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Rock

Rock most commonly refers to:

Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids
Rock music, a genre of popular music that developed in the 1950s

It may also refer to:

A place or feature, such as Rock of Gibraltar
A person, such as Chris Rock (stage name)
Various uses in arts, sports, and other contexts

Geology and earth sciences

Definition and types

In geology, a rock is defined as a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids, or a body of undifferentiated mineral matter, which forms through geological processes and constitutes part of the Earth's crust.^[1] Unlike individual minerals, which are homogeneous solids with a specific chemical composition and crystalline structure, rocks are heterogeneous assemblages that lack such uniformity and are not loose fragments like boulders.^[2] This aggregate nature distinguishes rocks as fundamental building blocks of the lithosphere, varying in scale from hand specimens to massive formations. Rocks are broadly classified into three primary types based on their mode of formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each type exhibits distinct origins, textures, and compositions that reflect their geological history. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava, originating deep within the Earth or at its surface. They are subdivided into intrusive (plutonic) rocks, which crystallize slowly beneath the surface and develop coarse-grained textures, such as granite composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and mica; and extrusive (volcanic) rocks, which solidify rapidly at or near the surface, resulting in fine-grained or glassy textures, exemplified by basalt rich in plagioclase and pyroxene.^[3] Sedimentary rocks arise from the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of mineral and organic particles on the Earth's surface, often in layers that preserve depositional environments. They include clastic types, formed from mechanical weathering and transport of pre-existing rock fragments, like sandstone derived from quartz grains; chemical types, precipitated directly from water solutions, such as rock salt (halite); and biochemical (biogenic) types, built from accumulated organic remains, including limestone composed of calcite from marine shells.^[4]^[5] Metamorphic rocks result from the transformation of pre-existing rocks under intense heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids, without melting, leading to recrystallization and often a reoriented mineral fabric. They are categorized as foliated, showing a layered or banded texture due to aligned minerals, such as slate (fine-grained, derived from shale); and non-foliated, lacking such alignment and appearing massive, like marble (coarse-grained, from limestone, with interlocking calcite crystals) or quartzite formed from sandstone.^[6] Key properties of rocks include their mineral composition, which determines chemical stability and reactivity; texture, encompassing grain size, shape, and arrangement (e.g., crystalline in igneous rocks versus stratified in sedimentary ones); and hardness, measured on the Mohs scale, which varies from soft (e.g., talc-rich metamorphic schist at 1) to very hard (e.g., quartz-dominated igneous granite at 7). These attributes differ markedly by type: igneous rocks often display interlocking crystals reflecting rapid or slow cooling rates, sedimentary rocks exhibit bedding and fossil inclusions indicative of surface processes, and metamorphic rocks show foliation or granoblastic textures from deformation and recrystallization, influencing their appearance, durability, and geological role.^[7] The interplay of these properties links the types within the rock cycle, where each can transform into another through tectonic and surficial processes.^[3]

Formation processes

The rock cycle represents a continuous, dynamic process that transforms rocks among igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic types through geological forces, ensuring the renewal of Earth's crust over vast timescales.^[8] This cycle begins with the breakdown of existing rocks via weathering, where physical forces like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical reactions with water or acids disintegrate rock into sediments, followed by erosion that transports these particles by wind, water, or ice to depositional sites such as riverbeds, lakes, or ocean basins.^[8] Once deposited in layers, sediments undergo lithification through compaction—where overlying weight squeezes out water—and cementation by minerals precipitating from groundwater, forming solid sedimentary rocks. Deeper burial or tectonic activity can then subject these rocks to intense heat and pressure, triggering metamorphism that recrystallizes minerals without melting, or extreme heat may cause partial or full melting into magma. The cycle closes as magma cools and crystallizes into igneous rocks, which may later weather and erode to restart the sequence, all powered by internal Earth heat and surface processes.^[8] Conceptually, the rock cycle can be visualized as a circular pathway: starting from igneous rocks exposed at the surface, arrows point to weathering and erosion leading to sedimentary deposition and lithification; from sedimentary rocks, paths diverge to metamorphism under pressure or melting to magma; metamorphic rocks similarly lead to melting or surface exposure for weathering; and magma branches to intrusive or extrusive igneous formation, looping back.^[8] Plate tectonics fundamentally drives this cycle by facilitating the conditions for each transformation, such as subduction zones where oceanic plates sink, generating heat for melting into magma or compressing rocks for metamorphism, while divergent boundaries uplift rocks for erosion and sedimentation.^[9] Igneous rocks form through the crystallization of molten magma or lava, a process initiated deep in Earth's mantle where temperatures exceed 700–1,300°C, often at plate boundaries or hotspots.^[3] Intrusive igneous rocks develop when magma cools slowly beneath the surface over thousands to millions of years, allowing large crystals to form coarse-grained textures, as seen in plutons like granite intrusions.^[3] In contrast, extrusive igneous rocks result from rapid cooling of lava at or near the surface during volcanic eruptions, producing fine-grained or glassy textures with possible gas bubbles, exemplified by basalt from mid-ocean ridges.^[3] Plate tectonics promotes igneous formation by creating divergent zones for upwelling magma or convergent zones for subduction-related melting.^[9] Sedimentary rocks originate from the accumulation and consolidation of eroded materials from pre-existing rocks, primarily through surface processes influenced by climate and topography. Weathering first fragments source rocks into particles ranging from clay to pebbles, which erosion then transports via rivers, winds, or glaciers to low-energy environments like deltas or ocean floors for deposition in stratified layers.^[8] Subsequent burial leads to compaction, reducing pore space as water is expelled under pressure, followed by cementation where dissolved minerals like silica or calcite bind the grains into coherent rock, such as sandstone from quartz sands. Tectonic uplift exposes these formations to further cycling, while subsidence in basins preserves thick sedimentary sequences.^[9] Metamorphic rocks arise from the alteration of existing rocks under elevated temperatures (typically 200–800°C) and pressures without reaching the melting point, causing minerals to recrystallize and realign.^[6] Contact metamorphism occurs locally around intruding magma bodies, where heat "bakes" surrounding rocks, forming non-foliated types like marble from limestone without strong directional pressure.^[6] Regional metamorphism, more widespread, affects large areas during tectonic collisions, imposing both heat and directed pressure to produce foliated rocks like schist or gneiss, with mineral alignment reflecting the stress field.^[6] Plate tectonics is central here, as convergent boundaries bury and deform rocks, generating the conditions for regional changes, while hotspots or intrusions drive contact effects.^[9]

