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Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851) was an English Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolourist celebrated for his dramatic landscapes, seascapes, and innovative explorations of light, colour, and atmospheric effects.^[1]^[2] Born in London to a barber father, Turner displayed prodigious talent from childhood, entering the Royal Academy Schools at age 14 and exhibiting his first watercolour there a year later.^[3]^[4] Elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1799 at age 24 and a full Academician in 1802, he amassed wealth through patronage and sales, travelling extensively across Europe to capture natural phenomena en plein air.^[4]^[5] His oeuvre, encompassing over 300 oil paintings, 19,000 drawings, and 20,000 watercolours, evolved toward abstraction in later years, earning acclaim as a precursor to Impressionism while drawing criticism for perceived formlessness during his lifetime.^[1]^[6] Intensely private and reclusive, Turner never married but fathered two daughters out of wedlock and bequeathed much of his unfinished work to the nation, forming the core of the Tate Gallery's collection.^[3]^[6]

Etymology and origins

Surname and occupational derivation

The surname Turner derives from an occupational name denoting a craftsman who shaped objects from wood, metal, or bone by turning them on a lathe, a technique central to medieval woodworking and metalworking trades. This etymology traces to Middle English t(o)urnour or turnere, an agent noun from the verb turnen ("to turn"), influenced by Old French torneur (from Latin tornus, "lathe"), reflecting Norman linguistic input following the 1066 Conquest.^[7]^[8] Such occupational surnames proliferated in England from the 12th century onward as hereditary identifiers, with "Turner" among the earliest documented, appearing in records like those of Ralph le Turner in the late 12th century.^[9] The name's prevalence reflects patterns of artisan migration and economic specialization in pre-industrial England, spreading to Scotland, Ireland, and later Anglo-colonial contexts such as North America through 17th- and 18th-century emigration. In English-speaking countries today, it remains common; the 2010 United States Census enumerated 348,627 bearers, ranking it 54th among surnames and comprising about 0.118% of the population.^[10] This frequency underscores the enduring legacy of occupational nomenclature in Western surname formation, distinct from topographic or patronymic origins.^[11]

People

Historical and military figures

Nat Turner (c. October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslaved preacher in Southampton County, Virginia, who organized and led a slave uprising beginning on August 21, 1831.^[12] The rebellion started at his enslaver's residence, where Turner and initial followers killed the family, and expanded as they marched through the county, recruiting approximately 50 to 60 enslaved and free Black individuals.^[13] ^[14] Over two days, the group attacked multiple plantations, resulting in the deaths of about 55 white people, primarily women and children.^[13] ^[15] Local militia suppressed the revolt by August 23, leading to the execution of over 50 Black participants without trial and stricter slave codes across Southern states.^[16] Turner evaded capture until October 30, after which he was tried for insurrection, convicted, and hanged on November 11, 1831.^[14] Turner Ashby (October 23, 1828 – June 6, 1862) served as a Confederate cavalry officer during the American Civil War, rising to colonel in the 7th Virginia Cavalry.^[17] Born in Fauquier County, Virginia, to a family with military tradition, Ashby gained early renown for partisan scouting and intelligence gathering, often operating independently to monitor Union movements in the Shenandoah Valley.^[17] He collaborated closely with General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, providing critical reconnaissance that earned him the nickname Jackson's "eyes," enabling effective maneuvers against Federal forces in 1861–1862.^[18] Ashby's tactics emphasized mobility, disguise, and rapid strikes, including disguising himself as a horse-doctor to infiltrate enemy lines as far as Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.^[19] He was killed in action on June 6, 1862, during a skirmish near Harrisonburg, Virginia, while leading a charge against Union cavalry.^[17]

Artists and intellectuals

Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) was an English Romantic painter renowned for his innovative use of light, color, and atmospheric effects in landscapes and seascapes.^[1] His works, such as The Fighting Temeraire (1839), depict dramatic natural forces and industrial change, with the painting portraying a decommissioned warship towed to scrap amid a glowing sunset, now held by the National Gallery in London.^[2] Turner's techniques, emphasizing transient effects over precise detail, prefigured Impressionism and abstraction, as evidenced by his influence on artists like Claude Monet through exhibitions of luminous, vaporous scenes.^[20] Upon his death, Turner bequeathed over 300 oil paintings and nearly 20,000 watercolors and sketches to the British nation, forming the core of the Tate Gallery's collection and underscoring his enduring institutional impact.^[6] Auction records reflect his market prominence, with Rome, from the Mount Aventine (1835) fetching £30.3 million ($47.3 million) at Sotheby's in 2014, a then-record for a British work on canvas.^[21] William Turner (c. 1508–1568), an English cleric and naturalist, is regarded as the father of English botany for his pioneering A New Herball (parts published 1551–1568), the first original English-language herbal incorporating firsthand observations, Greek and Latin nomenclature, and accurate plant descriptions rather than translations from classical sources.^[22] ^[23] This work advanced systematic botany by prioritizing empirical study over folklore, laying groundwork for later herbalists like John Gerard, and included early ornithological notes in related publications.^[24] Turner's contributions marked the onset of scientific natural history in England, distinguishing native flora through direct fieldwork amid the Reformation's disruptions to scholarly continuity.^[25] Sir William Turner (1832–1916), a Scottish anatomist and university administrator, advanced medical education through rigorous comparative anatomy research and reforms at the University of Edinburgh, where he served as principal from 1903.^[26] His dissections of cetaceans and primates yielded detailed publications on skeletal and muscular systems, influencing evolutionary biology by providing anatomical evidence for human-primate affinities, as detailed in works like Contributions to the Natural History of the Cetacea (1867–1870).^[26] Turner's scholarly output, including over 100 papers, emphasized empirical dissection over speculative theory, earning him fellowship in the Royal Society in 1871 and knighthood in 1886 for elevating scientific standards in British medicine.^[26]

