Jan Janssen
Jan Janssen (born 19 May 1940) is a retired Dutch professional road bicycle racer renowned for his sprinting prowess and endurance in major stage races during the 1960s and early 1970s.[1] He became the first Dutch cyclist to win the Tour de France in 1968, securing the general classification by a record-close margin of 38 seconds over Belgium's Herman Van Springel after a decisive final time trial.[1] Janssen also claimed the Vuelta a España in 1967, the UCI Road World Championships in 1964, Paris–Roubaix in 1967, and Bordeaux–Paris in 1966, among other victories.[2] Additionally, he won the points classification (green jersey) in the Tour de France three times (1964, 1965, and 1967) and secured seven stage wins in the race across multiple editions.[1] Active as a professional from 1962 to 1972, Janssen competed in eight Tours de France, completing all but his debut in 1963, and participated in two Vueltas a España.[2] His career highlights include strong performances in one-day classics and stage races, where his explosive finishing speed often proved decisive; for instance, his 1967 Paris–Roubaix win showcased his cobblestone expertise.[1] Before turning professional, Janssen represented the Netherlands at the 1960 Summer Olympics, finishing 58th in the men's road race.[1] Post-retirement, he established a bicycle frame-building business in southwest Holland, contributing to the sport's legacy through craftsmanship.[1]Early Life and Amateur Career
Childhood and Family Background
Johannes Adrianus Janssen was born on May 19, 1940, in Nootdorp, a small village between The Hague and Delft in the Netherlands, just days after the country's surrender in World War II.[3] He grew up in a working-class family as one of eight children, with his father, Arend Janssen, operating a local groundworks company that involved manual labor in construction and earthmoving.[4] His mother was described by family acquaintances as a very kind woman who provided a nurturing presence amid the household's demands.[4] The Janssen family resided in post-war Nootdorp, a rural community of cattle farmers and gardeners still marked by wartime remnants, such as unexploded ordnance that occasionally posed dangers to children playing outdoors.[4] Economic hardship was prevalent in the immediate aftermath of the war, with the family facing limited resources and requiring all children to contribute to household tasks, including helping on the land or in the father's business, which instilled a strong work ethic and resilience from an early age.[5] Janssen's father was known for his strict, honest, and hardworking nature, rarely offering praise but deeply proud of his children's efforts, which further shaped the family's emphasis on discipline and perseverance.[5] Among his siblings were older brothers Piet and Gerard, as well as a twin brother, Aad, with whom he shared close bonds and attended the local ambachtsschool (vocational school) in Delft, focusing on practical skills that built his physical foundation through hands-on training.[4] The siblings' dynamic fostered a competitive yet supportive environment; Aad later recalled Jan's bold and adventurous spirit, noting that "everything he wasn't supposed to do, Jan loved to do," such as poaching carp from local waters as a youthful escapade.[4] These early experiences in a large, labor-oriented family highlighted the socio-economic challenges of post-WWII rural Netherlands, where self-reliance was essential for survival and growth.[5] Janssen's initial interests extended beyond manual work to outdoor activities like skating during harsh winters, which he later credited for enhancing his endurance, before discovering cycling as a teenage pursuit.[6]Entry into Cycling and Early Successes
Janssen discovered his passion for cycling around the age of 15 in his hometown of Nootdorp, South Holland, after witnessing a local race at a nearby racetrack that ignited his enthusiasm for the sport.[7] His family supported this interest by allowing him to balance early training with work at their excavation company, where the physical demands of digging foundations helped build his endurance.[3] By age 16, he had joined local cycling clubs in the region, transitioning from informal rides to structured competition as a novice rider.[3] As an amateur starting in the late 1950s, Janssen quickly excelled in regional Dutch events, amassing over 30 victories between ages 15 and 18 through his natural talent and emerging all-round abilities as a sprinter-climber hybrid.[7] His first notable successes included strong placings in races like the Ronde van Overijssel, where he finished second in 1959, followed by a win in the same event in 1960.[8] A highlight came in 1960 with his victory in the Ronde van Midden-Nederland, a key regional classic that showcased his sprint prowess and tactical acumen in breakaways.[9] Janssen's amateur training regimen was relatively unstructured, relying on innate aptitude rather than intensive regimens, with weekly rides supplemented by his labor-intensive job and guidance from clubmates in South Holland outfits.[6] This period saw his involvement with the Dutch national youth team, including selection for the 1960 Summer Olympics road race in Rome, where he represented the Netherlands as a promising talent despite finishing 58th.[1] A pivotal milestone arrived in 1961 with his participation in the Tour de l'Avenir, the premier amateur stage race, where he won stage 13 from Limoges to Tours and placed ninth overall, solidifying his reputation as a versatile rider capable of stage hunting and general classification contention.Professional Career
