Nitish Kumar
Nitish Kumar (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician and the current Chief Minister of Bihar, having resumed the office on 22 February 2015 with interruptions including a brief resignation on 26 July 2017 followed by reappointment on 27 July 2017 after realigning with the BJP, following multiple prior terms from 2005 to 2014, and most recently taking oath for the tenth time on 20 November 2025 following the NDA's victory in the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, and the co-founder and leader of the Janata Dal (United) party.[1][2][3][4] An electrical engineer by training who participated in the Jayaprakash Narayan movement against Indira Gandhi's Emergency, Kumar rose through socialist politics, serving as a Union Minister for Railways, Agriculture, and Surface Transport in various governments during the 1990s and early 2000s.[5] His tenure as Chief Minister has been marked by efforts to overhaul Bihar's administration after decades of stagnation and lawlessness under prior Rashtriya Janata Dal rule, focusing on infrastructure expansion, improved governance, and social indicators, though the state remains among India's poorest despite accelerated growth rates averaging over 10% annually in GSDP during much of his leadership.[6] Kumar's defining political characteristic is his pragmatic, often opportunistic alliance shifts to retain power, having partnered with the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2005 to oust Lalu Prasad Yadav's regime, broken ties in 2013 over Narendra Modi's prime ministerial candidacy, realigned with the Rashtriya Janata Dal in 2015, exited again in 2017 amid corruption allegations against allies, joined the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance in 2022 before departing for the opposition INDIA bloc, and rejoined the NDA in January 2024—moves that have sustained his ten terms as Chief Minister but earned him the moniker "Paltu Ram" for perceived flip-flopping driven by electoral arithmetic rather than ideology.[2][7] Under his governance, Bihar witnessed tangible infrastructure gains, including over 100,000 kilometers of rural roads constructed, electrification reaching nearly universal household coverage from under 20% in 2005, and significant boosts in female literacy and school enrollment via cycles-for-girls programs and 50% reservation for women in local bodies, contributing to the state's transition from "BIMARU" laggard to one of India's faster-growing economies, albeit from a low base with persistent challenges like high poverty and unemployment.[8][9] Controversies include the 2016 alcohol prohibition policy, which curbed public drunkenness but spurred illicit liquor deaths and black markets, and recent initiatives like the 2023 caste-based census, aimed at targeted welfare but criticized for exacerbating divisions without addressing root economic hurdles.[10] Despite these, Kumar's emphasis on administrative reform and connectivity has been credited with restoring state functionality, positioning Bihar for projected GSDP expansion toward $1 trillion by mid-century if trends hold.[11]Early Life
Family Background and Upbringing
Nitish Kumar was born on 1 March 1951 in Bakhtiarpur, a small town in Patna district of Bihar, India.[5][12] His father, Kaviraj Ram Lakhan Singh, was an Ayurvedic physician and a participant in India's freedom struggle, maintaining close ties to Gandhian leader Jayaprakash Narayan.[13][14] His mother, Parmeshwari Devi, managed the household in a family rooted in the Kurmi community.[5] Kumar grew up in a modest environment in Bakhtiyarpur, where his father's dual roles as a healer and local Congress affiliate exposed him to public service and political discourse from an early age.[13] He had one elder brother, Satish Kumar, who pursued Ayurved and remained apolitical, residing in Bakhtiarpur, along with three sisters: Usha Devi, Prabha Devi, and Indu Kumari.[15] This upbringing in a politically aware yet unassuming rural setting instilled values of discipline and community involvement, influencing his later emphasis on governance reforms.[13]Education and Early Career
Nitish Kumar completed his early schooling in local institutions in Bakhtiarpur, Bihar, establishing a foundation in basic literacy and numeracy. He pursued high school at Shree Ganesh High School, where he excelled academically and topped his class in secondary examinations. His pre-university education occurred at Patna Science College in the late 1960s, focusing on science and mathematics.[16] Kumar graduated with a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from Bihar College of Engineering (now National Institute of Technology Patna) in 1972.[16][5] After graduation, he briefly worked as an engineer at the Bihar State Electricity Board, concentrating on improvements to power distribution systems.[16] His early professional life also involved agricultural activities, reflecting his listed professions as engineer, agriculturist, and social worker.[5] During his student years, Kumar developed an interest in politics through participation in rallies and public events, setting the stage for his activist engagements.[17]Entry into Politics