Entertainers and athletes

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; 1939–2023) was a singer, songwriter, and actress renowned for her powerful voice and energetic performances, earning her the moniker "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll." Over her eight-decade career, she sold more than 100 million records worldwide and received 12 Grammy Awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018, with induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in 2021.^[27] ^[28] Her collaboration with then-husband Ike Turner produced hits like the 1971 cover of "Proud Mary," which reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, but their partnership involved severe domestic abuse, including physical beatings and coercive control, leading to her 1976 divorce and a suicide attempt in 1968 to escape the marriage.^[29] Ike Turner (1931–2007) was a musician, bandleader, songwriter, and producer whose early work influenced the development of rock and roll; he played piano and arranged "Rocket 88" (1951), a track by Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats often recognized by historians as a foundational rock 'n' roll recording due to its distorted guitar sound and rhythmic drive.^[30] His career included scouting talent and producing for artists in blues and R&B, but it was overshadowed by cocaine addiction, resulting in felony convictions for possession and sales in 1989, for which he served four years in prison, and allegations of spousal abuse corroborated in Tina Turner's accounts and legal proceedings.^[31] ^[32] Lana Turner (1921–1995) was an actress who rose to prominence in Hollywood during the 1940s as a glamorous leading lady and pin-up icon, starring in over 50 films across five decades. Key roles included the femme fatale Cora in the film noir The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946), which solidified her status as a dramatic actress capable of blending sensuality with intensity, alongside appearances in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) and Peyton Place (1957).^[33] ^[34] Her public life drew scrutiny for multiple marriages and a 1958 scandal where her daughter fatally stabbed Turner's boyfriend in self-defense, though Turner continued working into the 1960s with roles in films like Madame X (1966).^[35] In sports, Justin Turner (born 1984) is a professional baseball infielder and designated hitter who has played in Major League Baseball since 2009, notably contributing to the Los Angeles Dodgers' 2020 World Series championship with a .307 batting average that season and earning two All-Star selections.^[36] Curtis Turner (1924–1970) was a pioneering NASCAR driver who secured 18 wins in the Grand National Series (now Cup Series) from 1956 to 1967, known for his aggressive style on dirt and paved tracks before his death in a plane crash.^[37]

Business, political, and scientific figures

Robert Edward "Ted" Turner III, born November 19, 1938, founded the Turner Broadcasting System in 1963 after inheriting and expanding his father's outdoor advertising business.^[38] He acquired the Atlanta UHF television station WTCG (later WTBS) in 1970, pioneering the "superstation" model by distributing it nationwide via satellite in 1976, which generated revenues exceeding $100 million annually by the early 1980s through cable affiliations.^[39] Turner launched the Cable News Network (CNN) on June 1, 1980, as the world's first 24-hour all-news channel, disrupting traditional broadcast news cycles and achieving profitability within a decade despite initial skepticism; by 1990, CNN's viewership reached tens of millions globally during events like the Gulf War.^[39] His acquisitions included the MGM film library in 1986 for $1.5 billion, enabling content syndication, and culminated in the 1996 merger of Turner Broadcasting with Time Warner for approximately $7.5 billion in stock, establishing Turner as a billionaire with ongoing stakes in the entity.^[38] Turner Enterprises, his holding company, manages over 2 million acres of land across 15 states and two ranches in Montana, restoring bison populations to around 50,000 head through sustainable ranching practices that emphasize ecological balance over intensive agriculture.^[38] John Napier Turner (1929–2020) served as Canada's 17th Prime Minister from June 30 to September 17, 1984, following his leadership of the Liberal Party after Pierre Trudeau's retirement.^[40] As Minister of Justice (1968–1972, 1980–1982) and Finance Minister (1982–1984), he oversaw legal reforms including the decriminalization of homosexuality in 1969 and managed fiscal policies amid 12–13% inflation rates, implementing budget measures that reduced deficits from 8.1% of GDP in 1984–85 projections but faced criticism for not averting recessionary pressures.^[41] His brief premiership ended in a landslide electoral defeat to Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservatives, with the Liberals securing only 40 seats amid voter fatigue with long-term Liberal governance and debates over free trade; Turner's opposition to the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement in principle yielded to its eventual signing under Mulroney, influencing post-1988 economic integration that boosted GDP growth to 3–4% annually in the early 1990s.^[41] Michael R. Turner, born January 11, 1960, has represented Ohio's 10th congressional district as a Republican since 2003, chairing the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence since 2023.^[42] Prior to Congress, he served as mayor of Dayton from 1994 to 2002, during which the city's unemployment rate fell from 7.5% to 5.2% through business incentives and infrastructure investments exceeding $100 million, including riverfront revitalization that attracted corporate relocations.^[42] In Congress, Turner has focused on national security, co-authoring legislation like the 2017 Countering Iran's Destabilizing Activities Act, which imposed sanctions leading to a 20% reduction in Iran's oil exports by 2019, and advocating for Ukraine aid packages totaling over $60 billion since 2022 to counter Russian aggression, emphasizing verifiable military outcomes over diplomatic concessions.^[42] Charles Henry Turner (1863–1923), an American entomologist, conducted pioneering experiments on insect behavior, demonstrating in 1908 that bees possess color vision and can learn mazes, challenging prior assumptions of instinct-only responses.^[43] Earning a doctorate from the University of Chicago in 1907—the first African American to receive one from the institution in zoology—Turner published over 70 papers, including proofs in 1910 that cockroaches detect sound waves via specialized organs, influencing modern neuroethology; his work on associative learning in ants and honeybees anticipated behavioral genetics, with empirical data from controlled lab setups showing retention rates up to 24 hours post-training.^[43] Despite institutional barriers, his findings contributed to agriculture by informing pest control strategies, such as targeted pheromonal disruptions that reduced crop losses by 15–20% in early 20th-century applications.^[43]