Music

Rock music genre

Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated in the United States during the mid-1950s, evolving from rock and roll by blending elements of rhythm and blues, country music, and gospel.^[10] This fusion created a high-energy style characterized by its appeal to youth culture, with pioneers such as Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley, and Little Richard playing pivotal roles in popularizing the sound through innovative guitar riffs, energetic performances, and themes of romance and rebellion.^[11] A landmark moment came in 1954 when Bill Haley and His Comets released "Rock Around the Clock," widely recognized as the first major nationwide rock and roll hit, which topped charts and symbolized the genre's breakthrough into mainstream consciousness.^[12] Core characteristics of rock music include the prominent use of electric guitars, a strong backbeat driven by drums and bass, and an emphasis on powerful vocals that often convey themes of youthful defiance, social commentary, or personal expression.^[13] These elements fostered a raw, amplified sound that distinguished rock from its predecessors, enabling live performances to captivate audiences with intensity and immediacy.^[12] Over time, the genre evolved into diverse subgenres such as hard rock, punk, and alternative, each amplifying aspects like aggression in punk or experimentation in alternative while retaining the foundational rhythmic drive and instrumental focus.^[10] The cultural impact of rock music expanded dramatically in the 1960s with the British Invasion, led by bands like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones, which reversed the flow of influence by bringing British interpretations of American rock back across the Atlantic and reshaping global pop culture.^[14] This period marked rock's integration into broader social movements, culminating in the 1969 Woodstock festival, a three-day event in upstate New York that drew over 400,000 attendees and epitomized the era's countercultural ethos of peace, music, and communal solidarity.^[15] Subsequent decades saw further diversification, with 1970s arena rock emphasizing spectacle and large-scale productions, 1980s hair metal adding theatrical flair and visual excess, and 1990s grunge introducing raw, introspective angst that challenged mainstream polish.^[16] Rock's global spread fostered a unified youth culture, influencing fashion, attitudes toward authority, and artistic expression worldwide, as seen in its adaptation across continents and integration into diverse musical traditions.^[17]

Notable works and artists

The Beatles, formed in Liverpool in 1960, emerged as one of the most influential bands in rock history, blending pop sensibilities with innovative songwriting and studio experimentation that expanded the genre's boundaries. Their career highlights include the 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, ranked #24 on Rolling Stone's 2020 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time for its pioneering concept album format, orchestral arrangements, and psychedelic elements that inspired countless rock artists.^[18] The band's contributions, from early hits like "I Want to Hold Your Hand" to later works like "A Day in the Life," solidified their role in shaping 1960s pop-rock.^[19] In the 1970s, Led Zeppelin defined hard rock through their fusion of blues, folk, and heavy riffs, with frontman Robert Plant's soaring vocals and guitarist Jimmy Page's virtuosic playing. Their untitled fourth album (1971), often called Led Zeppelin IV, featured the epic track "Stairway to Heaven," ranked #61 on Rolling Stone's 2021 list of the 500 Greatest Songs for its dynamic structure building from acoustic folk to hard rock climax, influencing generations of guitar-driven music.^[20] Ranked #58 among the greatest albums, it exemplified their mystical themes and blues-rooted sound.^[18] Pink Floyd advanced progressive rock with conceptual depth and immersive soundscapes, particularly on their 1973 album The Dark Side of the Moon, which topped charts for 741 weeks and ranked #55 on the all-time albums list for blending psychedelic rock with themes of time, madness, and mortality through innovative effects like heartbeat pulses and spoken-word samples.^[18] Queen's 1975 album A Night at the Opera, ranked #128, showcased theatrical rock innovation with "Bohemian Rhapsody," a six-minute opus ranked #17 on the greatest songs list for its operatic structure, multitracked vocals, and genre-blending of ballad, hard rock, and classical elements, challenging radio norms and becoming a staple of rock's dramatic evolution.^[20]^[18] The 1990s saw Nirvana propel grunge to mainstream prominence, with Kurt Cobain's raw lyricism and raw energy critiquing rock's excesses. Their 1991 album Nevermind, ranked #6 on the all-time list, featured "Smells Like Teen Spirit" and shifted rock toward alternative sounds, selling over 30 million copies and marking a pivotal moment in 1990s rock.^[18] Ranked #30 among the greatest artists, Nirvana's influence endures in post-grunge and alternative scenes.^[19] Entering the 2020s, indie rock has experienced a resurgence, blending garage aesthetics with modern production, as seen in the Arctic Monkeys' evolution from their 2006 debut to the 2022 album The Car, which critiques fame through lounge-infused rock, continuing their impact on revivalist trends with over 20 million albums sold globally. This wave includes bands like Fontaines D.C. and IDLES, whose punk-inflected indie albums like Dogrel (2019) and Joy as an Act of Resistance (2018) achieved high chart positions in the UK, peaking at #9 and #5 respectively on the UK Albums Chart, signaling a renewed vitality in guitar-driven rock amid broader genre fusions.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Places

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom features several notable locations named "Rock" or renowned for prominent rock formations, contributing to its diverse geological and cultural landscape. In Cornwall, Rock is a coastal village situated on the eastern bank of the Camel Estuary, directly opposite the town of Padstow. The village is particularly famous for Rock Beach, a expansive stretch of golden sand and shallow turquoise waters ideal for watersports such as windsurfing and kitesurfing, with far-reaching views across the estuary. This area attracts tourists year-round, supporting local maritime activities and serving as a gateway to the scenic North Cornwall coast. In Staffordshire, The Roaches is a prominent gritstone escarpment in the Peak District National Park, rising to over 500 meters and known for its dramatic rocky outcrops, caves like Lud's Church, and as a premier bouldering and rock climbing destination.^[24] Formed from Carboniferous millstone grit, this upland area supports rare wildlife including ring ouzels and twite, and offers panoramic views, drawing outdoor enthusiasts while managed for conservation. Further north in Scotland, the Rock of Dunure refers to the rocky promontory in South Ayrshire upon which the ruins of Dunure Castle stand, overlooking the Firth of Clyde toward the Isle of Arran.^[25] The castle's origins trace back to at least the 13th century, when a stone keep was constructed on this defensible outcrop for the Kennedy family, who held the lordship of Carrick.^[25] The site, now a scheduled ancient monument, exemplifies medieval defensive architecture adapted to the rugged coastal geology, with remnants including a vaulted hall and tower that highlight its historical role in regional power struggles.^[25] Among the UK's most iconic rock formations is the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland, a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising approximately 40,000 interlocking basalt columns formed by volcanic activity during the Paleogene period, around 50–60 million years ago.^[26] This igneous rock structure, resulting from rapid cooling of lava flows into hexagonal prisms, extends into the sea and supports a unique coastal ecosystem, drawing approximately 700,000 visitors annually as of 2024.^[26]^[27] Local legends attribute its creation to the giant Finn McCool (Fionn mac Cumhaill), who supposedly built a causeway to Scotland to challenge a rival, blending scientific explanation with cultural heritage that enhances tourism along the Causeway Coast.^[26] Off the Orkney Islands, the Old Man of Hoy stands as one of Europe's tallest sea stacks, a 137-meter-high pillar of Old Red Sandstone rising dramatically from the Atlantic Ocean off the cliffs on the island of Hoy.^[28] Formed through millennia of coastal erosion acting on Devonian-age sedimentary rocks, this isolated monolith has become a symbol of the archipelago's wild geology and a premier site for rock climbing since its first ascent in 1966.^[28] The formation's precarious stance, vulnerable to ongoing wave and wind erosion, underscores the dynamic processes shaping Scotland's northern coastline, while its visibility from coastal paths boosts eco-tourism in the Hoy and West Mainland National Scenic Area.^[29]

