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Rottenrow

The Rottenrow is a historic street in the Townhead district of Glasgow, Scotland, one of the city's oldest thoroughfares dating to its medieval origins and originally linking the High Street westward to Cowcaddens.^[1]^[2] It is chiefly renowned as the site of the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital from 1860 until the facility's relocation in 2001, an institution founded in 1834 as the Glasgow Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary that pioneered advancements in obstetric care, including early antiseptic Caesarean sections performed by Professor Murdoch Cameron in 1888.^[3]^[4] The hospital, often simply called "The Rottenrow" by locals, served as a major center for childbirth in Glasgow, contributing to global medical knowledge through innovations in anaesthesia and surgical techniques, before its demolition transformed the area into Rottenrow Gardens, featuring a memorial statue to maternity care.^[3]^[5] Earlier, the street hosted other institutions, such as the Glasgow Lock Hospital established in 1845 for treating venereal diseases in women, reflecting its evolving role amid urban development and social needs.^[6]

Etymology and Naming

Origins and Theories

The name Rottenrow, referring to the historic street in Glasgow's Townhead district, is first attested in medieval records, with one of the earliest references appearing in a 1491 charter as "Rattonraw".^[7] The most widely accepted etymology derives it from Middle Scots ratton raw, literally "rat row" or "rat street", implying a dilapidated or vermin-infested thoroughfare, consistent with the area's early development as a narrow, overcrowded medieval lane prone to decay.^[7] This interpretation is supported by historical analyses of similar place names in Scotland and England, where "ratton" denoted rats and "raw" (or "row") signified a linear row of houses or a street, often associated with rundown urban edges.^[8] Alternative theories propose a Gaelic origin from rathad an rìgh (or variants like rat-an-righ), translating to "king's road" or "road of the kings", potentially alluding to its proximity to the Glasgow Cathedral and role as a processional or royal route in pre-Norman times.^[9] Proponents link this to the street's alignment toward ecclesiastical sites, suggesting an evolution from a fortified or ceremonial path, though linguistic evidence is circumstantial and lacks direct charter support predating Scots dominance in the region.^[8] A third hypothesis, advanced by local historian Philip Aitken, posits Routine Row as the root, describing a monastic processional route used for clerical routines or funerals near the cathedral priory, drawing parallels to similar names in ecclesiastical towns like Pittenweem and Lewes.^[10] This view emphasizes Norman-influenced burgh development under David I in the 12th century but remains speculative, as primary sources favor the prosaic "rat row" for Glasgow's context of urban squalor over ritual significance.^[11] Less substantiated ideas, such as a Germanic "red row" from imported pantiled roofs or a "lady's mile" from rattoun meaning young woman, appear in older accounts but lack empirical backing and are dismissed by modern scholarship as folk derivations.^[11] No single theory achieves consensus, reflecting the challenges of tracing Lowland Scots names blending Gaelic, Norse, and Anglo-Norman elements amid sparse early documentation.^[7]

Geography and Urban Context

Location and Surrounding Areas

Rottenrow is a historic street in the Townhead district of Glasgow, Scotland, situated at approximately 55°51′44″N 4°14′38″W.^[12] ^[13] Positioned on a hilltop elevation within the city centre, it connects towards Glasgow Cathedral from the urban core, flanked by steep gradients including Montrose Street to the west, Cathedral Street to the east, and Richmond Street to the south.^[14] The surrounding Townhead area forms part of Glasgow's inner urban fabric, bordered by Cowcaddens to the west, Dennistoun to the east, and Sighthill with Roystonhill to the north.^[15] Key nearby landmarks include the medieval Glasgow Cathedral immediately north, the expansive University of Strathclyde campus encompassing academic buildings like the John Anderson Building, and the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in the adjacent zone.^[16] The former site of the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital along Rottenrow has been redeveloped into Rottenrow Gardens, a public park serving as a memorial to the area's medical heritage amid ongoing regeneration in the Learning Quarter.^[9] ^[17] Accessibility is supported by multiple public transport modes, with bus services including routes 18A, 38, 38B, 500, and 57 serving Rottenrow directly from Glasgow's network.^[18] Rail links via ScotRail operate from proximate stations such as Glasgow Queen Street, approximately 1 km south, while the Glasgow Subway's nearest stops—Buchanan Street and Cowcaddens—are within a 1-1.5 km walk, facilitating connections across the city.^[16] The area's central positioning also enables proximity to major road arteries like the M8 motorway, though on-street parking remains limited in this densely built environment.^[19]