Fictional characters

Will Turner serves as a principal protagonist in the Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise, produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released from 2003 to 2017. Portrayed by Orlando Bloom, the character originates as a blacksmith apprentice in Port Royal, Jamaica, who becomes entangled in pirate affairs after aiding Captain Jack Sparrow's escape from execution; he is the son of the spectral pirate Bootstrap Bill Turner, whose bloodline factors into resolving a curse afflicting the crew of the Black Pearl. Turner wields a distinctive sword forged by himself and engages in naval combat, ultimately assuming roles in piracy and governance by the series' conclusion across five films. Timmy Turner is the central figure in the Nickelodeon animated series The Fairly OddParents, which aired from March 30, 2001, to July 26, 2017, across 10 seasons and 160 episodes. Voiced primarily by Tara Strong, the 10-year-old resides in Dimmsdale with neglectful parents and receives wish-granting assistance from fairy godparents Cosmo and Wanda, resulting in frequent mishaps from his impulsive desires. The character's adventures extend to theatrical films, such as The Fairly OddParents: Channel Chasers (2004), and spin-off media, emphasizing themes of childhood fantasy amid parental obliviousness. Light Turner appears as the lead in the 2017 Netflix live-action adaptation of the manga Death Note, directed by Adam Wingard. Portrayed by Nat Wolff, he acquires a supernatural notebook enabling deaths by writing names and begins targeting perceived criminals, escalating into a cat-and-mouse pursuit with law enforcement. The film, released on August 25, 2017, reimagines the Japanese source material's protagonist for an American context, diverging in character motivations and plot resolutions. Earl Turner functions as the narrator-protagonist in The Turner Diaries, a 1978 novel published under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald by William Luther Pierce through the National Alliance press. Depicted as a member of a revolutionary organization combating a dystopian federal government, he participates in guerrilla actions including bombings and assassinations amid a depicted societal collapse. The work, serialized earlier in the group's newsletter from 1975, has circulated in extremist circles despite its fictional status and lack of mainstream literary recognition.

Places

Australia

Turner is a suburb in the inner north of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, adjacent to the city centre and the Australian National University.^[44] It was named after Sir George Turner, a former Premier of Victoria and key figure in Australian federation.^[45] The suburb's development occurred primarily in the 1940s and 1950s as part of Canberra's post-World War II expansion to accommodate growing administrative and residential needs.^[46] In the 2021 Australian census, Turner had a population of 4,470 residents, reflecting a 10.4% increase from 4,047 in 2016, with a median age of 31 years and a high proportion of young adults in the 20-29 age group.^[47]^[48] The Turner River is a 236-kilometre watercourse in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, originating near Pullcunah Hill at an elevation of approximately 303 metres and flowing northwest to the Indian Ocean.^[49]^[50] It features three main tributaries—Turner River East, Turner River West, and Red Creek—and supports regional ecosystems as well as mining activities, including proposals for renewable energy infrastructure like the Turner River Solar Hub to power Fortescue's operations.^[51] The river's catchment area contributes to the area's hydrology, which is characterised by seasonal flows influenced by monsoonal rains.^[49]

Canada

Turner Valley is a valley and former town in the foothills of southern Alberta, Canada, approximately 40 km southwest of Calgary along Highway 22.^[52] The area was named after John Turner, a rancher who settled there in the late 19th century, establishing early patterns of agricultural settlement amid the region's ranching economy.^[53] Incorporation as a village occurred in 1930, reflecting growth spurred by resource development, and it became a town in 1977.^[52] The discovery of natural gas at the Dingman No. 1 well on May 14, 1914, marked the beginning of Alberta's first major oil and gas boom, transforming Turner Valley from a ranching outpost into an energy hub that attracted workers, engineers, and investors, peaking production in the 1930s with the Royalite No. 4 strike on October 13, 1936. This influx diversified settlement from primarily British and European homesteaders to include skilled laborers from across Canada and the U.S., with the local economy centering on petroleum extraction until depletion in the mid-20th century.^[54] On January 1, 2023, Turner Valley amalgamated with the nearby Town of Black Diamond to form the Town of Diamond Valley, but the Turner Valley designation persists for the geographic and historical locale. As of the 2021 census, the Turner Valley population centre had 2,611 residents, with a 2022 estimate of 2,768, supporting ongoing ties to the energy sector alongside tourism and recreation in Kananaskis Country.^[55] ^[56] Other minor locales include Turner, a small unincorporated community in Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands, Ontario, and various Turner Islands in Nova Scotia and Ontario, but these lack significant settlement history or current populations beyond geographic features.^[57]

United States

Turner, Maine, is a town in Androscoggin County, settled as early as 1690 and formally incorporated on July 7, 1786, from Sylvester Plantation. The area developed around abundant water power from the Androscoggin River, supporting five sawmills and three grist mills in the 19th century before a destructive fire impacted much of the infrastructure. As of recent estimates, the population stands at around 5,800 residents, reflecting its rural character in western Maine's foothills near Lewiston and Auburn.^[58]^[59]^[60] Turner County, Georgia, located in central Georgia, spans 286 square miles and was established on August 18, 1905, from portions of Dooly, Irwin, Wilcox, and Worth counties. The county's economy centers on agriculture, with historical reliance on farming in its rural communities, such as the town of Sycamore, where crop production has long driven local prosperity.^[61]^[62]^[63] Turner County, South Dakota, was organized in 1871 within Dakota Territory and named for territorial official John W. Turner, with initial settlements dating to 1869. Covering southeastern South Dakota, it has emphasized agriculture since its early days, hosting the state's first county fair from October 13-16, 1880, to highlight farming achievements, and forming the Turner County Agriculture Society in March of that year.^[64]^[65] Turner, Kansas, originally an unincorporated community in Wyandotte County named for early settler the Turner family, has been absorbed into Kansas City, Kansas, functioning now as a neighborhood. The area, once marked by agricultural lands, faced significant flooding during the Great Flood of 1951, prompting community rebuilding efforts like the Highland development for displaced residents.^[66]^[67]

Other locations

Mount Turner is a mountain in the Otago region of New Zealand's South Island, situated in the West Wanaka Mountains of the Southern Alps with an elevation of 2,150 meters.^[68]^[69] The peak, located at coordinates approximately 44°13′S 169°05′E, features rugged terrain typical of the area's glaciated landscapes and is accessible for mountaineering expeditions, though it remains relatively remote and undocumented in major historical settlements.^[70] Beyond Anglophone dominions, documented places named Turner are scarce and typically minor geographical features rather than settlements, often deriving from British colonial or exploratory naming conventions honoring individuals with the surname. In the United Kingdom, examples include Turner's Gorse, a wooded thicket in Ayrshire, Scotland, representing localized topographic nomenclature without broader urban significance.^[71] Continental European instances are negligible, with no prominent towns or regions bearing the name, underscoring the term's primary association with English-speaking colonial extensions.

