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Patrick Garland

Patrick Garland (10 April 1935 – 19 April 2013) was a British , actor, writer, and producer renowned for his contributions to theatre, film, and television, particularly in adapting literary works and directing acclaimed productions featuring leading performers of his era. Born in , Garland was educated at St Mary's College in Southampton and , where he studied under and appeared as for the in 1957. His early career included acting and writing, but he gained prominence as a after joining the BBC's arts department in the 1960s, where he spent 12 years producing and directing programs such as Famous Gossips (1965) and On the Margin (1966). In theatre, Garland achieved notable success with West End productions like Brief Lives (1967), starring Roy Dotrice, and Forty Years On (1968), a collaboration with Alan Bennett that marked a significant debut for the playwright. He served twice as artistic director of the (1981–1984 and 1990–1994), directing works by Chekhov, , Shakespeare, and Wilde, including revivals such as on with and Under the Greenwood Tree (1978) with . Garland was the only director to have four plays running simultaneously in London's West End and founded the literary journal Poetry International with . On screen, he directed the television adaptation The Snow Goose (1971), which earned a Golden Globe and an Emmy nomination, and the film (1973), an adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play starring , , and . As a writer, he adapted one-person shows like (1989) and penned the biography The Incomparable Rex (1998) about Harrison, as well as the novel The Wings of the Morning (1989). Garland married actress in 1980 and directed Lord Olivier's thanksgiving service in 1989; he died in , , after a short illness.

Early life and education

Birth and family

Patrick Garland was born on 10 April 1935 in Chelsea, London, as the only child of Captain Ewart James Garland and Rosalind Beatrice Fell. His father, a decorated World War I pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his service. The family belonged to the middle class, with Garland's paternal lineage including Australian roots and his mother's side tracing to a prominent London family. Rosalind Beatrice Fell came from an artistically inclined background; she was the daughter of a long-serving editor of The Connoisseur magazine and granddaughter of the Victorian portrait painter Sir James Linton. This cultural heritage likely fostered an early appreciation for the arts in the household. Garland's father, having been raised in Australia before his military career, brought stories of aviation exploits that later inspired his son's writing, including the novel The Wings of the Morning (1989), which fictionalized those wartime experiences. During his early years, the family relocated to , where Garland spent his childhood in a more provincial setting compared to his London birthplace. He attended local schools in the area before transitioning to St Mary’s College. This period shaped his formative environment, blending his parents' influences amid the post-war recovery of mid-20th-century .

Education and early influences

Garland attended St Mary's College in during the 1940s, where he distinguished himself as Head Boy and showed early promise in academics, including achievements in and Latin that earned him a £20 prize. He later studied English at , matriculating in 1956 after completing , and graduated around 1959. There, he was tutored by the renowned literary scholar , whose guidance shaped his deep engagement with . Garland's passion for drama blossomed through his active involvement in the (OUDS), where he served as president, succeeding , and performed leading roles in productions such as (1957), (1958), and (1959). These experiences, combined with his exposure to poetry readings and literary circles at , fostered his multifaceted artistic sensibilities. Following graduation, Garland's early influences extended into collaborative ventures that bridged theatre and poetry. His Oxford contemporaries and the vibrant dramatic scene there laid the groundwork for lifelong connections in literary and theatrical worlds, including later ties to figures like through shared roots.

Theatre career

Acting roles

Garland began his acting career during his time at , where he served as president of the (OUDS). His notable student performances included the title role in in 1957, directed by Peter Dews, and at the in 1958, under Anthony Page's direction. These minor roles in university productions provided his initial exposure to professional theatre environments and helped forge early connections within the British stage community. After graduating in 1959, Garland joined the , where he trained and acted in repertory for two years (1959–1961). During this period, he performed in various ensemble roles, honing his craft in a professional repertory setting that emphasized classical and contemporary plays. This experience at Bristol solidified his technical skills and introduced him to key figures in regional . In 1960, Garland made his television debut with the BBC's landmark series , a cycle of Shakespeare's history plays directed by Michael Hayes and Peter Dews. He portrayed multiple supporting characters, including Prince John (John of Lancaster) in and the in Richard III. These appearances alongside established actors like and elevated his profile and expanded his network in both theatre and broadcasting. Garland continued in into the early 1960s, including a West End supporting role in Archibald MacLeish's J.B. opposite at the Phoenix Theatre in 1961. By around 1965, however, he transitioned from acting to directing, leveraging the relationships and insights gained from these performances to pursue work behind the scenes, beginning with productions like Famous Gossips.

