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Turmeric

Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the ginger family Zingiberaceae, native to the tropical Indian subcontinent, particularly India, where it has been cultivated for thousands of years. The spice known as turmeric is derived from the dried and ground rhizomes of Curcuma longa, which produce a vibrant yellow-orange powder valued for its culinary, medicinal, and dyeing properties.^[1]^[2] Botanically, Curcuma longa grows to about 1 meter in height, featuring oblong leaves and underground rhizomes that are 2.5–7.0 cm long and up to 2.5 cm wide, with a yellowish-brown exterior and dull orange interior. These rhizomes contain curcuminoids, including the primary active compound curcumin (comprising 5–6.6% of the content), along with volatile oils such as turmerone, contributing to its characteristic color, aroma, and potential bioactivity. India remains the world's largest producer, accounting for nearly all global supply, with major cultivation in regions like Erode, Tamil Nadu.^[1]^[2] Historically, turmeric has been integral to South Asian culture for nearly 4,000 years, documented in Vedic texts as a spice, dye, and component of religious ceremonies; it spread to China by 700 AD, East Africa by 800 AD, and eventually worldwide through trade routes. In cuisine, it is a staple in Indian, Southeast Asian, and Middle Eastern dishes, such as curries, imparting a warm, slightly bitter flavor and golden hue, with typical daily consumption in Asia ranging from 200–1,000 mg. Beyond food, it serves as a natural colorant in products like butter, cheese, and beverages.^[1] In traditional medicine, particularly Ayurveda, turmeric has been used to treat conditions like arthritis, digestive issues, wounds, and inflammation, often applied topically or ingested for its purported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Modern research has identified over 100 compounds in turmeric, with curcumin showing promise in preclinical studies for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer activities, though human evidence remains limited and bioavailability is low without enhancers like piperine. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration classifies turmeric as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a spice and color additive.^[1]^[2]

Etymology and History

Etymology

The English word "turmeric" derives from Middle English "turmeryte" or "tarmaret," first appearing in the 15th century, likely as a corruption of Old French terre mérite ("meritorious earth") or New Latin terra merita, alluding to the spice's earthy, pigment-like golden hue resembling a valued mineral.^[3]^[1] Alternative origins trace it to Arabic kurkum (كُرْكُم), an early term for the plant possibly linked to saffron, or Persian darzard ("yellow stick"), reflecting trade routes that introduced the rhizome to Europe via Arab and Persian intermediaries.^[4]^[5] In Sanskrit, turmeric is most commonly known as haridra, etymologically from hari ("yellow" or "dear to Hari," referencing Lord Krishna) combined with drā ("article" or "substance"), emphasizing its vibrant color and cultural reverence; the term appears in ancient texts like the Atharva Veda (circa 1200–900 BCE), where it is also called haladi or harit ("yellow one"), and in later works such as Amarakosha (6th century CE), which lists early synonyms.^[1]^[6] Sanskrit literature documents at least 53 synonyms for turmeric, with etymological roots highlighting its properties: varna-dātri ("color-giver," from varna for color and dātri for bestower), used for its dyeing qualities; dirgha-ranga ("long-lasting color," from dirgha for enduring and ranga for hue); and jayanti ("victor over diseases"), underscoring medicinal connotations in Ayurvedic compendia like Bhava Prakash Nighantu (16th century).^[1]^[6] Across major languages, names for turmeric often evoke its yellow pigmentation or botanical kinship to ginger. In Hindi, haldi is a phonetic evolution from Sanskrit haridra, simplifying the term while retaining the focus on its bright yellow (hal suggesting allure or yellowness) and becoming the predominant name in northern India.^[1] In Chinese, jiang huang (姜黄) literally means "yellow ginger" (jiang for ginger family resemblance and huang for yellow), a designation rooted in traditional materia medica distinguishing it from related species.^[7] Japanese ukon (鬱金) derives from the Chinese yù jīn (郁金, "dense gold" or "luxuriant yellow"), imported via classical pharmacology and adapted to denote the rhizome's golden essence in historical texts.^[4] In Arabic treatises, such as medieval medical translations, it is termed kurkum, preserving the ancient Semitic root for saffron-like spices and appearing in works like those influencing Unani medicine.^[5]^[8]

Historical Uses and Spread

Turmeric's earliest documented use dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization in ancient India, with archaeological evidence from the site of Farmana in present-day Haryana revealing turmeric starch grains in pottery residues and cattle dental calculus dated between 2600 and 2200 BCE.^[9] This indicates its integration into early culinary practices, likely as a spice in proto-curry mixtures alongside ginger and garlic.^[10] By around 1500 BCE, turmeric had spread to ancient Egypt, where it is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus as a remedy for healing wounds and as a dye.^[5] In India, its medicinal applications were further detailed in Ayurvedic texts, such as the Sushruta Samhita, composed around 600 BCE, which recommends turmeric ointments for treating food poisoning and promoting wound healing.^[1] Turmeric's dissemination accelerated through ancient trade networks, reaching China by 700 CE via the Silk Road, where it was valued for both culinary and medicinal purposes.^[11] Arab traders facilitated its introduction to the Middle East and subsequently to Europe around the 13th century, often marketed as "Indian saffron" for its coloring properties.^[11] In the 16th century, Portuguese explorers carried turmeric across the Atlantic, introducing it to the Americas as part of broader spice exchanges during colonial expansion.^[11]

Botanical Description and Taxonomy

Taxonomy

Curcuma longa L. is a species in the genus Curcuma within the family Zingiberaceae. Its taxonomic hierarchy is: Kingdom: Plantae; Phylum: Tracheophyta; Class: Liliopsida; Order: Zingiberales; Family: Zingiberaceae; Genus: Curcuma; Species: C. longa. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753. It is a triploid (2n = 3x = 63) and primarily cross-pollinated, though seed fertility is low in cultivation.^[12]