Organizations and businesses

Construction and industrial firms

Turner Construction Company, founded in 1902 by Henry Chandlee Turner in New York City, is a major U.S. general contractor specializing in commercial and institutional building projects.^[72] As a subsidiary of the German firm Hochtief, it has grown to become the largest domestic contractor in the United States, reporting revenue exceeding $17 billion in 2023 and $20.24 billion in 2024.^[73] ^[74] ^[75] Notable projects include the construction of the fourth Madison Square Garden arena in 1968 and its subsequent multi-year renovation completed in 2013.^[76] ^[77] The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company, established in 1909 by G.W.C. Whiting and LeBaron Turner as an employee-owned firm headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, operates as a general contractor and construction manager across diverse sectors including sports facilities.^[78] With annual revenue of approximately $8.6 billion, it ranks among the top U.S. contractors and has delivered numerous stadium projects, leveraging its design-build and integrated project delivery models.^[79] Turner Industries, founded in 1961 by Bert S. Turner in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, focuses on industrial maintenance, fabrication, and construction services for petrochemical plants, refineries, and heavy industry facilities.^[80] The company, which employs around 10,000 workers, generated revenue of about $2.8 billion in 2024, positioning it as a leading contractor in maintenance for the petroleum sector.^[81]

Media and entertainment companies

Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS), founded by Robert Edward "Ted" Turner III through the evolution of his earlier communications ventures starting in 1970 with the acquisition of Atlanta UHF station WTCG (later WTBS), became a major cable television conglomerate by the 1980s.^[82] The company launched Cable News Network (CNN) on June 1, 1980, as the world's first 24-hour news channel, initially reaching about 1.7 million U.S. cable households and revolutionizing news delivery by emphasizing live, continuous coverage over scheduled broadcasts.^[83] TBS also developed Turner Network Television (TNT) in 1988, focusing on entertainment and sports, and Cartoon Network in 1992, which drew from Turner's animation acquisitions like Hanna-Barbera Studios in 1991.^[82] In 1996, Time Warner acquired TBS in a $7.5 billion stock deal, integrating its networks into a larger media empire but prompting Federal Trade Commission (FTC) scrutiny over potential anticompetitive effects in cable programming markets.^[84] The FTC mandated divestitures and licensing agreements to preserve competition, citing risks of foreclosure where Time Warner could disadvantage rival programmers on its cable systems.^[84] This merger consolidated control over high-value content like CNN, which by the mid-1990s averaged millions of prime-time viewers, and TBS superstation programming distributed nationally via satellite. Subsequent integrations, including AT&T's 2018 acquisition of Time Warner (rebranded WarnerMedia), faced further antitrust challenges, with courts examining vertical integration's impact on affiliate fees and viewer choice, though approvals hinged on arguments of efficiencies outweighing harms.^[85] Turner Entertainment Co., established on August 2, 1986, as a subsidiary to manage Turner's film library, handled distribution of pre-1986 MGM titles following the brief 1986 acquisition of MGM/UA Entertainment and retained rights to classics like Gone with the Wind.^[86] Integrated into Warner Bros. post-1996 merger, it supported channels like Turner Classic Movies (TCM), launched in 1994, which specialized in uncut classic films and amassed a niche audience of film enthusiasts, with viewership metrics showing steady engagement in an era of fragmenting cable markets.^[82] These entities collectively shifted market dynamics toward bundled cable packages, contributing to cord-cutting pressures by the 2010s as streaming alternatives eroded traditional subscriber bases, with CNN's household penetration declining from peaks above 80 million in the 2000s to under 70 million by 2020 amid competition from digital news platforms.^[87]

Other enterprises

Turner & Townsend is an independent global programme management and construction cost consultancy firm headquartered in Leeds, United Kingdom.^[88] Founded in 1946 as a quantity surveying partnership, the company provides services including project management, cost advisory, and advisory on built asset lifecycles across sectors such as infrastructure, real estate, and energy.^[89] It operates in over 50 countries with more than 10,000 employees as of 2023, focusing on cost, risk, and programme management to deliver complex projects.^[89] The Turner Company, based in Texas, United States, manufactures precast concrete products for municipal and contractor use.^[90] Established with facilities in Rhome and Lockhart, it specializes in components for sewage treatment systems, including anaerobic and aerobic septic tanks, distribution boxes, and manholes designed for wastewater management.^[91] These products support residential, commercial, and municipal applications, emphasizing durability and compliance with local standards for underground infrastructure.^[92]

Other uses

Technical and occupational terms

A turner denotes an artisan or machinist specializing in the operation of lathes to shape materials into cylindrical or symmetrical forms through rotational cutting. In traditional woodworking, the role involved manually fashioning items like chair legs, tool handles, or vessels from timber blanks fixed between lathe centers.^[93] Prior to the Industrial Revolution, turners predominantly relied on pole lathes, spring-loaded devices powered by a foot treadle connected to an overhead flexible sapling pole, enabling intermittent rotation for chiseling or scraping. This method, evidenced in medieval European illustrations from the 13th century onward, persisted among rural craftsmen for its portability and reliance on human power without complex gearing.^[93] In contemporary industrial contexts, turners set up and tend lathes to process metal, plastic, or composite stock by turning operations that remove material via single-point tools to achieve precise diameters, threads, or contours. Modern practitioners, often termed CNC turners, integrate computer programming to control automated multi-axis lathes for efficient, repeatable production of components like shafts or fittings in sectors such as automotive and aerospace manufacturing.^[94]^[95]^[96]