Initial Involvement in Youth Politics
Nitish Kumar entered youth politics in 1971 as a student at Bihar College of Engineering, joining the Samajwadi Yuvajan Sabha (SYS), the student wing of the Samyukta Socialist Party influenced by Ram Manohar Lohia's ideology of social equity and anti-Congress mobilization.[18][19] Through SYS, he participated in campus activism challenging elite dominance in student unions and promoting socialist principles among engineering peers in Patna.[19] His involvement intensified in 1974 with the Jayaprakash Narayan (JP) movement, a nationwide youth-driven campaign against Indira Gandhi's government, emphasizing total revolution, anti-corruption, and grassroots democracy; Kumar, then in his early 20s, actively organized student protests in Bihar.[20][21] The JP movement drew thousands of young socialists, including Kumar, into direct confrontation with authorities, fostering his early networks among Bihar's opposition activists.[22] During the 1975 Emergency, Kumar was arrested under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) for his role in JP-led agitations, spending time in detention alongside other youth leaders, an experience that solidified his commitment to non-Congress politics.[18] Post-Emergency in 1977, he aligned with the Janata Party, continuing youth outreach through its socialist factions, though his initial phase remained rooted in pre-Emergency student mobilization.[21]Rise within Janata Dal and Party Splits
Nitish Kumar entered national politics as a member of the Janata Dal, securing election to the 9th Lok Sabha from the Barh constituency in Bihar on October 22, 1989, with 368,972 votes, representing 52% of the valid votes cast.[23] Within the party, which had formed in 1988 through mergers of various socialist factions opposing Congress dominance, Kumar aligned with key leaders and contributed to internal maneuvers that elevated Lalu Prasad Yadav to Bihar's Chief Ministership on March 10, 1990, amid the collapse of the V. P. Singh-led central government.[24] As a Lok Sabha member, Kumar advocated for socialist principles rooted in the Janata Dal's anti-Congress legacy, focusing on rural development and opposition to perceived corruption, but tensions arose over the party's direction under Yadav's growing influence in Bihar.[22] By the early 1990s, the Janata Dal fragmented along regional and caste lines, with Yadav consolidating control in Bihar through Yadav-centric mobilization, prompting dissent from leaders like Kumar who viewed it as a deviation from the party's broader egalitarian ethos.[25] The decisive split occurred on October 30, 1994, when Kumar, alongside George Fernandes, founded the Samata Party as a breakaway from the Janata Dal, citing the parent party's alleged casteism—particularly Yadav favoritism under Lalu Prasad Yadav—and the need for a cleaner, development-oriented alternative.[26] [27] This formation positioned the Samata Party as a socialist offshoot emphasizing equity beyond caste dominance, enabling Kumar to contest the 1996 elections independently while critiquing the Janata Dal's Bihar unit for prioritizing Yadav interests over governance reforms.[28] The split reflected broader fissures in the Janata Dal, which later splintered further into entities like the Rashtriya Janata Dal in 1997, underscoring Kumar's strategic exit to preserve his influence among non-Yadav backward castes.[25]National Political Roles
Tenure as Union Minister of Railways and Other Portfolios
Nitish Kumar first served as Union Cabinet Minister for Railways from 19 March 1998 to 5 August 1999, during which he held additional charge of Surface Transport from 14 April 1998.[5] He returned to the Railways portfolio later, with additional charge under Agriculture from 20 March 2001 to 21 July 2001, followed by full responsibility from 22 July 2001 to 21 May 2004.[5] These tenures occurred under the National Democratic Alliance government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Kumar's earlier role as Minister of State for Agriculture and Co-operation from April to November 1990 preceded his cabinet-level positions in Surface Transport (13 October to 22 November 1999) and Agriculture (22 November 1999 to 3 March 2000, and 27 May 2000 to 20 March 2001).