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Task Force Faith

Task Force Faith was a provisional U.S. Army unit formed during the Korean War, comprising elements of the 7th Infantry Division's 31st Regimental Combat Team, including the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 31st Infantry Regiment, the 1st Battalion of the 32nd Infantry Regiment, supporting artillery, and South Korean augmentees, totaling approximately 3,200 men.^[1]^[2] It was initially designated Task Force MacLean after its first commander, Colonel Allan D. MacLean, before being renamed Task Force Faith following his capture and presumed death, and it is renowned for its desperate defense during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir from November 27 to December 2, 1950, where it held off overwhelming Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) in subzero temperatures below -40°F (-40°C), preventing the encirclement of the 1st Marine Division.^[3]^[1] Originally tasked with relieving Marine positions east of the Chosin Reservoir in North Korea as part of X Corps' offensive to cut Chinese supply lines, the force came under surprise attack by the CCF 80th Division on the night of November 27, 1950, leading to rapid encirclement and heavy casualties in the rugged, frozen terrain.^[1] Under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Don Carlos Faith Jr., who assumed command after MacLean's loss on November 29, the task force conducted multiple counterattacks, including a grueling assault on Hill 1221, to maintain a defensive perimeter and facilitate a breakout attempt across the ice-covered reservoir on December 1–2.^[3]^[2] Faith, mortally wounded by grenade shrapnel during the retreat and dying shortly thereafter, exemplified extraordinary valor by personally leading charges and refusing evacuation to rally his men, for which he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in August 1951.^[2]^[1] Despite inflicting significant losses on the enemy—estimated at thousands while suffering over 2,800 casualties, including nearly 1,000 killed—the task force was effectively annihilated, with only about 385 able-bodied survivors reaching U.S. Marine lines by December 2, 1950, after a harrowing march that included abandoning wounded troops and equipment to the advancing CCF.^[3]^[1] Its actions, however, were pivotal in disrupting Chinese plans and enabling the broader UN withdrawal from the Chosin area, part of a larger 78-mile fighting retreat to Hungnam that evacuated over 100,000 refugees alongside 30,000 troops.^[2] In recognition of its gallantry, the remnants of the 31st RCT were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation in 1999, and the battle remains a testament to the unit's sacrifice amid one of the Korean War's most brutal engagements; a 2025 book by Steve Vogel further highlights their story.^[1]^[3]^[4]

Formation and Composition

Origins and Activation

The Korean War erupted on June 25, 1950, when North Korean forces launched a surprise invasion of South Korea, prompting the United States to commit troops under United Nations auspices to repel the aggression and support South Korean defenses.^[5] In response to the rapidly deteriorating situation, the U.S. Army hastily assembled understrength units from occupation forces in Japan to reinforce UN operations, including elements of the 7th Infantry Division stationed there. The 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT-31) was formed in August 1950 at Camp Crawford, Japan, as part of the 7th Infantry Division to bolster UN forces amid the escalating conflict.^[6]^[7] This activation drew from existing regimental elements, reflecting the urgent need to deploy combat-ready units despite limited preparation time.^[7] Initial preparations at Camp Crawford involved basic training and equipping, but the unit faced significant challenges, including shortages of winter gear and supplies, as well as high personnel turnover that delayed readiness.^[8] To address manpower gaps, RCT-31 integrated approximately 700 Korean Augmentation to the United States Army (KATUSA) soldiers, who were largely untrained, leading to issues such as language barriers and integration difficulties during early operations.^[1]^[7] Originally designated as Task Force MacLean after its initial commander, Colonel Allan D. MacLean, the unit was renamed Task Force Faith in late November 1950 following MacLean's disappearance in combat, with Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith Jr. assuming leadership of the encircled forces.^[7]^[1]

Units and Leadership

Task Force Faith was primarily composed of elements from the 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT) of the U.S. 7th Infantry Division, integrating infantry, artillery, and support units to form a provisional force for operations in northeastern Korea.^[8] The core infantry component consisted of the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 31st Infantry Regiment and the attached 1st Battalion of the 32nd Infantry Regiment (though the 2nd Battalion, 31st Infantry, was delayed and did not fully participate in the initial assembly east of the Chosin Reservoir).^[1] Supporting these were the 57th Field Artillery Battalion (with two 105mm howitzer batteries), providing direct fire support, along with C Company of the 13th Engineer Combat Battalion for construction and route clearance tasks.^[9] Additional attachments included elements of the 73rd Heavy Tank Battalion (operating through the 31st Tank Company with approximately 22 medium tanks) for armored reinforcement and D Battery of the 15th Antiaircraft Artillery (Automatic Weapons) Battalion, equipped with M19 and M16 vehicles for anti-personnel defense.^[10] At full deployment prior to major engagements, Task Force Faith comprised approximately 3,200 personnel, encompassing infantry riflemen, artillery crews, engineers, tankers, and logistical support elements such as medical and service companies from the 31st Regiment.^[7] This total included around 700 Republic of Korea (ROK) augmentation troops integrated into the battalions, often serving in rear echelons or as rifle fillers.^[1] The force's structure emphasized mobility and firepower but was hampered by incomplete assembly, with some units like the 2nd Battalion, 31st Infantry, remaining en route from the Pusan Perimeter.^[8] Leadership of Task Force Faith evolved rapidly during its short existence, reflecting the urgent operational tempo of the advance into North Korea. Colonel Richard P. Ovenshine initially commanded the 31st RCT from August to October 1950, overseeing its activation and early combat roles following the Inchon landing, before being relieved due to high casualties in the regiment.^[11] He was succeeded by Colonel Allan D. MacLean in October 1950, who directed the RCT through the push to the Pusan Perimeter and into North Korea until November 1950, when he assumed tactical control of the provisional task force east of the Chosin Reservoir.^[7] On November 29, 1950, following MacLean's disappearance during an enemy attack, Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith Jr., previously commanding the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry, took over leadership of the entire task force until early December 1950.^[11] Faith, a West Point graduate with prior service in Japan, coordinated the integration of the disparate units under his command.^[8] A notable characteristic of Task Force Faith's personnel was the high proportion of inexperienced troops, many of whom had been recently transferred from occupation duties in Japan with minimal prior combat exposure beyond initial skirmishes against North Korean forces.^[3] These soldiers, including a significant number of recent draftees and ROK conscripts with limited training, were equipped primarily with standard summer uniforms and cotton gear, ill-suited for the subzero temperatures of the North Korean highlands, leading to widespread issues with frostbite and equipment malfunction even before sustained combat.^[3] This inexperience and logistical shortfall underscored the challenges in forging a cohesive fighting unit from ad hoc attachments.^[8]