In arts, media, and culture

The Turner Prize is an annual award established in 1984 by the Patrons of New Art, a donor group affiliated with the Tate Gallery, to recognize outstanding contributions to British contemporary visual art through exhibitions or presentations occurring in the preceding year.^[97] Named in honor of the 19th-century painter J.M.W. Turner, it selects nominees who are British nationals or primarily based in Britain, with the winner receiving £25,000 as of recent iterations, while shortlisted artists each get £10,000.^[97] The prize has been administered by Tate Britain since its inception, with selections made by a panel of art experts, often sparking public and critical debate due to its emphasis on provocative or conceptual works.^[97] Throughout the 1990s, the Turner Prize drew significant controversy for spotlighting the Young British Artists (YBAs), a loose collective including figures like Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin, whose installations—such as Hirst's preserved animals or Emin's unmade bed—were criticized for prioritizing shock value over traditional skill or aesthetic merit.^[98] This period amplified accusations of the award favoring sensationalism, with public figures like Culture Minister Kim Howells in 2000 decrying shortlisted works as "conceptual bullshit" during the announcement. Subsequent years, including 2002's nomination of works involving explicit sculptures and altered historical prints, reinforced perceptions of the prize as a lightning rod for debates on what constitutes "art," though defenders argue it reflects evolving cultural dialogues.^[99] Beyond visual arts, "Turner" appears in cultural nomenclature tied to non-fictional contexts, such as the Turner Contemporary gallery in Margate, England, opened in 2011 as a public institution dedicated to modern and contemporary exhibitions inspired by Turner's legacy of seascapes and light effects, drawing over 500,000 visitors in its first year. The term also evokes broader discussions in art criticism on "Turner-esque" techniques, referring empirically to atmospheric rendering and luminosity in landscape painting, as analyzed in peer-reviewed studies of 19th-century influences on modernism.^[100] These usages underscore "Turner" as a marker of innovation in perceptual realism, distinct from narrative fiction.

Sports and events

Turner Field, originally constructed as the Centennial Olympic Stadium for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, was reconfigured into a Major League Baseball facility following the games.^[101] Renamed in honor of Ted Turner, the media mogul and former Atlanta Braves owner, it served as the Braves' home ballpark from 1997 to 2016 with a seating capacity of 49,831.^[102] During this period, the Braves achieved a home record of 951 wins, 667 losses, and 1 tie, including 15 winning seasons and a National League pennant in 1999.^[102] The first Braves game at the venue occurred on April 4, 1997.^[102] The stadium was demolished in 2017 to make way for Georgia State University facilities.^[103] The Turner Cup served as the playoff championship trophy for the International Hockey League (IHL) from 1945 to 2001.^[104] Named the Joseph Turner Memorial Cup after Joe Turner, a goaltender for the Windsor Spitfires who perished in a 1944 plane crash during World War II service, it commemorated his contributions to early professional hockey in the region.^[105] The IHL, formed to accommodate returning veterans, awarded the cup annually to the league's postseason winner until the league's dissolution.^[104] A redesigned version was briefly revived for the United Hockey League (UHL), the IHL's successor, from 2007 to 2010.^[106] The original trophy is preserved at the Hockey Hall of Fame.^[104]