[5] As Railway Minister, Kumar prioritized safety enhancements amid rising accident rates and deteriorating infrastructure. In 2001, he established the Special Railway Safety Fund (SRSF), a non-lapsable corpus of Rs 17,000 crore dedicated to critical upgrades, including the renewal of approximately 17,000 km of track, rebuilding over 3,000 bridges, and maintenance of rolling stock.[29][30] This initiative marked an early push toward modernization, allocating Rs 2,210 crore in the 2002-03 budget alone for safety-related works.[31] Financially, the railways' operating ratio improved from 98.8% to 96% during his oversight, reflecting better cost management and revenue strategies, including tariff rationalization to align with market dynamics.[32] Kumar emphasized a customer-oriented approach, advocating for punctuality improvements and reduced overcrowding through additional services.[33] In Surface Transport, Kumar's brief cabinet stints in 1998-1999 and October-November 1999 focused on administrative oversight of national highways and road projects, though specific quantifiable outputs from these periods remain limited in public records.[5] His Agriculture portfolios involved policy coordination on crop support and rural development, coinciding with periods of coalition adjustments; however, no major legislative or programmatic reforms directly attributable to his tenure are prominently documented beyond routine departmental functions.[5] These roles underscored Kumar's experience in infrastructure and agrarian sectors prior to his state-level leadership in Bihar.Contributions to Central Governance
Nitish Kumar held several positions in the Union Cabinet, beginning with his appointment as Minister of State for Agriculture and Cooperation from April 1990 to November 1990 during the V. P. Singh government.[5] He later served as Union Minister for Agriculture from 27 May 2000 until assuming the Railways portfolio.[34] In the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Kumar briefly managed the portfolios of Surface Transport, Railways, and Agriculture from 1998 to 1999.[35] His most notable central role came as full Union Minister for Railways from 20 March 2001 to 21 May 2004.[34] During this period, he prioritized safety enhancements and operational efficiency, including the establishment of a dedicated Railways Safety Fund to address accident prevention and infrastructure upgrades.[36] Under Kumar's oversight, Indian Railways achieved a measurable improvement in financial health, with the operating ratio declining from 98.8% to 96% by mid-2002, reflecting better cost management and revenue performance.[37] These reforms contributed to increased punctuality and reduced derailments through investments in track strengthening and modern signaling systems, laying groundwork for long-term modernization despite the short tenure.[36] His emphasis on empirical safety metrics and fiscal discipline during this time garnered recognition for stabilizing a sector plagued by prior inefficiencies.[37]Chief Ministership: Developmental Phase (2000–2014)
First Term (2000) and Immediate Reforms
Nitish Kumar was sworn in as Chief Minister of Bihar on 3 March 2000, following the February–March 2000 state assembly elections that resulted in a hung legislature, with the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) securing 124 seats but lacking a simple majority of 122.[38][39] The Governor, V. C. Pande, invited Kumar, leader of the Samata Party (allied with the Bharatiya Janata Party under the National Democratic Alliance), to form the government after initial post-poll support from independents and smaller parties appeared sufficient, despite the alliance's 47 seats from Samata and 67 from BJP.[40][41] This move was controversial, as it bypassed the largest single party, but reflected Kumar's campaign emphasis on ending the perceived "jungle raj" of lawlessness and corruption under the preceding RJD regime led by Lalu Prasad Yadav.[40] Kumar's tenure lasted only seven days, ending with his resignation on 10 March 2000, before a scheduled floor test in the assembly, as defections and the withdrawal of claimed support left him unable to prove a majority.[42][39] During this period, no substantive legislative or administrative actions were enacted, given the brevity and focus on political survival; however, Kumar publicly outlined a vision for governance restructuring "from zero level" to address Bihar's institutional collapse, including priorities on development, anti-corruption, and restoring administrative functionality.[40] This short stint highlighted systemic challenges in Bihar's politics, such as reliance on caste-based mobilization and unstable coalitions, but yielded no immediate policy reforms or measurable outcomes.[41] The episode underscored Kumar's opposition to RJD dominance and foreshadowed his later emphasis on sushasan (good governance), though empirical implementation awaited his return to power in 2005; contemporary analyses noted the absence of tangible reforms, attributing the failure to arithmetic deficits rather than ideological shortcomings.[38][40] Following Kumar's exit, Rabri Devi of the RJD resumed as Chief Minister, prolonging the pre-2005 status quo of underdevelopment and weak institutions.[39]Second and Third Terms (2005–2014): Sushasan Era
