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Õ

Õ (lowercase õ) is a variant of the Latin letter O bearing a tilde diacritic, officially designated in Unicode as "LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE" (U+00D5). This character serves as a distinct grapheme in the orthographies of several languages, primarily to represent specialized vowel phonemes or tonal modifications that lack direct equivalents in the English alphabet. In Estonian, Õ is a unique letter in the Latin-based alphabet, denoting the close-mid central unrounded vowel /ɤ/, a phoneme absent in most other Indo-European languages and essential for distinguishing words in this Finno-Ugric tongue.^[1] The letter was introduced in the 19th century by linguist Otto Wilhelm Masing to accurately transcribe this indigenous sound, and it appears frequently in standard Estonian vocabulary, such as in the word õhtu (evening).^[2] In Portuguese, Õ signifies the nasalized close-mid back rounded vowel /õ/, one of the language's five phonemic nasal vowels that contrast with oral counterparts and are crucial for lexical meaning.^[3] This usage stems from the historical evolution of nasalization in Romance languages, where Õ often appears in monosyllabic words or verb forms, like põe (he/she puts), and is pronounced with velar airflow through the nose.^[4] In Vietnamese, Õ combines the base vowel o (/ɔ/, open-mid back rounded) with the ngã tone mark (tilde), producing a high rising pitch with glottal constriction, transcribed as /ɔˀ˥/ in the International Phonetic Alphabet.^[5] This tonal feature is integral to the tonal language's six-tone system, where the glottal break differentiates it from other rising tones, as in cõ (to bend, ngã tone) versus có (to have, sắc tone).^[6] The modern Quốc ngữ script, developed by Portuguese missionaries in the 17th century, employs such diacritics to capture Tonkin dialects' phonetic nuances.^[7] Beyond these primary uses, Õ appears sporadically in other scripts: in Livonian (a nearly extinct Finnic language) for a similar central vowel /ɤ/; in Silesian (a West Slavic lect) for a dialectal vowel ; and in Skolt Sami for the mid central unrounded vowel /ɘ/. In transliterations, it may approximate sounds in languages like Kamkata-viri (Indo-Iranian). Its role underscores the tilde's versatility as a diacritic for nasalization, centralization, or tonality across global linguistic diversity.

Overview

Description

Õ is the uppercase form of the Latin letter O with tilde, denoted as Õ/õ, and functions as a distinct letter in various extended Latin alphabets.^[8] The character is precomposed, equivalent to the base letter O combined with a tilde diacritic (U+0303 ◌̃).^[8] Visually, Õ features a circular O base surmounted by a single straight tilde, rendered as a compact horizontal wave above the letter's midline, setting it apart from letters employing doubled or curved accents like the circumflex in ô. In typographic design, the tilde maintains its wavy form across styles, but the overall appearance varies: serif fonts add small decorative strokes to the O's endpoints, enhancing traditional readability, while sans-serif variants present a cleaner, unadorned circle for modern, minimalist contexts. As a diacritic in non-independent roles, the tilde modifies the base O to indicate specific orthographic needs without forming a standalone letter in all scripts.^[8] The standard Unicode code points are U+00D5 for uppercase Õ (Latin Capital Letter O with Tilde) and U+00F5 for lowercase õ (Latin Small Letter O with Tilde), both classified within the Latin script and categorized as letters.^[8] These characters are employed in languages such as Portuguese and Estonian to extend the basic Latin alphabet.^[8]

Historical development

The letter Õ originated in medieval Galician-Portuguese orthography as a scribal abbreviation indicating a close-mid back vowel followed by a velar nasal [ŋ], typically representing syllable-final sequences like -on or -om, with the tilde serving as a mark of suspension over the omitted nasal consonant.^[9] This practice, common in 13th-century manuscripts such as the Cantigas de Santa Maria, evolved into a standardized diacritic for nasal vowels by the 15th century amid the consolidation of Portuguese as a written language during the Age of Discoveries.^[9] The tilde's adoption reflected broader medieval European scribal traditions for abbreviating nasals, but in Portuguese, it became integral to denoting phonetic nasalization, distinguishing it from neighboring Romance languages like Spanish, which largely avoided such marks. Portuguese colonial expansion from the 16th century onward disseminated Õ to indigenous languages through missionary orthographies, particularly via Jesuit efforts in South America and Asia. In non-Romance languages, 19th- and 20th-century linguistic reforms independently adopted Õ for unique phonemes, such as central vowels or tones. More recent developments include its incorporation into minority language standardizations in the early 21st century. The evolution of printing and digital technologies facilitated broader support for diacritics like the tilde beyond traditional Portuguese contexts.^[10]

