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Things to Come

Things to Come is a 1936 British black-and-white science fiction film produced by Alexander Korda at London Film Productions, directed by William Cameron Menzies, and written by H. G. Wells as an adaptation of his own 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come.^[1]^[2] The narrative spans from 1940 to 2036, depicting a catastrophic world war that devastates civilization, followed by a deadly plague causing societal collapse and anarchy, before a technocratic elite rebuilds society through rational governance and advanced engineering, ultimately achieving manned spaceflight to the Moon.^[1] Starring Raymond Massey in multiple roles as pivotal figures across generations, the film features innovative special effects for its era, including detailed models of future cities and aircraft, which were created by a team led by effects pioneer Edward Dickinson.^[1] Released on 31 December 1936 in London, Things to Come represented a significant investment for British cinema, with a budget exceeding £300,000 (equivalent to millions today), making it one of the most expensive films produced in the UK up to that point.^[3] Wells' direct involvement in the screenplay aimed to propagate his vision of progress through science and international cooperation, though he clashed with Korda over cuts that shortened the original script from over three hours to 113 minutes, diluting some philosophical elements.^[2] Critically, the film received praise for its spectacle and foresight—such as envisioning aerial bombings and global conflict on a scale prescient of World War II—but mixed responses to its didactic tone and optimistic portrayal of authoritarian technocracy as the path to utopia.^[4] Its enduring legacy lies in pioneering epic-scale science fiction cinema, influencing later works with themes of war's futility and humanity's technological destiny, despite inaccurate predictions like a 1950s space launch that outpaced reality.^[3]

Synopsis

Plot Summary

The film opens on Christmas Eve 1940 in the fictional city of Everytown, where residents including John Cabal discuss the outbreak of a new global war, marked by aerial bombings and the deployment of poison gas that devastates civilian populations.^[5]^[4] The conflict escalates into a prolonged struggle lasting approximately thirty years, reducing Everytown and much of the world to ruins through continuous bombardment and societal breakdown.^[6]^[5] Following the war's end around 1970, a deadly plague known as the "Wandering Sickness" sweeps through the surviving populations, causing mass death and further collapse into barbarism and feudalism.^[5]^[6] In the ruins of Everytown, survivors subsist under the tyrannical rule of warlords, exemplified by a local boss who maintains control through armed militias and scavenged resources while resisting external influences.^[6]^[4] A group of aviators called the "Wings Over the World," led by John Cabal and equipped with advanced aircraft, intervenes to overthrow the warlords and impose centralized order through enforced rational governance and quarantine measures against the plague.^[5]^[4] This establishes a new regime focused on reconstruction, introducing technological innovations such as mechanized moving roads for transport and subterranean habitats to shield inhabitants from surface threats.^[5] Over subsequent decades, society rebuilds into a highly advanced civilization centered in a revitalized Everytown, characterized by streamlined architecture, automated systems, and scientific prioritization.^[6] By 2036, the rebuilt society faces internal conflict when plans for a manned rocket flight to the Moon spark rebellion among cultural traditionalists, led by the artist Theotocopulos, who argue that such ventures risk cultural stagnation and demand the destruction of the launch site.^[5]^[6] The governing council, represented by Cabal's descendants, defends the mission as essential for human progress, ultimately proceeding with the launch despite the uprising, propelling a man and woman toward lunar orbit as the film concludes.^[4]^[5]

Cast and Characters

Principal Cast

Raymond Massey portrayed John Cabal and Oswald Cabal, dual roles depicting a visionary aviator who leads an aerial force to end global war in the 1940s and, decades later, an elder statesman advocating rational governance and space exploration in 2036.^[7]^[8] Edward Chapman played Pippa Passworthy and his son Raymond Passworthy, characters representing the ordinary citizen's perspective amid wartime devastation, societal collapse, and technological rebirth across generations.^[7]^[9] Ralph Richardson appeared as Rudolf "The Boss," a opportunistic dictator who rises to power in the anarchic post-war ruins of Everytown, symbolizing regressive authoritarianism before being overthrown.^[7]^[1] Margaretta Scott took on the roles of Roxana (later Mrs. Cabal) and Rowena Cabal, illustrating evolving family ties and emotional contrasts from pre-war domesticity to future conformity under scientific rule.^[8]^[9] Cedric Hardwicke portrayed Theotocopulos, a sculptor and intellectual antagonist in the 2036 segment who incites rebellion against enforced progress, arguing for cultural preservation over mechanical advancement.^[1]^[8]

Supporting Roles

Maurice Braddell portrayed Dr. Harding, a role that highlighted the character's embodiment of early 20th-century medical professionalism amid the film's speculative crises.^[9] Braddell, a British stage and screen actor known for supporting parts in interwar cinema, brought understated authority to the part, drawing from his prior experience in dramatic roles such as in Men of Tomorrow (1932). Sophie Stewart played Mrs. Cabal, providing a grounded familial viewpoint through her performance as the wife of the protagonist John Cabal.^[9] The Scottish actress, active in British theatre and film during the 1930s, infused the character with emotional restraint typical of period domestic portrayals, contrasting the epic scope of the narrative. Among uncredited performers, Abraham Sofaer appeared as The Jew, a minor figure in the ensemble that added ethnic diversity to the civilian populace depicted in the story's chaotic sequences.^[10] Sofaer, an Iraqi-Jewish actor who later gained prominence in Hollywood character roles, contributed to the film's aim of realistic societal cross-sections without drawing focus from leads. The production employed several actors in dual or minor capacities across time periods to underscore generational themes, with supporting cast members like these reinforcing continuity through subtle reappearances or similar archetypes.^[8] Uncredited contributions, including Terry-Thomas as a "Man of the Future," exemplified economical casting practices, where emerging talents filled background roles that later highlighted their career trajectories.^[10]

