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Sai

Sathya Sai Baba (born Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju; 23 November 1926 – 24 April 2011) was an Indian spiritual leader and self-styled divine incarnation who declared at age 14 that he was the reincarnation of the 19th-century figure Shirdi Sai Baba, drawing tens of millions of devotees worldwide through claims of miraculous abilities such as materialization of objects, healing, and bilocation. Under the auspices of the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust, he oversaw extensive philanthropic efforts, including the establishment of free super-specialty hospitals in Puttaparthi and Bengaluru offering advanced treatments without charge, a chain of educational institutions from primary schools to a deemed university emphasizing value-based learning, and massive rural water projects that supplied drinking water to over 1.2 million people across drought-prone districts in Andhra Pradesh and other states, projects completed between 1995 and 2004. His teachings, propagated through discourses and writings, centered on the unity of all religions, selfless service (seva), and core human values like truth, righteousness, peace, and non-violence, influencing followers across socioeconomic and national lines, including high-profile figures in and abroad. Sai Baba's public life was marked by controversies, including repeated allegations from former male devotees of sexual molestation during private interviews, detailed in firsthand accounts and investigated in reports, though no formal charges were ever filed in and his organization dismissed them as fabrications motivated by disgruntlement or cultural misunderstandings; also surrounded his miracles, with analyses attributing phenomena like (sacred ash) production and object to prestidigitation rather than means.

People

As a given name

Shirdi Sai Baba (c. 1838 – October 15, 1918) was an Indian spiritual master and ascetic who resided in the village of , , where he attracted devotees from Hindu and Muslim backgrounds through teachings emphasizing devotion, charity, and the unity of religions. He is credited by followers with numerous miracles, including healings and materializations, though these claims lack independent empirical verification beyond devotee accounts. Sathya Sai Baba (November 23, 1926 – April 24, 2011), born Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju in Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, declared himself at age 14 to be the reincarnation of Shirdi Sai Baba and established a global spiritual movement centered on his ashrams, including Prasanthi Nilayam inaugurated in 1950. He founded educational institutions and hospitals under the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust, providing free services, but faced allegations of sexual misconduct and staged miracles from critics, with official biographies from devotee organizations emphasizing his philanthropy and claims of divinity. Sai Pallavi (born May 9, 1992), an Indian actress and dancer from Kotagiri, Tamil Nadu, debuted in the Malayalam film Premam (2015) and has since starred in prominent roles across Telugu, Tamil, and Malayalam cinema, earning acclaim for performances in films like Fidaa (2017) and Virata Parvam (2022). She holds a medical degree from Tbilisi State Medical University and initially worked as a doctor before pursuing acting full-time.

As a surname

Veer Surendra (1809–1884) was an Indian revolutionary leader from , , who descended from the and spearheaded resistance against British colonial rule starting in the 1840s, continuing during the 1857 Indian Rebellion. He was captured in 1862 and died in prison after over two decades of imprisonment. Marlene Sai (born 1941) is a singer of Hawaiian-Chinese descent, renowned for preserving traditional Hawaiian music through albums like Authentic Hawaiian Songs (1962) and performances including at in 2008. Her signature songs such as "Kainoa" highlight her role in promoting island heritage. (born 1946) is an Indian tribal politician from who served as a MP and , rejoining the party in September 2024 after a brief stint with . Manoj Sai (born October 10, 1982) is an cricketer who played as a right-handed wicket-keeper batsman for in domestic matches from 2007 to 2013. is a film credited on over 100 productions, including Brindaavanam (2010), and has contributed to architectural projects like temple designs.