Plant Morphology

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, characterized by its rhizomatous growth and erect habit.^[1] It typically reaches a height of 0.6 to 1.2 meters, forming clumps of shoots that emerge from underground rhizomes.^[13] The plant's vegetative structure is adapted to tropical environments, with a focus on efficient nutrient storage and water retention through its subterranean and foliar components.^[14] The rhizomes serve as the primary storage organs, functioning as underground stems that anchor the plant and store carbohydrates. The central mother rhizome is ovate or pear-shaped, measuring up to 4 cm in length and 3 cm in thickness,^[15] while secondary rhizomes extend as finger-like branches, often 2.5 to 7 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter.^[1] These rhizomes are thick, fleshy, and shallowly buried, exhibiting a tan exterior with darker brown stripes and a bright orange interior.^[14] Above ground, the plant develops pseudostems formed by the overlapping sheaths of the leaves, which provide structural support without a true woody stem.^[16] The leaves are lanceolate to oblong, arranged alternately along the pseudostem, reaching lengths of up to 50 cm and widths of 15 to 18 cm; they feature prominent parallel veins, a dark green upper surface, and a paler green underside.^[17] In its growth cycle, turmeric exhibits seasonal dormancy during dry periods, with foliage wilting and the plant relying on rhizome reserves until favorable moisture returns, often during monsoon seasons in its native range.^[13] Propagation occurs vegetatively through division of the rhizomes, where segments containing at least one bud (or "eye") are planted to produce new shoots.^[16] This clonal method ensures genetic uniformity and supports its perennial nature in suitable climates.^[1]

Inflorescence, Flower, and Fruit

The inflorescence of Curcuma longa is a terminal spike emerging from the leaf sheaths at the base of the pseudostem, typically measuring 10–15 cm in length and 4–7 cm in width, with a cylindrical shape covered by overlapping bracts that are pale green to greenish-white and sometimes tinged with reddish-purple at the apex.^[18] These bracts, ovate to oblong and 3–7.5 cm long, subtend the flowers and provide structural support, with the spike forming a dense cluster where flowers emerge sequentially from the bract axils.^[18] The overall inflorescence arises during the flowering season, often from July to August in suitable climates, though it may vary by region.^[13] The flowers are bisexual and adapted for insect pollination, characteristic of the Zingiberaceae family, with showy structures attracting bees and other pollinators such as halictid and carpenter bees.^[19] Each flower features a tubular calyx that is white and puberulent, about 0.8–1.2 cm long with three teeth, enclosing a pale yellow corolla with a tube up to 3 cm long and deltoid lobes measuring 1–1.5 cm, the central lobe being the largest and mucronate at the apex.^[18] The labellum, a prominent lip-like structure, is obovate, 1.2–2 cm long, yellowish with a central yellow band and thickened center, while the lateral staminodes are petal-like, white, and shorter than the labellum, enhancing the flower's attractiveness.^[18] A single fertile stamen is present, with a spurred anther base, and the ovary is sparsely hairy, contributing to the flower's overall yellowish-white appearance that opens one at a time along the spike.^[18] The fruit of C. longa is an ellipsoid to ovoid capsule, trilocular, and dehiscent, opening along three valves to release seeds, though seed production is rare and capsules are infrequently formed in both wild and cultivated plants.^[18] Each capsule typically contains 1–6 small, brown, ovoid to angular seeds enclosed in a fleshy aril, but these seeds are often non-viable due to the sterility of cultivated varieties, limiting sexual reproduction and emphasizing the plant's reliance on other propagation methods.^[12] In natural settings, viable seed set can occur, but it is uncommon and not a primary means of dissemination.^[20]

Origin, Distribution, and Cultivation

Native Origin and Wild Distribution

Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is native to South Asia, with its probable origin in the Indo-Malayan region and India serving as the primary center of diversity.^[21] Genetic and ethnobotanical evidence indicates that domestication occurred over 4,000 years ago, with archaeological evidence of use during the Indus Valley Civilization, likely beginning in regions such as southwestern India where the species is considered a cultigen.^[21]^[1]^[22] This early cultivation is supported by archaeological findings, including lipid residues in pottery from Indus Valley sites indicating use in cooking around 2500 BCE, and traditional uses documented in ancient texts, highlighting its integration into South Asian societies as a spice, dye, and medicinal plant.^[12] Although C. longa is not known in a truly wild state due to long-term domestication, limited naturalized or semi-wild populations persist in tropical forests across India (including northeastern areas like Assam and the eastern Himalayas), Bangladesh, and parts of Southeast Asia such as Myanmar.^[23]^[24] These populations are restricted to humid, shaded understories in seasonally dry tropical biomes, but they face threats from habitat loss and overharvesting, contributing to endangerment in native habitats.^[12] The genus Curcuma exhibits high diversity in these regions, with at least 40 species recorded in India alone, underscoring the area's role as a hotspot for evolutionary adaptation.^[21] Turmeric's ancestry traces to wild relatives within the Curcuma genus, with C. longa believed to be a sterile hybrid derived from species such as Curcuma aromatica and closely related taxa native to South and Southeast Asia.^[25] C. aromatica, a wild species found in the forests of northeastern India and Bangladesh, shares morphological and chemical similarities with turmeric, including rhizomatous growth and aromatic compounds, and is thought to have contributed to its genetic makeup through ancient hybridization events.^[21] This hybrid origin explains the species' sterility and reliance on vegetative propagation, distinguishing it from its fertile wild progenitors.^[25]

Commercial Cultivation and Varieties

Turmeric is commercially cultivated primarily in tropical regions, requiring temperatures between 20 and 35°C and annual rainfall of 1,500 to 2,500 mm for optimal growth.^[26]^[27] The plant thrives in well-drained loamy or red soils rich in organic matter, with a pH range of 4.5 to 7.5 to prevent waterlogging and support root development.^[27] In major producing areas like India, planting occurs during May to June, aligning with the pre-monsoon period to ensure adequate moisture for rhizome sprouting.^[28] Key cultivation practices begin with land preparation, involving deep plowing and incorporation of organic manure at 20-25 tons per hectare to enhance soil fertility. Rhizomes are planted at a seed rate of 2,000 to 2,500 kg per hectare, with spacing of 25-30 cm between plants in light soils or 45-60 cm between ridges in heavier soils to accommodate the crop's spreading habit. Irrigation is critical during dry spells, typically requiring 15-40 applications depending on soil type and rainfall distribution, often using drip systems for efficiency; weeding is performed manually or with herbicides like pendimethalin three times at 60, 90, and 120 days after planting to control competition from weeds. Harvesting occurs 7-9 months post-planting, around January to March in India, when leaves turn yellow and pseudostems dry, yielding fresh rhizomes that are then cured for market.^[27]^[26] Prominent Indian varieties include Erode local, prized for its relatively high curcumin content of 3.5-5%, and Alleppey, selected for its high yield potential of 25-30 tons per hectare of fresh rhizomes. Improved hybrids such as IISR Prathibha, developed by the Indian Institute of Spices Research, offer enhanced disease resistance and yield up to 35 tons per hectare while maintaining good curcumin levels. In Indonesia, local strains of Curcuma longa and related species like Curcuma xanthorrhiza (temulawak) are cultivated for both culinary and medicinal uses in tropical lowlands. China grows adapted cultivars of Curcuma longa in subtropical provinces, focusing on high-yield varieties suited to its diverse regional climates.^[27]^[29]^[28]^[30]