Use in Uralic languages

Estonian

In Estonian, Õ serves as a distinct letter in the alphabet, positioned as the 24th letter following V and preceding Ä in standard listings that account for the full set of 27 letters. This letter denotes the phoneme /ɤ/, an unrounded mid central to back vowel produced with the tongue in a mid position and lips unrounded, setting it apart from the rounded front-mid vowel /ø/ represented by Ö.^[11]^[12] In Estonian orthography, Õ appears exclusively in native words to capture this unique vowel sound, as seen in examples like õun ("apple") and sõber ("friend"), while loanwords typically employ Ö for similar rounded sounds.^[12]^[11] The letter's introduction by linguist Otto Wilhelm Masing in 1818 addressed earlier ambiguities where the /ɤ/ sound was often rendered with Ö, leading to historical confusion; in informal handwriting, Õ has occasionally been approximated with plain o or even the numeral 6 for simplicity.^[13]^[11] The modern use of Õ was formalized through the 1918 orthographic reform, which established phonemic principles for the independent Republic of Estonia and integrated the letter into the standardized system developed from earlier 19th-century proposals.^[13]^[14] This reform highlighted the letter's necessity via minimal pairs such as õde ("sister") and öde ("deserted" or "hallucination"), where the vowel contrast alters word meaning.^[11]

Livonian

In Livonian, a nearly extinct Finnic language spoken along the northern coast of Latvia, Õ represents the close-mid central unrounded vowel /ɤ/, similar to its use in Estonian. This letter is part of the Latin-based orthography developed in the 20th century to document and revive the language, appearing in native words to distinguish this phoneme from others like /o/ or /ø/. Examples include līvõ ("Livonian"). The use of Õ underscores efforts to preserve Livonian's unique vowel inventory amid its endangerment, with fewer than 20 fluent speakers as of 2020.

Hungarian

In Hungarian orthography, Õ serves as a non-standard and informal substitute for the letter ő (o with double acute accent), particularly in digital contexts where font support or character encoding limitations—such as those in the ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) codepage—prevent the proper rendering of ő.^[15] This substitution is considered a misprint or technical workaround rather than an accepted variant, and Õ holds no official status in the Hungarian alphabet.^[15] The phonetic value approximated by Õ in such cases aligns with that of ő, representing a long front rounded mid vowel approximately [øː], though it lacks the precision of the double acute mark.^[16] Unlike ő, which is the 27th letter in the standard 44-letter Hungarian alphabet established by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Õ has no dedicated position and is not recognized in formal writing rules.^[16] Historically, the double acute accent for ő was introduced in the late 19th century to distinguish long vowels, replacing earlier ad hoc notations like ö́ due to evolving typesetting capabilities; however, Õ itself appears rarely if at all in pre-20th-century texts and is now largely obsolete in favor of the standardized ő.^[17] In modern Hungarian, reliance on Õ has diminished with the widespread adoption of Unicode, ensuring consistent use of proper diacritics in both print and digital media.^[15]

Võro

In the Võro language, a Finnic variety spoken in southern Estonia, the letter Õ serves as a distinct component of its Latin-based alphabet, separate from the conventions of standard Estonian orthography. It represents the close-mid back unrounded vowel /ɤ/, akin to the Estonian counterpart but featuring dialectal allophones influenced by the broader South Estonian phonetic environment, such as variations in vowel harmony and length.^[18]^[19] The orthography incorporating Õ was formalized during the revitalization efforts of the 1990s, driven by linguistic activists and the establishment of dedicated language institutions, to preserve and promote Võro as a separate literary standard. This adoption distinguishes Võro spellings from Estonian norms, as seen in examples like līvõ ("Livonian" in related context, but for Võro: sõna adaptations), which highlights the letter's role in capturing unique phonological traits.^[20] Since the founding of the Võro Institute in 1995, Õ has played a key cultural role in bolstering Võro ethnic identity, appearing prominently in contemporary literature, folklore publications, and educational materials to foster language use among speakers and learners. This emphasis on distinct orthographic features, including Õ, aids in the transmission of Võro heritage through school curricula and cultural events, countering assimilation pressures.^[21]