Operations in South Korea

Inchon Landing

Task Force Faith's core units, drawn from the 31st and 32nd Infantry Regiments of the 7th Infantry Division, participated in the amphibious assault at Inchon on September 18–19, 1950, as part of X Corps under Lieutenant General Edward M. Almond during Operation Chromite.^[12] These regiments landed in support of the 1st Marine Division, which had initiated the main assault on September 15, to secure the port city of Inchon and disrupt North Korean People's Army (NKPA) logistics along the western Korean coast.^[13] The operation marked the first major combat deployment for these understrength Army units, many of which had recently arrived from Japan and included significant numbers of Korean Augmentee to the United States Army (KATUSA) personnel to bolster their ranks.^[14] The primary objectives for the 7th Infantry Division elements, including the 31st and 32nd Infantry Regiments, were to establish a secure southern flank for the Marine advance toward Seoul, block potential NKPA reinforcements from the south, and seize key terrain along the Suwon-Seoul highway to sever enemy supply lines.^[12] Upon landing at Inchon, the 32nd Infantry Regiment moved southeast immediately, while the 31st Infantry Regiment followed to protect the division's flank and push inland. By September 19, these units had advanced to the Tongdok mountain area south of Seoul, establishing blocking positions against NKPA counterattacks.^[15] Over the following days, the 31st Infantry engaged elements of the NKPA's 105th Armored Division in intense fighting southeast of Seoul from September 23–25, inflicting heavy casualties while coordinating with Marine forces to isolate the city.^[12] The 32nd Infantry crossed the Han River on September 24–25 to seize South Mountain, further exploiting the breakthrough and aiding the encirclement of NKPA forces.^[12] On September 26, the 31st Infantry linked up with the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division south of Suwon, completing the pincer movement that trapped retreating NKPA units and facilitated the liberation of Seoul. The Inchon operation presented severe challenges, including extreme tidal fluctuations of up to 30 feet that complicated landings and required precise timing for assault craft operations, often stranding vehicles on mudflats during low tide.^[13] Urban combat around Seoul involved house-to-house fighting against determined NKPA defenders, compounded by the 7th Infantry Division's coordination issues with the 1st Marine Division, such as communication failures that led to friendly units becoming entangled in contested areas like Yongdungpo.^[12] Despite these obstacles, the regiments' role in securing the southern approaches allowed X Corps to exploit the breakout from the Pusan Perimeter, reversing the war's momentum as part of General Douglas MacArthur's broader UN counteroffensive strategy. The 7th Infantry Division suffered approximately 572 casualties during the Inchon-Seoul campaign, highlighting the intensity of the initial engagements.^[12]

Advance to Pusan Perimeter

Following the successful Inchon landing on September 15, 1950, elements of the 7th Infantry Division, including the 31st Infantry Regiment that would later form the core of Task Force Faith, began their southward push to consolidate gains and relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter.^[16] The 31st Infantry landed at Inchon on September 18 and assumed responsibility for the zone south of the Seoul highway by 1800 that day, protecting the right flank of the 1st Marine Division as it advanced toward the capital.^[16] By mid-September, these units contributed to the encirclement and isolation of North Korean People's Army (NKPA) forces around Seoul, engaging in firefights with disorganized enemy elements attempting to reinforce or escape the city.^[2] As the battle for Seoul intensified from September 22 to 28, the 31st Infantry Regiment played a key role in securing southern approaches, including the capture of Suwon airfield on September 21, which facilitated air support and logistics for the broader X Corps offensive.^[17] This positioned the regiment to skirmish with retreating NKPA units, including remnants of the 105th Armored Division, as North Korean forces fragmented under the dual pressure of X Corps from the northwest and the Eighth Army breaking out northward from the Pusan Perimeter.^[18] On September 26, elements of the 31st Infantry linked up with the 1st Cavalry Division just south of Suwon, completing the junction between X Corps and Eighth Army forces and effectively shattering the NKPA's hold on southern Korea.^[19] The advance strained supply lines, requiring the extension of truck convoys and air resupply from Inchon to forward positions near the 38th Parallel, while the regiment reported initial encounters with NKPA guerrilla bands operating in the countryside south of Seoul, which disrupted rear-area security and prompted increased patrols.^[20] These efforts were instrumental in the rapid collapse of North Korean defenses south of the 38th Parallel by late September 1950, as encircled NKPA units surrendered en masse or dispersed into the hills, allowing UN forces to redirect northward without significant opposition in the region.^[21]