Early History

Medieval Foundations

Rottenrow emerged as a foundational thoroughfare during Glasgow's medieval expansion in the 12th century, aligning with the city's transition from an ecclesiastical settlement centered on the Cathedral of St. Mungo—construction of which began around 1123–1136—to a chartered burgh granted by King William the Lion in 1175.^[20] The street formed part of the early urban grid north of the High Street, the primary spine of the medieval burgh, facilitating movement from the cathedral precinct and mercantile core toward outlying areas like Cowcaddens.^[1] Historical records and urban analyses position Rottenrow among Glasgow's earliest documented streets, likely tracing an ancient trackway predating formal burgh development, though precise origins remain tied to the organic growth of trade routes supporting the bishopric's economy.^[21] By the late medieval period, it bordered key features such as the Deanside Well, recorded in 1530 off Rottenrow in Balmanno Street, indicating established settlement and water infrastructure amid the burgh's population of several thousand by the 15th century.^[22] This connectivity underscored Rottenrow's role in linking ecclesiastical, residential, and nascent commercial activities, with evidence of continental merchant communities possibly influencing local street patterns, though direct attribution to Germanic settlers lacks primary documentation.^[11] The street's medieval layout persisted with minimal alteration until later encroachments, reflecting the durability of Glasgow's core topography shaped by the Molendinar Burn and rising ground north of the Clyde. Archaeological interpretations suggest underlying prehistoric paths, but verifiable medieval foundations emphasize its function within the burgh's defensive and access-oriented perimeter, absent major fortifications but integral to daily traversal in a city of clustered tenements and craft guilds.^[23]

Pre-Industrial Developments

Rottenrow developed as a principal thoroughfare in medieval Glasgow, first recorded in 1283 as a burgage held by Gilbert, the Bishop's Chamberlain, situated next to Wyndheid.^[8] The street intersected the High Street at the quadvivium of Wyndheid, which by 1497 served as the location of the original Glasgow Cross.^[8] As a via regia and main artery of the upper town, it connected ecclesiastical centers like the Cathedral precincts to western areas, including a route documented in 1494 as leading to Partick.^[8] Its western extremity featured Rottenrow Port, a gated entry noted in diocesan records from 1512.^[8] Ecclesiastical expansion drove early construction, with prebendal manses for Cathedral canons mandated by a 1266 episcopal statute and built along the street in severalty, including gardens and tenements.^[8] Notable structures encompassed the Roxburgh prebend manse on the north side west of Balmano braehead, purchased in 1512; the Eddleston manse near Weaver Street's opening; and the Moffat manse east of Weaver Street.^[24] On the south side, the Auld Pedagogy—originally the Luss prebend manse—housed initial University of Glasgow lectures from 1451 to 1460 after the institution's papal foundation in 1451.^[8] The Monks' House, affiliated with Paisley Abbey near High Street, retained substantial pre-Reformation walls measuring 54 feet long and 22 feet wide, though it fell into ruin by the late 16th century.^[24] Property disputes and feus marked ongoing development, such as a 1434 grant to Thome of Welk and a 1447 resolution over the Eddleston tenement.^[8] The Scottish Reformation in 1560 prompted a shift from clerical to lay use of many manses, including deanery properties near the Molendinar Burn documented by 1570.^[8] By the 16th and 17th centuries, the area supported crofts accessed via Rottenrow, with residential tenements feued to figures like Robert Boswell in 1512.^[8] Into the 18th century, archaeological remnants like a 1795 coin hoard at the former Luss manse site affirmed the street's layered pre-industrial heritage.^[24]