Nitish Kumar assumed office as Chief Minister of Bihar for the second time on 24 November 2005, following the National Democratic Alliance's (NDA) victory in the state assembly elections, where his Janata Dal (United) secured 88 seats alongside the Bharatiya Janata Party's 55. This term, extended through re-election in 2010 for a third consecutive mandate until May 2014, marked the core of the "Sushasan" (good governance) era, characterized by a shift from caste-based patronage politics to administrative reforms emphasizing accountability, infrastructure, and law enforcement. Kumar's administration prioritized dismantling the preceding "Jungle Raj" legacy of rampant criminality and inefficiency, implementing measures like subdividing police districts from 40 to 800+ for localized control and establishing fast-track courts to expedite justice delivery.[43] Law and order improvements were foundational, with National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data reflecting declines in serious offenses: murders fell from 3,371 cases in 2005 to around 3,000 by 2010, kidnappings and abductions dropped significantly due to stricter policing and anti-kidnapping squads, and overall cognizable crime rates per lakh population decreased amid better reporting mechanisms. These gains stemmed from causal interventions like recruiting over 80,000 additional police personnel, upgrading rural outposts, and targeting caste-based militias through bans on private armies and property seizures from fugitives, fostering a deterrent environment that reduced daylight robberies and empowered marginalized groups, including women and Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs). Critics noted rises in petty crimes potentially attributable to improved detection rather than absolute increases, but empirical reductions in heinous crimes correlated with voter perceptions of security, contributing to Kumar's 2010 landslide.[44][43] Infrastructure expansion drove economic momentum, with road networks expanding by over 23,000 kilometers of new all-weather roads between 2005 and 2010 alone, facilitated by schemes like the Mukhyamantri Gram Samyojan Yojana linking villages and boosting rural connectivity. Electrification advanced from serving merely 10-15% of households in 2005 to over 50% by 2014 through rural grid extensions and power sector privatization incentives, while bridge construction—numbering over 1,000—mitigated flood vulnerabilities in a state prone to annual inundations. These material investments, funded partly by central transfers and state fiscal discipline, yielded double-digit GDP growth averaging 10-11% annually from 2005-2012, outpacing national averages and signaling a break from Bihar's prior stagnation.[45][46] Social initiatives under Sushasan included the Jeevika program, launched in 2007 as a self-help group model empowering over 1 million rural women by 2014 through microfinance and skill training, alongside bicycle distribution to over 1.1 crore schoolgirls to enhance female enrollment and mobility. Caste consolidation efforts extended reservations to EBCs (up to 18%) and Mahadalits, diluting upper-caste and Yadav dominance without reverting to overt caste arithmetic, while e-governance tools like treasury computerization reduced leakages in public distribution systems. By 2014, these reforms had elevated Bihar's human development indices, though persistent challenges like uneven implementation and reliance on central aid underscored limits to state capacity in a low-income context.[47][48]Key Policy Initiatives
Law and Order and Anti-Corruption Measures