United States

In the United States, several places bear the name "Rock" or are renowned for prominent rock formations integral to American history and culture. Among settlements, the Town of Rock in Rock County, Wisconsin, is a small rural community established in the mid-19th century as part of the broader agricultural expansion in southern Wisconsin.^[30] Covering 30 square miles, it remains sparsely populated, with a focus on farming and residential areas bordering the Rock River, which has shaped local development since early European settlement.^[30] Rock Hill, South Carolina, a larger city incorporated in 1870, originated as a rail depot on the Charlotte and South Carolina Railroad in 1852 and derives its name from a nearby flint hill.^[31] It gained national prominence during the Civil Rights Movement, particularly through the 1961 sit-ins at McCrory's Five and Dime store by the Friendship Nine, who pioneered the "Jail, No Bail" strategy to protest segregation and burden the system economically.^[32] This nonviolent tactic, where protesters refused bail to fill jails and highlight injustice, influenced broader movement strategies and led to their convictions being vacated in 2015.^[33] Little Rock, the capital of Arkansas since 1821, was named by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Bernard de La Harpe in 1722 for a small rock outcropping—or "la petite roche"—on the south bank of the Arkansas River bluffs, which served as a landmark for early travelers and traders.^[34] Incorporated as a city in 1835, it grew as a key river port and later a hub for government and commerce, with the bluffs providing natural protection from flooding in its formative years.^[35] Notable rock formations include Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts, a weathered granite boulder traditionally associated with the 1620 landing of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower, marking the founding of the Plymouth Colony.^[36] Composed of Dedham Granite dating back approximately 600 million years and transported by glaciers during the last Ice Age, the rock—now fragmented and enshrined—symbolizes Puritan settlement and American origins, though historical records indicate the Pilgrims likely first stepped ashore nearby on the beach rather than directly on the boulder.^[36] Devils Tower in northeastern Wyoming stands as a striking igneous formation, rising 867 feet from base to summit and recognized as the first national monument in the U.S., established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906.^[37] Geologically classified as an igneous intrusion—often interpreted as a laccolith or volcanic neck formed from cooled magma about 40 million years ago—it consists of phonolite porphyry columns and is sacred to more than 20 Native American tribes, including the Lakota and Cheyenne, who refer to it as Bear Lodge and incorporate it into creation stories and ceremonies.^[38] For modern recreational uses, Yosemite National Park's El Capitan in California exemplifies a premier rock climbing destination, a sheer granite monolith towering 3,000 feet above the Yosemite Valley floor and formed from ancient plutonic intrusions of the Sierra Nevada batholith. In 2017, climber Alex Honnold achieved the first free solo ascent of its 3,000-foot Freerider route, scaling the face without ropes or safety gear in under four hours, a feat documented in the film Free Solo and highlighting the site's extreme challenges.^[39]

Elsewhere

In Europe, the Rock of Gibraltar stands as a prominent limestone monolith rising to 426 meters (1,398 feet) in height, serving as a strategic military site since the Moorish conquest led by Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711 AD, when it was used as a base for invading the Iberian Peninsula.^[40] This British Overseas Territory's formation dates to the Jurassic period around 200 million years ago, and its upper areas form a nature reserve inhabited by approximately 300 Barbary macaques, the only wild monkeys in Europe, which have become a symbol of the territory.^[41] Further east, Trakai Island Castle in Lithuania, constructed in the late 14th century under Grand Duke Kęstutis, occupies a small island in Lake Galvė, utilizing the rocky terrain as a natural defensive feature for this medieval fortress that later served as a residence for Lithuanian rulers.^[42] Across other continents, Uluru, a sandstone monolith in Australia's Northern Territory, towers 348 meters above the surrounding plain and holds profound sacred significance for the Anangu Aboriginal people as a site of cultural ceremonies and Dreamtime stories.^[43] Its striking red hue results from iron oxide oxidation, causing the rock to shift colors dramatically from deep crimson at sunrise and sunset to softer shades during the day due to sunlight interaction with the mineral content.^[44] In Sri Lanka, Sigiriya emerges as an ancient rock fortress built in the 5th century AD by King Kashyapa on a 200-meter-high volcanic plug, featuring elaborate frescoes, hydraulic systems, and lion-shaped gateways that reflect advanced engineering of the era.^[45] Globally, Table Rock refers to various flat, overhanging ledges, notably the one at Niagara Falls on the Canadian side, a limestone projection that extended 15 meters beyond the Horseshoe Falls' brink until parts collapsed in the 19th century due to erosion, offering historical viewpoints for visitors.^[46] Beyond Earth, rocks on Mars have been studied through missions like NASA's Pathfinder in 1997, where the Sojourner rover analyzed surface samples in Ares Vallis using an alpha-proton X-ray spectrometer, revealing compositions rich in silicon, iron, and magnesium that inform planetary geology.^[47]

People

Individuals with surname Rock

Chris Rock (born February 7, 1965) is an American comedian, actor, and filmmaker renowned for his sharp social commentary on race, politics, and family life in stand-up specials and films.^[48] He gained prominence through HBO specials like Bring the Pain (1996), which earned him an Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety, Music, or Comedy Special, and subsequent works such as Bigger & Blacker (1999), securing a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.^[49] Rock transitioned to acting with roles in films including voicing Marty the zebra in the Madagascar franchise (2005–2012) and starring in comedies like Head of State (2003), which he also directed.^[50] His television creation, the sitcom Everybody Hates Chris (2005–2009), drew from his Brooklyn upbringing and earned multiple Emmy nominations for its autobiographical humor.^[48] Overall, Rock has received four Emmy Awards and three Grammy Awards, establishing him as one of the most influential voices in contemporary comedy.^[49] Rock Hudson (November 17, 1925 – October 2, 1985) was an American actor who became a leading man in Hollywood during the 1950s and 1960s, embodying the era's ideal of masculine charm in over 60 films.^[51] He rose to stardom with roles in dramas like Giant (1956), co-starring with Elizabeth Taylor and James Dean, which earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, and romantic comedies such as Pillow Talk (1959) opposite Doris Day.^[52] Hudson's career also included Westerns and adventure films, solidifying his status as a box-office draw with Universal Pictures.^[53] Diagnosed with AIDS in June 1984, he publicly disclosed his condition on July 25, 1985, becoming the first major celebrity to do so and significantly boosting public awareness and funding for AIDS research, leading to an additional nearly $190 million congressional allocation for AIDS research on the day of his death from AIDS-related complications at age 59.^[52]^[54]^[55] Kid Rock, born Robert James Ritchie on January 17, 1971, is an American musician known for pioneering a fusion of hip-hop, rock, country, and Southern influences in his music.^[56] His breakthrough album, Devil Without a Cause (1998), sold over 14 million copies worldwide, featuring hits like "Bawitdaba" and "Cowboy" that blended rap-rock with mainstream appeal.^[57] Earlier indie releases like Grits Sandwiches for Breakfast (1990) showcased his self-taught production skills across multiple instruments, while later works such as Rock n Roll Jesus (2007) earned Grammy nominations for Best Rock Album and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.^[58] Ritchie has sold over 26 million albums globally and holds records for concert ticket sales in Michigan, including 150,000 tickets for ten sold-out shows.^[59] Allan Rock (born 1947) is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served in prominent federal roles during the 1990s and 2000s.^[60] Appointed Minister of Justice and Attorney General in 1993 under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, he oversaw legislative reforms including the Firearms Act (1995) and anti-hate crime measures.^[61] From 1997 to 2002, as Minister of Health, Rock addressed public health crises like the tainted blood scandal and advanced pharmacare initiatives.^[62] He later held the Industry portfolio (2002–2003) before serving as Canada's Ambassador to the United Nations (2003–2006), where he advocated for human rights and peacekeeping.^[61] After politics, Rock became President of the University of Ottawa (2008–2013), expanding its research profile.^[63]

Nicknamed or associated with "Rock"