Skolt Sami

In Skolt Sami, the letter Õ (lowercase õ) serves as the 25th letter in the standardized Latin-based alphabet, which comprises 32 basic letters plus additional characters for diphthongs and loans.^[22] It represents the mid-central unrounded vowel [ɘ], a phoneme that occurs in both short and long forms (õ and õõ) and participates in the language's vowel harmony system, where vowels within a word typically share features like height or backness.^[23]^[24] This letter is used in native vocabulary, such as õhtt ("one") and jõnn ("big"), as well as in loanwords like vuõjj ("oil"), reflecting adaptations from Finnic and other sources.^[23]^[25] The orthography, including Õ, was officially standardized in 1973 based on the Suôʹnnʼjel dialect, through efforts primarily in Finland but applicable across Skolt Sami speech communities in Finland, Norway, and Russia, to promote unified writing and education.^[26] Õ distinguishes the [ɘ] sound from nearby vowels like ä [æ] (open front) and e (close-mid front), creating contrasts in minimal pairs that affect word meaning, such as in palatalized versus non-palatalized stems where vowel quality signals grammatical distinctions.^[27] This phonemic role underscores Õ's integration into Skolt Sami's complex nine-vowel system, aiding precise representation of the language's Eastern Sami features.^[28]

Use in Indo-European languages

Portuguese

In Portuguese orthography, Õ functions as a diacritic variant of the letter O rather than an independent letter, serving primarily to mark nasalization of the vowel.^[29] It represents the nasal close-mid back rounded vowel [õ], a distinctive phoneme in the language's sound system.^[30] The tilde (~) atop the O, which visually derives from an abbreviated superscript N, originated in medieval scribal practices but was standardized as part of Portuguese orthographic conventions in the 1911 Orthographic Agreement, later influencing orthographic conventions in languages shaped by Portuguese colonialism.^[31] This letter appears in key lexical items to signal nasality, such as mão ("hand") and não ("no"), where the preceding consonant assimilates into the vowel's nasal quality.^[29] In plural formation, Õ frequently occurs in the suffix -ões for nouns ending in -ão, exemplified by mãos ("hands") and limões ("lemons"), though certain words like cão ("dog") irregularize to -ães (cães).^[29] Pronunciation of Õ exhibits dialectal variation: in European Portuguese, it is articulated as a steady [õ], while in Brazilian Portuguese, particularly in southeastern varieties, it often diphthongizes to [õw̃] with an extended nasal gesture.^[30]^[32]

Romagnol

In Romagnol, a Gallo-Italic dialect spoken in the Romagna region of Italy, the letter Õ has been proposed in various orthographic systems to represent the long nasal vowel [õː], particularly in efforts to standardize the writing of nasalized sounds during the 20th-century dialect revival.^[33] This usage emerged in scholarly proposals, such as those by Giuseppe Bellosi in 1979, as an alternative to traditional notations that relied on vowel-consonant combinations like "on" to indicate nasalization without pronouncing the "n" in certain phonetic contexts.^[33] However, Romagnol orthography remains unstandardized, with significant variation across dialects and authors, reflecting the lack of a unified system for the language.^[34] The adoption of Õ aligns with broader Romance language patterns of nasal vowel development from historical vowel + nasal consonant sequences, similar to those seen in Portuguese.^[35] In proposed systems, it distinguishes long nasal [õː] from shorter or oral counterparts, such as the open-mid oral vowel ò [ɔ], which is marked with a grave accent in words like "bòta" (botte, or barrel).^[36] For nasal forms, Õ appears in examples like "savõ" for sapone (soap), "bõ" for buono (good), and "claziõ" for colazione (breakfast), where the tilde explicitly signals the nasal quality without additional consonants.^[37] These proposals gained traction in the 1980s through works like the "Regole fondamentali di grafia romagnola" (1986), which, while primarily using "on" sequences, influenced later tilde-based reforms to simplify and phonetically align the script.^[36] Due to dialectal diversity and incomplete standardization, Õ is sometimes substituted with "on" (e.g., "savon" for soap) or omitted entirely in conservative writings that merge nasal sounds with oral vowels or rely on context.^[34] This variability persists in modern publications, such as periodicals from the Istituto Friedrich Schürr, where Õ promotes clarity in literary and educational contexts but is not universally enforced.^[37]

