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Telamon

Telamon (Ancient Greek: Τελαμών, romanized: Telamōn, lit. 'broadband for bearing') is a hero in Greek mythology. In architecture, a telamon (plural: telamones) is a sculpted male figure used as a column to support an entablature.^[1] Telamon was a prominent hero in Greek mythology, renowned as the son of Aeacus, king of Aegina, and his wife Endeïs, making him the brother of Peleus and thus an uncle to Achilles.^[2] He participated in several famous expeditions, including the Argonauts' quest for the Golden Fleece under Jason,^[3] the Calydonian Boar Hunt led by Meleager,^[4] and Heracles' campaign against Troy, during which he was the first to scale the city's walls^[5] and received the Trojan princess Hesione as a reward, fathering Teucer by her.^[6] Exiled from Aegina after he and Peleus plotted against and killed their half-brother Phocus, with Telamon striking him on the head with a quoit during an athletic contest, Telamon fled to the island of Salamis, where he married the daughter of its king Cychreus and eventually succeeded him as ruler.^[2] He later wed Periboea, daughter of Alcathus, and became the father of Ajax the Great, the formidable warrior who fought at Troy and was named after an eagle that appeared during a prayer by Heracles for the child's birth.^[6] Telamon's exploits are celebrated in ancient literature for their valor and alliance with other heroes, particularly Heracles, with whom he sacked Laomedon's Troy and confronted the Amazons, as praised in Pindar's odes for embodying Aeacid strength and loyalty.^[7]^[8] In the Iliad, he is chiefly remembered as the father of "Telamonian Ajax," the second greatest Greek warrior after Achilles, underscoring his legacy in the Trojan War narratives. His story highlights themes of fratricide, exile, and heroic redemption, positioning him as a key figure among the Aeacids, the divine-descended rulers of Aegina whose bloodline included multiple Trojan War participants.^[2]

Greek Mythology

Early Life and Family

In Greek mythology, Telamon was the son of Aeacus, the king of Aegina, and the nymph Endeïs, thereby making him a grandson of Zeus, as Aeacus was begotten by the god on the nymph Aegina.^[9] He shared a full brotherhood with Peleus, while their half-brother Phocus was born to Aeacus and the Nereid Psamathe, daughter of Nereus.^[9] Pindar refers to Telamon and Peleus as the "illustrious sons of Endais," affirming their maternal lineage in Aeginetan tradition.^[10] Envy of Phocus's superior athletic abilities reportedly drove Peleus and Telamon to plot against him; during a discus contest, Telamon struck Phocus on the head, killing him.^[9] When the murder came to light, Aeacus banished both sons from Aegina as punishment.^[9] Telamon subsequently fled to the island of Salamis, where he found refuge.^[9] There, Telamon married Periboea, daughter of Alcathus (son of Pelops), and fathered the hero Ajax the Great.^[9] Mythological accounts vary on Endeïs's parentage: while Apollodorus and Pausanias identify her as the daughter of Sciron, Hyginus describes her as the daughter of the centaur Chiron.^[11] Some traditions name Telamon's first wife as Glauce, daughter of Salamis's king Cychreus (with Periboea as a subsequent spouse), though primary sources like Apollodorus favor Periboea alone.^[9]

Heroic Deeds

Telamon participated in the Calydonian Boar Hunt, a legendary expedition organized by King Oeneus of Calydon to slay the monstrous boar sent by Artemis to ravage the land. As one of the assembled heroes, including Meleager, Atalanta, and Peleus, Telamon demonstrated his skill and bravery as a hunter in this perilous quest, contributing to the collective effort that ultimately felled the beast.^[12] His involvement underscored his reputation as a formidable warrior among the Greek heroes of the era.^[13] Telamon later joined the Argonauts' voyage under Jason's leadership to retrieve the Golden Fleece from Colchis, sailing aboard the Argo as part of the renowned band that included his brother Peleus, Heracles, and Orpheus. During the journey, after Heracles and Hylas were left behind in Mysia, Telamon accused Jason of deliberately abandoning the demigod out of jealousy, reflecting his fierce loyalty to Heracles and sparking a brief confrontation among the crew. The dispute was resolved when the sea god Glaucus emerged to explain that fate had diverted Heracles to his destined labors, allowing the Argonauts to continue their quest with renewed unity.^[14] In alliance with Heracles, Telamon took part in the sack of Troy, launched to punish King Laomedon for reneging on a promise of immortal horses after Heracles rescued Princess Hesione from a sea monster. Telamon was the first to scale the city's walls, showcasing his valor in the assault, though this act initially provoked Heracles' anger for usurping the honor of the breach. As reparation, Heracles spared Telamon's life upon his plea and rewarded him with Hesione as a prize; she subsequently bore him the son Teucer. This episode highlighted Telamon's prowess in battle and his close camaraderie with Heracles, who intervened to preserve their alliance.