Groups and collectives

Devotee collectives inspired by , who attained mahasamadhi on October 15, 1918, and , who declared his in 1940, have proliferated globally, emphasizing communal (devotional singing) and service. These groups, often informal mandalis or musical ensembles, gather to chant praises of Sai Baba, fostering spiritual discipline through repetitive melodies in vernacular languages. Local variants, such as Sai Bhajan Mandalis, perform at ashrams and homes, with examples like the Sadguru Sai Bhajan Mandali in conducting sessions for over 16 years, composing original bhajans on 's life. In , Sai Musical Groups represent regional collectives specializing in banjo-driven performances of traditional and Sai-themed songs during festivals like Ganesh Utsav. Groups in areas such as , , and organize events featuring (energetic folk tunes) and , aiming to inspire cultural preservation and ; for instance, the Sai Musical Group maintains an active repertoire for community banjo parties. Similarly, the Sundaram Sai Group has recorded multiple volumes of bhajans since the early 2000s, distributing them for widespread devotional use. The Saisiyat, an people of numbering approximately 36,000 as of recent censuses, form a distinct ethnic collective whose autonym incorporates "Sai." Concentrated in and counties, they maintain traditions including the biennial Pas-ta'ai ceremony, a invoking dwarf-like ancestral spirits through chanting, dancing, and offerings to avert misfortune.

Places

In Asia

Sai Kung District occupies the northeastern part of Hong Kong's , encompassing the Sai Kung Peninsula, which extends into the and features rugged terrain, over 80 islands, and extensive coastal waters. The area includes , a historic settlement, and is administratively divided under the Council, with a mid-year population of 501,100 in 2023. The district's name derives from the Cantonese rendering of 西貢 (sai1 gung3), historically linked to Hakka settlements established in the for farming, , and production. Geologically, the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region formed from eruptions of an ancient around 160 million years ago during the period, contributing to its designation within the , which preserves hexagonal columns and other igneous formations. The Sai Kung East Country Park, spanning significant portions of the district, supports including mangroves and , while its hills provided strategic cover for East River Column guerrillas during the Japanese occupation from 1941 to 1945, enabling sabotage operations against imperial forces. Today, the region sustains a mix of , eco-tourism, and , with restricted zones protecting against overdevelopment amid pressures. In , the Sai River originates at Bhijwan Jheel in , , and flows approximately 600 kilometers southeast through alluvial plains, traversing districts including , , Pratapgarh, and Jaunpur before joining the near Saidpur. The river covers 11,161 square kilometers, classified as a sixth-order stream system with a length of 360 kilometers and a northwest-southeast orientation influenced by monsoon-driven and tectonic activity. Primarily rain-fed, it supports in fertile Gangetic plains but experiences seasonal flooding and , with late deposits revealing paleoclimatic shifts from fluvial during wetter phases to incision in drier intervals. Sai is a rural village in Shimokita District, , northern , situated along the near the with coordinates approximately 41.333°N, 140.850°E. As of the 2020 census, its population stood at 1,788 residents across 877 households, reflecting a decline from 3,173 in 1970 due to aging demographics and outmigration typical of depopulating countryside areas. The local economy centers on , , and small-scale , with the village's terrain featuring forested hills and coastal plains that have sustained communities since at least the late 19th century, when it was formally established as a on April 1, 1889.

Elsewhere

Saï Island lies in the River in northern , between the Second and Third Cataracts, spanning 12 kilometers in length and 5.5 kilometers in width. The island hosts significant archaeological sites documenting interactions between ancient Egyptian and cultures, including a temple, Kerma-period settlements, and later Kushite and Meroitic remains, reflecting its role as a cultural crossroads from approximately 2500 BCE onward. French-led excavations since 2010 have uncovered evidence of continuous occupation, with artifacts indicating trade and conflict dynamics in Upper . In Mali, Saï—also recorded as Saye—is a small town in the Cercle de Macina within the Region, situated in the zone with an estimated population of 4,900 residents. Local geography ties it to inland riverine areas, though detailed demographic or historical records remain limited in accessible surveys. Sai constitutes a in the department of , northwestern , approximately 110 kilometers from , encompassing rural terrain typical of the region. As of the early 21st century, it maintains a small population centered on agricultural and historical village structures, with no major urban development noted in regional mappings.