Advance into North Korea

Operation Tailboard

Operation Tailboard was launched on 29 October 1950 as part of X Corps' amphibious operations on North Korea's east coast, with elements of the 7th Infantry Division, including the 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT), coming ashore in the Hamhung-Riwon (Iwon) area to envelop remaining North Korean forces and advance toward the Yalu River bordering Manchuria.^[22]^[23] Under Major General Edward M. Almond's command, the operation sought to secure the northeastern flank of the United Nations advance, cutting off North Korean escape routes and positioning U.S. forces for a potential end to the war by reaching the border.^[8] The 31st RCT, a key component that would later form the core of Task Force Faith, played a central role in securing the beachheads, landing unopposed amid minimal resistance from scattered North Korean remnants on 3 November.^[8] Following the landings, the 31st RCT's predecessor units achieved rapid initial successes, pushing northward from the Riwon area with coordinated support from Republic of Korea (ROK) Capital Division elements operating nearby.^[23] By late November, elements of the 7th Infantry Division, including the 31st RCT, had advanced toward the Chosin Reservoir area, approximately 50 miles south of the Yalu River, after unopposed patrols through the Pujon Reservoir region with no significant enemy contact.^[22] These gains enveloped North Korean units and facilitated the seizure of industrial sites, aligning with X Corps' broader objective of unifying the peninsula under UN control.^[8] However, the operation soon faced significant challenges, including severely overextended supply lines that strained logistics across the rugged terrain and limited road networks.^[8] Amphibious shipping shortages and reliance on merchant vessels delayed full deployment, while U.S. intelligence gravely underestimated the scale of Chinese People's Volunteer Army presence, estimating only a few divisions when over a dozen had crossed the Yalu in secret.^[22] These factors left advancing units vulnerable, setting the stage for the abrupt shift from offensive momentum to defensive struggles as Chinese forces massed undetected.^[23]

Battle of Chosin Reservoir

Deployment and Initial Contacts

In late November 1950, Task Force Faith, comprising elements of the 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT) from the U.S. 7th Infantry Division, was deployed to the Chosin Reservoir area in North Korea to relieve Marine units and protect the eastern flank of U.S. X Corps during its advance toward the Yalu River.^[8] The task force, initially under Colonel Allan D. MacLean and later led by Lieutenant Colonel Don Carlos Faith Jr. after MacLean's wounding, began moving into position on 25 November, with lead elements of the 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry (1/32 Infantry) arriving by 26 November and the full force assembling by 27 November.^[7] This deployment followed the earlier Fusen Reservoir engagement as a prelude to operations east of the reservoir.^[8] The units were positioned across approximately 78 miles of rugged, icy mountain terrain, stretching from Hudong in the south to the eastern shore of the Chosin Reservoir in the north, leaving them vulnerable to isolation.^[2] Specifically, the 1/32 Infantry established positions near P'ungnyuri Inlet and Hill 1221, while the 3rd Battalion, 31st Infantry (3/31 Infantry) and supporting artillery from the 57th Field Artillery Battalion set up closer to the inlet, with regimental headquarters at Twiggae south of Hill 1221.^[8] These placements formed a thin, extended line over frozen roads and high ground, complicating logistics and reinforcement in the harsh winter environment.^[7] Initial patrols conducted by the task force on 27 November encountered signs of People's Volunteer Army (PVA) scouts, including an ambush on the RCT's Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon that resulted in all members killed or captured, though broader foot patrols from 1/32 Infantry detected no immediate enemy presence beyond distant sightings reported by adjacent Marines.^[1] Defensive positions were hastily established as temporary bivouacs rather than fortified lines, with troops digging in amid extreme cold temperatures reaching -30°F, which impaired equipment function, limited sleep, and caused widespread frostbite without adequate winter gear or heated shelters.^[8] Despite intelligence warnings of substantial PVA forces—estimated at up to 300,000 troops—and cautions from subordinates like Major General David G. Barr and Colonel John P. Hill, Faith requested and received approval from MacLean to advance forward, while X Corps commander Major General Edward M. Almond dismissed the threat on 28 November, ordering the task force to attack north and characterizing the PVA as "remnants of Chinese laundrymen," which contributed to the units' overextension.^[7]^[8]

Chinese Intervention and Encirclement

On November 27, 1950, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) Ninth Army Group, commanded by General Song Shilun and comprising four armies totaling approximately 120,000 troops, launched a massive offensive against United Nations forces at the Chosin Reservoir.^[24] This surprise intervention targeted X Corps positions, with the PVA 80th Division striking Task Force Faith—deployed east of the reservoir to protect Marine flanks—initiating intense assaults that overwhelmed forward elements.^[25] By the evening of November 27, PVA forces had penetrated the task force's perimeter near Sinhung-ni, engaging the 3rd Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment, and overrunning the 57th Field Artillery Battalion south of the inlet, exploiting the rugged terrain for infiltration and surprise.^[24] The attacks escalated on November 28, as PVA human-wave tactics—deploying compact assault groups of 50 to 100 soldiers in successive waves—intensified under sub-zero temperatures reaching -20°F (-29°C), conditions that the attackers used to their advantage despite suffering widespread frostbite.^[24] During this phase, Colonel Allan D. MacLean, commander of the task force, was mortally wounded while attempting to rally troops across a bridge under heavy fire and was captured by PVA forces, disappearing from command; he succumbed to his injuries on November 29.^[25] Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith Jr. immediately assumed leadership, directing defensive efforts amid the chaos.^[26] By November 30, the encirclement of Task Force Faith was complete, as PVA forces, including the 80th and 81st Divisions, severed communications lines and blocked all supply roads leading to Hagaru-ri, isolating the approximately 2,500-man force from reinforcement or resupply.^[24] PVA tactics emphasized envelopment from high ground, such as Hill 1221, to trap and dismantle U.S. positions, leveraging numerical superiority and the frozen landscape to prevent any coordinated response.^[25] This isolation marked the culmination of the initial Chinese intervention phase, transforming Task Force Faith's defensive posture into a desperate bid for survival.^[26]