Production

Development and Pre-Production

The film Things to Come originated as an adaptation of H.G. Wells' 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come, a speculative future history outlining global war, societal collapse, and technological rebirth.^[11] Wells himself adapted the novel into the screenplay, exercising substantial creative oversight to preserve his vision of rational progress amid chaos.^[12] This direct involvement stemmed from Wells' desire to translate his prophetic narrative—framed as a 22nd-century historian's retrospective—into cinematic form, emphasizing themes of scientific governance over reactionary forces.^[13] Producer Alexander Korda, head of London Films, championed the project as part of broader efforts to position British cinema as a rival to Hollywood spectacles during the 1930s.^[14] Securing a budget of £300,000—equivalent to roughly £20 million in modern terms and the largest for any UK film to date—Korda financed elaborate sets and effects to realize Wells' ambitious scope, despite economic constraints and skepticism toward science fiction's commercial viability.^[14] ^[15] Pre-production tensions arose from Wells' insistence on fidelity to his script, which led to the rejection of an initial director candidate in favor of William Cameron Menzies, renowned for his production design on films like The Thief of Bagdad (1924).^[16] Menzies' appointment prioritized visual innovation, aligning with Wells' detailed outlines of futuristic architecture, aircraft, and machinery drawn from the novel's techno-optimistic framework.^[17] Planning emphasized conceptual sketches and models to depict plausible advancements, though Wells' narrative prioritized ideological prophecy over strict scientific rigor.^[7]

Filming and Technical Execution

Principal photography for Things to Come occurred primarily at Denham Film Studios in Denham, Buckinghamshire, England, commencing in July 1935 while the facility was still under construction and continuing into early 1936.^[18]^[19] The studio's expansive soundstages facilitated the construction of large-scale interior sets depicting Everytown across multiple time periods, from interwar domestic scenes to post-apocalyptic ruins and futuristic architecture, minimizing the need for extensive location shooting.^[20] William Cameron Menzies, credited as both director and production designer, implemented a pre-visualization technique akin to modern storyboarding, sketching detailed compositions that integrated actors, sets, and camera angles to ensure stylistic unity across the film's temporal shifts.^[21]^[22] This methodical approach allowed for precise on-set execution, with sets built to Menzies' specifications to transition seamlessly from 1940s war devastation—featuring practical rubble and barricades—to 1970s underground shelters and 2036's gleaming metallic structures.^[17] Filming the war sequences presented logistical hurdles, including the synchronization of hundreds of extras in period costumes amid controlled pyrotechnics and smoke simulations for aerial bombings and gas attacks, all captured on the studio's backlots to replicate urban destruction without external variables.^[23] The production's scale demanded rigorous coordination, with sets reinforced to withstand repeated explosive takes under Menzies' oversight.^[24] The completed film premiered in the UK on February 20, 1936, with an original runtime of 113 minutes, bolstered by Arthur Bliss's orchestral score, pre-recorded in March 1935 at Decca's Thames Street studios and conducted by Muir Mathieson to underscore the narrative's sweeping progression.^[25]^[26] This musical foundation, integrated during editing, amplified the technical execution's dramatic impact on set.^[1]

Special Effects and Design

The special effects in Things to Come were primarily handled by Ned Mann, who utilized detailed miniatures and optical printing techniques to simulate large-scale aerial combat sequences and the construction of futuristic machinery, including the space gun assembly.^[27]^[3] These miniatures, built at precise scales, allowed for fluid camera tracking shots that conveyed depth and motion beyond the era's typical static models.^[28] Matte paintings and composite work complemented the miniatures, integrating foreground elements with painted backgrounds to depict expansive urban reconstructions and vehicular movements, techniques that pushed the boundaries of 1930s optical effects for realism in dynamic scenes.^[29]^[30] Production designer William Cameron Menzies oversaw sets for the 2036 sequences, drawing on art deco motifs with streamlined geometries, metallic finishes, and monumental forms to evoke a rationalist future aesthetic, constructed using full-scale interiors and scaled models for the subterranean city environments.^[31]^[32] Practical pyrotechnics were employed for the aerial bombing raids, involving controlled explosions on miniature cityscapes to produce convincing fireballs and debris, achieving photorealistic destruction effects limited only by the flammable materials and safety constraints of the period.^[28]^[33] Sound integration featured synchronized recordings of mechanical whirs, hydraulic operations, and explosive blasts, layered with Arthur Bliss's score to amplify the auditory scale of industrial processes and propulsion systems.^[34]^[35]

Ideological Themes

H.G. Wells' Vision of Progress

In Things to Come, H.G. Wells presents war not merely as devastation but as a pivotal disruptor that dismantles obsolete social structures, clearing the path for reconstruction led by disciplined rationalists who impose order to forestall barbarism. The 1940-1970 conflict, followed by a global epidemic, reduces civilization to feudal remnants, yet prompts the emergence of elite aviators and scientists who, through coordinated aerial enforcement, eradicate warring factions and initiate modernization.^[36] This phase underscores Wells' causal sequence, where temporary authoritarian measures—embodied in the "Freemen" alliance—evolve into a technocratic world authority by 2036, systematically prioritizing mechanical and biological innovations to restore and elevate human capacity.^[37] Central to Wells' philosophy is the subordination of individual whims to collective rationality, as exemplified by the World State's governance, where scientists and psychologists engineer society to suppress ego-driven resistance and foster empirical progress. The film contrasts this with regressive impulses, such as a 1970s cult leader's medieval stasis or a later artist's rebellion against space exploration, portraying both as threats to humanity's expansive trajectory.^[36] Wells favors this evidence-driven collectivism for its capacity to propel humanity toward cosmic dominion, declaring through the protagonist: "For man, no rest and no ending. He must go on—conquest beyond conquest."^[37] Wells implicitly critiques democratic mechanisms for their vulnerability to short-sighted populism, advocating instead a vanguard of "scientific samurai" who apply long-range causal foresight to societal redesign, ensuring innovations like subterranean cities and lunar voyages serve perpetual advancement over momentary equilibria.^[37] This vision elevates human potential through relentless scientific mastery, rejecting stasis in favor of an open-ended ascent that, while contingent on elite resolve, aligns reason with the inexorable demands of evolutionary momentum.^[36]

