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Scytodes globula

Scytodes globula, commonly known as the Chilean tiger spider or araña tigre, is a small species of spitting spider in the family Scytodidae, characterized by a compact body and disproportionately long legs.^[1] It employs a distinctive hunting strategy, ejecting a sticky, adhesive substance from its chelicerae to immobilize prey from a distance, targeting insects and other arachnids.^[2] Native to South America, this nocturnal, solitary predator typically measures 5–6 mm in body length^[3] and inhabits leaf litter, under bark, rocks, and human structures such as gardens and dwellings.^[4]^[1] First described by Henri Nicolet in 1849 from specimens in Chile, S. globula belongs to the 'globula group' within the genus Scytodes, which comprises over 200 species.^[5] Its synonyms include Scytodes maculata, Scytodes annulata, Scytodes scholaris, and Scytodes aguapeyana, reflecting historical taxonomic revisions.^[5] The species is synanthropic, often thriving in human-modified environments, and exhibits thermal tolerance suited to xeric conditions, with preferred activity temperatures around 16–24 °C during twilight hours.^[2]^[4] Distributed across Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina, S. globula has been introduced to the southeastern United States, where it forages in undisturbed debris and occasionally preys on medically significant spiders like Loxosceles laeta.^[5]^[1] As a sit-and-wait ambush predator, it retreats to sheltered sites like rotting logs or palm fronds during the day and displays asymmetric leg use in prey handling.^[6] Its ecological role includes arachnophagy, contributing to the control of pest arachnids in domestic settings.^[2]

Taxonomy and description

Etymology and classification

Scytodes globula belongs to the order Araneae and the family Scytodidae, within the genus Scytodes, which comprises over 200 species of spitting spiders characterized by their unique ability to project a viscous mixture of silk and venom from modified chelicerae. The species was first described by Hercule Nicolet in 1849 as part of the arachnid section in Claudio Gay's Historia Física y Política de Chile.^[5]^[7] The genus name Scytodes originates from the Greek skytos (leather or skin) and eidos (form or resemblance), referring to the leathery or mottled texture of the carapace in these spiders. The specific epithet globula derives from the Latin globulus, meaning a small globe or ball, alluding to the globular seminal receptacles observed in the female genitalia of this species and related taxa.^[4] Phylogenetically, S. globula is placed within the subfamily Scytodinae of Scytodidae, part of the superfamily Scytodoidea, a derived clade of entelegyne araneomorph spiders distinguished by fused abdominal entapophyses and specialized female palpal structures. The spitting mechanism, enabled by elongated and grooved chelicerae, represents a key synapomorphy for the family.^[8]^[9] Taxonomic history includes several revisions, notably by Brescovit and Rheims in 2000, who established S. maculata Holmberg, 1876; S. annulata Keyserling, 1891; S. scholaris Piza, 1944; and S. aguapeyana Mello-Leitão, 1945 as junior synonyms of S. globula based on comparative morphology of synanthropic populations. In 2001, Rheims and Brescovit defined the informal "globula group" including S. globula, characterized by a large curved sclerotized process on the male palp and paired globular seminal receptacles in females. No further synonymies or reclassifications have been proposed as of 2025.^[10]^[4]^[5]