Debut and Initial Years (1962–1965)
Jan Janssen entered professional cycling in 1962 at the age of 22, initially competing as an independent rider after a promising amateur career that laid the foundation for his sprinting abilities. His debut season marked a swift transition, highlighted by a breakthrough victory in the Züri-Metzgete, a prestigious one-day classic where he outsprinted Marcel Ongenae to claim his first professional win. This success came in May 1962, demonstrating his explosive finishing speed in international competition.[10][6] Later in 1962, Janssen signed with the French team Pelforth-Sauvage-Lejeune, a move that provided structured support following a brief stint with the smaller Dutch squad Locomotief-Vredestein. The Pelforth team, directed by Maurice de Muer, emphasized general classification efforts around riders like Henry Anglade, granting Janssen significant autonomy to pursue sprint opportunities and points classifications. This affiliation exposed him to the rigors of professional pelotons, where he navigated challenges such as adapting to longer race distances and the tactical intensity of mixed-nationality fields, though he reported relatively smooth adjustment due to his prior endurance base.[11][6] In 1963, Janssen built momentum with consistent top results, including second overall in the Grand Prix du Midi Libre accompanied by stage victories on stages 3 and 5, second place in La Flèche Wallonne, and third in Paris–Roubaix. These performances underscored his versatility as a sprinter capable of contending in hilly classics and multi-day events. Riding for Pelforth's modest resources compared to larger teams, he learned to operate independently, honing tactics in diverse international groups while establishing himself as a reliable finisher.[11] By 1964, Janssen secured his first major stage race triumph, winning the overall classification in Paris–Nice while also claiming the points jersey, a testament to his balanced skills in sprints and consistent daily efforts. The following year, 1965, saw him dominate the Ronde van Nederland, taking the general classification and stage 3, which boosted his standing within Dutch cycling circles. These formative years with Pelforth were defined by incremental gains through minor victories and adaptive experiences, setting the stage for greater achievements amid the competitive pressures of smaller-team dynamics.[12][13]Breakthrough and Major Wins (1966–1968)
Janssen's breakthrough came in 1966 with a victory in Bordeaux–Paris, a grueling one-day classic, demonstrating his endurance over 600 kilometers. That same year, he finished fifth overall in the Tour de France, the highest placement by a Dutch rider at the time, while earning the green jersey for the points classification through aggressive sprinting in breakaways. These results marked his emergence as an all-rounder capable of challenging top riders, building on his early sprint prowess to support tactical moves in longer races.[6] In 1967, Janssen achieved his first Grand Tour triumph at the Vuelta a España, becoming the first Dutch cyclist to win the overall classification with a total time of 76 hours, 38 minutes, and 4 seconds, edging out teammate Jean-Pierre Dacqise by 1 minute and 43 seconds. He also won Paris–Roubaix that year, showcasing his skill on cobblestones. Facing a field dominated by strong Spanish climbers such as Julio Jiménez and José Pérez Francés, Janssen employed shrewd tactics, conserving energy in the mountains and capitalizing on time trials, including a decisive performance in the penultimate stage from Villa de Benasque to San Sebastián amid rainy conditions on slippery roads.[14][6] The 1968 season showcased Janssen's dominance, beginning with a strong showing at the Vuelta a España where he claimed the points classification with 142 points and secured two stage victories, finishing sixth overall, 5 minutes and 43 seconds behind winner Felice Gimondi. This performance set the stage for his historic Tour de France win later that year, the first by a Dutch rider, as he completed the 22-stage race in 133 hours, 49 minutes, and 42 seconds, prevailing by just 38 seconds over Herman Van Springel—the closest margin in Tour history at the time.