Defense, Breakout, and Destruction

Following Colonel Allan D. MacLean's mortal wounding on November 28, 1950, Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith Jr. assumed command of the encircled remnants of Provisional Regiment 31, reorganizing approximately 2,500 understrength soldiers from the 7th Infantry Division's 31st and 32nd Infantry Regiments, along with attached artillery and tank units, into a cohesive "regiment in place" perimeter defense east of the Chosin Reservoir.^[7]^[27] Under Faith's leadership, the task force consolidated positions at Pungyuri Inlet despite severed communications with higher headquarters and over 500 wounded requiring immediate care, relying on limited Marine air support to repel initial probes.^[1]^[10] From November 29 to 30, the People's Volunteer Army's (PVA) 80th and 81st Divisions launched repeated assaults with human-wave tactics against the perimeter, inflicting heavy casualties in sub-zero temperatures and hand-to-hand combat, yet Faith's forces held key hills and coordinated limited counterattacks to maintain cohesion.^[7]^[28] Engineers and tank destroyer crews improvised defenses by repositioning disabled vehicles as barriers and using twin 40mm antiaircraft guns to suppress PVA advances, while the 57th Field Artillery Battalion fired over open sights despite ammunition shortages.^[1]^[29] By November 30, with supplies dwindling and PVA pressure mounting, Faith recognized the perimeter's untenability and ordered preparations for a breakout south toward Hagaru-ri, prioritizing the evacuation of the wounded in 30-32 trucks.^[10]^[27] On December 1, Faith led the convoy march southward at approximately 1:00 p.m., with a lead element of tanks and tank destroyers clearing the initial route, but PVA ambushes quickly destroyed most vehicles and artillery pieces, resulting in over 90% equipment losses as grenades targeted the crowded trucks carrying 600 wounded.^[1]^[7] The column fragmented at multiple roadblocks, including a blown bridge at Hill 1221, where engineers attempted to winch trucks across a stream amid intense fire, and errant Marine napalm strikes accidentally hit U.S. positions, exacerbating the chaos.^[10]^[28] Faith personally led charges to clear blockades but was mortally wounded by grenade fragments during an assault on a hairpin turn around 10:00 p.m., dying shortly thereafter without regaining consciousness.^[27]^[29] With Faith's death, command devolved to junior officers, and the task force disintegrated into small, isolated groups that scattered across the frozen reservoir ice to evade capture, abandoning the convoy and fighting in pockets until dawn.^[1]^[7] Of the original force, only about 1,050 survivors reached Marine lines at Hagaru-ri by December 2, with just 385 able-bodied and combat-ready, marking the near-total destruction of Task Force Faith after three days of unrelenting combat.^[10]^[28] Despite the annihilation, the task force's prolonged defense delayed PVA reinforcements, contributing to the overall 1st Marine Division's successful withdrawal.^[27]^[29]

Casualties and Withdrawal

Immediate Losses

Task Force Faith suffered devastating human losses during the engagements east of the Chosin Reservoir, with approximately 1,000 soldiers killed in action according to U.S. records. Overall, of the roughly 3,200 men in the task force, approximately 2,150 were killed, wounded, or went missing, with combat effectiveness reduced by over 85 percent (only 385 able-bodied out of approximately 3,200). By the time remnants reached Hagaru-ri on December 1-2, 1950, only 385 able-bodied survivors had made it to UN lines, with approximately 665 wounded or frostbitten (including nearly 600 from earlier fighting), of whom 319 were later rescued by Marine jeeps. Chinese sources claimed to have inflicted 1,400 killed and wounded plus 300 captured on the task force, though U.S. estimates put Chinese losses at 2,000-3,000 killed, with People's Volunteer Army records acknowledging 4,300 of their own killed or seriously wounded, excluding frostbite deaths.^[30]^[7]^[1] Material losses were nearly total, as the task force abandoned or destroyed most of its equipment amid the chaotic breakout. Nearly all artillery pieces from the 57th Field Artillery Battalion, supporting tanks (with only 12 of over two dozen returning after two were knocked out and two abandoned), and vehicles—including over 150 trucks—were lost to enemy fire, terrain, or deliberate destruction to prevent capture. The 31st Medical Company was overrun and effectively wiped out, leaving hundreds of wounded untended in subzero conditions.^[30]^[7]^[31] Contributing factors included the overwhelming numerical superiority of reinforced Chinese divisions, such as the 80th Division, which encircled the task force with waves of attacks. Extreme weather—subzero temperatures, Siberian winds, and blizzards—froze weapons, ammunition, and even mortar tubes, while causing widespread frostbite among troops. Ammunition shortages were acute, with critical deficits in .50-caliber and 40mm rounds due to faulty airdrops and resupply failures, severely limiting defensive fire.^[30]^[7]