Samogitian

In the Samogitian dialect of Lithuanian, the letter Õ represents the unrounded back vowel /ɤ/, a phoneme distinctive to this dialect and not present in standard Lithuanian orthography or pronunciation. This sound is a close-mid back unrounded vowel, contributing to the dialect's unique vocalic inventory. For example, it appears in the dialectal form "žõs," a variant related to "goose" (corresponding to standard Lithuanian "žąsis").^[38] The orthographic role of Õ emerged in 20th-century standardizations of Samogitian writing, where it was incorporated into an extended version of the Lithuanian alphabet to accurately transcribe dialectal features. It specifically differentiates the /ɤ/ from the front-mid diphthong ė (/eɪ/), allowing for precise representation of Samogitian's vowel contrasts in written form.^[39] Adoption of Õ gained momentum during the revival of Low Lithuanian (Samogitian) literary traditions starting in the 1930s, as part of broader efforts to document and promote the dialect amid Lithuanian national cultural movements. It features in folk texts, dialect dictionaries, and local literature, such as recordings and transcriptions from sub-dialects like Žagarė, where similar unrounded back vowels are noted in phrases like "burn õ.z bùva" (reflecting past states or conditions).^[39] Phonetic contrasts involving Õ underscore mid-back unrounded vowels against front-mid sounds in minimal pairs, such as dialectal forms distinguishing /ɤ/ from /eɪ/-like realizations, thereby preserving the dialect's prosodic and segmental distinctions within broader Indo-European vowel systems.

Silesian

In the Silesian language, the letter Õ holds the position of the 22nd letter in the Ślabikŏrzōwy Szrajbōnek, a standardized orthography designed to capture the phonetic diversity of Silesian dialects. This alphabet, comprising 34 letters, incorporates Õ among five new graphemes (ô, ō, ŏ, õ, ã) to distinguish sounds absent or variably represented in standard Polish orthography. Phonetically, Õ represents a versatile set of sounds in dialectal contexts, including the close-mid back rounded vowel , the open central vowel , and diphthongs such as [aum] and [oum], reflecting regional variations in Upper Silesian pronunciation. These values arise from historical nasal vowel developments and local phonetic shifts, allowing Õ to denote reduced or altered vowels in inflectional endings and lexical items unique to Silesian. For instance, it appears in the word "wós," meaning "you" (plural), where it conveys a dialectal or [oum] sound.^[40] The adoption of Õ occurred in the 2010s as part of broader standardization efforts for the Ślabikŏrzōwy Szrajbōnek, initiated in 2009 by linguists including Jolanta Tambor and refined through publications like Gōrnoślōnski ślabikŏrz (2010) and Słownik gōrnoślōnskij gŏdki (2015), to support ethnic recognition of Silesian speakers in Poland. Usage rules emphasize Õ for vowel reduction processes, such as shortening or nasalization in unstressed positions, and for rendering diphthongs specific to Upper Silesian dialects, where it helps preserve phonetic distinctions from Polish influences without overcomplicating the script. This orthographic choice enhances cultural expression, appearing in literature, signage, and educational materials to affirm Silesian identity.^[41]

