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Ilium

Ilium may refer to:

Geography and History

Ancient Sites

The ancient city of Ilion, also known as Ilium in Latin, refers primarily to the site of Troy in northwestern Asia Minor, located at Hisarlik in modern-day Turkey near the Dardanelles strait.^[1] This settlement, central to the Homeric epics such as the Iliad, features multiple layers of occupation spanning from the Early Bronze Age around 3000 BCE (Troy I) through the Hellenistic period (Troy IX), demonstrating continuous habitation and cultural evolution from prehistoric Anatolian and Aegean influences to later Greek and Roman periods.^[2]^[3] Key excavations began in the 1870s under Heinrich Schliemann, who identified the mound's stratified remains and initially associated the opulent treasures of Troy II with the legendary city, though subsequent work refined this understanding.^[1] The layer known as Troy VIIa, dated to approximately 1200 BCE, shows evidence of destruction by fire and conflict, leading archaeologists to propose it as the probable historical basis for the Trojan War depicted in ancient Greek narratives.^[4] Further campaigns by Wilhelm Dörpfeld and later international teams, including those in the 20th century, uncovered fortifications, pottery, and artifacts linking the site to Mycenaean Greek interactions.^[3] A distinct Ilium existed in ancient Epirus, in northwestern Greece, mentioned in Virgil's Aeneid (Book 3) as a post-Trojan War foundation established by the Trojan prince Helenus in the region of Chaonia.^[5] Its site is located near the modern village of Despotiko in Thesprotia; this minor Hellenic settlement dates to at least the 4th century BCE but remains archaeologically elusive, with limited evidence such as potential references in classical geographic texts like those of Stephanus of Byzantium, and no major excavated structures identified to date.^[5] The etymology of Ilion traces to the Greek term Ἴλιον, derived from the mythical founder Ilos, son of Tros, while the Latin form Ilium reflects Roman adaptation; Homer predominantly uses Ilion in the Iliad, whereas later Latin sources favor Ilium.^[6] Romans revered the Trojan Ilion as Sacrum Ilium ("Sacred Ilium"), emphasizing its mythological prestige.^[7]

Modern Locations

Ilion is a village in Herkimer County, New York, United States, situated along the Mohawk River in the Mohawk Valley region. Incorporated in 1852, the village derives its name from the ancient city of Ilion (Troy), selected in 1843 for its post office to evoke classical heritage—a naming convention common in post-independence America that honored Greco-Roman history.^[8] With a population of 7,646 as of the 2020 United States Census and an estimated 7,532 as of 2025, Ilion's geography features fertile river valley land that supported early industrial growth tied to the Erie Canal era.^[9]^[10] The village gained prominence through the Remington Arms Company, established in 1816 when Eliphalet Remington forged his first rifle barrel nearby and relocated operations to Ilion in 1828 along the newly opened Erie Canal, facilitating transportation and expansion during the 19th-century manufacturing boom. The factory complex, a key economic driver producing firearms for military and civilian use, operated for over two centuries until its closure in March 2024, resulting in the loss of approximately 300 jobs and prompting an economic transition toward services, tourism, and small businesses. Local landmarks reflect this legacy.^[11]^[12]^[13] Ilium Valley is an unincorporated area in San Miguel County, Colorado, characterized by rugged terrain in the San Juan Mountains along the San Miguel River. Established in the late 19th century amid the regional mining boom, the valley served as a hub for silver extraction and supported the Rio Grande Southern Railroad, which operated from 1890 to 1953 to transport ore and passengers through its steep grades and tunnels. Unlike the uranium mining prominent in nearby western Colorado areas during the 1940s–1950s, Ilium Valley's historical economy centered on precious metals, with remnants of old mines and rail infrastructure still visible today.^[14] Currently, Ilium Valley lacks a formal population count but functions as part of the Telluride area's metropolitan influence, emphasizing recreation such as hiking, fishing, and backcountry skiing on public lands managed by the U.S. Forest Service, alongside small-scale agriculture and emerging workforce housing developments to address regional affordability challenges. Recent projects, including a 56-acre community housing initiative acquired in 2022, highlight its evolving role in supporting local economies post-mining decline. As of March 2025, the project remains in planning, with recent work sessions addressing development details.^[15]