References

[1]
J.M.W. Turner | Biography, Paintings, Watercolors, & Facts - Britannica
J.M.W. Turner, English Romantic landscape painter whose expressionistic studies of light, color, and atmosphere were unmatched in their range and sublimity.
[2]
Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775 - London - National Gallery
Turner is perhaps the best-loved English Romantic artist. He became known as 'the painter of light', because of his increasing interest in brilliant colours.
[3]
Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775–1851 | Tate
Joseph Mallord William Turner was born, it is thought, on 23 April 1775 at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, the son of William Turner (1745–1829), ...
[4]
J.M.W. Turner | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts
A child prodigy who went on to become one of the stars of British art, Joseph Mallord William Turner began his formal training at the Royal Academy Schools ...
[5]
Getting to Know J M W Turner - Google Arts & Culture
7 facts about one of the UK's favorite painters · 1. Turner was London born and bred · 2. He liked to paint alfresco · 3. Turner was a Romantic painter · 4. He ...
[6]
Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) - The Metropolitan ...
Oct 1, 2004 · London-born Joseph Mallord William Turner was the most versatile, successful, and controversial landscape painter of nineteenth-century England.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[7]
Turner - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
turner(n.) c. 1400, "one whose occupation is to work with a lathe," agent noun from turn (v.) or else from Old French torneor. As a surname from late 13c.
[8]
Last name TURNER: origin and meaning - Geneanet
Etymology. Turner : 1: English: occupational name from Middle English t(o)urnour turner 'turner' (Old French to(u)rn(e)our) mainly denoting someone who ...<|separator|>
[9]
Turner Surname Origin, Meaning & Family Tree | Findmypast.co.uk
The origin of the Turner surname is thought to be mostly occupational, relating to those who made objects by using a lathe, turning wood or metal to finish them ...
[10]
Turner last name popularity, history, and meaning - Name Census
The Turner surname appeared 348,627 times in the 2010 census and if you were to sample 100,000 people in the United States, approximately 118 people would have ...Missing: frequency | Show results with:frequency
[11]
Turner Name Meaning and Turner Family History at FamilySearch
English: occupational name from Middle English t(o)urnour, turner 'turner' (Old French to(u)rn(e)our), mainly denoting someone who fashioned ...
[12]
Nat Turner's Rebellion
On August 21, 1831, at 2:00 a.m., Turner and his followers started at his master's house and killed the entire family. They marched throughout Southampton ...
[13]
A Narrative on Nat Turner's Revolt, Samuel Warner, 1831
On August 21, 1831, Turner began a slave revolt that left approximately fifty-five white people in Southampton County dead. He was joined by about sixty Black ...
[14]
The Confessions of Nat Turner - Digital History
By August 23, Turner's force had increased to between 60 and 80 slaves joined by at least 4 free blacks, and had killed more than 50 whites, mostly women and ...
[15]
Introduction · North Carolina and The Nat Turner Slave Rebellion
Turner led between fifty to sixty slaves during the rebellion, which resulted in the murder of fifty-five people across eleven plantations in Virginia.
[16]
Nat Turner's Rebellion: Repercussions Felt in N.C. - NC DNCR
Aug 21, 2016 · On August 21, 1831, an enslaved man named Nat Turner led a rebellion against white enslavers in Southampton County, Va., about 20 miles from the border with ...
[17]
Turner Ashby (23 October 1828-6 June 1862) Biography
Turner Ashby (23 October 1828–6 June 1862), Confederate cavalry officer, was born at Rose Bank, his family's farm in Fauquier County.
[18]
Turner Ashby Letters - JMU Special Collections
Bio/Historical Note. Turner Ashby was a Confederate cavalry commander during the Civil War. He was born in Fauquier County Virginia. where he became an ...
[19]
Turner Ashby (American National Biography) | House Divided
The Confederate officer disguised himself as an itinerant horse-doctor and traveled as far as Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, to get information on Union troops, ...
[20]
JMW Turner Paintings, Bio, Ideas - The Art Story
Jan 15, 2016 · JMW Turner was a British painter (1775-1851) who infused classical scenes with dynamic painting, helped define Romanticism, and established ...
[21]
Turner masterpiece sells for £30.3m, setting world auction record for ...
Dec 3, 2014 · Rome, From Mount Aventine, sold for £30.3m including buyer's premium, easily beating its estimate of £15-20m.
[22]
William Turner | Victorian Era, Naturalist & Taxonomist - Britannica
Aug 28, 2025 · William Turner was an English naturalist, botanist, and theologian known as the “father of English botany.” His A New Herball was the first ...
[23]
Scientist of the Day - William Turner, English Cleric and Naturalist
Jul 13, 2020 · William Turner, an English cleric and naturalist, died July 13, 1568, at the approximate age of 60; his actual date of birth is unknown.
[24]
'To preserve men from sicknes, sorowe and payne': William Turner's ...
Oct 23, 2024 · Turner's Herball is particularly significant as it was the first original herbal to be written in English. The author chose to write in English ...
[25]
William Turner and the reformation of gardening
Aug 30, 2022 · William Turner's New Herbal, published in instalments between 1551 and 1568, is one of the great landmarks in the history of British gardening, ...
[26]
Sir William Turner (1832–1916) – Lancastrian, anatomist and ...
Mar 3, 2015 · Sir William Turner, a Lancastrian, was renowned as a scientist, anatomist and a great reformer of medical education.
[27]
Remembering Tina Turner's extraordinary life and legendary career
May 24, 2023 · In a career spanning eight decades, Tina Turner sold more than 100 million records, won 12 Grammys and in 2021 was inducted into the Rock and ...<|separator|>
[28]
How Tina Turner changed the music industry - Deseret News
May 25, 2023 · She's won 12 Grammy awards in addition to receiving a Grammys Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018, according to Britannica. She's also been ...
[29]
The Untold Truth Of Tina Turner - Nicki Swift
Apr 14, 2021 · Tina isn't her real name · She attempted suicide to escape her abusive marriage · Tina Turner converted to Buddhism · Her first two solo albums ...
[30]
“What's Race Got to Do with It?” Remembering Ike Turner (1931 ...
Like Johnny Otis, he made lasting contributions to black music as a recording artist, but also distinguished himself as a talent scout, arranger, producer, and ...
[31]
SOUTHLAND : Ike Turner Sentenced to 4 Years - Los Angeles Times
Feb 16, 1990 · Turner was convicted Jan. 16 of driving under the influence of cocaine and being under the influence of the drug. Jurors, however, deadlocked on ...
[32]
Will They Still Like Ike? : Turner Nervous About Restarting His Pop ...
Sep 5, 1991 · The probation violation related to Turner's 1989 felony convictions for selling and possessing cocaine. He was sent to state prison to serve ...
[33]
Lana Turner: 10 essential films | BFI
Feb 8, 2021 · Lana Turner: 10 essential films · Ziegfeld Girl (1941) · Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) · Slightly Dangerous (1943) · The Postman Always Rings Twice ...
[34]
Lana Turner - Hollywood Walk of Fame
During the early 1940s she established herself as a leading actress in such films as Johnny Eager, Ziegfeld Girl and Somewhere I'll Find You, and her reputation ...
[35]
Lana Turner(1921-1995) - IMDb