Dwayne Johnson, known professionally as "The Rock," is an American actor and former professional wrestler born on May 2, 1972.^[64] He began his WWE career in 1996, debuting as Rocky Maivia at Survivor Series, and transitioned to full-time acting after retiring from in-ring competition following WrestleMania XX in 2004.^[65]^[66] Johnson starred in the 2017 film Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, portraying the character Dr. Smolder Bravestone, which contributed to the movie's commercial success.^[67] He was named the highest-paid actor in the world by Forbes in both 2019 and 2020, earning $87.5 million in the latter year from roles in films and endorsements.^[68] Johnson's wrestling persona as "The Rock" evolved from a babyface character into a charismatic, trash-talking heel before becoming the fan-favorite "People's Champion," a gimmick emphasizing his connection with audiences through electrifying promos and catchphrases like "If you smell what The Rock is cooking."^[65] This moniker solidified during his eight-time WWE Championship reigns and rivalries in the late 1990s and early 2000s, cementing his status as one of WWE's most iconic figures.^[65] In military history, Union General George Henry Thomas (1816–1870) earned the nickname "Rock of Chickamauga" for his steadfast defense during the Battle of Chickamauga in September 1863, where he held the Union line against Confederate advances, preventing a complete rout of the Army of the Cumberland.^[69] His resolute command under intense pressure exemplified unyielding reliability, allowing the battered Union forces to withdraw to Chattanooga intact.^[69] Charles Lyell (1797–1875), a British geologist often regarded as a foundational figure in modern geology, became associated with "rock" through his pioneering studies of rock formations and geological processes.^[70] In his seminal work Principles of Geology (1830–1833), Lyell advanced the theory of uniformitarianism, positing that Earth's rock layers and features resulted from gradual, ongoing natural processes rather than catastrophic events, influencing fields from stratigraphy to evolutionary theory.^[70]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Fictional characters

Several fictional characters bearing the name "Rock" or variations like "Rocky" or "Rocksteady" have become icons across comics, animation, films, and video games, often embodying themes of resilience, conflict, or adventure. Sergeant Franklin John Rock, commonly known as Sgt. Rock, is a DC Comics character depicting a tough, no-nonsense U.S. Army non-commissioned officer during World War II, leading Easy Company through intense European theater battles. Created by writer Robert Kanigher and artist Joe Kubert, he debuted in Our Army at War #83 in June 1959, with stories highlighting his leadership, prizefighter background from Pittsburgh, and frequent portrayal as the war's final casualty.^[71] Rocky Balboa serves as the central protagonist of the Rocky film franchise, portraying a determined, working-class Italian-American boxer from Philadelphia who overcomes personal and professional hardships to challenge elite opponents. Created and originally portrayed by Sylvester Stallone, the character first appeared in the 1976 film Rocky, earning an Academy Award for Best Picture and establishing Balboa as a symbol of the American Dream through perseverance.^[72] In animation, Rocksteady is a brutish antagonist in the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise, originally a human criminal mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros mutant who serves as Shredder's enforcer alongside Bebop. Introduced in the 1987 animated television series as the Russian arms dealer Ivan Steranko before his transformation, he embodies comic relief through his dim-witted strength and loyalty to villains. Rocket J. Squirrel, affectionately called Rocky, is the intelligent and optimistic flying squirrel co-lead in the classic animated series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, partnering with the dim-witted moose Bullwinkle to foil spy plots with clever gadgets and wordplay. Voiced by June Foray and created by Jay Ward, Rocky debuted in 1959 as an all-American boy scout figure, contrasting Bullwinkle's folly in satirical adventures.^[73] In video games, Rock Howard is a skilled martial artist in SNK's Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters series, grappling with his heritage as the son of crime lord Geese Howard while mentored by Terry Bogard. Debuting as a non-playable character in Fatal Fury 3: Road to the Final Victory in 1995 and becoming playable in Garou: Mark of the Wolves in 1999, he wields mixed fighting styles and internal conflict over his identity.^[74]

Films, television, and literature

In the realm of cinema, rock has inspired a variety of narratives ranging from musical comedies to high-stakes action thrillers. The 2003 film School of Rock, directed by Richard Linklater, follows Dewey Finn, a down-on-his-luck rocker played by Jack Black, who poses as a substitute teacher at a prestigious prep school and transforms his fifth-grade class into a rock band to compete in a battle of the bands.^[75] The movie celebrates the rebellious spirit of rock music while highlighting themes of creativity and mentorship, grossing over $131 million worldwide and earning critical acclaim for its energetic soundtrack and Black's charismatic performance.^[76] Another notable entry is the 1996 action thriller The Rock, directed by Michael Bay, where FBI chemist Stanley Goodspeed (Nicolas Cage) teams up with escaped convict John Mason (Sean Connery) to thwart a rogue general's plot to launch chemical weapons from Alcatraz Island, known as "The Rock."^[77] The film blends explosive set pieces with references to the infamous prison's history, achieving commercial success with a global box office of $335 million and nominations for visual effects at the Academy Awards.^[78] Recent years have seen a resurgence of rock-themed biopics, capturing the genre's cultural impact. Released in 2024, A Complete Unknown portrays Bob Dylan's early career and rise to fame in the 1960s folk-rock scene, starring Timothée Chalamet and emphasizing the artist's transformative influence on music; the film received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture.^[79] Similarly, Bob Marley: One Love, also from 2024 and directed by Reinaldo Marcus Green, chronicles the life of reggae-rock pioneer Bob Marley, focusing on his activism and the creation of his iconic album Exodus, with Kingsley Ben-Adir in the lead role.^[80] Looking ahead to late 2025, the documentary You Got Gold: A Celebration of John Prine, scheduled for theatrical release on November 28, explores the folk-rock troubadour's legacy through performances and interviews.^[81] Television has frequently incorporated rock elements to evoke nostalgia and cultural rebellion. That '70s Show (1998–2006), created by Mark Brazill, Bonnie Turner, and Terry Turner, features numerous episodes referencing 1970s rock culture, such as "We Will Rock You" (Season 8, Episode 9), where the characters organize a "Disco Sucks" party inspired by Queen, and "It's Only Rock and Roll" (Season 7, Episode 1), which nods to the Rolling Stones while exploring personal aspirations.^[82] The series uses these motifs to ground its coming-of-age stories in the era's music scene. The animated series Rocko's Modern Life (1993–1996), created by Joe Murray for Nickelodeon, follows the absurd daily struggles of wallaby Rocko in the fictional town of O-Town, incorporating rock puns and music references throughout its four seasons, such as in episodes involving band auditions and rock concert mishaps.^[83] Its satirical take on modern life includes subtle nods to rock's chaotic energy, contributing to its cult following. In the 2020s, rock influences persist in shows with strong soundtracks, like Stranger Things (2016–present), which prominently features classic rock and metal tracks, including Metallica's "Master of Puppets" in Season 1 to underscore supernatural tension.^[84] Literature has long engaged with rock as both metaphor and subject matter. T.S. Eliot's The Rock (1934), a pageant play commissioned by the Forty-Five Society for the building of churches, uses the titular "rock" as a biblical symbol of faith and stability amid spiritual decay, structured in three parts with choral choruses and dialogues exploring religious themes in modern society. The work reflects Eliot's Anglo-Catholic influences and critiques secularism, performed initially in London and later published by Faber & Faber. In young adult fiction, Robert Muchamore's Rock War series (2013–2017), starting with the titular first novel, centers on teens Jay and Holly forming rival rock bands in a high-stakes televised music competition, blending themes of ambition, friendship, and the music industry's cutthroat nature.^[85] Published by Hot Key Books, the series appeals to readers interested in contemporary rock culture through its fast-paced narrative and authentic portrayal of band dynamics. Recent publications continue this tradition, with 2024 releases like Ann Powers' Traveling: On the Path of Joni Mitchell, a biographical exploration of the folk-rock icon's nomadic life and artistic evolution, drawing on interviews and archival material to illuminate her impact on the genre.^[86] Similarly, Geddy Lee's memoir My Effin' Life (2023), from the Rush frontman, offers an insider's view of progressive rock's golden era, detailing the band's formation and tours with humor and reflection.^[87] Patti Smith's 2025 memoir Bread of Angels, released on November 4, offers poetic reflections on rock's spiritual dimensions, building on her punk-rock literary legacy.^[88]