Directing achievements

Garland achieved his directing breakthrough with the 1967 adaptation and staging of Brief Lives, a one-man play drawn from 17th-century antiquarian John Aubrey's biographical sketches, featuring in a bravura performance as the gossipy Aubrey. The production originated as a development from Garland's earlier work and quickly transferred from its initial run to the West End's , where it ran for over 400 performances, before crossing to in late 1967 for a successful Broadway engagement at the . Critics praised Garland's intimate, evocative direction, which highlighted Aubrey's eccentric wit and the play's blend of humor and melancholy, establishing Garland as a talent for literary adaptations. In 1968, Garland directed the premiere of Alan Bennett's Forty Years On at London's , with as the aging headmaster of a fading reflecting on post-war Britain through satirical sketches. The production, which ran for 325 performances, was lauded for its sharp wit and Gielgud's commanding presence, transferring to later that year and cementing Garland's reputation for handling ensemble comedies with nostalgic bite. This collaboration with Bennett marked the start of a fruitful partnership, showcasing Garland's skill in balancing verbal dexterity and subtle social commentary. Garland's 1980s work included the high-profile revival of Lerner and Loewe's on , where he directed reprising his iconic role as Henry Higgins opposite as at the Uris Theatre in 1981. The production, following a separate successful revival in 1979–1980, emphasized the musical's class satire and romantic tension, running for 124 performances and earning Award nominations for its fresh staging. He also helmed revivals of Dylan Thomas's across various venues, capturing the poetic dreamscape of the Welsh village Llareggub through ensemble readings that highlighted the work's lyrical humor and melancholy. Among his other notable stage productions, Garland directed Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest in a 1974 revival emphasizing the play's farcical elegance and verbal sparring. His collaborations extended to esteemed actors like , whom he directed as in a 1984 production of Shakespeare's , noted for its nuanced exploration of prejudice and mercy. These efforts underscored Garland's versatility in classical and modern repertoire, often prioritizing actor-driven interpretations over elaborate spectacle.

Leadership at Chichester Festival Theatre

Patrick Garland served as Artistic Director of for two terms, from 1981 to 1984 and from 1991 to 1994, during which he directed over 20 productions and shaped the venue's artistic direction. In these roles, he oversaw ambitious seasons that balanced commercial appeal with innovative programming, including the introduction of musicals to the theatre for the first time through premieres like The Mitford Girls (1981) and Underneath the Arches (1982), both of which transferred successfully to the West End. Other notable seasons featured literary adaptations and new works, such as the 1989 promenade production of Victory!, adapted by Garland from Thomas Hardy's The Dynasts, and the 1992 premiere of Vita and Virginia at the Minerva Theatre. A key aspect of Garland's leadership was his commitment to infrastructure development, particularly in commissioning and for the Minerva Studio Theatre, a 300-seat intimate space that opened in May 1989 to support experimental and smaller-scale productions. This addition expanded the theatre's capacity for diverse programming, allowing for closer audience engagement and enabling transfers like Vita and Virginia, starring and , to the West End. Garland's efforts in securing funding from Council and private donors underscored his vision for a multifaceted regional capable of nurturing emerging talent alongside established stars. Garland's programming philosophy prioritized classical revivals—such as and Shakespeare works—interwoven with contemporary British plays and adaptations, reflecting his belief in reviving "buried spoken words" through strong acting ensembles. He cultivated extensive collaborations with designers like and actors including , , and , fostering a collaborative environment that elevated Chichester's profile as a launchpad for successes. This approach not only sustained the theatre's financial health but also reinforced its role in British theatre innovation during a period of funding challenges.

Television and film work

BBC productions

Patrick Garland joined the BBC's Music and Arts Department as a director and producer in 1962, remaining in the role until 1974 and contributing significantly to its arts programming and literary adaptations. His early work included directing episodes of the influential arts series Monitor, where he captured profiles of prominent cultural figures. A notable example is the 1964 episode "Down Cemetery Road," in which he directed poet Philip Larkin in a rare television appearance, interviewed by John Betjeman about his life, work, and time in Hull. Garland's approach on Monitor emphasized intimate, thoughtful explorations of artistic personalities, reflecting his background in theatre and poetry. During his tenure, Garland produced and directed several literary adaptations and specials that highlighted his affinity for dramatic and poetic narratives. In 1966, he produced Alan Bennett's satirical sketch series On the Margin for BBC Two, directed by Sydney Lotterby, blending humor with cultural commentary in a style that echoed his stage work. He also helmed poetry-focused interviews, such as the 1973 edition of Poets on Poetry featuring Seamus Heaney discussing his craft and commitment to the art form. These programs showcased Garland's skill in adapting literary content for television, often drawing on his own poetic sensibilities to create engaging, introspective broadcasts. One of Garland's most acclaimed contributions was the 1971 television film The Snow Goose, an adaptation of Paul Gallico's novella set against the backdrop of the . Directed and produced by Garland, the starred as the reclusive artist Rhayader and as the young Fritha, earning widespread praise for its poignant storytelling and visual lyricism. The won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Film in 1972 and was nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Production, underscoring Garland's ability to elevate literary works through sensitive direction. Other adaptations under his guidance included The Highland Jaunt (1968), a dramatization of and Samuel Johnson's Scottish travels, and I Spy a Stranger (1972), which he dramatised from Jean Rhys's short story, both exemplifying his focus on historical and modernist literature. Throughout his years, Garland's output prioritized high-quality arts and , leaving a lasting impact on British 's cultural landscape.