Technocracy and Rational Governance

In the film, "Wings Over the World" emerges as the archetype of meritocratic intervention, comprising aviators and engineers who, in the 1960s timeline, deploy gas-armed aircraft to pacify warring tribes without reliance on popular consent, thereby restoring basic sanitation, production, and transport in plague-ravaged Everytown.^[38] This group's actions prioritize causal efficacy—averting famine through resource redistribution and enforcing quarantine protocols—over egalitarian appeals, as leader John Cabal (Raymond Massey) scouts ruins to enforce reconstruction based on technical feasibility rather than tribal loyalties.^[13] This expert-led model starkly contrasts with the preceding rule of "The Boss" (Ralph Richardson), a scrap-armored warlord who sustains power via coal-fueled biplanes and raids on hill tribes for fuel scraps, fostering a cycle of scarcity-driven conflict that regresses society to medieval feudalism by 1970.^[3] The Boss's governance, rooted in charismatic intimidation and resource hoarding, empirically yields mechanical breakdown and nutritional collapse, underscoring Wells' portrayal of emotional, kin-based authority as a vector for inefficiency compared to the Wings' data-driven overhaul, which reactivates factories and global supply chains within years.^[2] The technocratic vision culminates in the 2036 era's endorsement of spaceflight as an imperative for human advancement, where Cabal's descendant (also Massey) authorizes the moon rocket's launch despite a sabotage attempt by artist Theotocopoulos (Cedric Hardwicke), who mobilizes dissenters against "the machine" as antithetical to organic life.^[39] By accelerating the projectile's firing to preempt rebellion, the council affirms progress's precedence over individual vetoes, framing cosmic exploration as the empirical extension of rational control—yielding potential resources and knowledge unattainable under stasis.^[8] Wells drew this framework from his 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come, wherein scientific elites supplant irrational masses amid 1930s upheavals, positioning applied reason as the corrective to demagogic volatility observed in contemporaneous dictatorships.^[40]

Criticisms and Debates on Authoritarianism

Critics have accused the film's depiction of the "Air Dictatorship"—a technocratic elite imposing global order through aerial superiority—of harboring fascist undertones, reflecting H.G. Wells' advocacy for rule by an enlightened minority over mass democracy.^[41] This interpretation draws from Wells' screenplay, where the dictatorship enforces reconstruction amid post-war anarchy, prioritizing scientific rationality and eugenic progress over individual freedoms or cultural pluralism.^[42] Post-World War II analyses, particularly from leftist scholars, extended these charges by framing Wells' elitism as antithetical to egalitarian socialism, portraying his vision as an undemocratic imposition akin to authoritarian socialism inspired by figures like Henri de Saint-Simon, despite Wells' self-identification as a Fabian socialist.^[42] Defenders of the film's governance model counter that the Air Dictatorship's empirical success in quelling verifiable historical precedents of anarchy—such as the 1918-1923 disorders in Europe, including hyperinflation and paramilitary violence in Germany—justifies prioritizing causal stability over procedural democratic norms, which had demonstrably failed to prevent societal collapse.^[43] In Wells' narrative, this elite intervention averts prolonged barbarism, enabling technological and infrastructural rebuilding on a scale unattainable under fragmented parliamentary systems, as evidenced by the dictatorship's role in eradicating disease and famine through centralized resource allocation.^[43] Debates surrounding Theotocopulos' rebellion, led by an artist opposing technocratic regimentation, often characterize it as a strawman caricature of Luddite resistance to progress, dismissing artistic and traditionalist dissent as irrational obstructionism that the elite rightly suppresses to maintain momentum toward utopia.^[42] Yet, this portrayal underscores legitimate risks of unchecked technocracy, including the erosion of self-determination and the potential for rigid enforcement to provoke backlash, as the rebellion exposes fractures in the regime's cultural homogenization efforts.^[43] A balanced assessment acknowledges the dictatorship's tangible achievements in post-chaos reconstruction—such as global unification and scientific advancement—against its suppression of dissent, which stifles pluralism without verifiable long-term safeguards against elite overreach or internal decay.^[42]^[43] While the model averts immediate anarchy, historical parallels, like the transient stability under interwar authoritarian regimes, suggest that such systems may trade short-term order for latent vulnerabilities to ideological rigidity.^[41]

Predictions and Foresight

Technological and Societal Forecasts

The film depicts a second world war commencing on December 25, 1940, with massive aerial bombardments unleashing gas bombs on urban centers such as Everytown, initiating decades of attrition warfare that devolves into stalemate and societal breakdown.^[7] This conflict, portrayed as involving relentless bomber fleets and chemical weapons, endures for approximately thirty years, culminating around 1970 in a catastrophic plague—referred to as the "wandering sickness"—that decimates the surviving population and enforces a truce through mass mortality.^[2] Following the plague, reconstruction efforts harness atomic energy to power industrial revival, enabling the erection of vast underground habitats equipped with artificial lighting and streamlined infrastructure.^[7] Technologies introduced include video telephones for instantaneous visual communication and moving sidewalks for efficient urban transit, facilitating a rapid resurgence from barbarism to mechanized order under the auspices of the "Wings Over the World" aviator collective.^[7] ^[2] By 2036, the narrative envisions a centralized World State where society prioritizes scientific indoctrination for the youth, embedding rational inquiry and technological mastery as core values amid gleaming subterranean cities and monumental architecture.^[7] ^[36] This era features the construction of a colossal space gun designed to propel a projectile toward the Moon, marking humanity's inaugural interplanetary venture and symbolizing unbounded expansion.^[7] ^[2] Overarching these developments is a projected transition to a supranational federation governed by scientific consensus, supplanting parochial nationalisms with coordinated global administration to sustain perpetual advancement.^[7] ^[36]