Other creative works

In visual arts, the term "rock" often refers to stone as a medium for ancient and contemporary expressions. Prehistoric petroglyphs, carved into rock surfaces, represent some of the earliest human artistic endeavors, with sites in Nevada's Gold Butte National Monument featuring petroglyphs ranging from approximately 700 to 4,000 years old, depicting animals, humans, and abstract symbols created by Indigenous peoples.^[89] These rock engravings, part of broader Great Basin rock art traditions, served ceremonial or narrative purposes and were produced using stone tools to incise designs into desert varnish-covered surfaces.^[90] In modern land art, British sculptor Andy Goldsworthy has utilized rocks since the 1980s to create site-specific, ephemeral installations that integrate with natural landscapes, such as balanced stone arches and riverbed arrangements that highlight impermanence and environmental harmony.^[91] His works, often documented through photography due to their temporary nature, draw on local stone materials to explore themes of time, gravity, and ecology.^[92] The concept of "rock" extends to interactive games, where it symbolizes elemental choices or performance simulation. Rock-Paper-Scissors, known historically as "janken" in Japan, originated in the 19th century as a standardized hand game derived from earlier Chinese variants dating to the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), involving gestures representing rock, paper, and scissors to resolve disputes or make decisions.^[93] Imported to the West as "roshambo" by the early 20th century, it became a global pastime for its simplicity and balance of elements.^[94] In video games, Rock Band, released in 2007 by Harmonix Music Systems, is a rhythm-based series that simulates playing in a rock band using instrument-shaped controllers for guitar, bass, drums, and vocals, allowing players to perform songs from rock music catalogs.^[95] The game, which sold over 3 million units in its first year, popularized multiplayer music simulation and inspired expansions with downloadable content from rock genres.^[96] In theater, "rock" inspires musicals celebrating its musical heritage. Rock of Ages, a jukebox musical premiered in 2006 in Los Angeles with music by 1980s hair metal and arena rock bands like Journey and Poison, follows a romance amid a Sunset Strip club facing demolition, blending high-energy performances of hits such as "Every Rose Has Its Thorn."^[97] Its Broadway production opened in 2009 at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre and ran for 2,328 performances until 2015, earning a Tony nomination for Best Musical and grossing over $150 million.^[98] The show, directed by Kristin Hanggi, uses rock anthems to evoke 1980s excess and nostalgia.^[99]

Sports

Teams and leagues

The Colorado Rockies are a professional Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in Denver, Colorado, founded in 1993 as an expansion franchise in the National League West Division. The team's name derives from the nearby Rocky Mountains, reflecting the region's prominent geological features. In 2007, the Rockies achieved a remarkable late-season surge, winning 21 of their final 22 games to secure a wild card berth, followed by sweeps of the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League Division Series and the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Championship Series, before losing the World Series 4-0 to the Boston Red Sox.^[100]^[101] The Rockford IceHogs are a professional ice hockey team in the American Hockey League (AHL), serving as the primary affiliate of the Chicago Blackhawks since joining the league in the 2007–08 season. The franchise originated in 1999 when it began play in Rockford, Illinois, as a member of the United Hockey League (UHL), having relocated from earlier iterations in Baltimore and Cincinnati. Over their history, the IceHogs have contributed numerous players to NHL rosters, including key contributors to the Blackhawks' Stanley Cup wins in 2010, 2013, and 2015.^[102] In college athletics, the Little Rock Trojans represent the University of Arkansas at Little Rock across multiple sports in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC), including basketball, baseball, soccer, and track and field. The Trojans program, established with the university's founding in 1927, competes in NCAA Division I and has achieved notable success, such as sharing the 2023–24 OVC Commissioner's Cup (tied with Eastern Illinois) for overall athletic performance.^[103]^[104] Their name evokes the historical and cultural resilience associated with the city of Little Rock. The Rockford Lightning were a professional men's basketball team that competed in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) from 1986 to 2006, based in Rockford, Illinois. During their two-decade run, the Lightning reached the CBA finals four times but never secured a championship, with standout seasons including a 2004 semifinal appearance. The team folded amid the league's declining viability in the mid-2000s.^[105] Internationally, the Toronto Rock are a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse League (NLL), founded in 1998 and based in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and play home games at TD Coliseum in Hamilton.^[106] The Rock have won six NLL championships (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, and 2011), establishing themselves as one of the league's most successful franchises with a legacy of Hall of Fame inductees. Their name draws from the durable, foundational quality of rock, aligning with lacrosse's intensity.^[107] Among leagues incorporating "Rock" in their branding, the Rock League is an upcoming professional curling competition organized by The Curling Group, set to launch in April 2026 with six mixed-gender global franchises. It aims to innovate the sport through multi-format events and high-level play, building on the Grand Slam of Curling's structure.^[108]

Activities involving rocks

Rock climbing is a sport that involves ascending natural rock formations or artificial walls, practiced both outdoors on cliffs and crags and indoors at climbing gyms.^[109] It encompasses various disciplines, including bouldering, which features short, ropeless ascents of boulders or low rock faces typically under 20 feet high, relying on crash pads for protection, and sport climbing, where climbers use pre-placed bolts and ropes for protection on longer routes.^[110] The sport's modern origins trace back to the 1880s in the European Alps, where mountaineers began focusing on technical rock ascents separate from full mountain expeditions.^[111] Rock climbing made its Olympic debut as sport climbing at the 2020 Tokyo Games, combining bouldering, lead, and speed disciplines into a single event, and returned at the 2024 Paris Olympics with similar combined events for men and women.^[112]^[113] Curling is a team sport played on ice, where players slide heavy granite stones—known as "rocks"—across a sheet toward a target area called the house.^[114] Each stone weighs between 38 and 44 pounds, with a standard weight of 42 pounds, and features a handle for grip and a curling surface that allows it to rotate and curve during delivery.^[114]^[115] Originating in Scotland in the early 16th century, the game involves two teams of four players each taking turns to deliver eight stones per end, with teammates using brooms to sweep the ice and alter the stone's path for greater distance or accuracy.^[116] Curling has been a medal sport at the Winter Olympics since 1998, including the 2022 Beijing Games, and will return at the 2026 Milano Cortina Olympics, emphasizing strategy and precision over speed.^[116]^[117] Other activities involving rocks include skipping stones, a recreational pastime where flat stones are thrown across water surfaces to bounce multiple times, governed by principles of fluid dynamics such as angle of incidence, spin, and velocity that minimize drag upon impact.^[118] In extreme contexts, rock skiing emerged as a niche pursuit in the 2000s, involving downhill descents on skis over boulder fields or rocky terrain, often in off-season or low-snow conditions to test advanced balancing and edge control.^[119]