Phytochemistry

Primary Chemical Constituents

The rhizomes of Curcuma longa, the source of turmeric, exhibit a diverse chemical profile dominated by carbohydrates, which constitute 60–70% of the dry weight, primarily in the form of starch and other polysaccharides that contribute to the plant's structural integrity and energy storage.^[31] Essential oils make up 3–5% of the dry rhizome mass, providing the volatile fraction responsible for turmeric's distinctive aroma and flavor, while curcuminoids account for 2–5%, serving as key pigments.^[32] Additionally, fixed oils comprise approximately 5–10% of the composition, including fatty acids that support lipid-soluble compound extraction and stability.^[33] These proportions can vary based on cultivar, growing conditions, and post-harvest processing, but they collectively define turmeric's multifaceted utility in food, medicine, and industry.^[32] The essential oils, extracted via steam distillation, are predominantly sesquiterpenic in nature, with ar-turmerone emerging as the major constituent, often comprising 25–70% of the total oil depending on the rhizome variety and origin.^[32]^[34] This compound, alongside others like α-turmerone, β-turmerone, and atlantone, imparts the spicy, earthy scent characteristic of turmeric and contributes to its antimicrobial properties.^[35] These volatile components are biosynthesized in the rhizome's oil glands and are more concentrated in fresh material, decreasing slightly upon drying.^[32] Beyond curcuminoids—where curcumin serves as the principal member—turmeric harbors non-curcuminoid phenolics, including turmerin, a low-molecular-weight protein, and an array of polysaccharides such as arabinogalactans and rhamnogalacturonans.^[32] These polysaccharides, extracted from the rhizome's cell walls, exhibit potential immune-modulating effects by interacting with gut microbiota and enhancing barrier function in preclinical models.^[36] Together, these classes underscore the rhizome's biochemical complexity, distinct from the focused curcuminoid profile explored elsewhere. Curcumin, chemically known as diferuloylmethane, is the primary curcuminoid in turmeric and belongs to the class of diarylheptanoids, characterized by two aromatic rings connected by a seven-carbon chain with two α,β-unsaturated ketone groups.^[37]^[38] Its molecular formula is C₂₁H₂₀O₆, and it exhibits a bright yellow color responsible for turmeric's pigmentation.^[37] Closely related analogs include demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, which differ from curcumin by the absence of one or both methoxy groups on the aromatic rings, respectively, yet share the core diarylheptanoid skeleton.^[39]^[40] The biosynthesis of curcuminoids in Curcuma longa rhizomes begins with the phenylpropanoid pathway, where phenylalanine is converted to p-coumaroyl-CoA and feruloyl-CoA through a series of enzymatic steps including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase.^[41] These activated phenylpropanoids then condense with malonyl-CoA via type III polyketide synthases, specifically curcumin synthase (CURS) enzymes such as CsPKS1 and CsPKS3, to form the linear diarylheptanoid backbone of curcuminoids.^[41]^[42] This pathway is predominantly active in the rhizomes, where curcuminoid accumulation peaks during maturation.^[43] Curcuminoids are typically extracted from dried turmeric rhizomes using organic solvents such as ethanol or acetone, which dissolve the lipophilic compounds effectively.^[44]^[45] Solvent extraction methods, often assisted by heat or ultrasound, yield 2–6% curcuminoids by weight from high-quality rhizomes, depending on solvent polarity and extraction conditions.^[46] For commercial supplements, extracts are further purified and standardized to contain at least 95% total curcuminoids, ensuring consistent potency and compliance with pharmacopeial standards like those from the United States Pharmacopeia.^[47]^[48]

Culinary and Traditional Uses

Culinary Applications

Turmeric's ground rhizome powder is a fundamental spice in global cuisines, valued for imparting a vibrant yellow coloration and an earthy, slightly bitter flavor that balances richer ingredients.^[1] This form is extensively used in curries and rice dishes, where it enhances visual appeal and taste complexity; for example, in Indian biryani, it colors and flavors the layered rice preparation, while in Thai curries like khao mok gai, it contributes to the warm, aromatic base alongside coconut milk and other spices.^[49]^[50] Regionally, turmeric features prominently in spice blends such as curry powder, where it forms the yellow backbone mixed with coriander, cumin, and fenugreek for use in South Asian and Southeast Asian recipes.^[51] In Indian traditions, it is stirred into warm milk to create golden milk (haldi doodh), a spiced beverage that highlights its subtle bitterness, and fresh turmeric is pickled as a crunchy, tangy condiment for meals.^[52]^[53] Culinary applications typically employ 0.5–1 gram per dish, contributing to a daily intake of 200–1,000 mg in traditional Asian diets.^[1] To ensure longevity, turmeric rhizomes are dried and ground into powder, which retains flavor and quality for up to two years when stored in airtight containers in a cool, dark environment.^[54] Fresh rhizomes, conversely, are grated or sliced for immediate use in Southeast Asian dishes, including salads and soups, to capture their fresh, pungent essence before potency diminishes.^[55]