[14] Janssen trailed by over six minutes midway through but clashed intensely with rivals including Gimondi, who finished third at 9 minutes and 56 seconds back, and Van Springel; he sealed the victory in the final 55.2-kilometer individual time trial from Melun to Paris, posting a time of 1 hour, 20 minutes, and 9 seconds to gain 54 seconds on Van Springel without ever wearing the yellow jersey during the race.[15][16] Throughout this period, Janssen's rivalries intensified, particularly with emerging star Eddy Merckx, whom he dueled in the 1967 UCI Road World Championships in Heerlen, Netherlands, where Merckx claimed his first rainbow jersey ahead of Janssen in second place over 265 kilometers. Against Gimondi and Van Springel in Grand Tours, Janssen's decisions emphasized marking threats in time trials and breakaways, leveraging his balanced skills to outmaneuver climbers in decisive moments, as seen in his Vuelta tactics against Spanish specialists like Jiménez.[6] These encounters during cycling's golden era underscored Janssen's rise from consistent performer to Grand Tour conqueror.[17]Later Career and Challenges (1969–1972)
Following his triumphant 1968 Tour de France victory, Jan Janssen faced increasing challenges in maintaining his elite level amid the emergence of Eddy Merckx as a dominant force in professional cycling. He also encountered controversies, including positive doping tests in 1967 and 1969, which added to the pressures of the era. In the 1969 Tour de France, riding for the Bic team, Janssen finished 10th overall, 52 minutes and 56 seconds behind Merckx, who claimed the first of his five Tour titles in commanding fashion. Despite the gap in the general classification, Janssen secured second place in the points classification with 149 points, showcasing his enduring sprinting prowess. The physical and mental toll of his previous Grand Tour successes contributed to this relative decline, as Janssen later reflected that winning the Tour left little motivation for further peaks, stating, "I won the Tour de France. What was there left for me to win? What that meant was my motivation was no longer the same."[18][19][20][6][21] The 1970 Tour de France brought further difficulties for Janssen, still with Bic, where he placed 26th overall, over 56 minutes behind Merckx's repeat victory. This result underscored the Belgian's supremacy and the accumulating strain on Janssen's body from a decade of high-intensity racing, including multiple Grand Tour participations. Janssen's performances in these years highlighted his resilience as a sprinter and all-rounder, but the consistent losses to Merckx—coupled with the physical demands of sustaining peak condition into his early 30s—marked a shift toward more selective racing.[22][6] In 1971, Janssen remained with Bic and showed flashes of his earlier form in early-season races, including a third-place finish on stage 1 of Paris–Nice behind winner Eric Leman and Merckx. However, overall results were modest, reflecting ongoing adaptation to a field increasingly led by younger talents. By 1972, Janssen switched teams to Beaulieu-Flandria amid reported dissatisfaction with prior support structures, seeking a fresh environment for his final efforts. That year, he achieved a solid 10th place in the Tour de France general classification, 42 minutes and 33 seconds behind Merckx, while contributing to team dynamics in a transitional role.[11][23] Aging and diminishing motivation, rather than specific injuries, increasingly influenced Janssen's trajectory, as he prioritized family and business prospects over prolonged competition. At age 32, following a humbling experience in the 1972 Tour de Luxembourg where he was dropped early and heard his name announced among laggards over race radio, Janssen decided to retire at the end of the season. His farewell included criterium appearances and a retirement ceremony on September 23, 1972, with his wife and daughter, marking the close of a 10-year professional career that had elevated Dutch cycling. Janssen transitioned immediately to establishing a bicycle business, reflecting on the decision as a necessary step beyond racing's demands.[6][24]Post-Career Life
Retirement Transition
Janssen announced his retirement from professional cycling at the end of the 1972 season, after a professional career spanning a decade that included major victories like the 1968 Tour de France. His decision was influenced by waning motivation following his peak achievements and a sense of embarrassment during the Tour of Luxembourg, where he struggled and was dropped early from the race.[6][3] The retirement was marked by an emotional farewell ceremony on 23 September 1972, during the Tour van Kortenhoef in the Netherlands, where Janssen competed in his final race alongside family, including his wife and daughter Karin.[25] This event served as a poignant closure to his racing career, attended by peers and fans in a Dutch cycling tradition of honoring retiring champions.[26] In the immediate aftermath, Janssen focused on recovery from the physical toll of 11 years of intense professional racing, though no major surgeries were reported; he later reflected on the cumulative fatigue from constant travel and competition. He transitioned financially by leveraging earnings from his victories to establish independence, promptly launching a bicycle frame-building business in the village of Putte, Netherlands, in 1973.[6] This venture provided an initial bridge from racing, allowing him to apply his expertise without the demands of competition.[7]Business Ventures and Public Role