Organizations and institutions

Companies

Sai Life Sciences Limited, founded in and headquartered in , , operates as a contract research, development, and (CRDMO) specializing in , process development, and API services for pharmaceutical and biotech clients. As of September 2025, the company employs approximately 3,400 people across facilities in , the , and the . On October 27, 2025, Sai Life Sciences announced the groundbreaking of a new 100,000 square foot (9,300 sq. m.) Process R&D Center in , designed to double its process R&D capacity and incorporate advanced capabilities in and formulation development, with completion targeted for September 2026. SAIHEAT Limited (NASDAQ: SAIH), formerly known as SAI.TECH Global Corporation and founded in , functions as a sustainable power operator, emphasizing energy-efficient infrastructures through modular systems that integrate liquid cooling, heat recycling, and clean energy utilization for centers and , including mining applications. In March 2025, SAIHEAT secured a to supply 40 megawatts of liquid-cooling solutions to Bitdeer Technologies Group for deployment in a new hosting high-performance mining rigs, advancing its focus on scalable, low-carbon ecosystems.

Non-governmental organizations

The Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform (SAI Platform), founded in 2002 as a not-for-profit entity by stakeholders, facilitates collaboration among over 190 agrifood companies, cooperatives, NGOs, and standards bodies to advance sustainable farming practices. Its Regenerating Together Programme, updated with a global framework on October 31, 2024, provides science-based tools for farms to achieve context-specific regenerative outcomes, either individually or in groups. In 2024, SAI Platform's regeneration and strategies impacted over 250,000 farmers through member progress reporting. For 2025, the organization outlined milestones such as intensified industry-wide efforts in , including a on scaling implementation from vision to action. The Sri Sathya Sai International Organization (SSSIO), established to propagate humanitarian service in line with Sathya Sai Baba's teachings and operational since his passing on April 24, 2011, coordinates global volunteer efforts in , healthcare, and without discrimination. Post-2011, its affiliated in allocated ₹75.82 lakhs (about $90,000 USD) in the 2023-24 fiscal year for the initial phase of equipping a with advanced medical technology. SSSIO initiatives include ongoing distributions of food rations, medical camps, and free health check-ups for underprivileged groups, with branches conducting regular awareness days for communities lacking access to routine care. These activities emphasize direct service delivery, though independent verification of long-term outcomes remains limited due to reliance on internal reporting. Social Accountability International (SAI), formed in 1997 as a global non-profit, develops and promotes verifiable standards like to enhance workplace , including fair labor and safe conditions. SAI collaborates with companies, unions, and NGOs for audits and , focusing on accountability rather than direct aid distribution. Its programs have supported multi-stakeholder initiatives in over 60 countries, prioritizing measurable compliance over unverified self-reporting.

Research institutes

The Sri Sathya Sai Research and Innovation Foundation (SSSRIF), established as the research arm of the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning (SSSIHL), focuses on interdisciplinary innovation in education, human values, and applied sciences, fostering empirical studies aligned with the institution's foundational principles since the 1960s. SSSIHL itself, founded in 1981 under the (established 1972), has produced over 800 peer-reviewed publications from 1986 to 2023, spanning fields like , , and , with bibliometric analysis revealing steady output growth despite limited high-impact journal placements. The Sri Sathya Sai Sanjeevani Research Centre for Congenital Heart Disease, operational since the early , specializes in genomic and epidemiological investigations into congenital heart defects, operating India's first dedicated lab for this purpose and contributing data on prevalence and causal factors through longitudinal studies on affected populations. The Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, affiliated with Sathya Sai medical initiatives, emphasizes and training in , , and general , integrating empirical outcomes from its blocks to advance evidence-based protocols since its inception in the 2010s. Other entities, such as the Sree Sai Dental College and Research Institute (founded 2002), conduct targeted studies in oral pathology and , yielding publications on dental biomaterials and cancer diagnostics, though with narrower scope and fewer verifiable empirical impacts compared to the Sai Baba-linked centers.

Government and administration

Administrative divisions

is an administrative district in , , established by bifurcating portions of the former to enhance regional governance in areas tied to the legacy of spiritual leader . Its headquarters are in , encompassing mandals such as Agali that feature rural settlements at varying elevations. In , Sai Wan constitutes a geographical constituency under the Council, delineating boundaries for electing one district councillor responsible for local policy implementation, community services, and oversight. These constituencies underwent boundary reviews in 2023 to reflect shifts and ensure equitable . Sai functions as a commune in the arrondissement of Argentan, Orne department, within France's Normandy region, operating as the smallest unit of territorial administration with a directly elected municipal council and mayor handling services like waste management, local roads, and primary education. The commune recorded an estimated population of 227 in 2022. In Japan, Sai operates as a village (mura) municipality within Shimokita District, Aomori Prefecture, governing a coastal area on the Shimokita Peninsula through a village assembly and mayor, focusing on fisheries, tourism promotion, and disaster preparedness amid depopulation trends common to rural Japanese units.