Traditional Medicinal Practices

In Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric, known as haridra, has been traditionally employed for its purported detoxifying properties, aiding in the removal of ama (toxins) and balancing kapha and meda (phlegm and fat tissues). It is commonly prepared as poultices for wound healing, applied topically to promote tissue repair and reduce infection risk, and as anti-inflammatory pastes mixed with other herbs for conditions like joint pain and skin irritations. In therapeutic preparations, internal dosages of 1 to 3 grams of turmeric powder per day have been used, often consumed in milk or water decoctions to support overall vitality and respiratory health, such as alleviating allergies and bronchial issues.^[1]^[56]^[1] In Traditional Chinese Medicine, turmeric is referred to as jiang huang (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) and valued for promoting blood circulation to relieve pain, particularly in cases of blood stasis causing abdominal discomfort or menstrual irregularities. It is frequently incorporated into decoctions, such as those combined with other herbs like e zhu (Sparganii Rhizoma), to address distending pain from food retention or injuries, with its acrid, bitter, and warm properties targeting the spleen and stomach meridians. Traditional formulations emphasize its role in invigorating qi and breaking up stagnation, though it is contraindicated during pregnancy or menstruation due to its potent blood-moving effects.^[57]^[57] Across other cultures, turmeric features prominently in Indonesian jamu remedies, where Curcuma longa is blended into herbal tonics to aid digestion and support liver health. In African traditional systems, it has been used to treat a range of ailments including arthritis and general inflammation, reflecting its adoption in folk healing practices for bodily purification. In Indian Hindu rituals, the haldi ceremony precedes weddings, where turmeric paste is applied to the bride and groom for protective and auspicious purposes, rooted in beliefs of its purifying and warding-off-evil qualities that align with its medicinal reputation for skin health and vitality.^[58]^[59]^[1]^[60]

Other Practical Uses

Dye and Indicator Properties

Turmeric's utility as a natural dye stems from its primary pigment, curcumin, which yields yellow to orange hues on textiles when fixed using mordants such as alum.^[61] This dyeing process enhances color adhesion and vibrancy on fibers like cotton and wool.^[61] Historically, turmeric has been employed in India for coloring traditional garments, including patolu saris from Gujarat, where it produces rich yellow shades despite its tendency to fade over time.^[62] To extract the dye, dried turmeric rhizomes are pulverized and extracted by heating in water to dissolve the curcuminoids into a vibrant yellow solution suitable for application.^[63] The resulting dye demonstrates moderate lightfastness, achieving ratings of 3–4 on the blue wool scale for cotton fabrics and 5–6 for wool when mordanted, indicating reasonable durability under exposure to light.^[64] Beyond dyeing, turmeric acts as a pH indicator owing to curcumin's sensitivity to hydrogen ion concentration, displaying a yellow color in acidic or neutral solutions (pH below 7.4) and shifting to red-brown in alkaline conditions (pH above 7.4).^[65] This reversible color transition enables its use in basic laboratory tests to distinguish acids from bases, such as titrations or qualitative analyses.^[65] In household settings, turmeric solutions or papers can detect alkaline residues, like leftover soap on cleaned surfaces, by revealing red-brown stains where bases are present.^[66]

Cosmetics and Textiles

Turmeric extract is widely incorporated into modern cosmetic formulations, particularly anti-acne creams and face masks, at concentrations of 0.5–2% to leverage its skin brightening and antimicrobial properties.^[67]^[68] These products utilize curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, to inhibit acne-causing bacteria and reduce hyperpigmentation, promoting an even skin tone without significant irritation at these levels.^[69] In the Indian beauty industry, ubtan formulations exemplify this application, blending turmeric with other natural ingredients like gram flour and sandalwood into commercial face masks and scrubs that exfoliate and brighten the complexion for contemporary skincare routines.^[70]^[71] In the textile sector, turmeric serves as a natural dye for eco-friendly fabric coloration, producing vibrant yellow hues on cotton and other natural fibers through sustainable extraction and mordanting processes that minimize environmental impact compared to synthetic dyes.^[72] However, turmeric's dye is prone to color bleeding and fading due to its fugitive nature, which can diminish vibrancy during washing or light exposure.^[73] To address this, nanotechnology encapsulation techniques, such as embedding curcumin nanoparticles in silica matrices or polyamide structures, enhance colorfastness and durability on textiles, enabling broader adoption in green dyeing applications.^[74]^[75] The integration of turmeric into cosmetics and textiles aligns with rising market trends toward organic and sustainable products, as the global organic skincare sector is projected to reach $13.21 billion by 2025, driven by demand for plant-based ingredients like curcumin in natural formulations.^[76] This growth reflects turmeric's increasing prominence in eco-conscious industries, supported by the expanding curcumin market valued at approximately $110 million in 2025.^[77]

Production and Adulteration

Global Production and Trade

India dominates global turmeric production, accounting for over 80% of the world's supply, with an annual output of approximately 1.12 million metric tons in fiscal year 2024-25 (advance estimates).^[78] The country cultivates turmeric across multiple states, including Maharashtra as the leading producer at over 325,000 metric tons in fiscal year 2024.^[79] Following India, the primary producers are China (about 8% of global production), Myanmar (4%), Nigeria (3%), and Bangladesh (3%), contributing to a total worldwide output of around 1.4 million metric tons annually.^[80] In terms of trade, the global turmeric market reached a value of US$587 million in 2023, with exports primarily driven by India, which shipped goods worth approximately US$341 million in the 2024-25 fiscal year, marking a 50.7% increase from the previous year and representing a 66% global market share.^[81]^[82] Key export destinations include the United States, United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, and European countries, where demand is particularly strong for turmeric in dietary supplements and functional foods.^[83] Trade dynamics are influenced by price volatility, such as the 8% rise in turmeric prices during the first half of 2023 due to erratic rainfall disrupting supplies in major Indian growing regions.^[84] Sustainability efforts in turmeric production are gaining momentum, with a notable increase in organic certification to meet rising international demand for pesticide-free varieties. The organic turmeric segment is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 8% from 2025 onward, reflecting broader trends toward sustainable agriculture in response to consumer preferences in key markets like North America and Europe.^[85]