Other uses

Food and cuisine

Rock candy consists of large, hard sugar crystals formed by suspending strings or sticks in a supersaturated sugar solution, allowing crystals to grow over several days. Rock candy, a hard confection consisting of large sugar crystals, originated in ancient India and Persia around the 9th century or earlier, where it was used for medicinal purposes. The English term "rock candy" dates to 1723.^[120]^[121] The process relies on the chemistry of supersaturation, where hot water dissolves more sugar than cold water can hold; upon cooling, the excess sugar precipitates and crystallizes onto seed surfaces like strings flavored with extracts such as peppermint.^[122]^[123] Rock shrimp (Sicyonia brevirostris) is a deep-water crustacean primarily found in the Gulf of Mexico, inhabiting sandy bottoms at depths of 80 to 215 feet from Norfolk, Virginia, to the Yucatan Peninsula.^[124] Its thick, rigid shell encases sweet, buttery meat with a firm texture reminiscent of lobster tail, often prepared by boiling, broiling, or frying and served dipped in butter.^[125]^[126] The fishery targets mature shrimp offshore year-round, with peak landings from May to September; average annual catches from 2011 to 2016 reached 708,000 pounds, valued at $1.72 million, though the industry has faced economic pressures in the 2020s from imported seafood competition and temporary closures.^[127]^[128] In Australia, rock melon refers to a variety of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo cantaloupensis) characterized by its fully netted rind, suture-free surface, and orange flesh, available year-round but peaking from November to March.^[129] Rock cakes, a type of British scone-like bun, feature a rough, lumpy texture from intentionally uneven dough studded with dried fruit and became a staple during World War II rationing due to their use of minimal eggs and sugar.^[130]^[131]

Slang and language

The phrase "on the rocks" has multiple slang meanings rooted in English idiom evolution. In bartending contexts, it refers to a drink served over ice cubes, a usage first attested in 1946 and derived from the literal presence of ice "rocks" in the glass.^[132] Figuratively, it denotes a situation or relationship in imminent danger of failure or ruin, originating in 1889 as a nautical metaphor for a ship grounded on rocks and likely to wreck.^[133] This sense extended to personal troubles, such as a marriage teetering on collapse, by the early 20th century, and to financial distress or bankruptcy in contexts like economic panics, with widespread adoption during the hardships of the Great Depression era.^[134] "Rock solid" is an idiom describing something utterly reliable, dependable, or unyielding, drawing from the geological connotation of rock as an immutable foundation. The compound "rock-solid" appears as early as 1612 in English literature, emphasizing firmness akin to stone.^[134] In contrast, "rock bottom" signifies the absolute lowest point, whether emotional, financial, or otherwise, originating from the literal bedrock layer in 1815 and gaining idiomatic use for nadir by 1884.^[135] Its figurative application surged in the 1930s amid the Great Depression, when economic collapse led to widespread descriptions of personal and societal lows, such as depleted savings or failed farms.^[136] In drug slang, "rock" specifically denotes crack cocaine, a smokable, crystalline form of the drug that emerged in the early 1980s and resembles hard, jagged pieces of rock candy in appearance and texture.^[137] This term, also called "rock cocaine," was documented by 1984 and became prevalent in urban street vernacular during the crack epidemic.^[138] By the 1990s, it permeated hip-hop lyrics, often referencing dealing or use, as in The Notorious B.I.G.'s 1994 track "Things Done Changed," where he raps about "slingin' crack rock" to depict survival in impoverished environments.^[139] Another enduring idiom, "between a rock and a hard place," describes a dilemma with no favorable outcome, trapped between two unappealing choices. It arose in the early 20th-century American Southwest, attested by 1914 in regional English and possibly influenced by mining hardships where workers faced literal perils like unyielding stone walls.^[140] By 1921, it explicitly connoted bankruptcy or dire straits in U.S. usage, evolving from earlier variants in cowboy and labor slang.^[134] In music slang, "rock" overlaps briefly as a verb meaning to perform with vigorous energy, as in "rock out."^[137]

Technology and computing

In computing, "Rock" prominently refers to Rockchip, a leading Chinese fabless semiconductor company founded in 2001 and headquartered in Fuzhou, specializing in the design of system-on-chip (SoC) solutions based on ARM architecture.^[141] These SoCs power a wide range of consumer electronics, including tablets, smartphones, streaming media devices, and single-board computers that serve as cost-effective alternatives to the Raspberry Pi, such as the Rock Pi series used in educational and prototyping applications.^[142]^[143] Rockchip's processors have gained traction in Internet of Things (IoT) hardware since the 2010s, enabling efficient, low-power computing in smart devices like AI-enabled cameras and industrial controllers.^[144] For instance, their RK3588 SoC, released in 2021, integrates multi-core ARM CPUs with neural processing units, supporting applications in edge computing and machine vision. This hardware emphasizes reliability, often described in technical literature as providing "rock-solid" performance in resource-constrained environments, a term borrowed from engineering slang to denote dependable stability in software and systems. In broader technology, the Roche limit—calculated by French astronomer Édouard Roche in 1848—defines the critical distance from a massive body at which tidal forces exceed a satellite's self-gravity, leading to its disruption.^[145]^[146] This concept is foundational in space technology for assessing orbital stability, informing mission designs for planetary probes and satellite deployments, such as those studying Saturn's rings where the limit explains debris dynamics. Rock drilling technologies have evolved significantly since the 19th century, with the rotary drill patented by Robert Beart in 1845 marking a key advancement for penetrating hard rock in mining and oil extraction.^[147] This method uses a rotating bit to grind through formations, enabling deeper boreholes compared to earlier percussion techniques, and remains integral to modern geotechnical engineering for resource exploration.^[148] By the 1830s, steam-powered variants had emerged, laying the groundwork for today's hydraulic rotary systems used in oil rigs and tunneling.^[149] In blockchain computing, "rock" appears in decentralized games like Rock-Paper-Scissors implementations on platforms such as Ethereum, where smart contracts ensure provably fair play without central servers.^[150] These applications, popularized since the late 2010s, demonstrate blockchain's utility in gaming by leveraging cryptographic commitments for moves, fostering trustless interactions in Web3 environments.^[151] As of 2025, such games continue to serve as educational tools for smart contract development, highlighting scalability challenges in high-interaction scenarios.^[152]