Anatomy

Skeletal Structure

The ilium is the uppermost and largest part of the coxal (hip) bone, forming the superior portion of the pelvis.^[16] It fuses with the ischium and pubis to form the os coxae by late adolescence, typically between ages 15 and 17 in males and 11 to 15 in females.^[17] The ilium is one of three bones that comprise the pelvic girdle, connecting the axial skeleton to the lower limbs.^[18] The ilium consists of a body and an ala (wing-like expansion). The body, located near the acetabulum, articulates with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint, providing stability to the pelvis.^[19] The ala expands superiorly, featuring the iliac crest as its curved superior border, the iliac fossa as a concave medial surface, and key landmarks such as the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), which serves as the attachment site for the sartorius muscle, and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS), which anchors the erector spinae muscles.^[20] The iliac fossa provides origin for the iliacus muscle.^[19] The ilium functions primarily to transfer weight from the spine to the lower limbs during standing and locomotion, while offering attachment sites for abdominal wall muscles (such as the transversus abdominis) and gluteal muscles (such as the gluteus maximus).^[21] In females, the ala is broader than in males to accommodate the greater pelvic dimensions required for childbirth.^[19] Evolutionarily, the ilium is a characteristic feature of the pelvic girdle in most tetrapods, including mammals and birds, evolving from an iliac process or ridge in tetrapodomorph fish precursors, though it is absent in modern bony fish.^[22] The term "ilium" derives from the Latin īlium, meaning groin or flank, reflecting its anatomical position; it was first systematically described in modern anatomy by Andreas Vesalius in his 1543 work De Humani Corporis Fabrica.^[23]^[24] In adults, the iliac crest typically measures approximately 20–25 cm in length from the ASIS to the PSIS.^[25] A common pathology involving the ilium is avulsion fracture of the iliac crest apophysis, which occurs predominantly in adolescent athletes due to forceful muscle contractions during sports like sprinting or soccer.^[26]

Digestive System

The ileum is the terminal segment of the small intestine, extending from the jejunoileal junction to the ileocecal valve, which connects it to the cecum of the large intestine. In adults, it measures approximately 3.5 meters in length and is primarily located in the central and lower right abdomen and pelvis. Its walls are thinner than those of the proximal small intestine, with slower peristaltic contractions that facilitate prolonged contact with digestive contents.^[27] Structurally, the ileum features prominent Peyer's patches, which are subepithelial aggregates of lymphoid tissue along the antimesenteric border, serving as key sites for immune surveillance against pathogens. It also contains plicae circulares, or circular folds of the mucosa that enhance the absorptive surface area, along with villi and microvilli on the epithelial lining to maximize nutrient uptake. Blood supply is provided by ileal branches of the superior mesenteric artery, forming arcades with vasa recta, while venous drainage occurs via the superior mesenteric vein into the portal system.^[27] The ileum functions primarily as the site for reabsorption of conjugated bile salts, with approximately 95% of these recycled back into the enterohepatic circulation to aid fat digestion. It is the exclusive location for vitamin B12 absorption, which requires binding to intrinsic factor for uptake by enterocytes. Additionally, it absorbs remaining fats, proteins, and carbohydrates not processed proximally, while its neutral to slightly alkaline pH of 7 to 8 supports enzymatic activity; a resident bacterial population contributes to fermentation of undigested residues. The ileum handles the bulk of post-jejunal nutrient absorption, capturing unabsorbed products that constitute the majority of remaining caloric intake.^[27] The term "ileum" originates from the Latin īlia, referring to the groins or flanks, reflecting early associations with abdominal regions.^[28] Notably, the ileum absorbs nearly all remaining nutrients after jejunal processing, but diseases like Crohn's often target the terminal ileum, resulting in malabsorption of bile salts and vitamin B12.^[27]