Legacy and Descendants

Telamon's most enduring legacy in Greek mythology stems from his role as father to two prominent heroes of the Trojan War: Ajax the Great and Teucer. By his wife Periboea (also known as Glauce in some accounts), Telamon fathered Ajax, who grew to become one of the foremost Greek warriors, celebrated for his unparalleled physical strength and his enormous shield, which earned him the epithet "bulwark of the Achaeans" in the Iliad. Ajax's exploits during the decade-long conflict, including his duel with Hector and defense of the Greek ships, underscored the heroic prowess of Telamon's lineage, linking it directly to the epic cycle of the Trojan saga.^[9] Telamon also fathered Teucer with Hesione, the Trojan princess granted to him by Heracles after the sack of Troy—an event that indirectly foreshadowed the later Greek expedition by highlighting the city's vulnerability and the grudge of its king Laomedon. Teucer, a masterful archer, fought alongside his half-brother Ajax at Troy, where he distinguished himself in combat, such as slaying many Trojans from the ramparts. After the war, Teucer founded the city of Salamis in Cyprus, establishing a new branch of the family there following his banishment by Telamon, who blamed him for failing to prevent Ajax's suicide or protect the family honor.^[9] Ajax's tragic end came during the war when, driven mad by Athena after losing the contest for Achilles' arms to Odysseus, he slaughtered livestock in a fit of rage before falling on his sword in shame. This suicide devastated Telamon, who in some variants expressed profound grief, potentially compounded by a divine curse on the Aeacid line, though he ultimately died in old age as king of Salamis. Teucer's exile, as depicted in Sophocles' Ajax, arose from Telamon's wrathful accusation that his son had abandoned Ajax and coveted the throne, forcing Teucer to wander and build his legacy abroad.^[15]^[16] Through his sons, Telamon served as a pivotal generational bridge in the mythic genealogy descending from Aeacus, Zeus's grandson, connecting the heroic exploits of the Argonaut era to the Trojan epic and perpetuating the Aeacid dynasty's themes of valor, tragedy, and exile across the ancient narratives.^[9]

Architectural Use

Definition and Etymology

In architecture, a telamon (plural: telamones) is a sculpted male figure employed as a supporting column or pilaster, designed to bear the weight of an entablature on its shoulders, functioning as the male equivalent to the female caryatid. These figures typically depict muscular men, often in dynamic poses that suggest effort and strain, integrating anthropomorphic form with structural necessity.^[17]^[18] The term "telamon" originates from the Ancient Greek Τελαμών (Telamōn), the name of a heroic figure in Greek mythology renowned for his strength, and more directly from the Greek word telamōn, meaning "broad strap" or "band for bearing a load," which evolved to signify a "bearer" or "supporter." This etymology traces back to the Proto-Indo-European root *tele-, denoting "to bear" or "to carry," reflecting the figure's role in sustaining architectural burdens. The mythological Telamon, father of the hero Ajax and an Argonaut, inspired the term due to his association with endurance and load-bearing feats.^[17] Telamones are synonymous with "atlases" or "atlantes," the latter derived from the Titan Atlas condemned to support the heavens, though telamones specifically evoke Telamon's heroic vigor rather than cosmic punishment. They emerged in ancient Greek architecture during the Archaic period around the 6th century BCE, later adopted in Roman designs as both load-bearing elements—capable of providing structural stability for roofs and entablatures—and symbolic motifs representing human endurance and power. While occasionally fulfilling genuine engineering functions, telamones primarily served decorative purposes, enhancing the visual drama of buildings through their strained, lifelike postures.^[17]

