Jean Cole

Jean Marie Cole (May 13, 1926 – August 8, 2015) was an American investigative journalist who gained prominence for her reporting on the Boston Strangler serial murders alongside colleague Loretta McLaughlin in the early 1960s.^[1]^[2] Born in Scituate, Massachusetts, as the second of six children to Howard Cole, the town's first full-time police chief, she began her career at age 18 as a "copy boy" for the Boston Daily Record in 1944, advancing to reporter amid an era when women journalists were often confined to lighter fare like society or cooking stories.^[1]^[2] Over nearly four decades, she contributed to the Record American and its successor the Boston Herald American until her retirement in 1981, earning awards for exposés on nursing home abuses, criminal enterprises in Boston's "combat zone," and other public safety issues.^[1] She married Boston Globe reporter Frank P. Harris, with whom she had two daughters, and later resided in Florida.^[1] Her work on the Strangler case, which linked 11 unsolved killings of women between 1962 and 1964 to suspect Albert DeSalvo, highlighted her tenacity in piecing together patterns from police data and victim profiles, though DeSalvo was never formally charged in those murders before his own death in prison.^[1]^[2]

Early Life and Education

Family Background and Childhood

Jean Marie Cole was born on May 13, 1926, in Scituate, Massachusetts.^[2] She grew up as the second of six children in a working-class family on Allen Street.^[2]^[3] Her father, Howard Cole, was Scituate's first full-time firefighter, a position he held before advancing to fire chief, while her mother, Margaret Cole, worked as a telephone switchboard operator.^[2]^[3]^[4] From an early age, Cole exhibited an inquisitive and energetic personality, often asking questions and showing a readiness to contribute to family efforts, traits later recalled by her daughters Jane Coleman and Julie Harris.^[2] At seven years old, she took her uncle's boat out alone to harvest and sell sphagnum moss, using the proceeds to support the household.^[2]

Formal Education and Early Training

Jean Cole completed her secondary education at Scituate High School in Scituate, Massachusetts, graduating in 1944.^[2] Following high school, Cole sought opportunities aligned with the ongoing World War II effort while pursuing further learning, but instead entered journalism at the Boston Record American without prior professional experience or specialized training in the field.^[2] To address this gap, her employer mandated enrollment in introductory journalism courses, which she completed at Harvard Extension School.^[2] These classes provided her initial formal instruction in reporting techniques, supplementing the on-the-job apprenticeship that characterized early career development for many journalists of the era lacking dedicated degree programs.^[2]

Journalistic Career

Entry into Journalism and Undercover Investigations

Jean Cole began her journalism career in 1944 at the age of 18, shortly after graduating from Scituate High School in Massachusetts. Initially working part-time as a soda jerk at Pinkham's Drug Store in Scituate, she encountered reporter Bob Court, who was covering a local murder; Court subsequently introduced her to the editor of the Boston Daily Record in August 1944, leading to her hiring as a "copy boy" earning $15 per week, where she managed teletype machines and performed clerical duties.^[2]^[3] Despite being briefly fired for tardiness, she was rehired by editor C. Edward Holland and advanced quickly, earning her first byline in fall 1945 at age 19 for a story on a Scituate fire. To build her skills, Cole enrolled in journalism classes at Harvard Extension School and Boston University.^[2] Cole's early reporting focused on general assignments, but she soon distinguished herself through investigative work, particularly undercover investigations into substandard conditions in Boston-area nursing homes during the early 1950s. Posing undercover as a nurse's aide and as someone seeking placement for her mother, she documented widespread abuse, neglect, and corruption, publishing a series of exposés that revealed inadequate care, understaffing, and regulatory failures in state facilities.^[5]^[3] Her reporting twice highlighted these issues, prompting legislative reforms to strengthen protections for elderly residents, including improved oversight and standards for nursing homes. For this work, she received the New England Women's Press Association's Woman of the Year award in 1953 and an American Press Award, marking her transition to respected investigative journalism at a time when female reporters were often confined to lighter features.^[2]^[5]