Empirical Accuracy of Key Predictions

The film portrays the initiation of a catastrophic global conflict on December 24, 1940, characterized by relentless aerial assaults that devastate urban centers, aligning closely with the historical onset of World War II on September 1, 1939—deviating by roughly 15 months—and the subsequent dominance of air power in major campaigns, including the Luftwaffe's Blitz over Britain starting September 7, 1940, which inflicted over 40,000 civilian deaths through bombing raids.^[44]^[13] This foresight underscored the causal shift toward industrialized aerial warfare, where strategic bombing targeted infrastructure and morale, as evidenced by the Allied raids on Germany that dropped 1.4 million tons of bombs between 1942 and 1945.^[14] Following the depicted war's protracted devastation, the narrative envisions societal breakdown exacerbated by a virulent pandemic akin to a sleeping sickness that halts global progress for decades, paralleling the post-1945 era's persistent instabilities, such as the Korean War (1950–1953) with over 2.5 million fatalities and the Vietnam War (1955–1975) involving 3–4 million deaths, alongside influenza outbreaks like the 1957 Asian flu (1–2 million global deaths) and 1968 Hong Kong flu (1–4 million deaths), which strained reconstruction amid economic scarcities and ideological divisions.^[45] These historical upheavals mirrored the film's causal realism of war-induced fragility, where depleted resources and epidemiological vulnerabilities impeded swift recovery, as seen in Europe's rationing persisting into the 1950s and decolonization conflicts amplifying proxy tensions through the 1970s.^[46] Technological forecasts included ubiquitous video communication devices enabling real-time visual telephony, a concept realized in prototypes like AT&T's Picturephone service trials in the 1960s–1970s and widespread adoption via internet-based platforms such as Skype (launched 2003) and Zoom (peaking at 300 million daily users in 2020), facilitating global coordination without physical presence.^[47] The film's projection of atomic energy as a harnessable force for propulsion and power, introduced post-conflict in its timeline, anticipated the 1945 Trinity test detonation of the first atomic bomb on July 16 (yielding 20 kilotons TNT equivalent) and subsequent peaceful applications, including the 1951 Experimental Breeder Reactor I achieving grid electricity and over 440 commercial reactors operational by 2023 generating 10% of global electricity.^[48]^[49] Aviation advancements in the film, featuring sleek, high-speed aircraft fostering international linkages, prefigured the jet age's logistical transformation, with Germany's Messerschmitt Me 262 entering combat as the first operational jet fighter in July 1944 and commercial milestones like the de Havilland Comet's 1952 transatlantic flights reducing New York–London travel from 12 hours to under 7, enabling exponential growth in air cargo (from 100,000 tons in 1950 to 60 million tons annually by 2020) and passenger traffic that integrated global supply chains.^[50]^[51]

Limitations and Failed Projections

The film's depiction of a continuous global war spanning from December 1940 to around 1970, marked by unrelenting conventional bombings and societal breakdown without decisive resolution, diverged markedly from historical events.^[52] World War II, which began in 1939, ended in 1945 after approximately six years, with Allied victories in Europe on May 8 and in the Pacific on September 2. The introduction of atomic bombs by the United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 escalated destructive potential, ushering in nuclear deterrence wherein mutually assured destruction inhibited total conventional wars among superpowers, contrary to the film's assumption of endless attrition warfare. This causal shift—rooted in fission-based weaponry's unprecedented yield—prevented the prolonged collapse envisioned, as strategic stability emerged through doctrines like those formalized in the 1950s. The method of space travel portrayed, involving a massive electromagnetic space gun launching a projectile capsule to the Moon by 2036, proved technologically unfeasible for manned orbital or lunar missions.^[31] Attempts at gun-launched spaceflight, such as Project HARP in the 1960s using a modified naval gun to reach suborbital altitudes of 180 km, failed to achieve stable orbits due to extreme acceleration stresses (up to 4,000 g-forces) incompatible with human physiology and payload integrity. Actual lunar travel relied on multi-stage chemical rocketry, exemplified by the Saturn V booster enabling Apollo 11's landing on July 20, 1969—nearly seven decades ahead of the film's timeline but via vectored thrust and in-space staging rather than ballistic firing. Post-war reconstruction in the film proceeds rapidly under a technocratic "Air Dictatorship," achieving a mechanized utopia within decades, overlooking entrenched ideological oppositions and cyclical economic disruptions.^[52] Historical recovery after 1945, aided by initiatives like the Marshall Plan disbursing $13 billion (equivalent to $150 billion today) from 1948 to 1952, faced persistent divides such as the Iron Curtain's ideological bifurcations and proxy conflicts, with no unified rational governance supplanting nationalism or socialism. Recessions in 1949, 1953, and beyond, driven by factors like Korean War inflation and oil shocks, protracted uneven development, contradicting the film's linear ascent to harmony. The vision omits the digital information revolution, confining future technology to analog mechanical and aviation-centric innovations without electronic computing or networks.^[44] Transistor invention in 1947 at Bell Labs enabled integrated circuits and microprocessors by the 1970s, spawning personal computers (e.g., Altair 8800 in 1975) and the internet's precursors like ARPANET in 1969, transforming knowledge dissemination and governance in ways incompatible with the film's electro-mechanical paradigm. This oversight stems from pre-electronic assumptions, failing to anticipate silicon-based exponential scaling per Moore's Law observed from 1965 onward.