Feature films and adaptations

Patrick Garland's directorial debut in adaptations came with The Snow Goose (1971), a poignant rendering of Paul Gallico's novella set against the backdrop of and the . Starring as the reclusive artist Philip Rhayader and as the young Fritha, the film follows their tender bond formed through nursing an injured bird back to health. Originally produced for television as part of the series, it aired on in the United States and BBC2 in the UK, earning widespread acclaim for its emotional depth and visual lyricism; it won the Golden Globe for Best Television Film and received Emmy and BAFTA nominations. Garland's sole feature film, (1973), adapted Henrik Ibsen's seminal play about marital disillusionment and female emancipation. Featuring as Nora Helmer, as her husband Torvald, and as Dr. Rank, the screenplay by expanded the stage-bound narrative with period authenticity and subtle psychological tension. Released theatrically by , it garnered mixed critical reviews—praised for the stellar ensemble performances and Bloom's nuanced portrayal of Nora's awakening, but critiqued for a somewhat restrained pace compared to the concurrent version—while achieving modest box office success in art-house circuits. Throughout these works, Garland's style privileged literary fidelity and actor-centric storytelling, infusing adaptations with poetic imagery—such as the evocative coastal landscapes in The Snow Goose—to underscore themes of isolation and redemption, drawing from his earlier productions that honed his skill in translating dramatic texts to screen. Although he pursued additional projects, Garland's cinematic output remained limited, reflecting his primary allegiance to while demonstrating a refined approach to visual in literary works.

Literary contributions

Poetry and short stories

Garland's engagement with poetry began during his undergraduate years at Oxford University, where his literary interests were nurtured through contributions to student publications. In 1957, he had poems featured in Oxford Poetry, edited by Peter Ferguson and Dennis Keene and published by Fantasy Press. His early work also appeared in The London Magazine in 1954 and in New Poems in 1956, marking his initial foray into established literary journals. Throughout the 1960s and beyond, Garland continued to publish poetry in prominent periodicals, reflecting a sustained commitment to the form amid his burgeoning career in theatre and television. Notable appearances include later poems in , (February 1986), and Poetry West. In 1963, he co-founded Poetry International, the influential festival and associated publications that showcased international poets, though his own verse found outlets in similar high-profile venues. Additionally, selections of his poetry appeared in Sussex Seams in 1996. Garland's short stories, often concise explorations of personal and rural themes, were published in various anthologies and journals during the mid-20th century. These included contributions to Gemini, Light Blue, Dark Blue (MacDonald, 1960), Transatlantic Review (1976), and England Erzählt. His prose output evolved alongside his professional life at the BBC, transitioning from youthful experiments to more polished pieces in literary compilations.

Books and memoirs

Garland's first significant literary contribution in book form was his adaptation of John Aubrey's 17th-century collection of biographical sketches, published as Brief Lives: A Play in Two Acts for One Player in 1967 by Faber and Faber. This work transformed Aubrey's anecdotal accounts of notable figures like William Shakespeare and Thomas Hobbes into a one-man stage script, which premiered successfully and became a staple of British theatre, emphasizing the wit and intimacy of Aubrey's original prose. In 1989, Garland published the novel The Wings of the Morning, based on the diaries of his father, a in the Royal Flying Corps. The book follows the story of an Australian pilot's experiences during the war. Garland also adapted Virginia Woolf's essay into the one-woman stage play in 1989, starring , which was later adapted for television in 1991. In 1995, he edited and published Angels in the Air, an anthology of poems about . In 1998, Garland published The Incomparable : A Memoir of in the 1980s through Macmillan, drawing on his personal experiences directing the actor in the Broadway revival of . The book offers an affectionate yet candid portrait of Harrison's charisma, professional demands, and private vulnerabilities during their collaboration, blending theatrical anecdotes with insights into the performer's later career. Garland also authored in 2001, a reflective chronicling his decades-long affinity with the island's remote village of Sant'Antonino, where he maintained a home since the . Through vivid descriptions of local customs, landscapes, and personal travels, the book captures the cultural essence of 's interior, highlighting its timeless rural life amid encroaching modernity. Garland had been working on his memoirs at the time of his in , which chronicled his extensive in and personal reflections but remained incomplete.