Historical Examples

One of the most iconic ancient Greek examples of telamons are the colossal statues from the Temple of Zeus Olympios in the Valley of the Temples at Agrigento, Sicily, constructed around 480 BC following the Greek victory over the Carthaginians. These figures, originally numbering up to 38 and standing approximately 8 meters tall, were designed to support the temple's massive entablature, embodying the heroic scale of Doric architecture. In 2024, after over 20 years of restoration, one such telamon was re-erected upright at the site, allowing visitors to appreciate its original vertical posture and intricate details, including the strained musculature suggesting immense burden.^[19]^[20] Roman architects adapted telamons for public and utilitarian spaces, integrating them into structures like the Forum Baths in Pompeii, where second-century BC examples appear along the north wall of the tepidarium, separating niches and supporting lintels alongside caryatids for symmetrical decorative effect. These figures, often carved in stucco or frescoed, reflected Roman eclecticism by blending Greek proportions with imperial motifs, enhancing the baths' grandeur as a social hub. The Renaissance revival of classical forms brought telamons back as symbols of strength and antiquity, as seen in the Casa degli Omenoni in Milan, constructed circa 1565 by sculptor Leone Leoni with eight oversized telamons by Antonio Abondio on the facade. These muscular figures, portraying subjugated barbarians inspired by Roman triumphal art, flanked the ground-floor windows and conveyed conquest and stability, aligning with the era's humanist admiration for ancient heroism. In the Baroque period, telamons evolved into dynamic elements emphasizing theatricality and motion, exemplified by the pair at the entrance to Palazzo Barberini in Rome, sculpted by Adamo Tadolini in the early 19th century but fitting the building's 17th-century Baroque framework designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini. Positioned on pedestals flanking the gate, these vigorous male figures with twisted torsos support the architectural frame, amplifying the palace's opulent facade and illusionistic depth.^[21]^[22] The 19th and 20th centuries saw telamons in neoclassical revivals for civic architecture, such as the Wayne County Courthouse in Wooster, Ohio, completed in 1878 in the Second Empire style with neoclassical details, where telamons at the main entrance pediment bear the entablature with robust, classical anatomy. This use underscored the era's emphasis on democratic ideals through monumental, order-inspired ornamentation in American public buildings.^[23] Telamons are characteristically sculpted with exaggerated physical tension—bulging muscles, gritted teeth, and arched backs—to symbolize the heroic effort of supporting vast loads, in deliberate contrast to the poised, ethereal grace of female caryatids, highlighting gendered differences in classical architectural symbolism.^[24]

Cultural References

The Telamon Poem

The Telamon Poem, also known as the Telamon Skolion or Song of Telamon, is a 5th-century BC Greek drinking song (skolion) attributed in ancient traditions to Telamon of Aegina, potentially the mythological hero himself or a contemporary poet bearing the same name, and it celebrates heroic themes tied to the Aiakid family.^[25] This short lyric piece belongs to the broader genre of skolia, informal choral songs performed at symposia to honor notable figures, blending myth with communal revelry.^[26] Surviving fragments of the poem praise the exploits of Ajax, son of Telamon, portraying him as the foremost Greek warrior at Troy after Achilles: "Son of Telamon, spearman Ajax, they say that you were the best of the Greeks who came to Troy after Achilles" (PMG 898).^[25] Another fragment extols Telamon's own legacy, noting him as "the first among the Hellenes to sack the city of Laomedon" (PMG 899), alluding to his role in Heracles' campaign against Troy and evoking themes of divine favor, martial prowess, and the island of Salamis, Ajax's homeland.^[25] These lines likely formed part of a call-and-response structure typical of skolia, emphasizing heroic endurance and familial glory over the wine.^[26] The poem is referenced in Aristophanes' Lysistrata (lines 1238–1244), where a character notes that singing the Telamon song in place of another popular tune like the Cleitagora would still earn applause, highlighting its widespread familiarity in Athenian social circles around 411 BC.^[27] Scholia to Aristophanes and Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae (15.695c) further cite it as a standard sympotic piece, with evidence suggesting performances at public festivals such as the City Dionysia, where choral elements could adapt it for larger audiences. Authorship remains debated, with ancient sources like the scholia attributing it to a Telamon of Aegina, possibly conflating the hero with a historical lyrist, though modern scholars view it as an anonymous product of oral tradition from the 6th or early 5th century BC.^[28] It shares stylistic and thematic links with Pindar's epinician odes on Aegina, such as Nemean 5, which similarly invoke Telamon's prayers for the island's nobility and heroic lineage to foster civic pride.^[29] As an artifact of early Greek lyric poetry, the Telamon Poem underscores the role of myth in reinforcing communal identity, particularly for Aeginetan and Salaminian audiences, by weaving personal heroism into collective celebrations of endurance and divine patronage.^[26]