Evacuation from North Korea

Following the intense fighting at the Chosin Reservoir, the surviving elements of Task Force Faith, numbering approximately 1,000 survivors (including 385 able-bodied and around 665 wounded or frostbitten), linked up with the 1st Marine Division at Hagaru-ri on the night of December 1, 1950, where they were integrated into the perimeter defenses amid subzero temperatures and ongoing Chinese attacks. These remnants, suffering from heavy casualties that reduced the original force of over 3,200 to a fraction of its strength, provided critical reinforcements as the Marines prepared for the next phase of withdrawal.^[7]^[1] As part of the broader 1st Marine Division column, the Task Force Faith survivors participated in the fighting convoy breakout from Hagaru-ri starting on December 6, 1950, battling through Chinese roadblocks and ambushes along the 50-mile route to Hungnam, and reaching the port by December 11.^[32] This arduous march, conducted under continuous threat, secured the main supply route and enabled the subsequent evacuation operations. Upon arrival at Hungnam, the survivors joined the systematic withdrawal from the port between December 11 and 24, 1950, protected by intense naval gunfire support from U.S. Navy ships that suppressed Chinese advances and ensured the safe embarkation of UN forces.^[33] The evacuation marked the effective end of Task Force Faith's operational role, as its ad hoc structure—formed from elements of the 7th Infantry Division's 31st and 32nd Infantry Regiments—was dissolved upon reaching safety. Survivors were reassigned to remaining units within the 7th Infantry Division, which regrouped in Pusan by late December 1950 for refitting and subsequent counteroffensive operations in central Korea.^[14] Notably, the overall Hungnam operation, bolstered by the defensive efforts of units like Task Force Faith during the retreat, facilitated the rescue of approximately 98,000 North Korean civilians fleeing communist forces, representing one of the largest non-combatant evacuations in military history.^[33]

Prisoners of War and Missing in Action

Captured Personnel

During the desperate breakout attempts from encirclement at the Chosin Reservoir in early December 1950, members of Task Force Faith were frequently captured in ambushes by People's Volunteer Army (PVA) forces along the eastern road to Hagaru-ri. These captures occurred amid the chaos of the withdrawal, particularly during the ambush of a convoy carrying wounded soldiers on December 2, where trucks were halted and overrun by Chinese infantry using submachine guns and grenades.^[34] Historical estimates indicate that approximately 300 to 500 soldiers from the task force were taken prisoner, representing a portion of the 1,392 personnel declared missing in action from the 31st Regimental Combat Team by December 12, 1950.^[35] The captured soldiers faced immediate hardships, including forced marches northward through sub-zero temperatures and deep snow to PVA holding camps near Suan, North Korea, such as the "Bean Camp" and "Mining Camp." These treks, often lasting days without adequate food or shelter, exacerbated injuries and led to deaths from hypothermia and exhaustion before reaching captivity.^[36] In the camps, POWs from Task Force Faith underwent intense interrogations aimed at extracting military intelligence, followed by assignments to forced labor details like mining or road construction under grueling conditions. High mortality rates—contributing to the overall 38% death rate among Korean War POWs—resulted from chronic starvation, with rations limited to thin grain porridge, combined with exposure to cold and rampant disease.^[37] Among the captured were numerous officers, including members of the Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon and those near Colonel Allan D. MacLean during his wounding on November 29; these men potentially witnessed MacLean's fate, as he died of injuries four days into captivity and was buried by fellow prisoners.^[1]

Post-War Recovery and Identification

Following the Korean War armistice in July 1953, Operation Big Switch commenced in August, facilitating the repatriation of approximately 13,000 North Korean and Chinese POWs in exchange for over 3,000 UN personnel held by communist forces. Among the returned were survivors from Task Force Faith, who had been captured during the unit's destruction at the Chosin Reservoir and subjected to grueling death marches and internment in Chinese-run camps. The unit's personnel endured extreme deprivation, with historical accounts indicating a high mortality rate in captivity—estimated at around 70% for those taken by Chinese forces—due to starvation, exposure, disease, and forced labor, far exceeding the overall U.S. POW death rate of about 38% for the war.^[38]^[39] Of the hundreds captured from Task Force Faith, only a fraction survived to repatriation, with roughly 100 individuals from the 31st Regimental Combat Team returning through Panmunjom to U.S. control, many in severely weakened states requiring extensive medical rehabilitation. These survivors provided critical eyewitness accounts of captivity conditions, informing later U.S. military policies on POW treatment and negotiations. The repatriation process highlighted the disproportionate impact on Task Force Faith, as the unit's isolation and combat exhaustion left captives particularly vulnerable during the long internment period.^[40] Post-armistice efforts to account for the missing in action (MIAs) from Task Force Faith have been led by the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA), which investigates historical records, conducts field recoveries, and applies modern forensics to unidentified remains. Between 2018 and 2020, North Korea repatriated additional sets of remains, including 55 boxes in July 2018 believed to contain up to 200 U.S. service members from various Korean War battles, some potentially linked to Chosin Reservoir operations; DPAA's laboratory analysis has yielded identifications from these recoveries, contributing to the agency's goal of resolving over 7,500 Korean War cases. Specific successes include the 2012 identification of Task Force Faith commander Lt. Col. Don C. Faith Jr., whose remains—repatriated in 2004 as part of joint U.S.-North Korean recovery efforts—were confirmed via dental records, anthropological analysis, and mitochondrial DNA testing against family reference samples.^[41]^[42] Ongoing MIA recovery faces significant challenges, including degraded wartime records, the inaccessibility of remote North Korean sites near the Chosin Reservoir, and environmental factors that complicate forensic recovery in frozen terrain. Despite these obstacles, DNA advancements have enabled breakthroughs, such as the 2004 identification of Cpl. Charles A. Williams of Company A, 32nd Infantry Regiment, whose remains were recovered in 2003 from a mass grave in North Korea and matched via autosomal DNA to a sample from his brother. This case exemplifies how family-provided genetic material, combined with circumstantial evidence like dog tags, has resolved dozens of Task Force Faith cases since the DPAA's formation in 2015.^[43] The legacy of incomplete historical documentation and limited bilateral cooperation with North Korea persists, leaving approximately 200 Task Force Faith personnel unaccounted for and driving continued DPAA missions, including joint recovery operations when feasible. These efforts underscore a commitment to closure for families, with over 750 Korean War MIAs identified since the early 2000s, though the rugged battle sites and political barriers ensure searches remain protracted.^[44]^[45]