Adulteration Methods and Detection

Turmeric powder is frequently adulterated to enhance its appearance, weight, or volume while reducing costs, with common adulterants including lead chromate, spent turmeric, and starch fillers often dyed with metanil yellow. Lead chromate, a toxic yellow pigment, is added to impart a brighter color to low-quality or pale turmeric, particularly in regions like South Asia where this practice has been documented in market samples. Spent turmeric, which is the residue left after curcumin extraction and lacks active compounds, is mixed in to bulk up the product without adding value. Starch, such as from rice or maize, is another prevalent filler, sometimes colored with metanil yellow—a non-permitted industrial dye—to mimic the natural hue and texture of pure turmeric. Detection of these adulterants relies on a combination of simple chemical tests, microscopic analysis, and advanced instrumental techniques. For lead chromate, a basic test involves dissolving a sample in hydrochloric acid (HCl), where the formation of a white precipitate of lead chloride and a green chromium solution indicates its presence; more precise confirmation uses powder X-ray diffraction to identify lead chromate crystals directly in the powder. Starch adulteration can be identified through microscopy, where characteristic granule shapes (e.g., oval or polyhedral forms distinct from turmeric's cellular structure) are observed under a light microscope after staining. Metanil yellow is detected by adding HCl to a sample in a test tube, resulting in a pink or violet color if the dye is present. For spent turmeric, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms distinguishes it from fresh powder based on spectral differences in curcumin content and overall composition. Quantifying curcumin content is essential for verifying overall purity, as adulterated turmeric often falls below quality thresholds. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection is the standard method, separating and measuring curcuminoids; commercial turmeric powder should contain at least 3% curcumin by weight to meet trade quality benchmarks, though many market samples test lower (e.g., below 1% in 77% of analyzed products). Regulatory standards enforce limits on contaminants to protect consumers. The Codex Alimentarius Standard for Turmeric (CXS 359-2024) requires compliance with the General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995), including a maximum lead level of 2.0 mg/kg for dried rhizomes like turmeric. In the United States, the FDA has issued recalls for turmeric products exceeding safe heavy metal levels, with ongoing surveillance highlighting risks from lead in imported spices as recently as 2023-2024 actions on similar commodities, including specific turmeric recalls in 2025.^[86]

Medical Research and Health Effects

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Research

Curcumin, the primary bioactive compound in turmeric, has been extensively studied for its anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of key signaling pathways. Specifically, curcumin suppresses the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, a central regulator of inflammatory responses, by preventing the degradation of its inhibitor IκBα and reducing the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus.^[87] This inhibition leads to decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Additionally, curcumin downregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that catalyzes the production of prostaglandins, thereby mitigating inflammatory mediator release in cellular models such as lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages.^[88] In preclinical animal studies, these mechanisms have translated to measurable reductions in inflammation markers. For instance, in rat models of alcohol-induced liver disease, oral administration of curcumin at 75 mg/kg/day for four weeks blocked NF-κB activation in Kupffer cells and suppressed COX-2 expression, resulting in decreased levels of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and chemokines.^[87] Similarly, in rat arthritis models induced by adjuvant, curcumin treatment significantly reduced levels of TNF-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), demonstrating attenuation of joint inflammation.^[89] Other rodent studies on colitis have shown significant reductions in inflammatory cytokines, underscoring curcumin's potential in preclinical inflammatory conditions.^[90] Regarding antioxidant effects, curcumin exhibits potent free radical scavenging activity primarily through its phenolic hydroxyl groups, which donate hydrogen atoms to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydroxyl radicals.^[91] This capability is demonstrated in in vitro assays such as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, where ground turmeric shows a value of 159,277 μmol Trolox equivalents (TE) per 100 g (though the USDA discontinued this metric in 2012 as it may not reflect in vivo effects).^[92]^[93] These properties help protect cellular components from oxidative damage in preclinical assays. A major limitation in harnessing these benefits is curcumin's poor bioavailability due to rapid metabolism and low intestinal absorption. However, co-administration with piperine, a compound from black pepper, enhances curcumin's absorption by inhibiting hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation, leading to a 20-fold increase in bioavailability in both rat and human pharmacokinetic studies.^[94]

Clinical Studies and Safety Considerations

Clinical studies on turmeric, primarily focusing on its active compound curcumin, have explored its potential therapeutic effects in humans, with mixed results emphasizing modest benefits in specific conditions. A 2025 systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that bioavailability-enhanced curcumin supplements led to a 30% reduction in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain scores compared to placebo, particularly in patients with knee osteoarthritis.^[95] Doses in these trials typically ranged from 500 mg to 1,500 mg of curcumin daily, often combined with bioavailability enhancers like piperine, showing effects comparable to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but with fewer adverse events.^[95] For cancer prevention, evidence remains limited; small-scale trials, such as a phase II study in pancreatic cancer patients receiving 8,000 mg/day, reported stable disease in only one participant without significant tumor regression or survival benefits.^[96] Similarly, randomized trials for colorectal and head/neck precancerous lesions showed inconsistent reductions in lesion size or number, with no large-scale confirmation of preventive efficacy.^[96] Regarding safety, oral turmeric and curcumin are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as dietary ingredients, based on multiple GRAS notices including those for curcumin extracts from Curcuma longa.^[97] At doses up to 8 grams per day, short-term use (2-3 months) appears well-tolerated in most adults, though higher bioavailability formulations have been linked to rare cases of liver injury manifesting as jaundice or elevated enzymes.^[98] Common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, particularly at doses exceeding 1 gram daily, while individuals with gallbladder conditions may experience exacerbated symptoms due to curcumin's choleretic effects.^[98] Drug interactions pose notable risks; curcumin may enhance the anticoagulant effects of blood thinners like warfarin, potentially increasing bleeding risk, and it can interfere with chemotherapy agents or diabetes medications by altering their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes.^[98] Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should avoid supplemental doses beyond culinary amounts due to insufficient safety data. As of 2025, ongoing clinical trials, such as a pragmatic study on quercetin/curcumin combinations for long COVID symptoms (NCT06974058), continue to evaluate its role as an adjunct therapy in post-viral inflammatory conditions.^[99]