Depictions in Art

In ancient Greek art, Telamon appears primarily in narrative scenes emphasizing his association with Heracles, reflecting his role as a companion in heroic exploits. A notable example is a red-figure krater attributed to the Euphronios painter, dating to around 500 BCE and housed in the Archaeological Museum of Arezzo, which depicts Telamon and Heracles fighting back-to-back against Amazons dressed in Scythian style.^[30] This motif, popular in Attic pottery of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, links Telamon to the expedition against Troy, where he aided Heracles in sacking the city and rescuing Hesione.^[30] Sculptural representations of Telamon are rarer, with few standalone statues surviving, but he features prominently in architectural reliefs tied to Aeginetan mythology. On the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia at Aegina (ca. 490 BCE), Telamon is shown as a warrior participating in Heracles' sack of Troy, positioned among heroes of his generation to underscore Aegina's heroic lineage.^[31] The west pediment contrasts this with the later Trojan War, including Telamon's son Ajax, highlighting generational valor possibly commemorating the Battle of Salamis.^[31] Roman-era art adapts these Greek themes, often in domestic or funerary contexts to evoke protection and triumph. A 1st-century CE fresco from Pompeii's Casa della Danzatrice (VI.17.9-10) illustrates Telamon assisting Heracles in rescuing Hesione from a sea monster sent by Poseidon, with Telamon hurling boulders at the beast while Heracles negotiates her release. Such scenes, preserved in Pompeian wall paintings, emphasize Telamon's loyalty and martial prowess in the Trojan cycle. Later artistic traditions draw on these motifs to portray Telamon in heroic ensembles, though individual focus remains limited. In the 18th-19th centuries, British illustrator Edward Francis Burney created drawings of the Hesione rescue, showing Telamon as a dynamic ally to Heracles in neoclassical style, aligning with renewed interest in Greek mythology during the Enlightenment.^[32] Telamon's iconography consistently symbolizes strength and fidelity, depicted as a bearded warrior in armor, wielding a spear, bow, or boulders, often paired with Heracles to denote companionship in battle.^[30] This portrayal, evident from Archaic pottery to Roman frescoes, underscores his role as a steadfast hero without the divine attributes of greater figures like Heracles.^[31]