Legacy and Recognition

Military Honors

Lieutenant Colonel Don C. Faith Jr., who assumed command of the task force after the death of its initial leader, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor on June 21, 1951, for his extraordinary leadership and valor during the five-day battle near the Chosin Reservoir from November 27 to December 1, 1950.^[46] His citation specifically praises his personal direction of counterattacks under intense enemy fire, his refusal to evacuate despite mortal wounds, and his continued command until the task force broke through a critical roadblock, actions that prevented total annihilation of the unit.^[47] Colonel Allan D. MacLean, the original commander of the 31st Regimental Combat Team from which Task Force Faith was formed, received a posthumous Distinguished Service Cross for his gallantry in leading the unit into position east of the reservoir and exposing himself to enemy fire during the initial Chinese assaults on November 27, 1950.^[48] In addition to these high-level decorations, numerous enlisted men and officers of Task Force Faith were awarded Distinguished Service Crosses, Silver Stars, and Bronze Stars for acts of valor during the defense against encirclement and the desperate breakout attempts, recognizing their sustained courage amid overwhelming odds and subzero temperatures.^[1] The task force as a whole was posthumously granted the Presidential Unit Citation in September 1999 by the Secretary of the Navy, honoring its critical role in delaying Chinese forces and enabling the broader withdrawal of U.S. X Corps from the Chosin Reservoir area.^[1]

Memorials and Media Representations

Several memorials and commemorative efforts honor the soldiers of Task Force Faith, particularly through the Chosin Few organization, which represents survivors of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, including Army personnel from the task force.^[49] The organization maintains memorials and conducts annual reunions where veterans and families gather to share stories and pay tribute, often featuring seminars on the Army's role east of the reservoir.^[50] Many Task Force Faith members, including commander Lt. Col. Don C. Faith Jr., are interred at Arlington National Cemetery, where ceremonies and wreath-layings by the Chosin Few underscore their sacrifices.^[51] Task Force Faith's story has been documented in several books that highlight its overlooked contributions to the Chosin campaign. Martin Russ's 1999 account, Breakout: The Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea 1950, provides early coverage of the task force's entrapment and destruction, drawing on veteran testimonies to depict the Army's fierce resistance.^[52] More recently, Steve Vogel's A Task Force Called Faith: The Untold Story of the U.S. Army Soldiers Who Fought for Survival at Chosin Reservoir—and Honor Back Home, scheduled for publication on November 25, 2025, coincides with the 75th anniversary of the battle and addresses gaps in historical narratives about the east flank, incorporating newly accessible veteran accounts to emphasize the unit's heroism.^[53] In media representations, the 2013 documentary Task Force Faith: The Story of the 31st Regimental Combat Team, directed by Julie Precious, offers survivor interviews and archival footage to recount the unit's ordeal, marking one of the first dedicated films on the subject.^[54] Broader Chosin Reservoir depictions, such as Thomas McKelvey Cleaver's 2019 book The Frozen Chosen: The 1st Marine Division and the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, mention Task Force Faith's supporting role but prioritize Marine experiences, reflecting a persistent gap in mainstream coverage that favors Marine-centric narratives over the Army's sacrifices.^[55] Oral histories from Task Force Faith veterans are preserved at the U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, providing primary sources for future scholarship and public remembrance.^[56]