19th-Century Institutions and Growth

Establishment of Medical Facilities

The Glasgow Lock Hospital, dedicated to treating women with venereal diseases, was relocated to a purpose-built facility at 41 Rottenrow in 1845, marking one of the earliest dedicated medical establishments on the street; it had originated in 1805 at nearby Rottenrow Lane and provided isolation and care for patients amid limited provisions for such conditions in 19th-century Glasgow.^[6] The Glasgow Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary, founded in 1834 to support maternity care and initially located in Greyfriars Wynd, relocated to St Andrew's Square in 1841 before moving to Rottenrow in 1860, establishing a permanent presence for obstetric services in the area as Glasgow's population and urban demands grew.^[3]^[4] New facilities for the Lying-In Hospital were constructed on the Rottenrow site between 1880 and 1881 at a cost of £6,500, with two-thirds funded by public subscription, replacing earlier inadequate structures and expanding capacity to meet rising needs for institutional births in an era of increasing industrialization and poor living conditions.^[3]^[4] These developments reflected broader 19th-century trends in public health reform, where charitable and municipal initiatives addressed infectious diseases and maternal mortality, though facilities like the Lock Hospital emphasized containment over comprehensive social support, confining patients under strict regimens.^[6]

Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital

The Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital originated as the Glasgow Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary, established in 1834 in Greyfriars Wynd to deliver institutional care and outpatient services for indigent women during childbirth, emphasizing home-based attendance where feasible.^[3] The institution relocated to St Andrews Square in 1841 before transferring to a site on Rottenrow in 1860, reflecting Glasgow's expanding urban medical infrastructure amid industrial population growth.^[3] By the late 19th century, comprehensive new facilities were constructed on the Rottenrow premises between 1880 and 1881, incorporating a lecture theatre and dedicated operating theatre to support medical education affiliated with the University of Glasgow.^[3] These developments elevated the hospital's capacity for clinical training and surgical intervention, initially providing around 108 beds following subsequent expansions, though focused primarily on maternity cases among working-class patients.^[25] The hospital advanced obstetric practices through empirical refinements, notably under physician Murdoch Cameron, who in 1888 performed Scotland's first documented successful Caesarean section under antiseptic protocols on patient Catherine Colquhoun, ensuring survival of both mother and infant—a breakthrough attributable to prior innovations in sterilization by Joseph Lister.^[26]^[27] This era marked the hospital's transition from dispensary-focused relief to a pioneering center for high-risk deliveries, reducing maternal mortality via systematic observation and procedural standardization, though records indicate persistent challenges from infection and socioeconomic factors affecting patient outcomes.^[3] By prioritizing verifiable surgical techniques over traditional midwifery alone, the Rottenrow site contributed causally to broader declines in perinatal risks during Glasgow's 19th-century demographic pressures.^[27]

20th-Century Changes

Expansion and Challenges

In the early 20th century, the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital at Rottenrow underwent significant expansion to accommodate growing demand for obstetric and gynaecological services. A major extension completed in April 1908, designed by architect Robert Andrew Bryden (with completion overseen by Andrew Robertson after Bryden's death), added a gynaecology department, an operating theatre, accommodation for 60 students, a 90-seat lecture theatre, and 108 obstetric beds, effectively doubling the facility's capacity on its constrained urban site.^[28] This followed the hospital's relocation to Rottenrow in 1881 and reflected the pressures of Glasgow's industrial population boom, though the piecemeal additions compromised the site's architectural unity.^[27] Further developments included a new laboratory opened in January 1926 to support clinical research and training, and in 1955, a six-storey outpatients' department was constructed to handle increased ambulatory care amid post-war healthcare reforms under the National Health Service.^[28] These upgrades aligned with broader advancements in midwifery and neonatal care, yet the hospital grappled with persistent overcrowding; by 1959, Glasgow faced acute shortages of maternity beds, with local authorities citing insufficient home support and maternal recovery needs as barriers to timely discharges, exacerbating wait times and straining resources citywide.^[29] Urban challenges compounded operational difficulties, as Rottenrow's location in the densely packed Townhead district limited physical growth and exposed the facility to surrounding slum conditions and infectious disease risks prevalent in early 20th-century Glasgow.^[28] By mid-century, the aging infrastructure fell into disrepair, while nearby redevelopment for the University of Strathclyde—formed in 1964—involved clearance of adjacent tenements, altering the area's character and foreshadowing the hospital's eventual relocation.^[30] These factors, including funding constraints and evolving medical standards, highlighted the tensions between the hospital's historical role and modern urban planning demands.^[27]