Role in the Boston Strangler Case

Jean Cole, working as a reporter for the Boston Record American, collaborated with colleague Loretta McLaughlin to investigate a series of murders of women in the Boston area beginning in 1962. The duo analyzed autopsy reports and conducted interviews with victims' families, identifying patterns such as similar modus operandi—including sexual assault and strangulation—that suggested a single perpetrator rather than disconnected crimes, a theory initially dismissed by some police officials. Their reporting challenged prevailing skepticism within law enforcement, where detectives often attributed the killings to multiple unrelated assailants.^[2]^[6] In January 1963, Cole and McLaughlin published the article "Two Girl Reporters Analyze Strangler," which explicitly linked at least several of the murders to one individual and popularized the moniker "Boston Strangler" for public and media use. This piece formed part of a broader four-part investigative series spanning 1962 to 1964, which drew the attention of Suffolk County District Attorney Edward Brooke and prompted the formation of a special investigative committee involving police collaboration. The series' emphasis on empirical connections from forensic data and witness accounts helped shift public awareness and pressured authorities to treat the cases as potentially serial in nature, despite ongoing resistance from male-dominated police ranks.^[6]^[2] Cole continued her coverage following Albert DeSalvo's arrest in 1964 for unrelated sexual assaults and his subsequent 1965 confession to the Strangler killings, reporting on his 1967 trial where he faced charges tied to the murders. Although DeSalvo was convicted only on the earlier assaults and died in prison in 1973 without a direct murder conviction, Cole's work documented the confession's details and the evidentiary debates, including witness identifications and psychological evaluations. Her contributions, made amid a newsroom environment that restricted women to softer beats, underscored persistent gender barriers in journalism, as she and McLaughlin faced derision for pursuing hard-news investigations. Later forensic analyses, such as DNA testing in the 2000s and 2010s, have cast doubt on DeSalvo's sole responsibility for all attributed Strangler murders, highlighting limitations in the era's investigative methods that Cole's reporting helped expose through its focus on pattern recognition over isolated incidents.^[2]^[5]

Later Career Contributions and Retirement

Following the resolution of the Boston Strangler case in the mid-1960s, Cole continued her investigative reporting at the Record American, which merged into the Boston Herald American in 1972, where she worked until her retirement.^[5] She specialized in crime coverage, including a late-1960s series exposing criminal elements in Boston's adult entertainment district, known as the Combat Zone, which she helped popularize as a term for the high-crime area encompassing theaters, restaurants, and nightlife venues.^[2] This work highlighted organized vice, prostitution, and violence, contributing to public awareness and subsequent urban policy discussions on the district's redevelopment.^[7] Cole also conducted undercover investigations into elderly care facilities, posing as a nurse's aide to document substandard conditions and abuses, which led to exposés prompting improvements in nursing home regulations and services.^[1] Her reporting twice underscored the urgent need for upgrades in these institutions, earning her recognition for advancing consumer protections in elder care.^[1] Additionally, she covered major events such as the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident involving Senator Edward Kennedy, providing detailed on-scene accounts of the accident and its immediate aftermath.^[2] Throughout her later years at the Herald American, Cole received numerous awards for her investigative journalism, including an American Press Award for her nursing home series, affirming her status as a respected figure in Boston's press corps.^[2] She retired in 1981 after nearly four decades in the field, transitioning to private life while maintaining ties to journalism through occasional reflections on her career.^[5]^[1]

Personal Life

Marriage and Family

Jean Cole, professionally known by her maiden name, married Frank P. Harris, a reporter for The Boston Globe, with whom she balanced a demanding journalistic career and family life.^[8]^[5] The couple had two daughters, and Cole Harris successfully managed raising her children alongside her investigative reporting, serving as an inspiration for working mothers in journalism during an era when such dual roles were uncommon.^[2]^[9] At the time of her death in 2015, she was survived by her two daughters, ten grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren, reflecting a close-knit family structure sustained through her later years.^[8]^[3]

Residence and Later Years

Following her retirement from the Boston Herald American in 1981, Jean Cole relocated to Florida to focus on family life.^[7]^[2] She resided in Holmes Beach during much of her later years before settling in Anna Maria in 1999, where she remained until her passing.^[7]^[10] In retirement, Cole prioritized time with her two daughters—born in 1950 and 1956—along with her ten grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.^[7] She declined an offer to become a television news anchor, citing her commitment to family over further professional pursuits.^[2] This period marked a shift from her intensive journalistic career to a quieter, family-centered existence in Florida's coastal communities.^[5]