Upon assuming office as Chief Minister in November 2005, Nitish Kumar prioritized restoring law and order in Bihar, which had deteriorated into what was widely termed "Jungle Raj" under prior Rashtriya Janata Dal administrations characterized by rampant caste-based violence, kidnappings, and extrajudicial killings.[43] His administration implemented targeted police reforms, including the bifurcation of law and order duties from criminal investigations starting around 2019, with dedicated vehicles and personnel for each wing to enhance efficiency. [49] Additionally, the Bihar Police Act of 2007 was enacted to modernize policing structures inherited from colonial-era laws, though it faced protests for potentially shielding police from deeper accountability.[50] Empirical data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) indicates substantial declines in violent crimes post-2005: for instance, the state's kidnapping rate, which peaked under previous regimes with thousands of cases annually, dropped significantly by 2010, alongside reductions in murder and riot cases per capita.[44] [51] Kumar's government cracked down on criminal gangs and private militias through operations that neutralized over 20,000 criminals by 2009, including high-profile arrests and the demolition of illegal fortifications, fostering a causal shift from impunity to deterrence.[52] However, NCRB figures show an overall 80% rise in registered crimes from 2015 to 2024, attributed by critics to underreporting reversals and population growth, though per capita rates for heinous crimes remained lower than national averages in some metrics.[53] [54] On anti-corruption, Kumar's tenure emphasized vigilance through the Bihar Vigilance Bureau, which under his directives achieved 16 convictions of public officials in just seven months by August 2025, reflecting a zero-tolerance stance.[55] In 2014, the government dismissed 576 employees on graft charges, signaling early aggressive enforcement.[56] Legislative measures included a 2024 Bihar Special Bill proposing 5-7 year jail terms for corruption and mafia activities, alongside ongoing reviews of high-risk departments like police and revenue.[57] In May 2025, Kumar ordered expedited case disposals and stricter monitoring, aiming to counter perceptions of laxity in later years despite initial successes in purging administrative rot.[58] These efforts, while yielding convictions, have been critiqued for selective application amid alliance politics, underscoring the challenge of sustaining institutional integrity against entrenched interests.[59]Infrastructure and Urban-Rural Development
Under Nitish Kumar's administration since 2005, Bihar's road network has expanded significantly, with the total length nearly doubling from 14,468 kilometers in 2005 to over 26,000 kilometers by 2025, primarily through state-led construction and maintenance programs.[60][61] Rural roads have seen particular emphasis, growing to 119,000 kilometers, facilitating access to markets, schools, and healthcare in villages and contributing to a reported over 700% rise in per capita income in connected rural areas.[62] In July 2025, Kumar launched rural development projects worth Rs 21,406 crore, including over 11,000 new roads and 730 bridges to enhance village-to-town linkages.[63][64] Bridge construction has accelerated under Kumar's tenure, addressing chronic connectivity gaps across rivers like the Ganga, where only four bridges were built from 1959 to 2001, compared to seven completed since 2005.[65] The state has added thousands of rural and urban bridges, with over 6,199 rural road-and-bridge projects inaugurated in November 2024 alone at a cost exceeding Rs 8,837 crore.[66] Notable examples include Bihar's first cable suspension bridge over the Punpun River, inaugurated in September 2025 at Rs 83 crore, modeled on Rishikesh's Laxman Jhula to improve local traffic flow.[67] These efforts have supported broader economic integration, though maintenance challenges persist, as evidenced by periodic collapses of post-2005 structures.[68] Electricity infrastructure has improved from pre-2005 shortages, with investments in power lines and generation enabling 125 free units per household monthly, resulting in zero bills for approximately 1.7 crore families by 2025.[69] This expansion correlates with a 15-fold surge in data consumption over five years, driven by enhanced grid reliability and rural electrification.[70] Urban development has centered on Patna, with Kumar inaugurating over 1,300 projects across 33 districts in September 2025, including the Rs 6,495 crore JP Ganga Path extension for highway connectivity and a Rs 15 crore renovation of the Maurya Lok Complex featuring a multi-purpose hall.[71][72] The Patna Metro Rail Project advances as the state's flagship urban mobility initiative, alongside initiatives like the Rs 48 crore Patna Haat cultural hub.[8][73] These projects, totaling over Rs 10,000 crore in recent Patna-focused investments, aim to alleviate congestion and support a projected state economy of $1.1 trillion by 2047 through sustained infrastructure scaling.[74][72]Social Welfare and Caste Consolidation Programs