Physical characteristics

Scytodes globula exhibits a characteristic body structure typical of the Scytodidae family, featuring a humpbacked cephalothorax that results from the expansion caused by enlarged venom glands occupying much of the anterior region. The cephalothorax is slightly convex or domed, measuring approximately 2.9 mm in length and 2.2 mm in width in representative specimens of the globula group. The abdomen is elongated and relatively slender compared to the long, thin legs, which are three to four times the body length, giving the spider a delicate, elongated appearance overall. This structure is noted in the original description, where the legs are described as disproportionately large, resembling those of a harvestman at first glance.^[4]^[1] The spider possesses six eyes arranged in a single transverse row, consisting of three dyads: the posterior median eyes (PME) are the largest, followed by the anterior lateral eyes (ALE) and posterior lateral eyes (PLE), with typical diameters of 0.18 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.18 mm, respectively, in related species of the globula group. Coloration varies slightly but generally includes a pale yellowish to brownish carapace marked with darker brown patterns or spots, while the abdomen shows similar pale tones with longitudinal darker stripes, contributing to its distinctive "tiger" patterning. The legs are annulated with alternating light and dark bands, enhancing camouflage in leaf litter or bark habitats.^[4] Sexual dimorphism in S. globula is modest, with females typically larger than males and adults measuring approximately 5–6 mm in total body length; individual legs can reach up to about 20 mm. Males exhibit relatively larger chelicerae compared to their body size, often with more pronounced stridulatory ridges for potential courtship or defensive functions, whereas females display subtler abdominal patterns. The chelicerae in both sexes are robust but short, featuring a subapical hyaline keel along the fang furrow.^[4]^[3] A key adaptation is the modification of the fangs and associated venom apparatus for spitting behavior, though the static morphology supports this function. The fangs are short and conical, with a specialized subterminal pore near the tip that allows ejection of a combined silk, venom, and adhesive mixture; this pore connects to voluminous venom glands that dominate the cephalothorax volume, displacing other internal structures and contributing to its humpbacked profile. These glands are cylindrical and elongated, extending posteriorly, and produce a viscous fluid under high pressure via associated musculature.^[11]

Habitat and distribution

Geographic range

Scytodes globula is native to South America, including Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Argentina, where it is primarily synanthropic in urban and suburban areas, such as in central Chile (e.g., Santiago and Valparaíso).^[12]^[13]^[5] This spider exhibits a synanthropic lifestyle, commonly inhabiting human dwellings and spreading through trade or human movement within its range.^[12]^[14] Historical records date back to the 19th century, with the species first described by Hercule Nicolet in 1849 based on specimens from Chile.^[5] The species has been introduced to the southeastern United States, where it is established in synanthropic habitats, with first records dating to 2003.^[15]^[1] The species' range is constrained by climatic factors, with niche modeling of Chilean populations indicating a preference for Mediterranean climates characterized by high temperatures and moderate precipitation; it is absent from southern Patagonia due to colder temperatures and higher rainfall beyond approximately 40°S latitude.^[13] In Chile, its distribution overlaps sympatrically with Loxosceles laeta in central urban zones.^[12]

Environmental preferences

Scytodes globula prefers temperate Mediterranean climates in central Chile, characterized by high temperatures and moderate to higher levels of precipitation relative to associated species like Loxosceles laeta. Niche modeling studies reveal that its distribution is strongly influenced by maximum temperatures during the warmest month (contributing 25.9% to the model) and precipitation patterns, including seasonality (13.2%) and amounts in the coldest quarter (13.2%), with a mean annual precipitation of approximately 755 mm. These conditions support its presence in regions with mean annual temperatures around 13°C, though it tolerates broader extremes.^[16] The thermal niche of S. globula is broad and eurythermal, with preferred temperatures varying diurnally from about 16°C in the morning to 21°C in the evening, reflecting its nocturnal activity. Critical thermal limits include a lower threshold below -3°C and an upper threshold above 43°C, enabling survival in fluctuating environments; however, it acclimates to warmer conditions (25°C) by shifting its minimum tolerance upward. Adaptations to low humidity include reduced water loss rates during summer, facilitating persistence in relatively xeric microhabitats despite regional precipitation.^[17] This species is predominantly synanthropic across its native range, favoring human-modified environments such as walls, ceilings, under furniture, closets, and cracks in homes, as well as gardens in peri-urban areas. Its urban adaptation is driven by abundant prey availability in these settings, with low association to high human footprint indices (mean 39.4), and no prominent strongholds in undisturbed natural wilderness. It often co-occurs with L. laeta in domestic spaces in Chile, potentially influencing local spider dynamics.^[16]^[5]