Arts and Entertainment

Literature

In Dan Simmons's 2003 science fiction novel Ilium, the first installment of the Ilium/Olympos duology, post-human entities resurrect the Trojan War from Homer's Iliad on the plains of Mars, terraformed to mimic ancient Ilium at the base of Olympus Mons.^[29] The narrative intertwines multiple perspectives: twenty-first-century scholar Thomas Hockenberry, summoned as a scholic to observe and report on the recreated events; sentient machines like the robot Mahnmut on Phobos investigating divine machinations; and remnants of Earth's human population, detached from the spectacle amid a post-post-human world.^[29] Gods such as Zeus are depicted as advanced artificial intelligences residing in orbital habitats, while muses are scholarly observers and combatants include cyborgs and resurrected heroes like Achilles and Helen of Troy.^[29] The 592-page novel blends hard science fiction with epic poetry, exploring themes of immortality through post-human longevity, the tension between classical mythology and cutting-edge technology, and the role of literature in preserving human essence.^[30]^[31] It earned a nomination for the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Novel, with the sequel Olympos published in 2005.^[32]^[33] Kurt Vonnegut frequently employed Ilium as a fictional industrial city in upstate New York across his works, first prominently in his debut novel Player Piano (1952), and later in Cat's Cradle (1963) and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater (1965).^[34] Modeled after Schenectady, New York—where Vonnegut worked as a public relations writer for General Electric from 1947 to 1950—Ilium centers on the massive Ilium Works factory, a hub of automated manufacturing that dominates the local economy and society.^[35] In Player Piano, for instance, the city divides residents into elite managers-engineers and displaced laborers, highlighting dystopian consequences of technological automation on employment and community.^[34] Vonnegut's portrayal satirizes corporate power and mid-twentieth-century American industrial decline, using Ilium to critique human alienation in an increasingly mechanized world, where innovation exacerbates social inequality and erodes personal agency.^[35]^[36] The setting recurs in his short stories, such as "Deer in the Works" (1955), reinforcing these motifs of existential disconnection amid progress.^[37]

Music

Ilium is an Australian melodic power metal band formed in Newcastle in 1998 under the name Iliad, which was changed to Ilium in 2002 upon the addition of guitarist Adam Smith.^[38] The band is fronted by founding guitarist and songwriter Jason Hodges, with Smith contributing on guitar, bass, and keyboards, creating a sound rooted in classic heavy metal influences such as Iron Maiden.^[39] Their lyrics often explore themes of fantasy and mythology, appealing to fans of epic and narrative-driven metal.^[40] The band's discography spans over two decades, beginning with the debut album Sirens of the Styx in 2003, followed by Permian Dusk in 2005, Vespertilion in 2008, Ageless Decay in 2010, Genetic Memory in 2011, My Misanthropia in 2015, a re-recorded version Sirens of the Styx: Re-Styxed in 2017, Carcinogeist in 2020, and the EP Quantum Evolution Event in 2022.^[41] While Ilium has not achieved major commercial chart success, they maintain a dedicated cult following within the power metal and heavy metal communities for their consistent output and melodic intensity.^[42] Ileum, stylized as iLEUM, was a Dutch grunge rock band active in the 2000s, known for a raw, Nirvana-inspired sound that contributed to the underground scene.^[43] The band's name was a deliberate play on the anatomical term for the small intestine, adding an edgy branding element to their gritty aesthetic.^[43] With a limited discography including the full-length album Diagnosed released in 2008, iLEUM disbanded around 2010 after building a niche reputation without mainstream breakthrough.^[43] In June 2025, composer Jorge Rivera-Herrans announced the development of Ilium, a new musical retelling of Homer's Iliad as a companion to his popular Epic: The Musical (an adaptation of the Odyssey). As of November 2025, the project is in early stages, with progress updates shared on social media including snippets of songs such as "Fire" and "Pride of Troy."^[44]