Essays and introductions

Garland contributed essays and articles on , , and British to various periodicals. These pieces often reflected his experiences in the world, emphasizing the enduring legacy of English literary traditions and the intersections between and page. Garland also authored introductions and forewords for books and anthologies, providing contextual insights into literary works. He co-wrote the introduction to 15 Poems for (1964), edited by Eric W. White to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth, alongside John Lehmann and William Plomer; the essay framed the collection as a to the playwright's influence on contemporary poets. Such contributions underscored his commitment to preserving and interpreting Britain's poetic and dramatic heritage through thoughtful, concise prose.

Personal life and legacy

Marriage and relationships

Patrick Garland entered a long-term relationship with actress , whom he had known previously, culminating in their marriage in 1980 at . The couple shared a contented life in , residing at Poplars Farmhouse, a 17th-century property near that reflected Bastedo's passion for , housing numerous rescued animals. He also nurtured enduring friendships with prominent figures in the arts, including playwright , with whom he shared a close professional and personal association, and poet , co-founding the Poetry International festival with him in 1967. Garland and Bastedo maintained a notably private , avoiding extensive public disclosure of their domestic affairs, and they had no children. Bastedo died on 12 January 2014.

Death and honors

Patrick Garland died on 19 April 2013 at the age of 78 after a long illness, at Worthing Hospital in , . He was buried in the churchyard of Saint Mary's Church in Sullington, . Throughout his career, Garland received several notable honors. In 1994, he was awarded an honorary (D.Litt.) by the , recognizing his contributions to . Three years later, in 1997, he became an Honorary Fellow of , his alma mater. For his 1971 television adaptation of The Snow Goose, Garland won a Golden Globe Award for Best , with the production also earning Bafta and Emmy nominations. His work at garnered further acclaim, including an Olivier Award nomination for Best New Musical in 1982 for Underneath the Arches. Garland's legacy endures as a versatile figure who bridged , television, and literature, collaborating with luminaries like , , and . Following his death, obituaries in and on the praised his multifaceted career, from directing West End hits to founding Poetry International and authoring influential books like The Incomparable Rex.

Archive and collections

Personal papers

Patrick Garland's personal papers form a substantial collection documenting his professional and creative endeavors across decades, particularly from the through the . These materials include numerous scripts, letters, and detailed production notes related to his productions and television projects, offering glimpses into the development of works like adaptations of literary classics and original dramas. A significant portion of the papers consists of correspondence with notable literary figures, including and , where Garland exchanged ideas on potential collaborations, shared insights on directing poetry readings, and discussed mutual interests in British theatre and literature. These letters highlight his role in fostering artistic partnerships, such as those tied to Poetry International and BBC arts programming. The collection also preserves career-related documents, including papers on his biography The Incomparable Rex. Garland had been working on unfinished memoirs reflecting on his early career and personal influences, as well as preliminary manuscripts for an intended book on drawn from his travels and observations there. These unpublished writings reveal his introspective style and thematic preoccupations with place, memory, and . Complementing the textual documents are documents related to his artistic directorship at Chichester Festival Theatre and his extensive BBC contributions. These items collectively underscore key career highlights, including acclaimed stage revivals and television adaptations.

Institutional holdings

The principal collection of Patrick Garland's papers is held at the University of Sussex Library's Special Collections (now known as Heritage Collections), which acquired the materials in 2019. This archive encompasses playscripts, production notes, personal and professional correspondence, and career-related documents spanning his work as a theatre and television director, actor, and writer. Production records from Garland's tenure as artistic director of (1981–1984 and 1991–1994) are maintained in the theatre's dedicated archive, administered by Record Office. These holdings include documentation of key stagings such as and , with portions digitized and accessible via the theatre's online Pass It On platform to support research and public engagement. Further items are preserved at the BBC Written Archives Centre, consisting of additional papers tied to Garland's contributions to television programming during his 12-year tenure in the BBC's department. These institutional repositories operate under standard research access policies: the University of Sussex collection requires an advance appointment for in-person consultation at The Keep reading room in , open to bona fide researchers including the public; the similarly permit access by application for qualified scholars; and Chichester's digital resources are freely available online, while physical materials follow Record Office protocols.

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