Behavior and ecology

Hunting strategy

Scytodes globula employs a distinctive predatory strategy characterized by its nocturnal activity and reliance on a specialized spitting mechanism to capture prey. This spider hunts primarily at night, using its six eyes to detect and track potential targets in low-light conditions, as it remains hidden in shelters during the day.^[18] The species stalks prey slowly, often testing the distance with its front legs before initiating an attack, which allows it to position itself effectively without alerting the target.^[18] Once in range, S. globula immobilizes prey by ejecting a sticky secretion from its cheliceral fangs in a rapid figure-eight or zigzag pattern, entangling the victim and pinning it to the substrate. This spit is propelled rapidly through hydraulic pressure generated in the prosoma and coordinated fang movements.^[19]^[20] After spitting, the spider approaches the immobilized prey to deliver a bite, administering additional venom to subdue it.^[18] The ejected secretion consists of a mixture of silk, glue, and venom, including glycine-rich peptides that provide stickiness and contract rapidly upon contact, as well as enzymatic components like astacin metalloproteases that contribute to immobilization.^[21] Lab studies on S. globula demonstrate high capture success rates, with approximately 81% of crickets subdued within one day, reflecting the precision of this mechanism, which has remained consistent in observations since detailed biomechanical analyses in the late 2000s and subsequent research summaries in 2017.^[18]^[20]^[19]

Prey selection

_Scytodes globula primarily preys on small insects, including flies and crickets, as well as other spiders.^[3] This species exhibits araneophagic tendencies, targeting fellow arachnids such as juveniles of the medically significant Loxosceles laeta, with laboratory observations confirming successful predation on spiderlings in direct encounters.^[22] This reflects a broad opportunistic approach suited to urban habitats where diverse arthropods are available. As an opportunistic predator, S. globula consumes whatever arthropods are accessible in its environment, showing no strict specialization beyond a preference for prey smaller than its own body length, typically under 10 mm. In urban settings of central Chile, this includes a mix of insects and conspecifics or other spider species encountered in homes and buildings.^[2] Laboratory studies, such as a 2015 experiment, demonstrate high predation efficiency against web-building spiders like Metaltella simoni, with success rates of 28% in controlled trials, particularly when prey exhibits slower or exposed behaviors outside retreats.^[23] Following immobilization via spitting, S. globula digests prey externally using enzymes secreted from its midgut, liquefying tissues for consumption, a process common to many araneomorph spiders.^[24] Dietary intake shows seasonal variations, with increased consumption of insect prey during warmer months when arthropod abundance peaks in its subtropical range.^[25]

Silk usage

Scytodes globula produces silk from spinnerets primarily for reproductive, shelter, and post-capture purposes rather than web-building. Females create egg sacs by loosely enclosing a clutch of eggs in silk, which they carry in their chelicerae while guarding them in crevices until hatching.^[26] These sacs provide protection for the developing spiderlings during the maternal care period.^[27] After immobilizing prey through spitting, S. globula wraps it in silk using alternating movements of the fourth legs to secure and handle it for feeding.^[28] This wrapping facilitates consumption without extensive webbing.^[26] The species constructs temporary silk-lined retreats in wall cracks and on surfaces for molting and resting, integrating with its synanthropic habitat preferences.^[29] These shelters lack sticky capture elements, distinguishing S. globula from web-building spiders like orb-weavers. Its silk glands support these functions alongside adaptations for adhesive secretions in hunting.^[27]

Interactions and significance

Bites on humans

Bites from Scytodes globula are extremely rare and occur only in defensive situations, typically as accidental encounters in domestic settings such as when individuals are in bed or dressing. Between 1989 and 1998, the Vital Brasil Hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, documented nine such cases, all involving accidental contact with the spider.^[10] Symptoms are mild and localized, manifesting as an immediate burning sensation and slight pain at the bite site, with no observable wounds, spots, or systemic effects reported in the documented incidents.^[10] Unlike the venom of Loxosceles laeta, which can cause necrosis, S. globula venom lacks sphingomyelinase D and is non-toxic to mammals, resulting in no tissue damage or long-term complications.^[21] Redness or swelling, if present, typically resolves within 1-2 days based on the limited clinical observations. Treatment involves symptomatic care, such as cleaning the site and applying cold compresses for pain relief; no antivenom is required due to the venom's low potency.^[10] Overall, S. globula poses negligible medical risk to humans, with post-2000 reports remaining scarce in South America.^[10]