Other Uses

Mythology and Fiction

In classical mythology, Ilium served as the Latin name for the ancient city of Ilion, also known as Troy, central to the Trojan War narrative. It is prominently depicted in Virgil's Aeneid (19 BCE) as the prosperous kingdom ruled by King Priam, whose fall marked the culmination of the decade-long conflict between the Trojans and the Greeks.^[45] Key events shaping its legendary destruction include the Trojan prince Paris's abduction of Helen, sparking the war; the Greek hero Achilles's wrathful rampage following personal grievances; and the deceptive use of the wooden horse to infiltrate the city's defenses.^[46] According to tradition, Ilium was founded by Ilus, son of Tros and grandson of Erichthonius, who established the settlement and gave it his name, from which Homer's epic Iliad derives its title.^[47] The mythological account of Ilium's demise in the Aeneid profoundly shaped Roman cultural identity, positioning the Trojan survivor Aeneas as the progenitor of the Roman lineage and emphasizing themes of piety, exile, and destined empire-building.^[48] Beyond its historical echoes, the story of Ilium endures as a potent symbol in Western literature, embodying human hubris—exemplified by figures like Achilles and the Trojans' overconfidence—and the inexorable force of fate, influencing tragic narratives from ancient epics to modern interpretations.^[49] These elements underscore Ilium's role as a cautionary archetype of glory undone by pride and divine will. In modern fiction, Ilium reappears as a fictional setting in multimedia works, often evoking its mythological grandeur for alternate histories or fantastical worlds. In the video game Assassin's Creed Odyssey (2018), players can engage with Troy—synonymous with Ilium—through user-created quests in Story Creator Mode, recreating Trojan War scenarios such as the abduction of Helen by Paris and the city's siege.^[50] Similarly, in Sarah J. Maas's Throne of Glass fantasy series, Ilium is portrayed as an ancient port town in the kingdom of Terrasen, serving as a strategic coastal stronghold with ties to banished clans, first featured in Empire of Storms (2016). Contemporary creators frequently repurpose Ilium as a backdrop for immersive fantasy environments, blending its legendary aura with invented lore to explore themes of lost civilizations and epic conflict. For instance, in certain role-playing game campaigns inspired by ancient myths, Ilium is reimagined as a majestic human-built metropolis comparable to elven constructions, highlighting grand architecture in player-driven narratives.^[51] This adaptation reflects broader trends in non-literary fiction, where Ilium symbolizes resilient yet doomed strongholds in alternate historical or mythical contexts.

Science and Miscellaneous

In non-human vertebrates, the ilium exhibits significant variations adapted to diverse locomotor demands. In birds, the ilium fuses with the synsacrum—a rigid composite of sacral, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae—to form a stable pelvic girdle that anchors powerful flight muscles and maintains balance during aerial locomotion. This fusion enhances structural integrity under the stresses of takeoff and sustained flight, as evidenced by biomechanical analyses of avian skeletal morphology.^[52] Among mammals, the ilium displays sexual dimorphism, with males typically possessing narrower ilia to optimize bipedal or quadrupedal efficiency and reduce energy expenditure during locomotion. For instance, in primates, this configuration lowers the center of mass and minimizes interference with limb swing, contrasting with wider female ilia that accommodate reproductive functions. Such adaptations are conserved across strepsirrhine and hominoid lineages, reflecting evolutionary trade-offs between mobility and obstetrical needs.^[53]^[54] Recent advancements in paleoanthropology have illuminated the evolutionary trajectory of the ilium in hominids, particularly through 3D imaging techniques applied to fossil specimens. Studies of Australopithecus afarensis, such as the 3.2-million-year-old AL 288-1 ("Lucy") skeleton, reveal an ilium that is flared and shortened relative to arboreal ancestors, facilitating bipedal stability by repositioning gluteal muscles for upright posture. A 2025 analysis using heterotopic shift modeling of iliac cartilage growth plates demonstrates how these changes enabled efficient terrestrial walking in early hominins, distinct from the elongated ilia of chimpanzees.^[55] Additionally, 2024 studies using 3D volumetric muscle reconstructions and dynamic muscle modeling based on computed tomography data of the A. afarensis pelvis confirm enhanced leverage for bipedalism through simulations of muscle moment arms and performance.^[56]^[57] In applied sciences, ongoing orthopedic research leverages artificial intelligence for modeling ilium fractures, particularly in pelvic ring injuries. A 2024 review highlights AI-driven predictive tools that simulate fracture propagation and healing outcomes using deep learning on radiographic datasets, improving surgical planning accuracy over traditional methods. These models, trained on diverse trauma cases, emphasize biomechanical factors like ilium width and density, though integration into clinical practice remains emergent as of 2025.^[58]

References

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### Summary of Ilion (Epirus)
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In humans, ischium and pubis fuse 4-8 years, ilium fuses 11-15 (females) or 14-17 (males). Complete iliac crest fusion is by 23, and ischial epiphysis by 20-21.
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