, or degrading actions.^[42] These orders, updated post-2004 Abu Ghraib revelations, mandated reporting of mistreatment, medical care for detainees, and separation by status to prevent abuses, influencing operations in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom.^[42] The 2005 Detainee Treatment Act further reinforced these ROE by barring inhumane interrogation techniques, shaping a framework that balanced security needs with ethical standards across thousands of detentions.^[43]

Legal and Ethical Implications

Binding Authority

The binding authority of general orders in military hierarchies stems primarily from national military justice codes that enforce obedience to lawful directives. In the United States, this authority is codified in Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which prohibits any person subject to the code from violating or failing to obey any lawful general order or regulation, with punishments determined by court-martial.^[44] Similarly, in the United Kingdom, the Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes this enforceability through Section 12, which makes it an offense for a person subject to service law to disobey a lawful command, whether general or specific, with potential sentences including imprisonment or fines.^[45] Within the chain of command, general orders derive their binding force from being issued by competent authorities—those authorized by law to give such directives—and must align with higher-level superior instructions to remain valid.^[46] However, this authority is not absolute; unlawful orders, which contravene domestic or international law, can and must be refused. Under the Nuremberg principles, established by the International Military Tribunal following World War II, the defense of superior orders does not absolve individuals of responsibility for war crimes or crimes against humanity, thereby obligating service members to assess the legality of directives.^[47] The scope of obedience requires mandatory compliance with lawful general orders, but only if they are not patently illegal, such as those clearly violating constitutional rights or ethical standards. Non-adherence to valid orders can result in penalties ranging from administrative reprimands to severe disciplinary actions, including confinement or dishonorable discharge via court-martial under the UCMJ.^[48] On the international level, general orders must align with the Geneva Conventions to ensure enforceability, particularly those affecting civilians or prisoners of war (POWs). For instance, the Fourth Geneva Convention protects civilian populations from dangers arising from military operations, prohibiting orders that endanger non-combatants without justification, while the Third Geneva Convention mandates humane treatment of POWs, barring directives that expose them to combat zones or use their presence to shield military forces.^[49]^[50] Violations of these conventions can render orders unlawful, subjecting issuers and followers to international accountability.

Accountability and Review

Internal reviews of general orders in the military are primarily conducted through command audits and investigations by Inspectors General (IGs) at service and command levels to assess compliance, efficacy, and adherence to regulations. These mechanisms involve inspections that evaluate unit readiness and policy implementation, investigations into complaints such as whistleblower reprisals or safety violations related to order execution, and evaluations that identify systemic issues in order enforcement. For instance, the Department of Defense IG and military service IGs oversee more than 400 command-level offices that probe potential non-compliance with directives, ensuring accountability without direct commander interference in independent probes.^[51] Judicial oversight provides a mechanism for challenging general orders when they lead to disputes, particularly through military courts under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). If a service member faces charges for failure to obey under Article 92, UCMJ, the legality of the order—requiring it to have a valid military purpose, relate to duty, and not contradict the Constitution or laws—is determined de novo by the military judge as a question of law, with the accused bearing the burden to rebut the presumption of lawfulness. Appeals from courts-martial convictions or acquittals involving order disputes proceed to the respective Courts of Criminal Appeals and potentially the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, allowing higher scrutiny of order validity and application.^[46]^[44] Ethical considerations in reviewing general orders often arise in post-conflict inquiries, exemplified by the Peers Commission investigation into the My Lai massacre, which exposed failures in command responsibility, ambiguous rules of engagement (ROE), and inadequate training on protecting noncombatants. The inquiry revealed how unclear directives and a permissive command climate enabled atrocities, recommending enhanced leadership accountability, clarified order issuance to prevent misinterpretation, and rigorous, ongoing training in the laws of war to foster ethical compliance. These findings prompted revisions to Army policies, including stricter emphasis on noncombatant safeguards in operational orders.^[52] Historical reforms following the Vietnam War incorporated these ethical lessons by updating military directives to prioritize human rights, such as revising ROE to more explicitly align with international humanitarian law and reinforcing training on lawful orders to avoid superior command excesses. Post-Vietnam doctrinal shifts, including amendments to field manuals like FM 27-10 on the law of land warfare, emphasized proportionality and civilian protection in general orders, addressing Vietnam-era lapses that contributed to incidents like My Lai and aiming to prevent future ethical breaches through institutionalized oversight.^[53]

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10 U.S. Code § 892 - Art. 92. Failure to obey order or regulation
(1). violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation; · (2). having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by a member of the armed forces, ...
[47]
Section 12 - Armed Forces Act 2006
(1)A person subject to service law commits an offence if— · (a)he disobeys a lawful command; and · (b)he intends to disobey, or is reckless as to whether he ...
[48]
Crimes: Article 92 - Failure toObey Order or Regulation
(the essential attributes of a lawful order include: (1) issuance by competent authority -- a person authorized by applicable law to give such an order; (2) ...
[49]
Customary IHL - Rule 155. Defence of Superior Orders - ICRC
The rule that a superior order is not a defence was set forth in the Charters of the International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and at Tokyo.[1]. During ...
[50]
Article 92 Failure to Obey an Order - Daniel Conway and Associates
Article 92 defines disobeying a direct order as three types of federal article offenses - violations or failures to obey lawful general orders or regulations.
[51]
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
No prisoner of war may at any time be sent to or detained in areas where he may be exposed to the fire of the combat zone, nor may his presence be used to ...
[52]
[PDF] IV GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF ...
Civilian hospitals shall be marked by means of the emblem provided for in Article 38 of the Geneva Convention for the. Amelioration of the Condition of the ...
[53]
[PDF] GAO-22-105316, MILITARY INSPECTORS GENERAL
Sep 28, 2022 · Military service IG offices and command IG offices provide oversight and assistance through inspections, investigations, and evaluations within.
[54]
[PDF] The Peers Inquiry - Army University Press
May 18, 2009 · Lieutenant Colonel Robert Rielly, U.S.. Army, Retired, is an associate profes- sor for the Department of Command.Missing: post- revisions
[55]
[PDF] the vietnamization of the long war on terror: an ongoing lesson in ...
May 2, 2012 · This essay rejects the conventional wisdom that post-Vietnam military reforms adequately addressed the problem of U.S. noncompliance with.