Following his retirement from professional cycling in 1972, Jan Janssen ventured into the bicycle industry by partnering with the Dutch director of Flandria to produce bikes bearing his name, an initiative launched shortly after his final season and showcased at the Amsterdam bike fair.[6] This collaboration lasted approximately two years before ending due to quality issues with the frames.[6] Janssen then established his own assembly operation, sourcing frames from Taiwan and components from Shimano in Japan, which evolved into the Jan Janssen Cycles brand focused on custom and performance bicycles.[6] He later sold the business, including the brand and facilities, to Union, where he served as a consultant-director for five years; after its subsequent challenges, his sons repurchased the enterprise and continue to operate it from the Netherlands.[6] In his public role within cycling, Janssen contributed as coach for the Dutch national team at the 1975 UCI Road World Championships, a position he described as largely advisory at the request of the federation.[27] He has remained engaged through commemorative activities, notably marking the 50th anniversary of his 1968 Tour de France victory in 2018 by launching a limited-edition retro bicycle model and collaborating on the book Janssen 68, a photographic retrospective of that race with text by Raymond Kerckhoffs.[28][29] That year, he was honored in a public ceremony in his birthplace of Nootdorp on August 3, 2018, as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations.[30] In 2020, a small statue of Janssen was unveiled in Nootdorp.[31] Janssen has also participated in legacy events, such as appearances at Eroica Valkenburg in vintage kit, underscoring his status as an elder statesman of Dutch cycling.[32] As of 2025, Janssen, now 85, resides in the Netherlands and maintains an occasional media presence, sharing insights on cycling history through interviews and archival discussions.[3]Personal Traits and Perspectives
Personality and Riding Style
Jan Janssen was renowned for his calm and tactical temperament, which allowed him to thrive in the intense environment of professional cycling during the 1960s and early 1970s. Observers noted his remarkable composure under pressure, such as the night before the final time trial of the 1968 Tour de France, when he trailed the leader by just 16 seconds yet fell asleep immediately upon resting his head on the pillow. This resilience and focus contrasted with the more explosive styles of contemporaries, enabling Janssen to approach races with calculated precision rather than raw aggression.[6] His riding style exemplified the versatile all-rounder, blending a powerful sprint finish with exceptional endurance suited to multi-day stage races and grueling classics. Janssen's suppleness allowed him to excel on cobbled terrains and punchy climbs, where he could maintain a lower gear ratio—often a couple of teeth smaller—than his rivals, emphasizing sustained effort over brute power. While acknowledged as an average climber overall, his tactical acumen and time-trial prowess made him a formidable contender in diverse conditions, contributing to successes like his 1964 World Championship victory through strategic exploitation of competitors' moves.[6][1][3] Within team settings, Janssen demonstrated loyalty and a commitment to fair play, often racing semi-independently but leveraging key alliances amid challenging dynamics. In the 1968 Tour de France, he navigated internal Dutch squad rivalries to clinch the overall win, drawing on support from teammates like Eddy Beugels despite limited overall team backing. Peloton anecdotes from that year underscore his collaborative reliability, as he prioritized collective strategy when possible.[6][3][33] Off the bike, Janssen projected a humble persona, remaining grounded in family and local community ties despite his international acclaim. He and his wife, Cora, were described as gracious hosts who welcomed visitors warmly, reflecting his gentlemanly character as a gifted storyteller and engaging conversationalist. His post-career life emphasized passion for cycling over financial gain, including involvement with the Zuid-West Hoek club and personal appearances alongside fellow Dutch riders, underscoring a deep-rooted connection to his roots in Nootdorp.[6][3]Opinions on Contemporary Cycling