References

[1]
Nightmare at the Chosin Reservoir - The Army Historical Foundation
While killing large numbers of Chinese, Task Force Faith suffered another 100 casualties. Faith soon concluded his force could not survive another major attack.
[2]
Task Force Faith veteran remembers heroic leader | Article - Army.mil
Mar 29, 2013 · Task Force Faith was made up of American Soldiers and Korean Augmentees to the U.S. Army from the 7th Infantry Division's 31st Regimental Combat ...
[3]
Army Infantry at Chosin: The Fate of Task Force MacLean/Faith
MacLean ordered Lt. Col. Don Faith to reorganize and reinforce the southern section of the line. On his way there, Faith came under fire from troops across a ...
[4]
US Enters the Korean Conflict | National Archives
May 19, 2021 · Thus, when North Korean troops invaded the South, the Truman ... invasion and war." Truman's statement suggests that he believed the ...Missing: credible | Show results with:credible
[5]
[PDF] the 31st regimental combat team at chosin reservoir, korea - DTIC
Jun 15, 2007 · The 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT) was a regimental size task force that was constituted from elements of the 31st and 32d Regiments and ...
[6]
The Story of the 31st Regimental Combat Team - Task Force Faith
History of Army unit Task Force Faith (31RCT), Chosin Battle, Korean War, and the documentary by Julie Precious.
[7]
Task Force Faith: Heroism in Korea, 1950 - HistoryNet
Apr 13, 2017 · Task Force Faith, composed of about 3,200 men, including 1/32 and 3/31, fought outnumbered at Chosin Reservoir, holding off thousands of ...
[8]
Divisions and Regiments of the 31st RCT - The Army At Chosin
The 31st RCT consists of various groups from Army Regiments and Units. Below are the Army units and companies. The battalions are actually just a grouping of ...Missing: composition 73rd
[9]
Bloodbath at the Chosin - Warfare History Network
To make Task Force Faith's situation even more desperate, the 31st CP, the 31st Tank Company, and the headquarters battery of 57th Field Artillery Battalion ...Missing: 73rd AAA
[10]
[PDF] A Phantom Force- East: of the Changjin (Chosin) Reservoir?
... Task Force Faith. At the time of this writing, I have just learned that Lt ... Richard P. Ovenshine, (West Point, 1910) he was 50 years old and by no.
[11]
[PDF] The 1st Marine Division and the 7th Infantry Division at Inchon and ...
The 1st Marine and 7th Infantry Divisions fought two campaigns in Korea between. September and December 1950. These divisions' levels of unit cohesion prior ...
[12]
Korean War - History - Inchon Landing (Operation Chromite)
Sep 16, 2025 · On 13 September 1950, the naval forces in JTF 7 led by Admirals Struble and James H. Doyle, began their attack against Inchon. Carrier-based ...Missing: Faith | Show results with:Faith
[13]
The 31st Infantry Regiment - The Army Historical Foundation
As a result, the 7th Division received 8,000 untrained South Korean civilians—the first KATUSAs (Korean Augmentation to the U.S. Army)—to help bring units up to ...
[14]
Carrying the War into Enemy Country | Article | The United States Army
On October 29, 1950, soldiers of the 17th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division, waded ashore at Iwon on the northeast coast of Korea.Missing: date Inchon
[15]
[PDF] The Korean War: The UN Offensive
Meanwhile, the 7th Division's 31st Infantry came ashore at. Inch'on. Responsibility for the zone south of the Seoul highway passed to the 7th Division at 1800, ...
[16]
[PDF] Headquarters X Corps War Diary Summary for Operation Chromite ...
During the day SUWON ,urt'ield was captured and placed in Operational status. Elements of the 31st Infantry Regiment moved to the SmVON area to relieve a Task.
[17]
Inchon landing | Definition, Date, Map, & MacArthur | Britannica
On September 26, the day Seoul fell to the marines, an armored spearhead of the Eighth Army dashing north from the Pusan Perimeter met the 7th Infantry Division ...
[18]
Korean War Campaigns - U.S. Army Center of Military History
... Korean troops (UN Defensive-27 June to 15 September 1950). On the 28th he ... captured on 6 September, but again the Communists failed to capture the airfield.
[19]
https://history.army.mil/Research/Reference-Topics/Army-Campaigns/Brief-Summaries/Korean-War/
[20]
The Korean War: Phase 2 - ARSOF History
16 September–2 November 1950 (UN Offensive) ; 14-17 Oct, 7th Infantry Division loads on ships at Pusan in preparation for amphibious landings by X Corps along ...
[21]
Korean War--The Iwon Landings, October - November 1950 - Ibiblio
Following the now-mandatory mine clearance operation, landings commenced on 29 October. The entire embarked force was ashore by 8 November. From Iwon, much of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[22]
[PDF] The Korean War - U.S. Army Center of Military History
X Corps' 31st Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry. Division, moving east from Inch'on, links up with. Eighth Army's 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry. Division ...
[23]
None
Below is a merged summary of the Chinese intervention against Task Force Faith at the Chosin Reservoir in November 1950, combining all details from the provided segments into a comprehensive response. To maximize detail and clarity, I’ve organized the information into a table format, followed by a narrative summary that integrates all key points. The table ensures no information is lost, while the narrative provides a cohesive overview.
[24]
[PDF] The Korean War: The Chinese Intervention
The Chinese intervention occurred from November 3, 1950 to January 24, 1951, with a surprise attack on November 1, 1950, and a quick disappearance by November ...
[25]
[PDF] The X Corps in Korea, December 1950 - Army University Press
During the Korean War in 1950, the Army's X Corps was faced with such circumstances, including the necessity to retreat and conduct a farced evacuation by sea, ...
[26]
How 12 Chinese Divisions Failed to Destroy the 1st Marine Division at Chosin Reservoir