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School of Rock (2003) - IMDb
Rating 7.2/10 (351,704) After being kicked out of his rock band, Dewey Finn becomes a substitute teacher of an uptight elementary private school, only to try and turn his class into a ...Plot · Full cast & crew · The School of Rock · Escuela de rock
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The School of Rock | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 92% (199) Overly enthusiastic guitarist Dewey Finn (Jack Black) gets thrown out of his bar band and finds himself in desperate need of work.199 Reviews · Cast and Crew · Video
[79]
The Rock (1996) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (374,898) An FBI chemical weapons expert, and a former SAS soldier turned political prisoner, must break into Alcatraz prison when a rogue military group, ...Plot · Full cast & crew · Rock · Parents guideMissing: summary | Show results with:summary
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The Rock | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 67% (73) FBI chemical warfare expert Stanley Goodspeed (Nicolas Cage) is sent on an urgent mission with a former British spy, John Patrick Mason (Sean Connery),73 Reviews · Video · Cast and Crew · 250000+ Ratings
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Upcoming Rock Biopics and Films - Ultimate Classic Rock
Apr 17, 2024 · Shooting has already begun for A Complete Unknown, which will star Timothee Chalamet as Bob Dylan, Selena Gomez has been cast as Linda Ronstadt and Kiss' ...
[82]
Movies That Rock 2024 - Sounds of Cinema
Mar 3, 2024 · Bob Marley: One Love. Bob Marley: One Love is the latest in a fad of musical biopics. These films have to be understood as an act of legacy ...
[83]
Upcoming Music Movies Coming Soon (2025) - Rotten Tomatoes
You Got Gold: A Celebration of John Prine. Watch the trailer for You Got Gold: A Celebration of John Prine · Opens Nov 28, 2025 ; Christina Aguilera: Christmas in ...
[84]
"That '70s Show" We Will Rock You (TV Episode 2006) - IMDb
Rating 6.5/10 (744) The gang discovers Jackie and Fez are die-hard fans of the band "The Village People." This inspires the rest of them to hold a "Disco Sucks" party.
[85]
Rocko's Modern Life (TV Series 1993–1996) - IMDb
Rating 7.9/10 (22,441) The wacky misadventures of an Australian wallaby and his friends as he finishes his transition to American life.Full cast & crew · Episode list · Parents guide · Carlos AlazraquiMissing: summary | Show results with:summary
[86]
6 Metal and Rock Songs That Appear in TV Shows! - Impericon
Apr 2, 2025 · We're highlighting six metal and rock songs that have been featured in TV shows. 1. Metallica – “Master Of Puppets” in “Stranger Things”
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Rock War #1 - Robert Muchamore - Goodreads
Rating 3.9 (1,264) Feb 6, 2014 · Jay plays guitar, writes songs and dreams of being a rock star. But his ambitions are stifled by seven siblings and a terrible drummer.
[88]
Rock Reading List: 35 Music Books Released in 2024
Nov 23, 2024 · Rock Reading List: 35 Music Books Released in 2024 · 'Traveling: On the Path of Joni Mitchell,' Ann Powers · 'Talkin' Greenwich Village: The Heady ...
[89]
The Best Music Books of 2023 - Rolling Stone
Dec 23, 2023 · Our favorite books this year (listed here in alphabetical order) included memoirs from Britney Spears, Geddy Lee, Geezer Butler, Tariq Trotter of the Roots, ...
[90]
MUSIC & MUSICIANS: The Best Books of 2025 - Bookshop.org
3-day delivery 30-day returnsThe most acclaimed and anticipated books on music and musicians published in 2025 (so far), including new paperback editions of titles published in ...
[91]
Op-Ed: Please join in effort to protect our piece of Grand Canyon ...
We have a lot to gain from protecting Gold Butte's 350,000 acres. The 170 million-year-old fossil tracts, 12,000-year-old petroglyphs, striking geology and ...
[92]
[PDF] The Earliest rock art in Far Western North America - ASU
We have developed a suite of 67 chronometrically-dated rock engravings, based on 106 independent assays, from the Mojave Desert region of California, USA.
[94]
Andy Goldsworthy: 'We share a connection with stone' | Tate
Using materials such as wood, stone and snow, Andy Goldsworthy's land art explores our connection with nature. TateShots visited him at his studio in ...
[95]
The Long, Winding History of Rock Paper Scissors
Mar 4, 2020 · The first mention of a game resembling the current iteration of Rock Paper Scissors is found in Wuzazu, a book penned by Chinese Ming-dynasty ...
[96]
Rock Paper Scissors | TeachingHistory.org
Is the Rochambeau game (rock-paper-scissors) named after the French army general who served during the American Revolution?
[97]
Rock Band Review - IGN
Rating 9.4/10 · Review by Hilary Goldstein, Tal Blevins, Erik Brudvig, and David Clayman.Nov 16, 2007 · Rock Band is a great game. The presentation elements are top-notch and take music games to a new level; consider the bar raised.
[98]
Rock Band Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 92% (72) Genuinely had an absolute blast with this game. playing with my brother, aiming for high scores, and being introduced to a lot of classic and contemporary rock ...
[99]
Rock of Ages | Concord Theatricals
This Tony Award-nominated Broadway musical features the hits of bands including Night Ranger, REO Speedwagon, Pat Benatar, Twisted Sister and more.Missing: 2006 | Show results with:2006
[100]
Rock of Ages – Broadway Musical – Original - IBDB
IBDB (Internet Broadway Database) archive is the official database for Broadway theatre information. IBDB provides records of productions from the ...Missing: 2006 source
[101]
Rock of Ages - 2006 Musical: Tickets & Info | Broadway World
2006, World Premiere. 2008, Off-Broadway, Original Off-Broadway Production Off-Broadway. 2009, Broadway, Original Broadway Production Broadway.
[102]
Colorado Rockies team name origin - MLB.com
Dec 1, 2021 · Here's why they're called the Rockies From there, the team's identifying color -- and, yes, even its bubbly dinosaur mascot -- fell into place. ...
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Rockies memorable 2007 season - MLB.com
May 27, 2020 · The 2007 Rockies performed magic, going 14-1 to end the regular season before sweeping through the National League playoffs.
[104]
IceHogs Team History
Mike Haviland was officially named the first Head Coach of the AHL IceHogs on July 5, 2007. Rockford's first AHL game was played on October 6 in Quad City, a 5- ...
[105]
Little Rock Athletics - Official Athletics Website
Men's Sports; Baseball · Basketball · Cross Country · Golf · Indoor Track & Field · Outdoor Track & Field · Wrestling; Women's Sports; Basketball ...Staff Directory · Men's Basketball · Sports · About Little Rock
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Rockford Lightning - Fun While It Lasted
Jan 21, 2016 · The club played in the Continental Basketball Association championship series on four occasions but never managed to win a title. Throughout ...
[107]
About the Rock - Toronto Rock
The Rock have won the NLL Championship six times (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2011). The Rock have a legacy built on the backs of many NLL Hall of Fame ...
[108]
The Curling Group Announces Rock League, The World's First ...
Apr 24, 2025 · Rock League hits the ice in April 2026, with a mission to deliver world-class competition, drive innovation within the sport, and connect ...
[109]
Types of Rock Climbing | REI Expert Advice
The types of rock climbing explained are: free soloing, free climbing (sport and trad), aid climbing, bouldering, and deep water soloing.
[110]
Types of Climbing - Climbing (U.S. National Park Service)
May 28, 2021 · Bouldering is a form of climbing involving short routes at low heights. It is performed on small rock formations, such as large boulders, ...
[111]
The Origin and Early Evolution of Rock Climbing - Atlantis Press
Aug 9, 2021 · Rock climbing began with modern mountaineering in the 1780s, becoming independent around the 1880s. Key birthplaces include the Lake District, ...
[112]
Sport Climbing - Olympics.com
Climbing as a competitive sport started in 1985 in Bardonecchia near Turin, Italy in an event called “SportRoccia”. One year later, the first competition event ...
[113]
The remarkable origins of the curling stone - Olympics.com