Janssen has expressed significant concerns about doping in modern cycling, attributing its prevalence to the intense pressure on riders to achieve results and the substantial financial stakes involved. In a 2008 interview, he stated, "You mean doping... I think there are two reasons for this. One is that the riders are under tremendous pressure to deliver results. The second reason is that there is too much money involved," highlighting how these factors create an environment conducive to performance-enhancing drugs. He contrasted this with his own era, believing doping controls were introduced in 1962 (though the first Tour de France controls began in 1966) and noting reforms following Tom Simpson's death in 1967, such as mandatory doping tests and rest days from 1968 onward, which helped maintain the sport's integrity during his victory that year. The Tour de France route has since been shortened to around 3,500 kilometers in modern editions, compared to approximately 4,500 kilometers in his time.[34] Regarding changes in race dynamics, Janssen has critiqued the shift toward greater specialization and team coordination in contemporary cycling compared to the more individualistic approach of his time. He observed in 2011 that "nowadays a team is actually having two teams, one for the classics and one for the major stage races. In the old days that was impossible," pointing to how modern squads divide resources in ways that were unfeasible during his all-rounder career. He also noted the commercialization of the Tour de France, remarking that "there is a lot more money now than before," which has altered the sport's structure and priorities since the 2010s. Additionally, he described the modern Tour as easier overall, being 1,300 kilometers shorter than in his era, potentially reducing the physical demands on riders.[6][34] In offering advice to young riders, Janssen emphasizes mental resilience and self-belief as key to success in professional cycling. Drawing from his experiences, he described the "true sign of a champion" as maintaining confidence amid adversity, such as overcoming setbacks through personal determination rather than relying heavily on team support.[6] On evolving equipment, Janssen acknowledges positive advancements in technology that enhance performance. In 2011, he praised modern gear, stating, "The equipment is much better. The shoes!" while implying broader improvements in bicycles and components that make riding more efficient than in the steel-frame days of the 1960s and 1970s. He has not publicly critiqued whether such innovations, including carbon fiber bikes, dilute rider skill, but his own post-retirement bike manufacturing business incorporates contemporary materials like carbon for models such as the Sector gravel bike.[6][35]Racing Achievements
Grand Tour Performances
Jan Janssen's Grand Tour career showcased his evolution from a reliable domestique and sprinter to a complete all-rounder capable of leading multi-week races, with notable successes in the Tour de France and Vuelta a España. Over eight participations in the Tour de France from 1963 to 1970, he completed seven editions, securing two podium finishes and seven stage victories that highlighted his versatility in sprints and time trials. His 1968 Tour victory, clinched by a mere 38 seconds over Herman Van Springel in the final 55.2 km individual time trial from Melun to Paris, exemplified tactical opportunism amid limited team support; entering the stage 16 seconds behind, Janssen gained 54 seconds through relentless pacing, marking Van Springel's effort while conserving energy in prior flat stages where he won twice. This win, the closest in Tour history at the time, underscored his strategic patience, as he avoided early risks in the mountains and capitalized on his strengths in the decisive finale.[1][6][2] In the Vuelta a España, Janssen's two starts in 1967 and 1968 yielded one overall victory and consistent contention for classifications, demonstrating his adaptation to the race's demanding early-season schedule. He claimed the 1967 general classification by 1 minute 43 seconds over Jean-Pierre Ducasse, seizing the lead in the penultimate stage time trial from Villabona to Zarautz after Ducasse faltered, while also dominating the points competition with consistent sprint finishes and one stage win. The following year, as defending champion, he shifted focus to preserve energy for the Tour, winning the points jersey with two stage victories—including the opening circuit in Zaragoza—but finishing 6th in GC behind Felice Gimondi. These performances reflected Janssen's tactical growth, using his sprint prowess to accumulate bonuses and jerseys while navigating weaker domestic support from Pelforth-Sauvage-Lejeune.[6] Janssen's involvement in the Giro d'Italia was minimal, with no recorded starts or significant results on ProCyclingStats, limiting his success there compared to the other Grand Tours; any participation faced challenges from Italian team dominance and his preference for northern European races, where he excelled as a domestique early in his career. Across 10 Grand Tour starts overall, he achieved two general classification wins and three podiums, totaling at least 10 stage victories, marking his transition from supporting roles in 1963–1965—where he won stages but abandoned his debut—to independent leadership by 1966, when he finished second in the Tour despite riding "alone" without strong teammates. This evolution emphasized endurance built through classics preparation, tactical marking of rivals, and exploiting time trials, influencing Dutch cycling's rise by proving all-round capabilities in stage racing.[36][8][6]| Grand Tour | Starts | Best GC | Podiums | Stage Wins |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tour de France | 8 | 1st (1968) | 2 (1966: 2nd, 1968: 1st) | 7 |