Predatory role with Loxosceles laeta

Scytodes globula exhibits a predatory role against Loxosceles laeta, the Chilean recluse spider, primarily through direct confrontations and consumption of early life stages. In laboratory experiments conducted in 2015, researchers observed 32 interspecific encounters between adult individuals of both species, resulting in 19 aggressive interactions. In these, S. globula prevailed in 13 cases, achieving a success rate of approximately 68% by immobilizing or killing L. laeta via spitting silk and subsequent attack.^[12] Additionally, S. globula demonstrated predation on L. laeta spiderlings, leading to complete cohort mortality within 182–275 days in controlled settings, compared to partial survival in predator-absent groups.^[12] This araneophagic behavior aligns with the general prey selection of S. globula, which targets other spiders as primary food sources. The predator-prey dynamic is facilitated by significant niche overlap between S. globula and L. laeta in sympatric regions of central Chile. Both species inhabit urban and peri-urban environments, such as homes, warehouses, and gardens in areas like Santiago, where they share similar synanthropic niches.^[30] Thermal preferences further support this coexistence, with both preferring temperatures in the range of 16–23°C during active periods, particularly at twilight and night when activity peaks between 20–30°C.^[30] Studies from 2013 to 2016, including niche modeling, confirm this sympatry, associating both species with high temperatures and low precipitation in human-modified habitats.^[31] Ecologically, S. globula may contribute to population regulation of L. laeta in domestic settings, offering potential as a natural biocontrol agent against loxoscelism—the envenomation caused by recluse bites. Simulation models based on 2015–2016 data indicate that S. globula predation reduces L. laeta population sizes by about 20%, dampens fluctuations, and lowers the proportion of reproductive adults, potentially decreasing bite incidents by 15%.^[32] Field collections in Chilean households and observations of co-occurrence support this role, though direct predation events in natural settings remain infrequently documented.^[33] Despite these effects, limitations hinder S. globula as a complete control mechanism for L. laeta. Predation primarily impacts spiderlings and juveniles, with less efficacy against established adults, allowing persistent populations in homes.^[32] Population models show the reduction is insufficient for standalone biocontrol, outperforming neither sanitation nor chemical interventions.^[32] Hypotheses regarding co-evolution between the species, such as adaptive thermal shifts or behavioral countermeasures, remain unproven as of 2025, lacking empirical genetic or long-term field evidence.^[30]