References

[1]
Turmeric, the Golden Spice - Herbal Medicine - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Turmeric is a product of Curcuma longa, a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the ginger family Zingiberaceae, which is native to tropical South ...INTRODUCTION · ORIGIN, NOMENCLATURE... · STUDIES WITH TURMERIC OIL
[2]
Curcumin | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University
Food sources. Turmeric is the dried ground rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn (106). It is used as a spice in Indian, Southeast Asian, and Middle Eastern cuisines.
[3]
Turmeric - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Originating from Middle English turmeryte (15c.), possibly from Arabic kurkum, turmeric means a pungent powder from an East Indian ginger-family plant root.
[4]
Turmeric - McCormick Science Institute
The origin of the Latin name Curcuma stems from the Arabic word al-kurkum which was the original word for saffron.
[5]
Herbs in History: Turmeric - American Herbal Products Association
In fact, Turmeric was known and used in the Arabic World. And it is from there that its name Curcuma came. Through translations of the Arabic medical literature ...To The Root · Backward In Time · First Trace
[6]
[PDF] Curcuma Longa (Turmeric): A Condiment of Great Therapeutic ...
Jan 6, 2021 · These Sanskrit names have been deciphered etymologically and philologically to give an idea of the status of the plant in ancient times when it ...
[7]
how turmeric (jianghuang) and curcuma (yujin) became confused
The Chinese name that goes with this herb is jianghuang, meaning ginger (jiang) that is yellow (huang). This name is certainly appropriate, as this is of the ...
[8]
Spotlight on: turmeric - Eat Like A Sultan
Jul 19, 2023 · In the medieval Arabic culinary tradition, kurkum appears only once, to colour sparrow meat, in a recipe from Mamluk Egypt. However, it is not ...
[9]
Exotic foods reveal contact between South Asia and the Near East ...
Turmeric starch grains have been identified in both cattle dental calculus and pottery at the Harappan site of Farmana, dating to between 2600 and 2200 BCE ( ...
[10]
The Ingredients for a 4000-Year-Old Proto-Curry | Science
Jul 20, 2012 · Dated to between 2500 and 2200 B.C.E., the finds are the first time either spice has been identified in the Indus. Cow teeth from Pakistan's ...
[11]
What is the History of Turmeric? | Stories | PBS Food
Mar 9, 2015 · It was around 500 BCE that turmeric emerged as an important part of Ayurvedic medicine. Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of natural healing ...
[12]
Curcuma longa - North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
Common Turmeric is an upright perennial herb with rhizomes that grow about 40 inches tall. The rhizomes are the source of a bright yellow-orange culinary spice.Missing: scientific | Show results with:scientific
[13]
Turmeric - University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a plant from Southeast Asia, with orange roots used as a spice, dye, and medicine. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant.
[14]
Turmeric - UF/IFAS Gardening Solutions
The turmeric plant grows to three feet and has oblong, dark green leaves that are about five inches wide. The flowers are yellow-white, growing on a spike-like ...Missing: morphology | Show results with:morphology
[15]
Curcuma Longa (turmeric): from traditional applications to modern ...
May 28, 2025 · Turmeric has been used traditionally for digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and skin diseases, and in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical ...
[16]
Curcuma longa L. - World Flora Online
Corolla pale yellow; tube to 3 cm; lobes deltoid, 1--1.5 cm, central one larger, apex mucronate. Lateral staminodes shorter than labellum. Labellum ...General Information · Included Variety · Classification
[17]
[PDF] An overview of the pollination interactions between the ginger family ...
Jun 1, 2023 · A major study on the pollinators of Zingiberaceae in Asia was done in Malaysian Borneo with a total of 34 species of ginger observed at Sabah ...
[18]
Curcuma longa L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science
### Summary of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) - Inflorescence, Flower, Fruit
[19]
Turmeric - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
It grows to a height of 3–5 ft and has large oblong leaves and funnel-shaped yellow or white flowers (Review of Natural Products, 2011a).
[20]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/turmeric
[21]
Curcuma longa (turmeric) | CABI Compendium
Turmeric is thought to originate from India. It is not known in a true wild state, although in some places it appears to have become naturalized (for example, ...
[22]
Curcuma longa (Turmeric): Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry ...
Curcuma longa (Turmeric) is indigenous to Indian and widely distributed in the following countries: Andaman Is., Assam ... Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Guinea ...
[23]
Turmeric | Laboratory for Cellular Metabolism and Engineering
Turmeric is propagated only vegetatively because it is a sterile hybrid between wild Curcuma species, probably between Curcuma aromatica and closely related ...Missing: ancestor | Show results with:ancestor
[24]
[PDF] IPM Package of Practices for Turmeric
CLIMATIC AND SOIL REQUIREMENTS Turmeric can be grown in diverse tropical conditions from sea level to 1500 m above sea level, at a temperature range of 20-35˚C ...
[25]
[PDF] cultivation_practices-TURMERIC-1.pdf
Though it can be grown on different types of soils, it thrives best in well-drained red or clay loam soils with a pH range of 4.5-7.5 with good organic status. ...
[26]
Turmeric - ICT-AAS-mango - Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Planting is done during May-June or July- August in different tracts. In Kerala and other West Coast areas where rainfall is sufficiently early, the crop can be ...
[27]
Turmeric Varieties | ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research
Turmeric Varieties ; IISR -Pragati. IISR-Kedaram(Turmeric) ; Prathibha (Turmeric). Prabha (Turmeric) ; Suguna (Turmeric). Sudharsana (Turmeric) ; Suvarna (Turmeric).
[28]
Javanese Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) - PubMed Central
Jun 11, 2021 · Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (family: Zingiberaceae) is a native Indonesian highly valuable plant locally familiar as “Temulawak” or Java turmeric ...
[29]
Turmeric and its bioactive constituents trigger cell signaling ...
Jun 9, 2021 · While the chemical composition of turmeric is complex, curcuminoids and essential oils are known as two major groups that display bioactive ...
[30]
Chemical composition and product quality control of turmeric ...
Chemical constituents of various tissues of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have been extensively investigated. To date, at least 235 compounds, ...
[31]
[PDF] Essential oil and curcumin content in different varieties of Turmeric ...
Nov 28, 2021 · The total of curcuminoids which is about 7-10%, turmeric also contains 2-4 per cent essential oil and 2-3 per cent of fixed oil and various ...<|separator|>
[32]
An evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive ...
The major ingredient of turmeric oil was ar-turmerone (61.79%), curlone (12.48%), and ar-curcumene (6.11%). Table 1. Chemical composition of turmeric oil.