Nitish Kumar's administration in Bihar has emphasized social welfare programs tailored to uplift Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) and Mahadalits, comprising the most marginalized segments of Other Backward Classes and Scheduled Castes, respectively, as a strategy to consolidate political support among these demographics, which together form over 50% of the state's population according to the 2023 caste survey.[75] [76] These initiatives, including targeted scholarships, housing allocations, and land distribution, aim to address historical disenfranchisement but have drawn criticism for straining state finances amid Bihar's persistent poverty.[77] A pivotal element of caste consolidation was the 2022 Bihar caste-based survey, initiated by Kumar's government and released on October 2, 2023, revealing that EBCs constitute 36.01% and backward classes 27.13% of the population, prompting legislative action to increase reservations in government jobs and education from 50% to 75% to better reflect demographic realities and bolster underrepresented groups.[75] [78] This move, enacted via the Bihar Reservation of Vacancies in Posts and Services (Amendment) Bill, 2023, allocated specific quotas such as 18% for backward classes and additional provisions for EBCs, though it faced legal challenges over exceeding the 50% cap set by prior Supreme Court rulings.[76] The survey's data underscored Yadav dominance within OBCs (14.26%) and highlighted EBC fragmentation across 113 castes, enabling Kumar to position his policies as equitable redistribution rather than favoritism toward dominant subgroups.[79] For Mahadalits, designated as the poorest Dalit sub-groups in 2007, Kumar established the Mahadalit Vikas Mission, which by 2025 included financial incentives like Rs 25,000 grants to over 1,000 panchayat-level vikas mitras for tablet purchases to enhance outreach, alongside Rs 10,000 stipends to shiksha sevaks aiding Mahadalit children's education.[80] Earlier efforts distributed over 2.5 lakh acres of government land to Mahadalit families between 2007 and 2015, coupled with scholarships covering tuition for students up to postgraduate levels and hostels exclusively for Mahadalit girls, contributing to increased enrollment but with implementation gaps noted in independent assessments.[81] These measures fragmented traditional Dalit vote consolidation under parties like the Lok Janshakti Party, shifting allegiance toward Kumar's Janata Dal (United) by addressing intra-caste inequalities empirically evidenced in landlessness rates exceeding 70% pre-intervention.[77] EBC welfare programs under Kumar's tenure include dedicated development corporations for sub-castes like Kanu and other artisan groups, providing low-interest loans and skill training, alongside broader schemes such as the Mukhyamantri Udyami Yojana offering Rs 10 lakh subsidies for EBC entrepreneurs since 2018, fostering over 1 lakh micro-enterprises by 2023.[82] The 7 Nischay initiative's youth empowerment component, approved in July 2025, targets EBC-dominated rural areas with Rs 4,000-6,000 monthly stipends for internships, aiming to skill 10 lakh youths annually toward the state's 1 crore job pledge over five years.[83] Such targeted interventions have empirically raised EBC representation in state services from under 10% in 2005 to approximately 20% by 2020, though socioeconomic indicators like per capita income remain stagnant relative to national averages, suggesting limited causal impact on broader prosperity.[84]Economic and Livelihood Schemes (e.g., Jeevika)
The Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society, known as JEEViKA, was established in 2006 under Chief Minister Nitish Kumar's administration as a pilot project supported by the World Bank to address rural poverty through community mobilization.[85] The initiative focused on forming self-help groups (SHGs) among rural women, providing them with financial literacy, skill training, and access to bank credit to foster sustainable livelihoods. By 2011, JEEViKA was designated the nodal agency for implementing India's National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) in Bihar, expanding its reach across the state.[86] JEEViKA's core model emphasizes women's empowerment via SHGs, which facilitate savings, internal lending, and enterprise development in areas such as agriculture, animal husbandry, and small-scale trading. As of 2025, the program has mobilized over 1.35 crore women into more than 13 lakh SHGs, generating an estimated Rs 1 lakh crore in annual business turnover.[85] Participants, often called "Jeevika Didis," have accessed microfinance linkages, with loans disbursed rising from Rs 6,000 crore in 2020 to Rs 49,500 crore by 2023, enabling activities like dairy farming and roadside enterprises.[87] Complementary efforts include the Satat Jeevikoparjan Yojana (SJY), launched in 2018, which targets ultra-poor households with asset transfers and stipends, reaching 100,000 women-headed families with Rs 840 crore in funding.