Reception and Critical Analysis

Initial Reception in 1936

Things to Come premiered at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on 20 February 1936.^[53] British critics lauded the film's ambitious production values and visual spectacle, with The Times describing the depiction of the future world, complete with mechanical progress, as more convincing than the sequences of war and pestilence.^[53] However, reviewers frequently criticized the stilted dialogue and overt preachiness, viewing the narrative as overly didactic in promoting Wells's vision of rational progress.^[54] The film received a United States release on 17 April 1936, distributed by United Artists. American reception was mixed, with The New York Times calling it an "absorbing, provocative and impressively staged" fantasy that blended comic-strip overtones with a serious message, praising the clever trick photography, sets, and performances by Raymond Massey and Ralph Richardson.^[54] Yet, the review highlighted the dialogue's stiffness, such as lines decrying "barbarous mechanical progress," and noted how Wells's ideology overshadowed individual characters, rendering the film more prophetic outline than engaging drama.^[54] This reflected broader Depression-era ambivalence toward grandiose futurism amid economic hardship. Despite critical interest in its technical achievements, the film underperformed at the box office, ranking as the 16th most popular British release of the 1935–36 season and failing to recoup its record-breaking budget—estimated at over £250,000, the highest for a British production at the time—due to its niche science fiction appeal and lengthy runtime.^[55] H.G. Wells, who personally authored the screenplay from his 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come, defended the adaptation's fidelity to his original concepts, emphasizing its role in outlining a necessary path for human advancement despite detractors' focus on stylistic flaws.^[2]

Long-Term and Modern Assessments

Following World War II, Things to Come experienced a period of relative obscurity in popular discourse during the 1950s and 1970s, as its miniature effects and optimistic futurism appeared dated amid the atomic age's emphasis on existential threats and creature features in science fiction cinema. Screenings persisted in academic and archival contexts, such as a 1976 Museum of Modern Art presentation highlighting its provocative vision, but the film was overshadowed by more immediate Cold War anxieties.^[56] Revival interest emerged in the 1980s through retrospectives on early science fiction, positioning it as a milestone in the genre's evolution toward epic scale, though scholarly focus remained niche until home video formats broadened access.^[57] The 2013 Criterion Collection Blu-ray release marked a significant modern reappraisal, emphasizing the film's visual prescience—particularly its depictions of aerial bombings and urban devastation that eerily anticipated the London Blitz and broader wartime horrors—while restoring William Cameron Menzies's innovative production design for contemporary audiences.^[36] This edition underscored the film's enduring technical achievements, including large-scale sets and Arthur Bliss's orchestral score, which continue to impress despite narrative rigidity.^[58] Critics noted its prophetic anti-war ethos, encapsulated in the imperative "If we do not end war, war will end us," as a prescient caution against recurring global conflict.^[36] Contemporary evaluations balance admiration for the film's rationalist advocacy of scientific progress and collective discipline—envisioning a world where "self-interest will have given way to collective discipline"—against critiques of its technocratic authoritarianism.^[36] Modern scholars and reviewers, including references to Jorge Luis Borges and George Orwell's contemporary dismissals, highlight how its elite-driven utopia, imposing order through scientific saviors, functions as an inadvertent anti-utopian warning about over-reliance on unaccountable rational governance, resembling quasi-fascist structures in suppressing dissent for progress.^[36] ^[59] Despite these flaws—evident in pompous dialogue, fragmented structure, and underdeveloped characters—the film retains influence in inspiring STEM-oriented optimism, fostering early visions of technological mastery over human frailty, though its character paucity limits emotional resonance.^[58] Its relevance persists in debates over technology's regulatory potential, mirroring current tensions between innovation and centralized control.^[36]

Legacy and Availability

Cultural and Historical Influence

The film's portrayal of a technocratic society emerging from global catastrophe influenced subsequent science fiction narratives envisioning rational governance overriding democratic chaos, as seen in mid-20th-century discussions of expert-led reconstruction post-World War II.^[36] H.G. Wells' script, emphasizing an "Air Dictatorship" to enforce progress, prefigured real-world debates on technocracy during the 1930s and 1940s, including movements advocating scientific elites over populist rule, though Wells' utopian resolution diverged from the authoritarian risks highlighted in later critiques.^[37] ^[60] Visually, Things to Come established motifs of streamlined, modernist futurism—such as vast domed cities and sleek aircraft—that became hallmarks of retro-futurism, evoking 1930s-era optimism about technology's redemptive power in later comics, animations, and video games depicting alternate histories of progress.^[61] These elements transmitted Wells' causal vision of engineering reshaping society, influencing genre aesthetics that romanticize pre-digital mechanical utopias without endorsing their narrative determinism.^[31] Produced amid interwar fears of aerial warfare and societal collapse—prophesied accurately with the 1939 outbreak of World War II—the film encapsulated pre-WWII pessimism about civilization's fragility, channeling anxieties over mechanized destruction that mirrored contemporaneous debates on disarmament and total war.^[12] ^[62] This historical resonance extended its concepts into post-war space narratives, where themes of collective human advancement via science echoed in cultural depictions of the Space Race as a bulwark against earthly recurrence of conflict.^[63]

Film Versions and Restorations

The 1936 film Things to Come, directed by William Cameron Menzies and produced by Alexander Korda, premiered in the United Kingdom at approximately 113 minutes, encompassing H.G. Wells' philosophical dialogues on progress and society.^[64] The United States release on April 18, 1936, featured a truncated version running about 96 to 100 minutes, with cuts primarily to contemplative scenes deemed too verbose for American audiences, prioritizing action sequences and visual spectacle.^[64]^[65] Following the film's lapse into the public domain, 1970s prints circulated widely in degraded condition, suffering from generational loss in image quality and audio fidelity due to unauthorized duplications on worn 16mm or video formats, which obscured details in the original special effects.^[66]^[67] The Criterion Collection's 2013 Blu-ray edition marked a key technical restoration, employing a new high-definition digital scan of the best surviving elements to restore sharpness to matte paintings and sets, alongside an uncompressed monaural soundtrack that preserved Arthur Bliss's original score without prior distortions.^[68]^[69] This release utilized photochemical and digital processes to mitigate scratches, flicker, and contrast issues inherent in earlier analog copies.^[70] Subsequent digital efforts include unauthorized colorized uploads to YouTube around 2024–2025, applying algorithmic tinting to the black-and-white footage for modern viewers, though these variants compromise the film's authentic monochromatic vision and introduce artifacts not present in sourced restorations.^[71] No official restorations beyond the 2013 edition have been undertaken, with format updates limited to streaming adaptations of the Criterion master.^[69]