[33]
Comparative study of chemical composition and antioxidant activity ...
The major constituents were aromatic-turmerone (24.4%), alpha-turmerone (20.5%) and beta-turmerone (11.1%) in fresh rhizome and aromatic-turmerone (21.4%), ...
[34]
Modulating Effects of Turmeric Polysaccharides on Immune ...
Feb 8, 2024 · The immunomodulatory effect of Astragalus polysaccharide makes it promising for the treatment of many diseases, including cancer, infection, ...Introduction · Materials and Methods · Discussion · References
[35]
Curcumin | C21H20O6 | CID 969516 - PubChem - NIH
Curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane, is an active component in the golden spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) and in [Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil]. It is a highly ...
[36]
Curcumin: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | DrugBank Online
Curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane, is an active component in the golden spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) and in Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil.
[37]
Bisdemethoxycurcumin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Curcuminoids are the collective terms used to encompass three structural analogs obtained from turmeric such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and ...
[38]
Structures of curcumin (Cur), demethoxycurcumin (Dmc), and...
Curcuminoids have similar chemical structures except for the number of methoxy groups on each of the two phenyl moieties. Cur contains one methoxy group on each ...
[39]
Curcuminoid Biosynthesis by Two Type III Polyketide Synthases in ...
Here we propose a pathway for curcuminoid biosynthesis in the herb C. longa, which includes two novel type III polyketide synthases.
[40]
The Biosynthetic Pathway of Curcuminoid in Turmeric (Curcuma ...
Curcuminoid biosynthesis uses one molecule of acetic or malonic acid and two of phenylalanine or phenylpropanoids, possibly two cinnamoyl CoAs and one malonyl ...
[41]
The Biosynthetic Pathway of Curcuminoid in Turmeric ... - J-Stage
Curcuminoid biosynthesis uses one molecule of acetic or malonic acid and two of phenylalanine or phenylpropanoids, possibly two cinnamoyl CoAs and one malonyl ...
[42]
Curcumin: Overview of Extraction Methods, Health Benefits, and ...
May 17, 2023 · Wimonrut et al. achieved an extraction yield of 160.3 mg/g by utilizing ethanol as the solvent, employing a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, ...
[43]
Various Extraction Techniques of Curcumin A Comprehensive Review
Sep 15, 2023 · The yield of curcuminoids in the [OMIM]Br-based UAE was 6.14%, above the yields of the heat-reflux extraction using 85% ethanol (4.40%) and 85% ...
[44]
The Extraction Process, Separation, and Identification of ... - MDPI
Curcumin is a hydrophobic compound and is soluble in organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, etc.). Curcumin is found in nature in two forms ...2. Experimental · 3. Results And Discussion · 3.4. Hplc-Ms/ms Analysis Of...
[45]
Curcuminoid content and safety-related markers of quality of ... - NIH
Curcuminoid composition (% CURC) values for products containing turmeric –derived curcuminoid extract were compared with USP recommended standards. The ...
[46]
[PDF] GRAS Notice 000686, Curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
Jan 3, 2017 · This GRAS notice is for BCM-95 (curcumin) from turmeric, intended as a nutrient supplement in foods like yogurt, nutrition bars, smoothies and ...
[47]
Thai Turmeric Chicken Rice (Khao Mok Gai) - Marion's Kitchen
Rating 4.8 (9) · 1 hr 35 minKhao Mok Gai is a Thai dish with marinated chicken on savory rice, like a biryani, served with mint and sweet chili sauces.
[48]
https://www.fda.gov/files/food/published/GRAS-Notice-000686---Curcumin-from-turmeric-%2528Curcuma-longa-L.%2529.pdf
[49]
Curry Powder Recipe
Rating 5.0 (3) · 5 minApr 22, 2022 · Simply mix the ground turmeric, cumin, coriander, ginger, cinnamon, dried mustard, fenugreek, black pepper, cardamom, and cayenne together with a whisk.
[50]
Golden Milk (Masala Haldi Doodh) - Cook With Manali
Rating 5.0 (31) · 10 minDec 20, 2018 · Method · 1- Add milk to a pan on medium heat. After a minute or two (when the milk is little lukewarm) add turmeric powder to it. · 2- Then add ...
[51]
A Quick Fresh Turmeric Pickle (Haldi ka Achar) | Indiaphile
Rating (9) · 5 minApr 30, 2014 · Turmeric pickle is a crunchy, mildly spiced condiment that you can even munch on by itself for a quick bite. Enjoy the health benefits of fresh turmeric with ...Missing: culinary | Show results with:culinary
[52]
How Much Turmeric Per Day is Best? - Nature's Way
If you're wondering how much turmeric powder to take daily, general culinary use often falls between half to one teaspoon (about 1–3 grams) added to food or ...
[53]
https://indiaphile.info/turmeric-pickle/
[54]
https://www.webstaurantstore.com/blog/3076/do-spices-expire.html
[55]
Ayurvedic intervention in the management of uterine fibroids - NIH
Haridra digests the Aama, Kapha, and Meda. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity. Haridra is not only Kledaghna; it is Kapha Lekhana, Medo Lekhana ...
[56]
Two Traditional Chinese Medicines Curcumae Radix and ... - NIH
Curcumae Rhizoma is mainly used as antitumor drug, while Curcumae Radix has been used as antidepressant and cholagogue.
[57]
Selected Indonesian Medicinal Plants for the Management of ...
May 6, 2020 · Curcumin, which is mainly extracted from turmeric of the ginger family, is a polyphenol compound and used as a spice in Southeast Asian and East ...
[58]
[PDF] TURMERIC | Pennington Biomedical Research Center
Turmeric is used as a spice in food, as a coloring agent and in medicine. In this issue: Turmeric , oxidative stress and inflammation. 2. Turmeric and.Missing: global cuisines
[59]
TURMERIC - Duke Gardens |
Before Indian weddings it's common to have a haldi ceremony, where family members put turmeric paste on the bride and groom for an auspicious marriage.Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
[60]
Sustainable one-bath natural dyeing of cotton fabric using turmeric ...
Jan 1, 2023 · Curcuminoids are polyphenolic colorants within turmeric roots and are responsible for imparting a yellow color to cotton fibers (Karabulut and ...
[61]
Indian blues... and reds... and yellows • V&A Blog
### Summary of Historical Use of Turmeric Dye in Indian Textiles
[62]
[PDF] Dyeing of Wool Yarn with Colourants Extracted From Biodegradable ...
Part used: Rhizomes , When not used fresh the rhizomes are boiled for about 30–45 minutes and then dried in hot ovens after which it is ready for sale in market ...
[63]
A Review on Natural Dyes: Raw Materials, Extraction Process, and ...
Light fastness: Cotton fabric dyed with turmeric and treated with mordant showed a lightfastness of 3-4.Missing: rhizomes scale
[64]
Employing natural reagents from turmeric and lime for acetic acid ...
Curcumin is the main component of turmeric extracts which expresses a yellow color in acid and/or neutral medium while presenting as orange or reddish-brown in ...
[65]
Spicy Indicator: Use turmeric to test for bases in your home
Turmeric is yellow in acid and neutral substances, but turns bright red with bases. Learners can use their indicator to test household chemicals and determine ...
[66]