References

[1]
Chilean Tiger Spider - Species Scytodes globula - BugGuide.Net
Dec 3, 2020 · Terrestrial. Builds webs and forages in leaf litter, under bark, branches, rocks, garbage/junk, and other debris. Found in undisturbed man made ...
[2]
Thermal niche overlap of the corner recluse spider Loxosceles laeta ...
Scytodes globula may be a predator of Loxosceles laeta, a species which causes great proportion of loxoscelism in America. •. Preferred temperatures of both ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[3]
[PDF] New species and records of Scytodes - Zobodat
Dec 15, 2001 · Of these, only Scytodes occurs in the Neotropical region. During the last three years, this genus has been the subject of several taxonomic ...
[4]
Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1849 - NMBE - World Spider Catalog
Oct 21, 2021 · Detailed taxonomic information about the spider families. ... Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina. External Resources ...
[5]
https://wsc.nmbe.ch/species/33672
[6]
New taxonomic considerations in the spitting spider family ... - Biotaxa
Jan 19, 2022 · Here, the family is considered to include two subfamilies: Scytodinae Blackwall, 1864, comprising the genera Scytodes Latreille, 1804 and Dictis ...
[7]
The placement of the spider genus Periegops and the phylogeny of ...
May 14, 2012 · In our analysis the Scytodoidea are united by the fusion of the third abdominal entapo-physes into a median lobe, the presence of female palpal ...Missing: position | Show results with:position
[8]
[PDF] On the synanthropic species of the genus Scytodes Latreille ...
These are S. globula Nicolet, S. univittata Simon and a new species, S. itapevi, here described from Itapevi, São. Paulo.
[9]
Spitting performance parameters and their biomechanical ...
Spitting spiders (Scytodes spp.) are so named because of their remarkable habit of ejecting from their fangs a mixture of silk, venom, and glue onto potential ...
[10]
[PDF] Interactions Between the Chilean Recluse Spider (Araneae
Feb 2, 2015 · globula is distributed in South America in Chile,. 1 Programa de Salud Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Poblacional,. Escuela de Salud Pú blica ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
[PDF] Niche modelling of the Chilean recluse spider Loxosceles laeta and ...
Scytodes globula is distributed in South. America in Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Like L. laeta, this species is common in human dwellings ...
[12]
Aspectos de la biología de Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1949 (Aranae
S. globula is distributed in South America in Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. Like L. laeta, this species is common in human dwellings and ...
[13]
https://ieb-chile.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1_CANALS_et_al-2016-Medical_and_Veterinary_Entomology.pdf
[14]
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284618005_Aspectos_de_la_biologia_de_Scytodes_globula_Nicolet_1949_Aranae_Scytodidae_un_activo_depredador_de_Chile_Central
[15]
Behavioral analysis of the interaction between the spitting spider ...
Aug 7, 2025 · Spitting spiders (Scytodidae) have a distinct predatory strategy in which they eject a sticky secretion from their cheliceral fangs to ...
[16]
Scytodes - Wikipedia
Scytodes globula Nicolet, 1849 – Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Argentina · Scytodes gooldi Purcell, 1904 – South Africa; Scytodes karrooica Purcell, 1904 ...
[17]
Spitting spiders - nature's strangest hunters
Nov 20, 2017 · The most common species, Scytodes thoracica, is found globally, and is identified by its bright orange colouring, with dark patterns on its legs ...
[18]
Spitting Performance Parameters and Their Biomechanical ...
Nov 19, 2009 · Spitting spiders Scytodes spp. subdue prey by entangling them at a distance with a mixture of silk, glue, and venom.Missing: globula hunting
[19]
Spit and venom from Scytodes spiders: a diverse and distinct cocktail
Spiders from the family Scytodidae have a unique prey capturing technique – they spit a zig-zagged silken glue to tether prey to a surface.Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology<|control11|><|separator|>
[20]
Scytodes globula - Chilean tiger spider - Picture Insect
Both sexes reach about 5 mm in body length. Females and immatures of both sexes are brown but have color patterns by which they can be distinguished from ...
[21]
Interactions Between the Chilean Recluse Spider (Araneae ...
Feb 2, 2015 · globula may be influencing L. laeta populations in central Chile. The population regulation of L. laeta by predation would be important because ...
[22]
Risky behaviors by the host could favor araneophagy of the spitting ...
Aug 6, 2025 · To the contrary, the host spider had a success rate of 67 % of surviving predation by performing defensive behaviors (moving hind legs, ...
[23]
Characterisation of protein families in spider digestive fluids ... - NIH
Aug 10, 2017 · These enzymes break down the extracellular matrix inside the prey's body [23] for the toxins to be spread more quickly. However, the same ...Missing: Scytodes globula
[24]
Daily thermal preference variation of the sand recluse spider ...
These nocturnal spiders select higher temperatures in the evening (active period) and select lower temperatures during late morning (resting period).
[25]
None
### Summary of Silk Usage and Related Details in Scytodes globula
[26]
Parental and predatory behaviour of Scytodes sp., an araneophagic ...
Aug 7, 2025 · The spider Scytodes globula is a nocturnal, sit-and-wait predator retreating to the underside of palm fronds inside rotting logs during the day.
[27]
Thermal niche overlap of the brown recluse spider Loxosceles laeta ...
Aug 6, 2025 · It has been suggested that the spitting spider Scytodes globula may be a predator of L. laeta and control its population, which is only possible ...
[28]
None
### Summary of Scytodes globula Silk Usage, Egg Sacs, Retreats, and Prey Wrapping
[29]
Thermal niche overlap of the corner recluse spider Loxosceles laeta ...
Highlights. Scytodes globula may be a predator of Loxosceles laeta, a species which causes great proportion of loxoscelism in America. Preferred temperatures ...Missing: distribution | Show results with:distribution
[30]
Niche modelling of the Chilean recluse spider Loxosceles laeta and ...
Similarly to other species, the distribution of L. laeta reaches its southern limit at the Los Lagos region in Chile, which coincides with high levels of ...
[31]
None
Nothing is retrieved...<|separator|>
[32]
https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/45/4/841/2465968