Use in other languages

Guarani

In the Guarani language, Õ occupies the 22nd position in the modern alphabet (achegety), serving as the nasal counterpart to the oral vowel O and functioning as the fourth nasal vowel after Ã, Ẽ, and Ĩ.^[42] This letter represents a mid-back rounded nasal vowel, transcribed as /õ/ in the International Phonetic Alphabet, where airflow passes through both the mouth and nose, creating a resonant nasal quality distinct from oral vowels.^[42] The tilde diacritic (~) above the O explicitly marks this nasality, and Õ typically appears in stressed syllables, influencing the language's characteristic nasal harmony, where nasality spreads regressively across morphemes and words.^[42] For instance, in nasalized forms like pyõ (chest, under nasal harmony), it alters the oral py to convey a nasal context.^[42] The use of Õ traces back to 18th-century Jesuit missionary efforts in Paraguay and surrounding regions, where linguists like Antonio Ruiz de Montoya developed early Roman-based orthographies to document and evangelize in Guarani, employing the tilde to indicate nasal vowels amid the language's rich phonemic contrasts.^[42] These systems, refined over centuries despite the Jesuits' expulsion in 1767, laid the groundwork for representing Guarani's six oral and six nasal vowels.^[42] Orthographic standardization accelerated in the mid-20th century, culminating at the 1950 Guaraní Language Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay, which established the current 33-letter alphabet for universal use in Paraguay—where Guarani became a national language in 1967 and co-official with Spanish in 1992—prioritizing phonetic accuracy and consistency for education and media.^[43]^[42] Õ plays a crucial role in distinguishing vowel height and articulation within Guarani's nasal system, contrasting with Ã (/ã/, low central) for lower, more open nasality and Ẽ (/ẽ/, mid-front unrounded) for fronter, less rounded resonance, ensuring phonemic clarity in words affected by nasal harmony.^[42] For example, póra (spirit) uses Õ to evoke a mid-back nasal timbre, differing from potential variants with Ã or Ẽ that would shift meaning or grammatical function.^[42] This precision supports Guarani's agglutinative morphology, where nasal vowels like Õ signal semantic nuances, such as in derivations like te'õ (humid), underscoring the letter's integral place in the language's phonological inventory.^[42]

Vietnamese

In the Vietnamese orthography, known as chữ Quốc ngữ, Õ denotes the mid-back rounded vowel [ɔ] combined with the ngã tone, a high-rising contour typically realized with creaky voice or laryngealization in northern dialects.^[5]^[44] This phonation quality, involving glottal constriction, distinguishes the ngã tone from other registers and is essential for lexical differentiation, as in the word cõng meaning "to carry on one's back."^[45] The use of Õ emerged from the 17th-century Romanization efforts led by Portuguese Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes, who, in collaboration with Vietnamese scholars, adapted the Latin alphabet to capture Vietnamese tones and vowels in his 1651 dictionary Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Vice Versa. This system incorporated diacritics, including the tilde for the ngã tone—inspired briefly by Portuguese nasal notation but repurposed for tonal indication—to reflect the language's six registers, where tone placement alters both pitch and voice quality.^[46] By the early 20th century, Quốc ngữ became the official script, standardizing Õ within Vietnam's 29-letter alphabet. Derivatives of Õ include Ỗ (ô with tilde), representing the close-mid back rounded vowel under ngã tone, as in bỗng ("suddenly"), and Ỡ (ơ with tilde), for the mid central vowel [ə] with the same tone, appearing in words like rỗng variants in dialectical forms.^[6] These forms extend the base Õ to accommodate Vietnamese's vowel inventory, ensuring precise tonal encoding. Orthographically, Õ functions as a non-independent variant of the base letter o, integrated into the sequence of accented vowels to signify mid-back rounded sounds with laryngealized intonation, without constituting a standalone alphabetic position.^[6]

Voko

In the Voko language, a member of the Niger-Congo family spoken by approximately 2,400 people (as of 1982) in northern Cameroon, the letter Õ serves as a grapheme in the orthography to represent the phonetic cluster /ɔ̀ŋ/, consisting of a low back rounded vowel [ɔ] with low tone and a nasal velar consonant [ŋ]. This representation appears in various lexical items, capturing a complex syllabic structure common in the language's phonology.^[47] The orthographic use of Õ is integrated into the Latin-based alphabet developed for Voko, reflecting adaptations for the language's tonal and nasal features. Its adoption traces back to 20th-century efforts by missionaries and linguists to document and script Niger-Congo languages in West Africa, though standardization has been limited due to the language's small speaker base and regional variations. A distinctive feature of Õ in Voko is its function as a single grapheme that simultaneously encodes a vowel quality, tonal specification, and post-vocalic nasal consonant, streamlining the writing of fused sounds that might otherwise require multiple diacritics or digraphs.