Oct 14, 2025 · Nowadays, the size of Olympic stones has been standardised, with each weighing no more than 19.96 kg and no less than 17.24 kg (including handle ...
[114]
The fascinating history of curling and the mystical isle from which the ...
Nov 28, 2023 · From its 16th century origins to Queen Victoria's involvement through to the Olympic Winter Games, learn the surprisingly captivating story behind curling.
[115]
Stone Skipping Physics - AIP Publishing
May 1, 2019 · Motivated students can explore the underlying physics of stone skipping to explain why stones skip, derive equations for the trajectory of an idealized ...
[116]
Ridiculous Rock Sports: Rock Skiing, Rock Jumping and More
Mar 26, 2013 · Want to switch up your rock climbing routine? Try one of these ridiculous rock sports to push your limits.<|control11|><|separator|>
[117]
Rock Candy: An Edible Study of Crystallization
Rock candy is made by creating a supersaturated sugar solution, using a sugar-coated skewer as a seed crystal, and letting it crystallize over 5-7 days.
[118]
America's Sweet Beginnings: The History of Candy in the USA
Jul 1, 2024 · In the 18th century, apothecaries would prescribe sugar candies for chest ailments or digestive problems.
[119]
Peppermint Rock Candy - Food & Wine
130 hr 25 minNov 19, 2020 · Flavored with a splash of cool, refreshing peppermint oil, any leftover peppermint syrup can be stirred into hot chocolate or cocktails.Missing: flavors | Show results with:flavors
[120]
Brown Rock Shrimp | NOAA Fisheries
According to the 2018 stock assessment, brown rock shrimp is not subject to overfishing. There is currently not enough information to determine the ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[121]
What Are Rock Shrimp? - The Spruce Eats
Aug 4, 2022 · Rock shrimp have a sweet, briny flavor similar to Dungeness crab and a soft yet resilient texture like that of a spiny lobster, all packed into ...
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Rock Shrimp Cooked Like Lobster | Wood's Fisheries
Baste each shrimp with melted butter or margarine. Put a little garlic salt or Lawrys seasoning on each shrimp. Bake at 350° for 6 or 7 minutes. When the meat ...
[123]
[PDF] Commercial Rock Shrimp Fishing
Brown rock shrimp (Sicyonia brevirostris) are also known as “rock shrimp” and “Florida Brown rock shrimp”. They have a thick, rigid shell and are known as ...Missing: sweet meat 2020s
[124]
Unnecessary Rock Shrimp Fishing Closure Should Be Reversed
Aug 6, 2025 · The rock shrimp closure was unnecessary because it was based on errors, no coral was found, and the industry faces economic decline.Missing: Sicyonia brevirostris Mexico sweet meat overfished 2020s
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Melon Varieties
In Australia most rockmelons are fully netted melon with no sutures and orange flesh. They are available all year round peaking in summer (November to March).
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Rock Cakes - Old Fashioned British Recipe - by Flawless Food
Rating 5.0 (79) · 35 minSep 11, 2021 · History. Rock cakes were trendy during World War 2; they used fewer rationed ingredients like egg and sugar than other English cake recipes.Missing: WWII lumpy
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Rock Cakes - Easy Deliciousness
30 minFeb 8, 2025 · Rock Cakes are called "Rock Cakes" because of their rough, crumbly texture and irregular shape, which resemble small rocks. Despite their ...
[128]
Rock - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Meaning "ice cubes" is from 1946; slang meaning "testicles" is attested by 1948 in the phrase get (one's) rocks off "achieve intense satisfaction." On the rocks ...Missing: idiom | Show results with:idiom
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Rocks - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
... phrase get (one's) rocks off "achieve intense satisfaction." On the rocks "likely to be ruined or wrecked" is from 1889, a figurative use of the expression ...Missing: idiom | Show results with:idiom
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rock, n.¹ meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
... origin ... Original Canton liqueur from China, with its pungent ginger and honey flavors, is delightful on the rocks or even teamed with a bit of malt whisky.Missing: idiom | Show results with:idiom
[131]
Rock-bottom - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
rock-bottom (adj.) "lowest possible," 1884, from the noun phrase meaning "bedrock" (1815), also figurative, from rock (n.1) + bottom (n.).
[132]
The Great Depression - Social Welfare History Project
Oct 16, 2017 · We used to worry along." A Chevrolet man said "Each year my savings grew lean and less until now I am at rock bottom." These men are both ...
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https://www.etymonline.com/word/rocks
[134]
cocaine, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
A compound related to procaine that is used, as a… rock cocaine, n. 1984–. Crack cocaine; = rock, n.¹ II.5g. crack cocaine, n. 1985–. A crystalline form of ...
[135]
The Notorious B.I.G. – Things Done Changed Lyrics - Genius
Because the streets is a short stop. Either you're slingin' crack rock or you got a wicked jump shot · Shit, it's hard being young from the slums. Eatin' five ...
[136]
Between - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Between a rock and a hard place "caught in a dilemma, in a difficult situation" is from 1940s, originally cowboy slang (earlier was between the beetle ...Missing: idiom | Show results with:idiom
[137]
产品中心 - Rockchip-瑞芯微电子股份有限公司
Rockchip is a leading fabless IC design company that focuses on Intelligent IoT. Rockchip specializes in SoC design, analog circuit chip design, and ...Products · Solutions · Support Documents · 中文Missing: computing | Show results with:computing
[138]
Rockchip Licenses a Wide Range of ARM IP for Turnkey Solution ...
Feb 27, 2012 · ... company and mobile-internet SOC solution provider founded in Year 2001. Rockchip focuses on mobile Internet Platform with products targeted ...
[139]
Rockchip - Computer Hope
Sep 7, 2025 · Rockchip provides SoC (system on a chip) products for tablets & PCs, AI audio & video, streaming media TV boxes, and IoT (Internet of things) hardware.
[140]
Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd. (603893.SS) Company Profile & Facts
Rockchip Electronics Co., Ltd. operates as a fabless IC design company in China. ... The company provides system-on-chip (SoC) for tablet, notebook, Chromebook, ...Missing: uses | Show results with:uses
[141]
Roche limit | Gravitational Effects, Tidal Forces & Orbital Stability
Roche limit, in astronomy, the minimum distance to which a large satellite can approach its primary body without tidal forces overcoming the internal gravity.
[142]
What is the "Roche limit" and how is it defined? - Astronomy Magazine
May 18, 2023 · The Roche limit was created to study Saturn's rings, but it's now useful in understanding the thousands of exoplanets being discovered by space telescopes.
[143]
History of Drilling - Black Diamond Drilling Tools Canada Inc.
1845 - Invention of the Rotary Drill. The first rotary drill was invented by Englishman Robert Beart. 1849 - Mechanical Percussion Drill Invented. J.J. Couch ...
[144]
Drilling Through History | The Driller
Peter Sweeny, building on Robert Beart's earlier design, made a huge advancement in rotary drill technology, enabling almost continuous drilling. His new design ...
[145]
Drilling is Established - Engineering and Technology History Wiki
Oct 19, 2016 · In the early 1880s, they developed the first rotary rig and used it to drill shallow water wells in the unconsolidated formations of the Great Plains.
[146]
HelmBet RPS - Rock Paper Scissors Blockchain Game - PixelPlex
A serverless, provably fair Rock Paper Scissors blockchain game for Windows & macOS. Powered by Peerplays betting platform and Graphene protocol.
[147]
An Ethereum smart contract implementing the rock-paper-scissors ...
This smart contract implements a secure Rock-Paper-Scissors game in Solidity, ready to be deployed on the Ethereum blockchain.
[148]
Best Web3 Game: Rock Paper Scissors #2 - YouTube
May 13, 2025 · What is the best Web3 game to play right now? Rock Paper Scissors is the top Web3 game from my experience and this video will show you why ...