Copyright Status and Distribution

In the United States, Things to Come entered the public domain due to failure to renew its copyright registration under the 1909 Copyright Act, with the initial 28-year term expiring in 1964.^[72]^[73] This status has facilitated widespread unauthorized distribution, including free streaming on platforms like YouTube and public domain archives, as well as low-cost DVD releases from various independent labels.^[64]^[74] However, the proliferation of bootleg copies has often resulted in variable print quality, with degraded or incomplete versions undermining preservation efforts despite the film's availability enhancing public access.^[58] In the United Kingdom, where the film originated, copyright remains active and is held by ITV Global Entertainment, preventing public domain entry and restricting distribution to licensed channels. This jurisdictional disparity complicates international releases, as UK protections limit exports of high-quality masters while US public domain versions dominate global online and physical markets. Official home media distributions include a restored edition on DVD and Blu-ray from the Criterion Collection, released on June 18, 2013, featuring remastered visuals and audio from surviving elements.^[75]^[69] Streaming availability in the US leverages public domain status on ad-supported sites, though premium platforms may offer licensed versions; in copyrighted jurisdictions, access is confined to authorized broadcasters or purchases.^[76] The film's dual status thus balances democratization through free US access against challenges in maintaining uniform quality and intent across regions.

References

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Things to Come (1936) - IMDb
Rating 6.6/10 (9,874) The story of a century: a decades-long second World War leaves plague and anarchy, then a rational state rebuilds civilization and attempts space travel.Full cast & crew · User reviews · Plot · Trivia
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H.G. Wells' Things to Come - the 1936 Film - SciFi Mind
H. G. Wells' Things to Come offers a sweeping vision of a world first devastated by war then resurrected by a corps of brilliant engineers.
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Things to Come - Scifist.
Aug 23, 2019 · Things to Come was Great Britain's most impressively epic science fiction film to date when it came out in 1936, rivalled only by the previous ...Missing: reception | Show results with:reception
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Things to Come - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 91% (33) "Things To Come" (1936, H.G. Wells and William Cameron Menzies) impressed me. ... What made the film fully engaging was the special effects depicting a 2036 as ...
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Things to Come (1936) - Plot - IMDb
The story of a century: a decades-long second World War leaves plague and anarchy, then a rational state rebuilds civilization and attempts space travel. · A ...
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https://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/438287/synopsis.html
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Things to Come (1936) - BFI Screenonline
The city of Everytown endures thirty years of gruelling war, famine and disease. But in the distant future Everytown is rebuilt, heralding a new era of ...
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Things to Come (1936) - Moria Reviews
Oct 9, 2003 · Cast. Raymond Massey (John Cabal/Oswald Cabal), Edward Chapman (Passworthy/Raymond Passworthy), Margaretta Scott (Roxana Black/Rowena Cabal) ...Missing: Pip Smallways Theotokopoulos
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Things to Come (1936) - Full cast & crew - IMDb
Cast ; Raymond Massey · John Cabal ; Edward Chapman · Pippa Passworthy ; Ralph Richardson · The Boss ; Margaretta Scott in All Creatures Great & Small (1978).
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Things to Come (1936) - Cast & Crew — The Movie Database (TMDB)
Maurice Braddell. Dr. Harding. Sophie Stewart. Mrs. Cabal ... Abraham Sofaer. The Jew (uncredited). Terry-Thomas. Man of the ...Missing: film | Show results with:film
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H.G. WELLS On the Motion Picture and Television Screens
Jun 4, 2019 · In 1936 the novel was translated into a feature film by the author. Things to Come released February 20, 1936. The screenplay was by H.G. ...
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[13]
Things to Come (1936) — H.G. Wells explains it all for you
Nov 23, 2010 · It's 1936's Things to Come, produced from a screenplay written by Wells himself. Let's finally open the tap and take a big gulp from this ...
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Things to Come | Culture - The Guardian
May 5, 2007 · Nevertheless, this is a unique, visionary work of poetic power, produced by Alexander Korda on a £300,000 budget. It still makes one gasp ...Missing: funding | Show results with:funding
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Things to Come | Scifist - WordPress.com
Dec 4, 2014 · Starring: Raymond Massey, Edward Chapman, Ralph Richardson, Margaretta Scott, Cedric Hardwicke, Maurice Braddell, Sophie Stewart, Derrick ...
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The Visual Unity of Menzies - Creative Screenwriting
Apr 18, 2016 · His credits include the 1924 Douglas Fairbanks Thief of Bagdad, Things to Come (1936), the 1940 Thief of Bagdad, and the film he is best known ...
[17]
William Cameron Menzies: The Shape of Films to Come
He also directed two influential classics of science fiction, "Things to Come" (1936) and "Invaders from Mars" (1953). Drawing from Menzies' personal papers, ...
[18]
Things to Come (1936) - Filming & production - IMDb
Filming locations: Denham Film Studios, Denham, Uxbridge, Buckinghamshire, England, UK (Studio, uncredited)
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Things to Come - Photo Gallery, Behind the Scenes - Nick Cooper's
... what was to become Denham Studios. One workman - Arthur Vailes, of Hounslow - was killed, and several others injured. This aerial photograph - which could ...
[20]
Denham Studios - theStudioTour.com