Non-linguistic uses

Mathematics

In mathematical complexity analysis, the symbol Õ denotes a variant of big O notation specifically designed to suppress polylogarithmic factors, simplifying the description of asymptotic growth rates in algorithms and computational problems. Formally, a function f(n) satisfies

f(n) = \tilde{[O](/page/

)}(g(n))

if f(n) = O(g(n) \log^k n) for some constant k \geq 0, meaning the logarithmic terms are absorbed without affecting the dominant behavior. This notation, also known as "soft-O" or "tilde-O," allows researchers to focus on the primary scaling while acknowledging that polylog factors (powers of \log n) are present but negligible for high-level analysis.^[48] The precise definition states that f(n) = \tilde{O}(g(n)) if \limsup_{n \to \infty} |f(n)/g(n)| / \log^k n < \infty for some k, or equivalently, if f(n)/g(n) is bounded by a polylogarithmic function. Unlike standard big O notation, which may hide constants and lower-order terms more broadly, Õ explicitly distinguishes cases where logarithmic overhead is irrelevant, making it ideal for theoretical computer science where such factors often arise from recursive divisions or tree structures. This distinction enables cleaner statements in proofs, such as claiming an algorithm runs in \tilde{O}(n) time when the exact bound is O(n \log^3 n), emphasizing the linear scaling.^[49] Õ notation emerged in theoretical computer science literature during the late 20th century and became widespread in the 1990s for expressing bounds in algorithm design and analysis. For instance, the average-case time complexity of quicksort is \tilde{O}(n \log n), indicating that the algorithm's performance is dominated by n \log n operations, with any additional polylogarithmic overhead ignored for asymptotic purposes. This usage is prevalent in seminal works on sorting, graph algorithms, and data structures, where it facilitates comparisons between methods by normalizing minor logarithmic differences.^[50]^[51]

Computing

In computing, the character Õ is encoded in Unicode as U+00D5 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE, and its lowercase counterpart õ as U+00F5 LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE; both reside in the Latin-1 Supplement block (U+0080 to U+00FF).^[52] These code points ensure compatibility with legacy Latin-1 (ISO/IEC 8859-1) systems, where Õ maps to byte 0xD5 and õ to 0xF5. Input methods for Õ vary by platform. On Windows, users can enter Õ using the Alt code Alt+0213 via the numeric keypad, or Ctrl+Shift+~ followed by O for both uppercase and lowercase forms.^[53] In HTML and XML, it is represented by the named entity Õ for Õ and õ for õ.^[54] For text encoding, Õ is supported in UTF-8 as the byte sequence C3 95, while õ uses C3 B5, enabling seamless handling in modern web and file systems.^[55] Display and rendering of Õ in legacy systems pose challenges due to limited character sets. In 7-bit ASCII environments, which lack diacritics, Õ is often substituted with approximations like "O~" or simply "O" during transliteration to maintain readability.^[56] Full native support emerged with Unicode's adoption in the 1990s; for instance, the Unicode standard first replaced ASCII in an operating system in 1993, and by the late 1990s, major platforms like Windows NT and Unix variants provided comprehensive rendering via UTF-8 and font embedding.^[57] In practical applications, Õ follows O in collation sorting under the default Unicode Collation Algorithm (UCA), where the tilde acts as a secondary-level modifier after the primary base letter weight.^[58] For web use, Õ in URLs is percent-encoded as %C3%95 to comply with URI standards, ensuring proper transmission and decoding in UTF-8 contexts.^[59]