Turmeric powder: composition, benefits, and uses. - Typology
Concerns: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, coloring, complexion-enhancing, protective, healing, brightening, depigmenting. Effect: All skin types, ...
[67]
Turmeric Skin Properties: Science-Backed Benefits Explained - Spices
Oct 30, 2025 · A 2022 safety review in Cosmetics concluded that topical turmeric is generally well-tolerated at concentrations of 0.5-2%, with most adverse ...
[68]
Effects of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) on Skin Health: A Systematic ...
Aug 10, 2025 · This systematic review was conducted to examine the evidence for the use of both topical and ingested turmeric/curcumin to modulate skin health and function.
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Amazon.com : Blue Nectar Turmeric Ubtan Powder for Glowing Skin
Ayurverdic Traditional Indian Ubtan Powder: Our ubtan is inspired by traditional Indian recipes of plant-based curcumin for gentle exfoliation, removal of dead ...
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https://www.amazon.com/Blue-Nectar-Turmeric-Chemicals-Preservatives/dp/B08RX7LQN7
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Advancements in Sustainable Natural Dyes for Textile Applications
This review discusses the topic of natural dyes, providing a description of their main features and differences compared to synthetic dyes.
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Turmeric to Dye For - Spin Off magazine
Nov 9, 2015 · It can be used as a dye alone or with a mordant such as alum to create a bright yellow color on your yarn and fiber.
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Curcumin Nanoparticles as a Pigment of Polyamide Textiles
Oct 22, 2025 · Curcumin nanoparticles successfully imparted color to the polyamide fabrics. Dyeing performance was strongly influenced by process parameters: ...
[74]
Enhancing the light fastness of natural dyes by encapsulation in ...
The study shows the possibility of improving the light fastness of natural curcumin dyes extracted from turmeric by encapsulation in silica matrix.
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Organic Skincare Market Report 2025, Trends, Demand 2034
In stockOrganic skincare uses plant-derived ingredients, not lab-made substances. The market will grow to $13.21 billion in 2025, with a 10.3% CAGR.
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Curcumin Market Size, Growth & Trends 2025 to 2035
Jul 2, 2025 · The global curcumin market, valued at USD 678.4 Million in 2025, is set to reach USD 1690.4 Million by 2035, expanding at a CAGR of 9.6%.
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Which Country is the Largest Producer of Turmeric in the World?
Jul 9, 2025 · India is the world's largest turmeric producer, growing around 1.16 million metric tonnes annually. Turmeric is cultivated widely across the country.
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https://www.pjtau.edu.in/files/AgriMkt/2025/April/Turmeric-April-2025.pdf
[79]
[PDF] ANGRAU Turmeric Outlook Report- June to May 2023-24
The global turmeric production stands at 13.5 lakh tonnes annually, with India leading the market by contributing 80%, followed by China (8%), Myanmar (4%), ...
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India's Golden Revolution: Turmeric Export Growth - IBEF
Sep 4, 2025 · In 2023, worldwide turmeric trade reached US$ 587 million, with exports reaching US$ 320 million. Exporting value surged 13.56% during 2017–23.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Turmeric Market Analysis 2025: India's Export Dominance Intact ...
Aug 22, 2025 · Export Dominance: India commands a 66% share of global turmeric trade; 14 states contribute to export flow. · Top Importers: Bangladesh, UAE, USA ...
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Turmeric prices soar as erratic rains hit supply amid lively export ...
Jul 11, 2023 · In the first half of 2023, turmeric prices have risen by 8 percent, nearing record highs. An increase in sowing activities is anticipated in the ...
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Organic Turmeric Extract Unlocking Growth Potential: Analysis and ...
Rating 4.8 (1,980) Jul 28, 2025 · The market, valued at approximately $150 million in 2025, is projected to exhibit a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2025 to 2033.
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Curcumin prevents alcohol-induced liver disease in rats by inhibiting ...
Curcumin blocked endotoxin-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and suppressed the expression of cytokines, chemokines, COX-2, and iNOS in Kupffer cells.Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
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Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells ... - PubMed
Oct 28, 1999 · We found that in human colon epithelial cells, curcumin inhibits COX2 induction by the colon tumour promoters, tumour necrosis factor alpha or fecapentaene-12.Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
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https://www.thetakeout.com/1959487/spice-herb-recalls-affected-millions/
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases
Nov 2, 2021 · Current evidences suggest that curcumin is effective in reducing levels of inflammatory mediators, and that curcumin's anti-inflammatory ...
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Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin - PubMed
In this review, we describe both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, the mode of action of curcumin, and its therapeutic usage.Missing: reduction percentage
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[PDF] aicr07_orac.pdf - USDA ARS
➢ The ORAC database provides a table of antioxidant capacities. (μmol TE/100g) and Total phenol (mg GAE)/100g) contents of selected 275 foods. ➢ Antioxidant ...Missing: 127000 | Show results with:127000
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Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin ... - PubMed
Piperine increases curcumin's serum concentration, time to maximum, and bioavailability in both rats and humans, with a 154% increase in rats and 2000% in ...
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Effect of turmeric products on knee osteoarthritis: a systematic ...
Jul 29, 2025 · The efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa extract and Curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci ...Search Strategy And Study... · Data Synthesis And... · Primary Outcome
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Curcumin and Cancer (PDQ®) - NCI
May 13, 2025 · This cancer information summary provides an overview of the use of curcumin as a treatment for people with cancer.
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GRAS Notice Inventory
### Summary of GRAS Status for Turmeric and Curcumin
[94]
Turmeric: Usefulness and Safety | NCCIH - NIH
Topical curcumin can cause hives or itching. Many curcumin products with increased bioavailability are on the market, and liver damage has been reported in some ...
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Study to Investigate the Health Benefits of a Quercetin/Curcumin ...
The study is designed as a real-world pragmatic trial to provide evidence of the potential health benefits of Nasafytol® for Long COVID-19, addressing a ...