### Summary of Task Force Faith's Defense, Breakout Attempt, and Destruction at Chosin Reservoir (Nov 29 - Dec 1, 1950)
[27]
Frozen Chosin - Home of Heroes
Most of Faith's force, dubbed "Taskforce Faith", consisted of soldiers from the Army's 21st Battalion, 32nd Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division. As ...
[28]
The Forgotten War's Forgotten Task Force - 65th Infantry Regiment
After the Inchon landing near Seoul on the west side of South Korea, X Corps moved to the east coast of North Korea on Navy ships. From Wonson, the 1st Marine ...
[29]
https://www.valerosos.com/ForgottenWar%27sForgottenTaskForce.html
[30]
Battle of the Chosin Reservoir - 31st RCT
After a search for Colonel MacLean failed to discover any trace of him,Colonel Faith assumed command and organized all remaining personnel into a taskforce.Missing: renaming | Show results with:renaming
[31]
Chosin Reservoir - Naval History and Heritage Command
Mar 28, 2025 · Chosin Reservoir: Battle, Fighting Retreat, Evacuation. 27 November– 24 December 1950 ... Photo #: 80-G-K-11771 Hungnam Evacuation, December 1950.
[32]
The Hungnam and Chinnampo Evacuations
The Hungnam Evacuation by the U.S. Navy ... December 9 to 24, 1950. When the People's Republic of China intervened in the Korean War in late November 1950 ...
[33]
Chosin Reservoir - Ray Vallowe Research - Chapter 8
... total casualties in Task Force Faith. Total percentage = 100%; KIA = 49.69%; Total WIA = 37.26%;Total MIA = 13%. One should keep firmly in mind that these ...
[34]
New York National Guard funeral honors Korean War MIA - Army.mil
Sep 28, 2021 · Faith led the force after the original commander was killed in action. The task force fought off the Chinese 80th and 81st divisions before ...
[35]
DPAA Famweb Korean War POWs
These POWs were marched to large holding camps near Suan, North Korea, known as the “Bean Camp” and the “Mining Camp.” Some of the men held here were sent to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
Causes of Death of Prisoners of War during the Korean War (1950 ...
Violence and revolts occurred within the camps, both as a consequence of poor conditions and the politicization of the POWs; most of whom were subject to ...Missing: Chosin Reservoir
[37]
None
Summary of each segment:
[38]
Former POW recounts 67-month experience - AF.mil
Apr 23, 2003 · He said it was because of his lifelong faith in God and his deep ... "Considering the 40 percent death rate of those prisoners, the ...
[39]
Historical Documents - Office of the Historian
Preliminary reports indicate that approx 9,000 prisoners of war remain in Korean non-repatriate camps housing about 35,000 before current escapes began. It is ...
[40]
DPAA returns 64 sets of remains to the Republic of Korea
The 64 sets of remains were from the DPAA Korean Project, which includes remains unilaterally turned over by North Korea between 1990 to 1994 and recovered ...Missing: Task Faith
[41]
Soldier Missing From Korean War Identified (Faith)
Apr 10, 2013 · His remains were located and returned to the U.S. for identification. To identify Faith's remains, scientists from the Joint POW/MIA Accounting ...Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
OUR KOREAN WAR STORY: Cpl. Charles A. Williams comes home
Dec 7, 2022 · The 32nd was assigned to the Army's 31st Regimental Combat Team (RCT-31) later to be known as Task Force Faith (for Lt. Col. Don Faith). The ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[43]
Agency accounts for 700th missing Korean War hero
Sep 13, 2024 · “Most of the remains we recovered in North Korea have now been identified and we are always hopeful that relations will reach a point again that ...Missing: Task Faith
[44]
Don Carlos Faith Jr | Korean War | U.S. Army
U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Don Carlos Faith Jr was posthumously presented the Medal of Honor for military valor during the Korean War.
[45]
Korean War Medal of Honor recipients | The United States Army
Sep 30, 2025 · Place and date: Chosin Reservoir area, Korea, 28 November to 2 December 1950. ... *FAITH, DON C., JR. Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[46]
None
### Summary of Distinguished Service Cross Recipients (Korean War, 1950-1953)
[47]
Chosin Few
This image gallery, published by PBS American Experience, features some of warriors of The Chosin Few. ... ©2025 Chosin Few | a CloudCarpenter site.AboutThe Chosin Few, Inc. 2022 ...
[48]
CHANGJIN JOURNAL 10.30.00 ‐ 3 Parts
CHOSIN FEW REUNIONS The Army Chapter initiated a seminar program at each annual reunion. ... Task Force MacLean/Faith" and "Task Force Faith." We were ...
[49]
Don Carlos Faith, Jr. - Arlington National Cemetery
Don Carlos Faith, Jr. received the Medal of Honor for his gallantry and intrepidity in action, leading counterattacks and directing his command through enemy ...
[50]
Breakout: The Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea 1950 - Martin Russ
On November 27, 1950, a Chinese army of some 60000 men poured over Korea's border intent on wiping out a force ... Breakout: The Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea ...
[51]
A Task Force Called Faith: The Untold Story of the U.S. Army ...
Publication date. November 25, 2025. Dimensions. 6 x 1.4 x 9 inches. ISBN-10 ... In A Task Force Called Faith, Steve Vogel sets the record straight. What ...
[52]
Task Force Faith: The Story of the 31st RCT
A Military Documentary by Julie Precious.Korean War, Chosin Reservoir, the Army 31st RCT later known as Task Force Faith is examined. DVD.
[53]
The Frozen Chosen: The 1st Marine Division and the Battle of the ...
The Frozen Chosen: The 1st Marine Division and the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir ; Dispatched & Sold by. Amazon ; Returns. Returnable until Jan 31, 2026 or ...Missing: film | Show results with:film
[54]
Veterans Oral History Program - Army Heritage Center Foundation
The Veterans Oral History Program supports intergenerational communication. High school students conduct and record oral history interviews.Missing: Task Faith