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[PDF] the south estonian language islands - OJS
The close-mid vowel õ [ɤ] is characteristic of Esto- nian and Mulgi (e.g. ... in Leivu and Võro, e.g., Seto and Võro sysar [ˈsɯ.sarʲ] 'sister'. In.<|separator|>
[28]
[PDF] The Võro language in education in Estonia - ERIC
285–286), the. Võro standard (orthography) remains unsettled. Differences in opinion can be summarised as: when an orthography is linguistically well-founded ...
[29]
Lõuna-Eesti pärimuse portaal :: Vastseliina pärimus :: Muinasjutud
Sõs ütli nuo kuhtu esända, et miä jutt tuo um, kunes õgõ pliini pilv siih ... Võro saksa sagõhõhe sennä. Vanalaigu oli nuo kalda kiik lakõ ollnu, sis ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
Skolt Sámi language and alphabet - Omniglot
Jun 4, 2022 · The letters q, w, x, y and ö are also used, although only in foreign words or loans. ' after vowels causes centralization, and before consonants ...
[31]
Vowels - Oahpa
Mar 9, 2025 · The chart below shows Skolt Sámi example words. In the columns on ... Õ õ. We call this letter 'о-tilde'. It is pronounced like in the ...Missing: Sami | Show results with:Sami
[32]
Skolt Sami Language: Preservation, Challenges, And Modern ...
The written representation of Skolt Sámi has evolved over time, with the current orthography developed in the 1970s. This writing system employs the Latin ...
[33]
Appendix:Saami word lists - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
oil · масло · öljy, ålja, ulljo; oalljo, olju, oljo, vuõjj, вӯйй, olaj. 358, salt · соль ... (Online version at http://slovari.saami.su/). Skolt Saami, Jouni ...
[34]
Skolt Saami | The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
Jun 23, 2022 · The written standard, created in the 1970s, is taught at local schools and has some public use. The typology of Skolt Saami has developed from ...
[35]
[PDF] Skolt Saami: A typological profile (JSFOu 93)
The relevant properties of Skolt Saami are discussed and the language is assigned a value for each feature. The features cover phonology, different domains ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
[PDF] Skolt Saami - OuluREPO
Oct 8, 2021 · The Skolt Saami vowel system comprises nine or ten. (monophthong) vowels, as shown in Table 12.1. The phonological status of [ε] is unclear, and ...
[37]
[PDF] Nasal Coda and Vowel Nasality in Brazilian Portuguese
Despite different theoretical perspectives and methodologies, nasal vowels in Brazilian Portuguese are characterized by their variability.<|separator|>
[38]
https://www.scribd.com/document/468416470/Circum-Baltic-Languages-Volume-1-Past-and-Present-pdf
[39]
European Portuguese Nasal Vowels: An EMMA Study - Academia.edu
In this paper new EMMA data regarding European Portuguese nasals is presented. Some details about corpus constitution, recording and annotation is given.
[40]
[PDF] L'ortografia romagnola
... õ = d õ. L'apostrofo ci vorrà invece se scriviamo «da uno»: da + õ = d'õ ... L'ortografia romagnola però nota tradizionalmente l'articolo sing.
[41]
[PDF] L'ortografia romagnola - Bulgnais
... romagnolo, con le sue ê, ô, ë, ö di valore ben diverso da quello dei bolognesi ê, ô /ee, oo/ o dei piacentini ë, ö /È, °/, funziona ed è usato dalla maggior ...
[42]
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10107709/1/A-Grammar-of-Paraguayan-Guarani.pdf
[43]
[PDF] REGOLE FONDAMENTALI DI GRAFIA ROMAGNOLA
vocali è, ó: brot (brutto-i), la bota (la botte), me\. (mille). c) Sulle vocali toniche orali ti, é, è, è, e, ó, ó, ò, o il segno diacritico si deve usare ...
[44]
[PDF] la Ludla - Il dialetto romagnolo in linea
Feb 3, 2012 · rôs; sapone: savõ; peso: pés; pesce: pèss; zanzara: zinzêla; colazione: claziõ; giallo: zal; giunta: zõta. Page 5. la Ludla. 5. Febbraio 2012.<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
Circum-Baltic Languages, Volume 1 Past and Present PDF - Scribd
Rating 5.0 (1) found in Old Lithuanian, and they are the only ones to be used in Latvian). 4. The Žemaitian (Low Lithuanian) dialects (žemaičiu ... õ in Standard Estonian ...
[46]
[PDF] Acta Linguistica Lithuanica - Lietuvių kalbos institutas
... žõ·le. (Žg); nu‿i‿dàbà mẽ·s‿jeu v s va úo me. (Žg); o‿ta.‿mé.ile. / v ... Samogitian Language and Writing. Vertinant knygą struktūros požiūriu kiek ...
[47]