Death and Legacy

Circumstances of Death

Jean Cole Harris died on August 8, 2015, at the age of 89, while staying at her daughter's home in Housatonic, Massachusetts.^[1]^[5] Her death resulted from natural causes, following a career in journalism that spanned nearly four decades in Boston.^[9] At the time, Harris was a resident of Anna Maria, Florida, where she had lived since 1999, though she maintained ties to Massachusetts, including prior residences in Scituate.^[10]^[3] A private burial followed her passing.^[9]

Professional Impact and Awards

Jean Cole's coverage of the Boston Strangler case in the early 1960s, conducted alongside colleague Loretta McLaughlin at the Boston Record American, played a pivotal role in linking the murders of 13 women to a single perpetrator, thereby heightening public alarm and pressuring authorities to acknowledge the serial nature of the crimes despite initial dismissals by police.^[5] Her persistence in pursuing leads, including undercover efforts posing as a sex worker to gather insights into potential vulnerabilities exploited by the killer, exemplified bold investigative tactics that challenged prevailing gender norms in both journalism and law enforcement.^[2] This work not only informed public safety measures but also highlighted systemic underestimation of women's risks in urban settings, influencing subsequent discourse on serial crime reporting. Beyond the Strangler investigation, Cole's career emphasized in-depth exposés on social issues, including a series on substandard conditions in Massachusetts nursing homes that exposed neglect and prompted regulatory scrutiny.^[2] Her transition to the Patriot Ledger in Quincy from 1972 to 1981 further solidified her reputation for rigorous, on-the-ground reporting, often involving personal risk and overcoming editorial barriers as one of few women in the field.^[1] Over nearly 40 years, her contributions advanced standards for female journalists, demonstrating that women could excel in adversarial, high-stakes investigative roles traditionally reserved for men. Cole received the American Press Award for her nursing homes series, recognizing its impact on public policy and elder care awareness.^[2] She garnered numerous additional accolades for her body of work, including bylines earned through persistent advocacy in male-dominated newsrooms, though specific details on other honors remain sparsely documented in contemporary accounts.^[1]^[5] These recognitions underscored her enduring influence on local journalism, particularly in fostering accountability for institutional failures affecting vulnerable populations.

Cultural Depictions and Ongoing Debates

Jean Cole's role in the Boston Strangler investigation has been prominently featured in the 2023 Hulu film Boston Strangler, directed by Matt Ruskin, where she is portrayed by actress Carrie Coon.^[11] The movie dramatizes Cole's collaboration with fellow reporter Loretta McLaughlin, depicting them as determined investigators who connected the murders of elderly women in Boston between 1962 and 1964, while confronting sexism from male-dominated newsrooms and law enforcement.^[11] In reality, Cole, working for the Record American, contributed to coverage of the killings' patterns and the subsequent trial of Albert DeSalvo, who confessed to 11 murders but whose sole culpability remains contested.^[11] The film's portrayal emphasizes Cole's tenacity in pursuing leads amid institutional barriers, aligning with historical accounts of her as one of the few female crime reporters granted access to crime scenes and court proceedings during the era.^[2] However, it amplifies their direct investigative impact for narrative purposes; Cole and McLaughlin primarily advanced public awareness through pattern recognition in reporting, rather than conducting forensic or undercover work that led to DeSalvo's arrest, which stemmed from a separate sexual assault investigation in 1964.^[11] Ongoing debates surrounding Cole's legacy center on the accuracy of journalistic narratives in high-profile serial killer cases and the extent to which early reporting shaped public perception of the Strangler as a singular perpetrator. DeSalvo's 1965 confession linked him to the crimes, bolstered by coverage from reporters like Cole, but subsequent analyses, including 2013 DNA testing on evidence from victim Mary Sullivan that excluded DeSalvo, have fueled questions about multiple killers and the reliability of confessions obtained under intense interrogation.^[11] Critics argue that sensationalized press accounts, including those by Cole, may have pressured authorities toward a unified narrative, potentially overlooking evidentiary gaps, though her work is credited with pioneering female access to crime journalism without direct implication in these forensic disputes.^[11] Her contributions are largely viewed positively as advancing women's roles in investigative reporting, with minimal contention over personal ethics or methods.^[12]