Things to Come (1936) The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936). The first film to be made at the studio proper was Southern Roses (1936). Others included ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[21]
William Cameron Menzies: One Forceful, Impressive Idea
Unlike most set designs, which show empty settings or people in undramatic poses, Menzies' drawings look more like what we now call storyboards. Magazines were ...
[22]
The Man Who Turned American Movies Into Art - Big Think
Feb 18, 2016 · By introducing the ideas of storyboarding and visualizing every scene first (example shown above), Menzies “revolutionized the look and ...
[23]
Things to Come | Raymond Massey - YouTube
Aug 1, 2025 · ... special effects supervisor Ned Mann. While there were ... Things to Come (1936) H.G. Wells War film | A hundred years ahead of its time.Missing: challenges | Show results with:challenges
[24]
Tanks from The Shape of Things to Come (Fictional Tank)
May 15, 2023 · Things to Come hit the big screen in 1936, predicting a devastating conflict in Europe which would last for years and destroy the very ...
[25]
Things to Come - Cinescores
Over the next hour I would like to share with you my analysis of primary source materials relating to Bliss's debut film score Things to Come. As well as ...
[26]
THINGS TO COME – Arthur Bliss | MOVIE MUSIC UK
Oct 19, 2015 · The only recording of the Things To Come film score (not the concert suite, which has been recorded may times) is on the Chandos album 'The ...
[27]
MAGICIANS OF THE MINIATURE - Matte Shot
Dec 11, 2014 · Effects by Ned Mann. Miniature set by Donald Jahraus from an unknown RKO film of the 1930's. THINGS TO COME (1936) fx by Ned Mann and Ross ...
[28]
The Best Special Effects in Early 20th Century Sci-Fi Movies, Ranked
Nov 6, 2022 · Things to Come (1936). things to come United Artists. Things to Come ... The special effects in this film are numerous and consist of pyrotechnics ...Missing: bombings | Show results with:bombings
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Matte Shot - a tribute to Golden Era special fx: Shepperton Studios
Aug 31, 2011 · They were about to make THINGS TO COME (1936) with American effects expert Ned Mann. ... explosion optically doubled in to terrific scale and ...
[30]
The 25 Most Important Movies in Special Effects History
Feb 16, 2024 · Things to Come (1936). Director: William Cameron Menzies. things to come special effects. Not so well known ...Missing: bombings | Show results with:bombings
[31]
The Stars, Our Destination: Revisiting Things To Come (1936) by ...
May 26, 2012 · The film is based on the H.G. Wells book The Shape of Things to Come, which is more an essay than a novel. The story was brought to the screen ...Missing: plot chronology
[32]
Things to Come (1936) - The Constant Bleeder
Things to Come (1936). things-to-come H.G. Wells ... Directed by seminal movie art director William Cameron Menzies ... art deco Flash Gordon production design.
[33]
SMA ARCHIVE : 1999 to 2012 - StopMotionAnimation.com
- Things To Come (1936): the bombing of Everytown is nicely done, as is the sequence where futuristic excavating machines blast rockfaces to build the ...
[34]
H.G. Wells, Arthur Bliss and Things to Come (1936) - Academia.edu
In practice, however, Wells's ideals of spectacle and synthesis were severely compromized in the final release of Things to Come. In the face of his cinematic ...Missing: hums | Show results with:hums
[35]
The Sound of Things to Come: An Audible History of the Science ...
In this respect, they lack true sonic novums. 1936 | THINGS TO COME The first SF film to develop the sonic novum through synchronized sound is William Cameron ...
[36]
Things to Come: Whither Mankind?
### Summary of H.G. Wells' Vision in *Things to Come*
[37]
H. G. Wells and the Uncertainties of Progress
Jun 26, 2019 · His futuristic 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come described the outbreak of a war that reduces most of the world to savagery. Yet Wells ...
[38]
Old-Timey Sci-Fi Craziness: H.G. Wells' Things To Come
Aug 20, 2013 · The Wings Over The World folks have giant, futuristic airplanes from which they're fond of dropping some kind of “sleeping gas” on the populace.
[39]
Things To Come (1936) - The Movie Crash Course
Feb 26, 2019 · Written by H.G. Wells – and very very loosely adapted from one of his short stories – Things To Come is a treatise on war, politics, and ...Missing: plot chronology<|control11|><|separator|>
[40]
Technocracy and Scientism in SF - University of Warwick
Aug 7, 2021 · Another striking early example of technocratic rule can be seen in the works of H G Wells [2], and was articulated in the film Things to Come ( ...
[41]
H. G. Wells's 'Liberal Fascism' - jstor
pitilessly benevolent grip of the Air Dictatorship'.50 The reality of an actual. 48 Wells, Experiment in Autobiography, op. cit., 501, 782-3; H.G. Wells ...Missing: critique | Show results with:critique
[42]
Ruddick104
The movie originates in Wells's lengthy future history The Shape of Things to Come (1933). In this work, the West's failure to learn the lessons of the Great ...<|separator|>
[43]
Dictatorship in Wells' “The Shape of Things to Come” Essay - IvyPanda
Dec 19, 2021 · The Shape of Things to Come is considerably focused on the fate of Jews who had to overcome numerous torments because of their affiliation to ...
[44]
Movie Review: "Things To Come" - The Quiet Life
Mar 31, 2014 · In 1933 HG Wells wrote a book called The Shape of Things To Come. He later adapted it for the 1936 Alexander Korda film, Things to Come.<|separator|>
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Future History in H.G. Wells' 'Things to Come' - PopMatters
Jun 28, 2013 · H.G. Well's future history film Things to Come depicts a techno-utilitarian homogeneity that looks like an underground shopping mall from Hell.<|control11|><|separator|>
[46]
THE CASE OF “THE SHAPE OF THINGS TO COME” FROM 1936
Mar 25, 2008 · Maurice Braddell – Dr Edward Harding Sophie Stewart – Mrs Cabal ... Abraham Sofaer – Wadsky Terry-Thomas – Extra, man of the future. Gordon ...<|separator|>
[47]
Blade Runner 2049: Back to the Future – the movies that showed us ...
Oct 6, 2017 · Sci-fi films' key predictions or technologies ; Metropolis, 1927, 2026, Videophones ; Things To Come, 1936, 1940 - 2036, Gigantic, flying-wing ...
[48]
Was HG Wells the first to think of the atom bomb? - BBC News