[88] In recent years, Nitish Kumar has integrated JEEViKA into broader economic schemes, such as the Mukhyamantri Mahila Rojgar Yojana, providing initial grants of Rs 10,000 to SHG-linked women for business startups, scalable to Rs 2 lakh based on performance. Launched in September 2025 with Prime Minister Narendra Modi's involvement, the scheme transferred Rs 7,500 crore to 75 lakh women, aiming to reduce reliance on high-interest microfinance.[89] Similarly, the Bihar Rajya Jeevika Nidhi, initiated in September 2025 with Rs 1,000 crore allocation, establishes cooperatives to bolster financial autonomy for rural enterprises.[90] These measures have been credited with enhancing household incomes and female workforce participation, though reports highlight risks of debt burdens from expanded lending.[87]Political Alliances and Maneuvers
Early Alliance with NDA and Breakup (2013–2015)
In June 2013, tensions within the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) escalated when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) projected Narendra Modi, then Chief Minister of Gujarat, as its prime ministerial candidate for the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, prompting Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar to reassess the long-standing JD(U)-BJP partnership.[91][92] Kumar had previously advocated for a more consensus-driven NDA leadership selection, emphasizing a candidate acceptable to all allies rather than a singular figure, reflecting his concerns over Modi's polarizing image among certain voter demographics in Bihar, including Muslims who formed a key support base for JD(U).[93][92] On June 16, 2013, JD(U) president Sharad Yadav and Nitish Kumar formally announced the termination of the 17-year alliance with the BJP, effectively exiting the NDA, citing the BJP's shift toward "dictatorial tendencies" and the unilateral elevation of Modi as incompatible with coalition principles.[94][95] In immediate response, Kumar recommended to the Bihar Governor the dismissal of 11 BJP ministers from the state cabinet, leading to their removal and a subsequent floor test for his government on June 19, 2013, which JD(U) survived with external support from the Congress party.[94][93] This split marked a significant realignment in Bihar politics, isolating JD(U) ahead of national polls and underscoring Kumar's prioritization of regional secular credentials over national coalition continuity.[96] The breakup's electoral repercussions became evident in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, where JD(U) contested independently in Bihar's 40 seats, securing only 2 victories amid a sharp decline in vote share from previous alliances, while the BJP-led NDA swept 31 seats in the state.[97] This poor performance, attributed to the loss of BJP's organizational strength and Hindu voter consolidation behind Modi, weakened JD(U)'s position and intensified internal pressures on Kumar's leadership through 2014.[97] By early 2015, amid preparations for Bihar's assembly elections, Kumar began exploring alternative partnerships, setting the stage for a pivot away from isolationist politics, though no formal reconciliation with the NDA occurred during this period.[98]Formation of Mahagathbandhan and Subsequent Shifts (2015–2022)
In 2015, Nitish Kumar formed the Mahagathbandhan, or Grand Alliance, uniting his Janata Dal (United) [JD(U)], the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) under Lalu Prasad Yadav, and the Indian National Congress to contest the Bihar Legislative Assembly elections against the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA).[99] The elections occurred in five phases from 12 October to 5 November 2015 across Bihar's 243 constituencies.[100] The Mahagathbandhan secured a two-thirds majority, winning 178 seats: RJD with 80, JD(U) with 71, and Congress with 27.[101] On 15 November 2015, Governor Ram Nath Kovind invited Nitish Kumar to form the government, leading to his swearing-in as Chief Minister on 20 November, with Tejashwi Yadav of RJD as Deputy Chief Minister.[102] The Mahagathbandhan government focused on continuing developmental agendas but faced strains from corruption allegations against RJD leaders. In July 2017, investigations revealed irregularities in railway land allotments linked to Lalu Prasad Yadav's family, including Tejashwi Yadav, who faced charges in the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) hotels scam.[103] On 26 July 2017, Nitish Kumar resigned as Chief Minister, stating irreconcilable differences over corruption tolerance within the alliance, as Tejashwi refused to step down despite the allegations.[104][105] He promptly realigned with the BJP-led NDA, taking oath as Chief Minister again on 27 July 2017, with Sushil Kumar Modi of BJP as his deputy.