Acronyms and abbreviations

The Student Aid Index (SAI) is a metric introduced by the U.S. Department of Education as part of the FAFSA Simplification Act, effective for the 2024–25 award year, replacing the prior Expected Family Contribution (EFC) to assess eligibility for such as Pell Grants. The SAI is derived from a congressional formula incorporating reported family income, assets, and demographic data submitted via the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), yielding values from -1,500 (indicating maximum need) to 999,999, unlike the non-negative EFC. This shift eliminates factors like the number of family members in from the calculation, aiming for a more direct measure of available resources, though critics argue it may understate need for larger families by prioritizing parental income over sibling adjustments present in the EFC model. In , SAI denotes the Statement of Additional Information, a required supplementing a mutual fund's prospectus with in-depth disclosures on strategies, risks, fees, and holdings, accessible to investors upon request but not constituting a document. This contrasts with prospectus summaries by providing granular, verifiable data to support informed allocation decisions.

Military and weapons

Traditional weapons

The sai (釵) is a traditional Okinawan employed in Ryukyu , featuring a pointed central prong (monouchi) extending from a handle wrapped for grip, flanked by two shorter curved side prongs (yoku or tsume) positioned for blocking and trapping adversaries' blades. This design enabled its use in to deflect swords or spears by hooking the opponent's weapon, while the main prong served for thrusting or striking vulnerable points. Historical records indicate sai were carried by Okinawan , such as the ufuchiku (police chiefs) and chikusaji (detectives), during the era for apprehending criminals, reflecting practical adaptation from potential agricultural or restraint tools amid weapon restrictions imposed by Japanese overlords after 1609. In terms of specifications, a typical sai measures 37 to 50 cm in total length, with the central prong comprising the majority and often tapered to a blunt or pointed tip for safety in training, while weighing approximately 400 to 600 grams to facilitate rapid manipulation in one or both hands. The weapon's length is customized to the user's , extending about 3 cm beyond it when held in reverse grip—a common technique in kata for enhancing leverage in parries and joint locks. Empirical evidence from preserved artifacts and kata transmissions, rather than battlefield accounts, underscores its role in defensive training systems developed under Ryukyu's tributary status to and , where overt armament was curtailed. Usage in emphasizes techniques for disarming longer blades, such as redirecting a into the yoku before counter-thrusting, with paired sai allowing offensive sweeps or guards against multiple foes. Modern reproductions maintain these dimensions for fidelity to historical , though original in iron or varied by , prioritizing over mass for sustained wrist control during prolonged engagements. While romanticized in popular media, primary transmissions from lineages like Matayoshi or Choki Motobu confirm sai's tactical emphasis on precision and evasion, grounded in the causal constraints of Okinawa's insular defense needs rather than large-scale warfare.

Arts, media, and fiction

Fictional characters

Sai Yamanaka appears as a supporting character in the series Naruto, debuting in Part II as a replacement teammate for on Team 7. Orphaned and raised within the secretive branch of Konohagakure's ANBU, Sai undergoes conditioning to eliminate personal emotions, enabling emotionless execution of missions. His combat style relies on ink-based , including the Super Beast Imitating Drawing technique, which animates drawn creatures for attack and defense. By the series' later arcs, Sai integrates into the Yamanaka clan, marries Ino Yamanaka, and rises to ANBU chief. In , Sai serves as an alternate-universe iteration of (Elizabeth Braddock), first introduced in Demon Days: X-Men #1 in March 2021. Created by artist , this version portrays Sai as a telepathic swordswoman in feudal , wielding abilities and a to battle yokai supernatural entities amid themes of isolation and dimensional rifts. The character reappears in the 2025 video game Marvel Rivals and headlines the January 2026 miniseries Sai: Dimensional Rivals, expanding her role across multiversal conflicts. Fujiwara no Sai features as a central supernatural entity in the manga Hikaru no Go, serialized from 1998 to 2003. As the lingering spirit of a Heian-period (794–1185) Go prodigy, Sai inhabits the body of modern schoolboy Hikaru Shindo, imparting ancient strategies to elevate the boy's game against contemporary rivals. This fictional portrayal, rooted in historical Go lore but dramatized for narrative, spurred global interest in the board game, with reported increases in player registrations in Japan and internationally following the series' anime adaptation in 2001. Akuto Sai protagonists the series Ichiban Ushiro no Daimaou (The Demon King Who Wishes for the Well-Being of His Subjects), initiated in 2008. Enrolled at a , Akuto discovers his fated role as the , navigating prophecies, superhuman powers, and dynamics amid battles against institutional forces. The character's overpowered abilities, including reality-warping potential, position him as a satirical take on and demon lord tropes in Japanese fiction.