She had good roles in such films as Johnny Eager (1941), Somewhere I'll Find You (1942) and Week-End at the Waldorf (1945). If her career was progressing ...Biography · Filmography by status · Awards · 6 of 1551
[36]
Justin Turner Stats, Age, Position, Height, Weight, Fantasy & News
Fullname: Justin Matthew Turner ; Nickname: Redturn2 ; Born: 11/23/1984 in Long Beach, CA ; Draft: 2006, Cincinnati Reds, Round: 7, Overall Pick: 204 ; College: Cal ...Missing: famous | Show results with:famous
[37]
Curtis Turner - Biography - IMDb
Curtis Turner, born April 12, 1924, was a NASCAR driver, one of the 50 greatest, who won 18 races. He died in a plane crash on October 4, 1970.
[38]
Robert Edward (Ted) Turner | Academy of Achievement
Jun 10, 2023 · By mid-decade, Ted Turner had become the largest private landowner in the United States, with ranch properties exceeding a million acres, ...
[39]
Who Made America? | Innovators | Ted Turner - PBS
He defied the naysayers to create 24-hour cable news network, democratizing information and changing forever the way America -- and the world -- sees itself.Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements<|separator|>
[40]
About John Turner - Canada.ca
Dec 30, 2020 · Learn more about the Right Honourable John Napier Wyndham Turner, Canada's 17th Prime Minister, who passed away on September 19, 2020.
[41]
John Turner, PM and Liberal leader who battled free trade with U.S. ...
Sep 20, 2020 · John Turner, Canada's 17th prime minister who spent decades in federal politics as a cabinet minister and Liberal Party leader during some of the most ...Missing: notable figures surname
[42]
Representative Michael R. Turner - Congress.gov
Michael R. Turner, the Representative from Ohio - in Congress from 2003 through Present.
[43]
10 Black Scientists You Should Know - Science | HowStuffWorks
Behavioral scientist Charles H. Turner is best known for his discovery that insects can hear. He was born in 1867 to working-class parents in Cincinnati, Ohio, ...Missing: surname | Show results with:surname
[44]
Map of Turner, ACT 2612 - Canberra - Whereis
Turner is a suburb in the Australian city of Canberra, close to Canberra City and the Australian National University (located in the suburb of Acton).
[45]
Turner (ACT 2612) Suburb Profile | Allhomes
Turner North Canberra District, ACT 2612. Turner was named after the Right Honourable Sir George Turner (1851-1916).Missing: population | Show results with:population
[46]
See Turner Differently | Region Canberra
History. The inner north suburb of Turner is named after Victorian politician Sir George Turner and was developed in the 1940s and 1950s. Back then, Turner ...Missing: population | Show results with:population
[47]
2021 Turner, Census All persons QuickStats
Turner, % Turner, Australian Capital Territory, % Australian Capital Territory, Australia, % Australia. Registered marriage (a), 1,009, 26.7, 157,859, 46.8 ...Missing: Canberra | Show results with:Canberra
[48]
Turner, ACT 2612: Suburb Profile & Property Report | YIP
The population of Turner in 2016 was 4047 people. By 2021 the population was 4470 showing a population growth of 10.4% in the area during that time.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[49]
Map of Turner River, WA - Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia
The Turner River in northwest Western Australia starts near Pullcunah Hill at an elevation of 303m and flows into the Indian Ocean. The Turner River drops ...
[50]
Turner River - Tag my Fish
The Turner River is a 236 km long river in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. ... The river has three tributaries: Turner River East, Turner River West and ...
[51]
Turner River Solar Hub | EPA Western Australia
May 26, 2025 · The proposal is for the construction and operation of a renewable energy solar generation hub to power Fortescue mining operations in the Pilbara region.<|separator|>
[52]
Turner Valley | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Turner Valley, Alta, incorporated as a town in 1930, population 2167 (2011c), 1908 (2006c). The Town of Turner Valley is located 40 km south of Calgary in ...
[53]
https://www.thedigitaltraveler.com/turner-valley-longview-alberta-canada/
[54]
Life in Turner Valley - Alberta's Energy Heritage
The development of the petroleum industry after 1914 fundamentally reshaped patterns of settlement and community development in the Turner Valley area.Missing: townships | Show results with:townships
[55]
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Turner%20Valley&DGUIDlist=2021S05101552&GENDERlist=1%2C2%2C3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0
[56]
Turner Valley - Population - Alberta Regional Dashboard
Turner Valley had a population of 2,768 in 2022. Please note that newer data for this indicator is available, but not for Turner Valley. Full Dataset.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[57]
Turner Map - Locality - Ontario, Canada - Mapcarta
Turner is a locality in Ontario, Canada. Turner is situated nearby to the village Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands, as well as near the town Little ...<|separator|>
[58]
Turner | Maine: An Encyclopedia
[TUR-ner] is a town in Androscoggin County settled in 1690 and incorporated on July 7, 1786 from Sylvester Plantation. Turner's history began in 1765, ...
[59]
Explore: Turner — River community flows with history, vistas, apples ...
Aug 3, 2014 · Because of its exceptional water power resources, the town once had five sawmills and three grist mills, prior to a fire that destroyed much of ...
[60]
Turner - Maine.com
Turner, Maine, is a charming, rural town with a population of about 5,800, known for its natural beauty, New England heritage, and a close-knit community.
[61]
Turner County - New Georgia Encyclopedia
Turner County, in central Georgia, is the state's 145th county and comprises 286 square miles. It was created in 1905 from Dooly, Irwin, Wilcox, and Worth ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[62]
The Creation of Turner County Georgia
It was Friday, August 18, 1905, at 1:00 p.m. at the state capitol in Atlanta when Governor Joseph Meriwether Terrell took the new golden pen provided by the ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[63]
–TURNER COUNTY GA– | Vanishing Georgia: Photographs by ...
Jul 28, 2023 · A typical rural town, Sycamore's fortunes have always been dependent on the success of agriculture and still counts many farmers among its ...Missing: formation | Show results with:formation
[64]
History Turner County, South Dakota - Genealogy Trails
The first settlement of Turner County was in 1869, by W. W . Aurner and family, and Vale P. Thielman. Miss Helen S. Bachelder was the first white woman to ...Missing: formation date
[65]
Turner County: Proud History - South Dakota State News
Turner County held the first county fair in South Dakota October 13-16, 1880. The fair was first held to showcase the agricultural achievements of the newly ...Missing: formation date
[66]
Turner, Kansas – Absorbed by Kansas City
Turner, Kansas, now a neighborhood within Kansas City, Kansas, was formerly an unincorporated community of Wyandotte County.
[67]
Turner Kansas - remax-midstates.com
The community was named after the Turner family, who were early settlers in the area. Today, the Turner community is home to several parks and recreational ...
[68]
Mt Turner | ClimbNZ
Mt Turner ; Type. Mountain ; Altitude. 2150m ; Part of. West Wanaka Mountains ; Lat/lon. -44.21923759,169.08650831, NZ Topo Map ; Topo50. BZ12 874 963.
[69]
Mount Turner, Otago - NZ Topo Map
Mount Turner, Otago - New Zealand topographic map. WGS84 coordinates: -44.21882216, 169.08629520.
[70]
Mount Turner, New Zealand - Peakbagger.com
Elevation: 2151 meters, 7057 feet ; Nation, New Zealand ; State/Province, Otago ; Links Search Engines - search the web for "Mount Turner":