[106] The NDA coalition governed Bihar stably through the 2020 assembly elections, where it retained power with JD(U) and BJP securing a majority. However, tensions escalated by mid-2022 over seat-sharing disagreements for upcoming elections and perceived BJP efforts to undermine JD(U). On 9 August 2022, Nitish Kumar resigned from the NDA government, claiming the BJP had deviated from coalition principles and was attempting to destabilize his party.[107] He then revived the Mahagathbandhan with RJD and Congress, staking claim to form a new government backed by 165 MLAs. Nitish Kumar was sworn in as Chief Minister for the eighth time on 10 August 2022, again with Tejashwi Yadav as Deputy Chief Minister.[108][109] This shift restored the opposition alliance's hold on power in Bihar until further changes in 2024.Return to NDA and Stability Claims (2022–Present)
On 28 January 2024, Nitish Kumar resigned as Chief Minister of Bihar, citing dysfunction within the Mahagathbandhan alliance, including allegations of corruption probes targeting him and a lack of progress on governance.[110][111] He promptly realigned with the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA), forming a new government sworn in the same day, with Kumar retaining the chief ministership and BJP leaders Samrat Choudhary and Vijay Kumar Sinha appointed as deputies.[111] This marked Kumar's fourth major alliance shift since 2015, prompted by reported internal frictions with RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav and strategic calculations amid national opposition dynamics.[112] Kumar framed the return as essential for political stability and accelerated development in Bihar, contrasting it with the "instability" of prior coalitions that he claimed hindered administrative efficiency.[113] He asserted that the NDA partnership would enable focused implementation of ongoing reforms without alliance-induced disruptions, emphasizing empirical continuity in infrastructure and welfare programs initiated earlier.[114] Supporters within the NDA highlighted the alliance's track record of majority support in the state assembly, securing 125 of 243 seats post-2020 elections, as evidence of viable stability.[115] Since the realignment, Kumar has reiterated commitments to permanence, stating in September 2025 that he would "not go anywhere" and remain with the NDA, while regretting past exits as circumstantial errors.[114][116] The government has maintained operational continuity, coordinating on national initiatives like the 2024 Lok Sabha polls where NDA won 30 of Bihar's 40 seats, and preparing unified seat-sharing for the 2025 assembly elections under Kumar's leadership.[115][117] Critics, however, attribute such claims to expediency rather than conviction, pointing to Kumar's history of reversals as undermining long-term credibility, though no legislative collapses have occurred post-2024.[7][118]Controversies and Criticisms
Frequent Alliance Flip-Flops and Opportunism
Nitish Kumar's political career is marked by repeated shifts between major alliances in Bihar, often resulting in his continued tenure as Chief Minister. Since breaking from the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in 2013, he has switched coalitions four times, each move enabling him to form or sustain governments despite electoral setbacks for his Janata Dal (United) [JD(U)] party.[7][98] These transitions have reshaped Bihar's political landscape, with Kumar citing ideological differences, corruption concerns, or destabilization attempts as justifications, though critics argue they prioritize personal political survival over consistency.[119] The following table outlines key alliance flips since the early 2010s:| Date | Alliance Change | Stated Reason |
|---|---|---|
| June 2013 | JD(U) exits NDA after alliance with BJP since 2005. | Opposition to Narendra Modi's elevation as BJP's prime ministerial candidate, emphasizing secularism.[7][98] |
| February 2015 | Forms Mahagathbandhan with RJD and Congress; wins Bihar assembly elections. | United front against BJP's perceived communalism; JD(U)-RJD-Congress alliance secures majority.[119][7] |
| July 2017 | Exits Mahagathbandhan, rejoins NDA with BJP. | Corruption allegations against RJD leader Tejashwi Yadav, whom Kumar had appointed as deputy CM.[98][7] |
| August 2022 | Quits NDA, realigns with Mahagathbandhan (RJD, Congress, Left parties). | Claims of BJP's efforts to engineer defections from JD(U).[119][98] |
| January 28, 2024 | Resigns as CM, severs ties with Mahagathbandhan, returns to NDA. | Disillusionment with RJD's functioning and opposition to dynastic politics; forms government with BJP support for ninth term.[7][98] |