References

[1]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/telamon
[2]
https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html#3.12.6
[3]
https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html#1.9.16
[4]
https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus1.html#1.8.2
[5]
https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus2.html#2.6.4
[6]
https://www.theoi.com/Text/Apollodorus3.html#3.12.7
[7]
APOLLODORUS, THE LIBRARY BOOK 3 - Theoi Classical Texts ...
APOLLODORUS, THE LIBRARY 3. THE LIBRARY CONTENTS. BOOK 1 · 1. Theogony: Birth ... [3.12.2] And he had sons born to him, Ilus and Erichthonius, of whom Ilus ...
[8]
https://topostext.org/work/20#nemean4.25
[9]
ENDEIS - Aeginetan & Magnesian Nymph of Greek Mythology
ENDE′IS (Endêis), a daughter of Chiron, who was married to Aeacus, by whom she became the mother of Peleus and Telamon. (Apollod. iii. 12. § 6,) Pausanias ...Missing: Pindar variations
[10]
CALYDONIAN BOAR (Hus Kalydonios) - Theoi Greek Mythology
The king summoned heroes from throughout Greece to hunt the beast. The famed Kalydonian Boar Hunt which ensued was led by the king's son Meleagros (Meleager) ...
[11]
https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NympheEndeis.html
[12]
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS, ARGONAUTICA BOOK 1 - Theoi Classical ...
And the heroes rejoiced, and Telamon son of Aeacus came in haste to Jason, and grasping his hand in his own embraced him with these words: "Son of Aeson, be ...Missing: accuses | Show results with:accuses
[13]
APOLLODORUS, THE LIBRARY EPITOME - Theoi Greek Mythology
THE LIBRARY EPITOME, TRANSLATED BY J. G. FRAZER. [E.1.1] Third, he slew at Crommyon the sow that was called Phaea after the old woman who bred it; that sow, ...Missing: English | Show results with:English
[14]
Ajax by Sophocles - The Internet Classics Archive
Son of Telamon, lord of Salamis' isle, On its wave-washed throne mid the breaking sea, I rejoice when fair are thy fortunes: But whene'er thou art smitten by ...
[15]
Telamon - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
The word originates from Greek telamōn, meaning "broad strap" or "column base," derived from PIE *tele- "to bear." Its meaning is "the Bearer," linked to ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[16]
Telamons in Ancient Architecture - Housing Innovations
Oct 12, 2024 · The term "telamon" originates from the Greek word "텔άμων," meaning "bearer" or " supporter," which aptly describes their role in ancient ...Missing: definition etymology
[17]
Restored Atlas statue from fifth century BCE raised in Sicily
Mar 28, 2024 · This eight-meter-tall marvel, meticulously restored over two decades, now stands guard amidst the ancient Greek temples of Agrigento.
[18]
Giant 26-Foot Atlas Rises Up in Sicily - My Modern Met
Mar 5, 2024 · After 20 years of research and restoration, a 26-foot telamon—or atlas—has been raised up on the site of the Temple of Olympian Zeus.
[19]
Palazzo Barberini Pietro da Cortona: the Triumph of Divine Providence
At the top of each pedestal are pairs of tritons and telamons, mythological male figures with vigorous bodies, supporting large octagonal medallions(clypeus).
[20]
Entrance of Palazzo Barberini Stock Photo - Alamy
The entrance with the metal fence, pillars and lampposts is by Francesco Azzurri, 1864, the telamons are sculpted by Adamo Tadolini. Palazzo Barberini hosts the ...
[21]
Side entrance - Wayne County Courthouse - 1878 | Wooster, Oh…
Side entrance - Wayne County Courthouse - 1878. Wooster, Ohio ... The Roman term for such a sculptural support is telamon (plural telamones or telamons).
[22]
Telamones and Atlantes - Institute of Classical Architecture & Art
Apr 28, 2011 · In the Illiad, Telamon was the son of King Aeacus and father of the Greek hero, Ajax. He is remembered chiefly as the first to break through the ...Missing: primary sources
[23]
https://www.flickr.com/photos/zuikosan/4446981302
[24]
7. The Skolion Game - The Center for Hellenic Studies
Skolion: the drinking song, as Dicaearchus says in his On Musical Contests ... E.g. the “songs of Telamon” at Theopompus fr. 65 K-A or the “song of ...
[25]
https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_lyric_scolia_drinking_songs/1993/pb_LCL144.289.xml
[26]
On the Composition of the Attic Skolia - jstor
by that poet 29. One may yet ask for what reason the Alexandrian critic, whose testimony has been preserved in the scholia of Aristophanes, quoted the skolion ...
[27]
PINDAR, Nemean Odes | Loeb Classical Library
The central portion of the ode sketches the principal exploits of three Aeginetan heroes, Peleus, Telamon, and Achilles.Missing: ancient | Show results with:ancient
[28]
Vases In Arezzo: Why is Telamon Fighting Amazons with Herakles?
Jun 10, 2015 · But more surprising than this was a Krater from around 500 BCE attributed to the Euphronios painter depicting Herakles' battle with the Amazons.
[29]
Troy just keeps on fallin' - Depictions of two sackings of Troy on the ...
Jun 10, 2020 · The pediments of the Temple of Aphaia on Aegina were once said to represent the contrast between Archaic and Classical sculpture in their ...
[30]
Hesione released by Hercules and Telamon.
This is part of a group of drawings by British artist and book illustrator Edward Francis Burney, depicting scenes from Greek and Roman history and mythology.