Post-War Role and Decline

Following the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948, the Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital at Rottenrow continued its role as the primary facility for obstetric and gynecological care in Glasgow, handling a high volume of deliveries amid post-war population growth and improved maternal health outcomes.^[28] The hospital integrated into the NHS framework, maintaining its capacity for approximately 108 beds from earlier expansions while adding post-war structures to accommodate increasing demand, though these additions were later deemed insufficient for evolving standards.^[3] It remained a key training center for midwives, contributing to Scotland's midwifery education and practices during the mid-20th century baby boom.^[4] By the late 20th century, the hospital's original Victorian-era buildings, constructed primarily between 1880 and 1908, began to show signs of structural decay and functional obsolescence, exacerbated by the challenges of maintaining aging infrastructure in an urban setting.^[5] Efforts to modernize were limited, as NHS priorities shifted toward centralizing services at larger acute hospitals like the Glasgow Royal Infirmary to improve efficiency, access to specialized care, and compliance with contemporary hygiene and technology requirements.^[9] The facility's isolated location and inability to support advanced neonatal intensive care units or integrated emergency services contributed to its gradual marginalization.^[28] In 2001, the decision was made to relocate maternity services to a new unit within the Glasgow Royal Infirmary campus, citing the Rottenrow site's inadequacy for 21st-century medical demands, including outdated wards and escalating maintenance costs.^[3] This closure marked the end of over 140 years of operation at the site, with the post-war additions subsequently demolished as part of broader site clearance, reflecting broader NHS trends toward consolidation rather than preservation of standalone specialty hospitals.^[5]^[28]

Redevelopment and Modern Site

Demolition and Controversy

The Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital, located on Rottenrow in Glasgow, closed in March 2001 after 141 years of operation, with maternity services relocating to a new facility integrated with Glasgow Royal Infirmary at 84 Castle Street.^[31] ^[32] The original Victorian building, constructed in phases from the 1880s onward, had deteriorated significantly by the late 20th century, rendering it unsuitable for contemporary healthcare demands including advanced equipment, infection control, and patient throughput.^[5] ^[32] Demolition commenced shortly after closure, with the bulk of the structure razed by 2002 to clear the site for redevelopment.^[1] The demolition elicited limited organized opposition, as the building's obsolescence was widely acknowledged among medical authorities and local planners; however, it prompted reflections on the hospital's role in delivering over 500,000 babies and pioneering obstetric techniques.^[31] ^[4] The site was purchased by the University of Strathclyde, which converted it into public green space known as Rottenrow Gardens, featuring a symbolic sculpture by artist George Wylie depicting a welcoming figure for newborns.^[4] Post-demolition scrutiny revealed historical ethical concerns tied to the hospital's practices, including the retention of fetal and infant remains for research without explicit family consent, a common but now contested mid-20th-century norm in UK medical institutions. In 2015, a former patient sued NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, alleging her stillborn baby's body from a 1970s delivery was dissected and disposed of without burial or notification, highlighting inadequate record-keeping and consent protocols at the time.^[33] Such cases, while not unique to Rottenrow, underscored broader debates on medical ethics and the handling of human remains in teaching hospitals, with no evidence of systemic cover-up but rather lapses in documentation amid high-volume caseloads.^[33]