| Vuelta a España | 2 | 1st (1967) | 1 (1967: 1st) | 3 |
| Giro d'Italia | 0 | N/A | 0 | 0 |
Classic and One-Day Race Victories
Jan Janssen demonstrated considerable prowess in the one-day classics, securing eight professional victories across prestigious events, with a particular affinity for the cobbled Northern classics and long-distance challenges. His breakthrough in this domain came early in his career, highlighted by his win in the 1962 Züri Metzgete, where he outpaced the field in a decisive sprint to claim his first major one-day title. This victory underscored his emerging sprint capabilities, which would become a hallmark of his racing style in bunch finishes. Janssen's most iconic classic triumph arrived in 1967 at Paris–Roubaix, the "Hell of the North," where he navigated the brutal cobbled sectors to join a select leading group including Rik Van Looy, Rudi Altig, and a young Eddy Merckx. Over the 263 km course, Janssen conserved energy amid relentless attacks and positioned himself perfectly for the velodrome finish in Roubaix, launching a powerful sprint to win by inches ahead of Van Looy and Altig, who tied for second.[39] This victory, his only in the monument, cemented his reputation on the pavé, where he amassed seven top finishes overall, including multiple podiums in subsequent editions. Complementing this, he excelled in preparatory races for the Flemish campaigns, such as his dominant 1966 win in the Brabantse Pijl, a hilly Ardennes prelude often serving as a tune-up for Northern classics like the Tour of Flanders. There, Janssen broke away decisively over 174 km to solo across the line, beating compatriots Bas Maliepaard and Jos van der Vleuten by seconds.[40] In the Italian spring classic Milan–San Remo, Janssen recorded six strong placings but no outright victory, with his best result a sixth place in 1965 amid a fast-paced peloton finish on the Via Roma.[41] He came close again in 1968, finishing 17th after a grueling ascent of the Poggio, where mechanical issues and aggressive moves by rivals like Rudi Altig thwarted a potential podium.[42] His endurance shone in ultra-long one-day events, exemplified by his 1966 Bordeaux–Paris win, a 557 km motorized-paced marathon he completed in record time, showcasing his ability to sustain high speeds over extraordinary distances.[43] Janssen repeated near-success in 1969, taking second place in the same race after a thrilling late sprint duel.[44] Additional Ardennes successes included the 1969 Grand Prix d'Isbergues, where his bunch sprint prowess secured victory in a photo-finish. These results, concentrated in the Northern and Ardennes circuits, highlighted Janssen's versatility in explosive finishes while totaling around eight elite one-day wins during his career.[45]Championship Titles and Timelines
Jan Janssen participated in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, competing in the men's individual road race where he finished 58th with a time of 4:26:05. Janssen's international breakthrough came at the UCI Road World Championships, where he secured one gold medal and several notable placements across his professional career from 1962 to 1972. His victory in 1964 marked him as the second Dutch rider to win the elite men's road race, following Theo Middelkamp in 1947.[6] This success, along with his strong showings in subsequent years, provided crucial momentum for his Grand Tour performances, enhancing his confidence in multi-stage endurance events. Janssen competed in multiple editions, demonstrating consistency despite the event's demanding nature. The following table summarizes Janssen's known results in the UCI Road World Championships elite men's road race from 1963 to 1970, the primary years of his participation:| Year | Location | Position | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1963 | Ronse, Belgium | 7th | Finished same time as winner Benoni Beheyt.[46] |
| 1964 | Sallanches, France | 1st | Won in a sprint finish ahead of Vittorio Adorni (Italy) and Raymond Poulidor (France); time 7h 35' 52".[47] |
| 1965 | San Sebastián, Spain | 43rd | Finished same time as winner Tom Simpson (Great Britain). |
| 1967 | Heerlen, Netherlands | 2nd | Narrowly beaten in the sprint by Eddy Merckx (Belgium); time 6h 44' 42".[48] |
| 1968 | Imola, Italy | DNF | Did not finish the race.[49] |
| 1970 | Leicester, United Kingdom | 16th | Finished behind winner Jean-Pierre Monseré (Belgium).[50] |