[PDF] Gwara w twórczości nowej fali prozaików śląskich. Wojciech Kuczok ...
Oct 28, 2016 · Co u wós, fater. Nic. No ja. Ja. No, to trzimcie sie tam, ojciec, pra? Ja. Pyjter kończy rozmowę, strząsa z siebie brzmienie wemakulamych ...
[48]
Współczesna norma języka śląskiego – dekada funkcjonowania ...
Nov 22, 2020 · Do pisowni ślabikorzowej wprowadzono bowiem pięć nowych liter (ō, ô, ŏ, õ, ã), w większości pełniących pełniące funkcję homografów oraz usunię ...
[49]
[PDF] A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani - UCL Discovery
Mar 15, 2019 · ... standardization of Guarani is relatively recent and actually still vigorously under way. By way of example, the Paraguayan. Academy of the ...Missing: 1960s | Show results with:1960s
[50]
Guaraní language - Omniglot
Sep 3, 2024 · Guaraní spelling was finally standardized at the Guaraní Language Congress in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1950. This orthography is now universally ...Missing: 1960s | Show results with:1960s
[51]
Yaqian Huang - Creaky voice in Vietnamese - Google Sites
Northern (Hanoi) Vietnamese has a 8-tone system where tone and phonation are fused and with three glottalized tones: the mid-rising ngã tone C2 has creaky voice ...
[52]
[PDF] The Key Phonetic Properties of Vietnamese Tone: A Reassessment
In nga creakiness predicts curve but not vice versa. The phonation types of creakiness and breathiness can be used reliably in Vietnamese to group tones into ...
[53]
[PDF] Questioning the Strategies Used to Create the Chữ Quốc Ngữ ...
Initially devised as a linguistic aid for evangelization, Chữ Quốc Ngữ evolved into a systematic orthography, ultimately becoming Vietnam's official script.<|control11|><|separator|>
[54]
Voko | Ethnologue Free
Voko. Subgroup of 1 language. Niger-Congo 1554 ... Longto wok, a language of Cameroon. Ethnologue ... Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version ...
[55]
[PDF] Mathematical Programming Society Newsletter
Jun 2, 1998 · 2). The notation Õ(f ) denotes O(f logd n) for some constant d ... complexity using a Mizuno-Todd-Ye type predictor-corrector algorithm.
[56]
Data-Driven Algorithm Design - Communications of the ACM
Jun 1, 2020 · ... complexity of an algorithm class and more traditional computational complexity measures? ... The notation Õ(·) suppresses logarithmic factors.
[57]
Approximate minimum-cost multicommodity flows in $$\tilde O$$ (ɛ
We show that an ε-approximate solution of the cost-constrainedK-commodity flow problem on anN-nodeM-arc network,G can be computed by sequentially solv.
[58]
Analysis of Performance Differentiation for Common type of Sorting ...
Mar 31, 2019 · Cost. Recursive. Algorithm. Merge Sort Õ ( n log n ) Õ ( n log n ). Heap Sort Õ ( n log n ) ... quickSort( arr[], low, high ) {. 3: if ( low ...
[59]
None
- **U+00D5**:
[60]
Keyboard shortcuts for international characters - Microsoft Support
To type a lowercase character by using a key combination that includes the Shift key ... ã, ñ, õ. Ã, Ñ, Õ. CTRL+SHIFT+~ (TILDE), the letter. ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ ...
[61]
HTML character: Õ = &Otilde - toolstud.io
HTML character: Õ = Õ. «Latin capital ... In HTML (and XML), there are 'character entity reference' that are used to represent non-ASCII characters.
[62]
UTF-8 encoding table and Unicode characters
U+00D5, Õ, 195 149, Õ, Õ, LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE. U+00D6, Ö, 195 150, Ö, Ö, LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS. U+00D7, ×, 195 151, &# ...
[63]
php - Convert accented characters to their plain ascii equivalents
Apr 7, 2012 · I have to convert french characters into english on my php. I've used the following code: iconv("utf-8", "ascii//TRANSLIT", $string); But the result for ËËË ...Missing: legacy | Show results with:legacy
[64]
All Mimsy were the Borogoves: A Brief Introduction to the Unicode ...
In 1991, the Unicode Consortium was officially incorporated (ibid), and in 1993 the Unicode standard replaced ASCII for the first time in an operating system, ...
[65]
UTS #10: Unicode Collation Algorithm
Summary of each segment:
[66]
HTML URL Encoding Reference - W3Schools
URL encoding replaces unsafe ASCII characters with a "%" followed by two hexadecimal digits. URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space ...