Rottenrow Gardens

Rottenrow Gardens occupies the site of the former Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital in central Glasgow, transformed into a landscaped public space following the facility's closure in 2001 and demolition in 2002.^[9] The University of Strathclyde acquired the area in autumn 2001, initiating redevelopment to integrate it with the campus while preserving elements of the historical structure.^[34] The gardens opened for public use on 31 October 2003, with formal dedication occurring in 2004 as part of the university's 40th anniversary events.^[35] Retained features include fragments of the hospital's original facade, serving as tangible links to its legacy as a key maternity institution operational from 1860 to 2001.^[36] A prominent element is the Monument to Maternity, a 7-meter stainless steel sculpture by George Wyllie depicting an oversized nappy pin, first produced for the 1996 Mayfest and permanently sited in the gardens in 2004 to commemorate the site's history of childbirth and healthcare.^[37] The design symbolizes protection and the nurturing role of maternity care, positioned centrally amid lawns, paths, and plantings that offer respite within the urban university environment.^[38] In recent years, the university has proposed further enhancements, including pedestrianization and re-landscaping of Rottenrow Gardens and adjacent streets to improve connectivity and green infrastructure as of 2023 plans.^[39] The space functions as both a memorial and functional campus amenity, bordered by Rottenrow, North Portland Street, and Richmond Street.^[40]

Legacy and Impact

The Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital, located on Rottenrow, played a pivotal role in advancing obstetric care by providing specialized maternity services to indigent women from its founding in 1834 as the Glasgow Lying-In Hospital and Dispensary, which offered free treatment and trained pupil midwives to address high maternal mortality rates in home births among the poor.^[41]^[3] By the late 19th century, under physicians like Murdoch Cameron, the hospital pioneered safer caesarean section techniques; Cameron's 1898 series of 50 classical caesareans reported only two maternal deaths and three neonatal losses, demonstrating viability for the procedure and influencing global obstetric practices.^[4]^[27]^[26] In the mid-20th century, the hospital contributed to diagnostic imaging through Ian Donald's development of obstetric ultrasound; starting in 1956 with industrial equipment adapted for fetal scanning, Donald's team produced the first clinical images of ovarian cysts and fetuses, leading to his seminal 1958 Lancet paper that established ultrasound as a non-invasive tool for prenatal assessment, now routine worldwide.^[5] This innovation stemmed from collaborative work at Rottenrow, reducing reliance on invasive diagnostics and improving outcomes in high-risk pregnancies.^[42] Socially, Rottenrow served as a birthplace for over 300,000 Glaswegians by its 2001 closure, disproportionately aiding working-class and unmarried mothers through subsidized care and midwifery education, which professionalized attendant roles and lowered infant mortality in urban Scotland from 150 per 1,000 live births in the 1830s to under 10 by the 1970s via institutionalized hygiene and interventions.^[5]^[4] The hospital's model influenced public health policy, emphasizing accessible prenatal services for marginalized groups and fostering long-term reductions in perinatal risks through trained practitioners dispatched to communities.^[3]

Criticisms and Debates

The Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital at Rottenrow faced early societal criticism for providing care to unmarried mothers and their infants, with detractors viewing such treatment as endorsement of immorality in Victorian-era Scotland. Opponents argued that accommodating "illegitimate" births undermined moral standards, prioritizing scandal over ethical restraint.^[5]^[4] The hospital countered that preserving human life superseded social judgments, establishing a policy of non-discriminatory medical intervention that aligned with empirical needs over prevailing cultural norms.^[5]^[4] In the late 20th century, debates intensified over the hospital's deteriorating infrastructure and operational efficacy, as the Victorian-era building proved inadequate for post-war demands, including rising patient volumes and advanced medical requirements. By the 1990s, overcrowding and maintenance shortfalls contributed to perceptions of decline, prompting relocation plans to consolidate services at newer facilities like the Princess Royal Maternity Hospital.^[28]^[31] These changes sparked protests from staff, alumni, and locals attached to Rottenrow's historical role, who contested the loss of a site synonymous with Glasgow's obstetric heritage despite evidence of functional obsolescence.^[28] The 1998 closure and 2001 demolition further fueled discussions on balancing preservation with progress, as the University of Strathclyde repurposed the site for campus expansion. Critics highlighted the erasure of a landmark that had delivered over 500,000 babies since 1834, arguing it undervalued tangible legacy in favor of utilitarian development.^[31] Proponents emphasized causal necessities: the building's structural decay necessitated replacement to sustain maternal care standards, averting risks from outdated wards and equipment.^[28] No evidence emerged of systemic ethical lapses akin to forced adoptions elsewhere in UK maternity history, though broader retrospective scrutiny of era-specific attitudes toward single mothers underscores ongoing debates on institutional paternalism.^[43]

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