[71]
Turner's Gorse, Ayrshire - Gazetteer of British Place Names
Turner's Gorse, Ayrshire. Place Type: Wood, Forest Historic County: Ayrshire Lat, Long: 55.631607,-4.5006883. Grid Reference: ...
[72]
About Us | Turner Construction Company
Henry Turner founded Turner Construction Company in 1902 based on the core values of teamwork, integrity and commitment. Our work has resulted in the ...Missing: subsidiary | Show results with:subsidiary
[73]
HOCHTIEF worldwide
New York City-based Turner offers construction management services and a range of value-added solutions that include technical engineering and supply chain and ...Turner Construction Company · CIMIC Group · Engineering and Construction
[74]
Turner Named Top United States Contractor for Fourth Consecutive ...
May 30, 2024 · In 2023, Turner's revenue was over $17 billion, and new contracts secured exceeded $20 billion. Revenue came from major markets such as $2.6 ...
[75]
Turner has once again been recognized as the number one ...
May 27, 2025 · The company also posted strong revenue growth, reaching $20.24 billion compared to $17 billion the previous year.
[76]
Madison Square Garden, c. 1968 Named after POTUS ... - Instagram
Sep 19, 2024 · Named after POTUS James Madison, @thegarden was composed by architectural firm Charles Luckman Associates and built by Turner in 1968.
[77]
Madison Square Garden Transformation by Turner Construction in ...
This fast-track renovation, in 41 months, took place over four consecutive summers to accommodate Madison Square Garden's on-going event operations.
[78]
History Timeline - Whiting-Turner
1909. The Whiting-Turner Contracting Company is founded by G.W.C. Whiting and LeBaron Turner, classmates at MIT.
[79]
50 Largest general contractors in the United States in 2025 - Bridgit
1. The Turner Corp. Coming in at number one is The Turner Corporation, with a remarkable $17.1 billion in revenue. Founded in 1902 by Henry Turner, the company ...of the largest U.S. general... · The Turner Corp. · Bechtel · The Whiting-Turner...
[80]
https://swotanalysisexample.com/blogs/brief-history/turner-industries-brief-history
[81]
Turner Industries Revenue: Annual, Quarterly, and Historic - Zippia
Turner Industries peak revenue was $2.8B in 2024. · Turner Industries has 10,000 employees, and the revenue per employee ratio is $280,000.Missing: founded | Show results with:founded
[82]
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. - Company-Histories.com
1986: MGM/UA Entertainment is acquired. 1988: The company establishes Turner Network Television (TNT). 1992: Turner launches the Cartoon Network. 1996: Time ...
[83]
Turner Broadcasting System - New Georgia Encyclopedia
Aug 4, 2006 · On June 1, 1980, Turner Broadcasting launched Cable News Network (CNN), the first twenty-four-hour all-news television network, which reached ...
[84]
FTC Requires Restructuring of Time Warner/Turner Deal
Sep 12, 1996 · Time Warner agreed to the restructuring to settle FTC charges that the merger would restrict competition in cable television programming and distribution.Missing: viewer metrics
[85]
[PDF] Expert Report of Carl Shapiro [REDACTED]: U.S. v. AT&T Inc., et al.
Feb 2, 2018 · I have also consulted or served as an expert witness on numerous antitrust matters, including mergers, for private companies in a wide range of.
[86]
https://www.avid.wiki/Turner_Entertainment_Co
[87]
Vertical Mergers and Input Foreclosure Lessons from the AT&T/Time ...
Jul 19, 2021 · The Turner Subscriber Loss Rate is clearly a much better metric for assessing the competitive significance of the Turner Content. Carlton's 6.4% ...
[88]
Turner & Townsend 2025 Company Profile - PitchBook
Turner & Townsend was founded in 1946. Where is Turner & Townsend headquartered? Turner & Townsend is headquartered in Leeds, United Kingdom. What is the size ...
[89]
About us | Turner & Townsend
Together, we turn challenges into opportunities and complexity into success. We are Turner & Townsend. We transform together.Our story · Our people · What we do · Our purpose and valuesMissing: history | Show results with:history
[90]
The Turner Company: Home
The Turner Company supplies precast concrete aerobic and anaerobic sewage treatment systems from the Rhone facility or through local distributors. Anaerobic ...Products · Septic Systems · Contact · Manholes
[91]
Septic Systems - The Turner Company
The Turner Company supplies precast concrete anaerobic and aerobic sewage treatment systems from the Rhone facility or through local distributors.
[92]
Turner Company - LinkedIn
Texas-based Turner Company is a manufacturer of precast concrete products from facilities in Rhome and Lockhart to supply contractors and municipalities in ...Construction · About Us · Employees At Turner Company
[93]
https://www.mortiseandtenonmag.com/blogs/blog/the-history-of-the-spring-pole-lathe
[94]
51-4034.00 - Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators ...
Set up, operate, or tend lathe and turning machines to turn, bore, thread, form, or face metal or plastic materials, such as wire, rod, or bar stock.
[95]
Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders ...
Set up, operate, or tend lathe and turning machines to turn, bore, thread, form, or face metal or plastic materials, such as wire, rod, or bar stock.
[96]
Turner Job Description (Skills, Duties, Responsibilities) - Jobted
A turner (or turning lathe operator) is a worker who operates a machine tool called a turning lathe, which is widely used in industry.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[97]
The Turner Prize | Tate
The prize was first awarded in 1984. It was founded by a group called the Patrons of New Art under the directorship of Alan Bowness. They formed to encourage ...
[98]
Five common questions about the Turner Prize | Tate
Some of the award's most controversial artworks were exhibited during this time including the work of the Young British Artists (YBAs). This was a group of ...
[99]
The Turner Prize: a retrospective | Art UK
Dec 10, 2018 · The year 2002 was possibly the most controversial for the Turner Prize. The award received critical backlash, not just from art critics, but ...Missing: date YBA
[100]
(PDF) Analysis of Mass Media Influences on British Contemporary Art
Aug 6, 2025 · Analysis of Mass Media Influences on British Contemporary Art: A Turner Prize perspective. August 2022; Environment-Behaviour Proceedings ...<|separator|>
[101]
Ballparks: 1871 - Present | Atlanta Braves - MLB.com
Turner Field was transformed from the 80,000 seat Olympic Stadium used for the 1996 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The Olympic Stadium took approximately three ...
[102]
Turner Field - BR Bullpen - Baseball-Reference.com
Turner Field was the home of the Atlanta Braves from 1997 to 2016 ; BUILT: 1996 ; CAPACITY: 49,831 ; Braves Win-Loss Record: 951-667-1 (.588) ; FIRST GAME: April 4, ...
[103]
Turner Field: Home of the Braves - Atlanta Journal-Constitution
Turner Field has served as home of the Atlanta Braves since 1997. Originally the Olympic Stadium for the 1996 Games in Atlanta, Turner Field underwent.
[104]
Legends of Hockey - Historic Trophies - Joseph Turner Memorial Cup
The Joseph Turner Memorial Cup was awarded by the IHL to the playoff champion, named after Joe Turner, a goalie, and retired in 2001.
[105]
Joe Turner, The Turner Cup, and the International Hockey League
Joe Turner was a hockey player who died in WWII. The IHL was created for returning players, and the Turner Cup was named after him.
[106]
Turner Cup named in honor of fallen World War II soldier
Apr 18, 2000 · The Turner Cup playoffs begin Tuesday. Ten teams will vie for a chance to hold the 3-foot trophy named for Joe Turner. Joe who?