Other media

"Sai: Karate Weapon of Self-Defense" is a 1971 instructional book by , a Japanese-American , detailing the history, techniques, and applications of the sai, a traditional Okinawan metal pronged used for blocking and thrusting in . The book includes diagrams of grips, stances, blocks, combinations, and methods, emphasizing the sai's role in and its similarities to empty-hand movements. Devotional songs titled or centered on "Sai," referring to spiritual figures like Shirdi Sai Baba or Sathya Sai Baba, form a significant body of non-fictional media in bhajan traditions. For instance, "Sai Shirdi Sai" from the 2021 album 99 Songs, composed by A.R. Rahman and sung by him with Bela Shende, invokes the 19th-century saint Shirdi Sai Baba's legacy of unity and devotion, achieving over 10 million YouTube views by 2025 as a standalone devotional track despite its film association. Documentaries on (1926–2011), such as Richard Bock's 1973 film Advent of the , the guru's early life, miracles, and global following through devotee testimonies and footage from his ashram in , , with subsequent works like the 1980 Aura of Divinity expanding on his teachings and humanitarian efforts. These productions, distributed via the Sri Sathya Sai , have garnered millions of views online but face skepticism from critics citing unverified miracles, as explored in the BBC's 2004 investigative piece The Secret , which interviewed ex-devotees alleging abuse and sleight-of-hand, claims refuted by the organization's official records showing no legal convictions.

Science and technology

Technical terms and concepts

(SAI) refers to a proposed solar technique that involves the deliberate release of reflective particles, typically precursors, into the to scatter incoming solar radiation back to space, thereby reducing net and mitigating . This method aims to replicate the transient cooling observed after major volcanic eruptions, such as the , which injected approximately 20 million tons of into the , resulting in a global temperature decrease of about 0.5°C for 1–2 years through enhanced . SAI's theoretical has been modeled in climate simulations, with studies indicating potential to offset 1–2°C of warming if deployed at scales equivalent to annual emissions of 5–10 teragrams of , though empirical validation remains limited to analog observations and small-scale analogs due to the absence of full deployment. In cutaneous , slowly adapting type I (SAI) mechanoreceptors denote a class of low-threshold afferent neurons innervating Merkel cell-neurite complexes in the glabrous and hairy , characterized by sustained firing rates during prolonged static indentation or skin deformation, enabling fine spatial of surface textures and edges. These receptors exhibit irregular patterns with dynamic to both magnitude and skin curvature, as demonstrated in studies where SAI firing correlates more strongly with than alone, supporting roles in tactile form validated through microneurography recordings since the . SAI classification originated from electrophysiological mappings by researchers like A. Iggo in the , distinguishing them from rapidly adapting or type II slowly adapting units based on adaptation kinetics and encapsulation. The awareness index (SAI) constitutes a culturomics-derived metric in for quantifying temporal changes in public knowledge of , computed as the rate of change in daily average page views for individual pages across taxonomic groups. Developed in 2020–2021 analyses of over 41,000 IUCN-listed , SAI enables disaggregated tracking by (e.g., mammals vs. ), revealing disparities such as higher awareness growth for vertebrates than , with bootstrapped indices showing in trends from 2015 onward. This index's empirical foundation lies in proxies for societal engagement, validated against traditional metrics like assessments, though it risks conflating visibility with conservation impact due to media-driven spikes.

Other uses

[Other uses - no content]

References

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