Jul 4, 2015 · Wells's novel Things To Come, turned into a 1936 film, The Shape of Things to Come, accurately predicted aerial bombardment and an imminent ...
[49]
The Many Futuristic Predictions of H.G. Wells That Came True
Sep 21, 2016 · Science fiction pioneer HG Wells conjured some futuristic visions that haven't (yet) come true: a machine that travels back in time, a man who turns invisible, ...
[50]
Flying Wings - Sea Lion Press
Nov 16, 2022 · This caught the imagination of Hollywood and the black-and-white movie Things to Come (1936) has an aircraft partly inspired by Geddes' design.
[51]
Things to Come (1936): H.G. Wells predicts the future, and it's ...
Feb 3, 2025 · This was a bold prediction back in '36, given that the Second World War was still three years away. Perhaps Wells had a time machine stashed ...
[52]
Schlock & Awe: H.G. Wells' Highly Inaccurate THINGS TO COME
May 27, 2015 · Schlock & Awe: H.G. Wells' Highly Inaccurate THINGS TO COME. Posted ... The story of the film is actually split into three distinct sections: 1940 ...Missing: plot chronology
[53]
How popular was Things to Come? - Airminded
so close as makes no ...Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
[54]
H.G. Wells Presents an Outline of Future History in 'Things to Come ...
In the new world the issue is closed when it is proposed to send a young man and a young woman around the moon in a rocket ship. Theotocopulos, leader of the ...Missing: plot summary
[55]
Things To Come (1936) - Box Office and Financial Information
Financial analysis of Things To Come (1936) including production budget, domestic and international box office gross, DVD and Blu-ray sales reports.
[56]
When Movies Were Better Than Ever - The New York Times
Jul 30, 1976 · Marks will show “Things to Come,” the 1936 film version of H. G. Wells's pessimistic and provocative look into the 21st century, directed by ...
[57]
Projecting Tomorrow: An Interview with James Chapman and ...
Sep 24, 2013 · Some films selected themselves: we could not NOT have milestones like Things to Come and 2001: A Space Odyssey - and in the latter case the ...
[58]
'Things to Come' Is a Trip Back to the Retro-Future
Jun 28, 2013 · The film begins in 1940, with an unnervingly accurate anticipation of the London Blitz: on Christmas Eve, the citizens of the Art Deco ...Missing: plot summary
[59]
[PDF] Political Utopias in Film
Besides its enthusiasm and optimism, Things to Come cannot be called much else than a totalitarian dystopia. In the film the world is reborn after it was nearly ...
[60]
"So Big": The Monumental Technology of "Things to Come" - jstor
The Alexander Korda-H. G. Wells collaboration Things to Come, one of the most noted science-fiction films of the era, hints of these "consequences" in its ...Missing: governance | Show results with:governance
[61]
[PDF] Blast from the Past: Hopeful Retrofuturism in Science Fiction Film
Sep 29, 2019 · modernist cityscape depicted in Things to Come, paradigmatic retrofuturist images include jetpacks, flying cars and space colonisation. As these ...Missing: legacy | Show results with:legacy
[62]
H. G. Wells' Things to Come - Counter-Currents
Aug 31, 2021 · Still, Things to Come is a fascinating movie and a nifty time capsule of the interwar period, when the future appeared dark and uncertain and ...
[63]
[PDF] Science Fiction Before and After World War II - Western CEDAR
Clair, Scott, "The Fear of Things to Come: Science Fiction Before and After World War II" (2018). WWU. Honors Program Senior Projects. 89. https://cedar.wwu ...
[64]
Things To Come | Public Domain Movies
Maurice Braddell as Dr Edward Harding; Sophie Stewart as Mrs Cabal; Derrick De Marney as Richard Gordon; Ann Todd as Mary Gordon; Pearl Argyle as Catherine ...
[65]
Things to Come (Blu-ray Review) - The Digital Bits
Jul 25, 2013 · Considered one of Britain's finest science fiction films (possibly of all time), Things to Come ... UK at around 109 minutes and later in the US ...
[66]
Things to Come : William Cameron Menzies - Internet Archive
Feb 11, 2009 · Things to Come opens with a near-future forecast of Christmas 1940 in the metropolis of Everytown (obviously London), a city threatened by world war.
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Humanity Marches On - Taking Up Room
Mar 31, 2022 · Also, the film is in public domain, which means it likely hasn't been curated very well. Things To Come bombed at the box office and no one ...<|separator|>
[68]
Things to Come - Blu-ray News and Reviews | High Def Digest
Jun 14, 2013 · When reviewing older films on Blu-ray (especially something as old as 1936's 'Things To Come'), it's often hard to know how to fairly rate the ...
[69]
Things to Come Blu-ray
Rating 8/10 May 19, 2013 · Things to Come Blu-ray Release Date June 18, 2013. Blu-ray reviews, news, specs, ratings, screenshots. Cheap Blu-ray movies and deals.
[70]
Things to Come (1936) On Blu-ray - Loving The Classics
In stockThings to Come (1936) On Blu-ray · New high-definition digital film restoration, with uncompressed monaural soundtrack · Audio commentary featuring film historian ...<|separator|>
[71]
THINGS TO COME (H.G. WELLS) (COLORIZED) Exclusive Full Sci ...
Apr 21, 2025 · Title: THINGS TO COME (H.G. WELLS) (COLORIZED) Summary: The story ... youtube.com/channel/UC4ZqZ6V67OWNUxBHLLv7yAA/join Check our ...
[72]
Retro Rewind - 1936's Things to Come by DigitalExplorations on ...
Wells conceived Things to Come as a response to Fritz Lang's Metropolis, in which technology is depicted as evil and enslaving mankind. Aldous Huxley wrote ...
[73]
Things To Come (1936) - Military Gogglebox
Jul 20, 2021 · Things to Come sets out a future history from 1940 to 2036. In the screenplay, or “treatment” that Wells published in 1935, before the film was ...Missing: chronology | Show results with:chronology
[74]
Things to Come, 1936 - Public Domain Movies
Oct 29, 2024 · The dialogue and plot were devised by H. G. Wells as “a new story” meant to display the “social and political forces and possibilities” that ...<|separator|>
[75]
Things to Come - Wikipedia
Things to Come is a 1936 British science fiction film produced by Alexander Korda, directed by William Cameron Menzies, and written by H. G. Wells.The Shape of Things to Come · H. G. Wells' The Shape of... · Margaretta Scott
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3-lV7dZVyg
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3-lV7dZVyg