Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

1810

1810 marked a turning point in global history, as the weakening of Spanish authority amid the Peninsular War sparked the May Revolution in Buenos Aires on May 25, where local leaders expelled Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and established an autonomous junta, initiating broader independence movements across Spanish America. In Mexico, Father Miguel Hidalgo issued the Grito de Dolores on September 16, launching the Mexican War of Independence against colonial rule. Concurrently, the Napoleonic Wars saw France annex the Kingdom of Holland following the abdication of Louis Bonaparte on July 1, consolidating Napoleon's continental dominance. The year also featured naval engagements, including the Battle of Grand Port in August, where French forces under Commodore Pierre-Bernard Magon de la Villehuerne defeated a British squadron in the , marking a rare French victory at sea. Culturally, Polish composer was born on March 1 near , later becoming a key figure in . In Europe, the traditional Bavarian festival of originated on October 12, celebrating the wedding of Ludwig to Princess . These events underscored 1810's role in shifting imperial powers, fostering revolutionary fervor in the , and laying foundations for modern national identities.

Events

January–March

In January 1810, forces under Marshal Nicolas Soult launched an invasion of , deploying approximately 60,000 troops to secure the region and threaten the Spanish seat of government at . The operation exploited Spanish disarray following defeats in prior campaigns, with columns advancing from the north and east; by January 11, Soult's army was positioned for the main thrust, overcoming scattered resistance from regulars and militia. , a key economic center, fell to the on January 31 after minimal opposition, as the garrison under General La Peña withdrew without significant engagement, reflecting logistical strains and low morale among forces. On January 28, during the Andalusian advance, General Horace François Bastien Sébastiani's corps clashed with troops at Alcalá la Real, a skirmish resulting in a victory that facilitated further penetration into and provinces. This action underscored tactical superiority in , as Sébastiani's 12,000 men routed a larger but poorly coordinated force under General Mateo Valdemoro, capturing and prisoners while incurring fewer than 100 casualties compared to Spanish losses exceeding 400. The invasion's momentum carried into February, culminating in the initiation of the Siege of on February 5, when French and allied troops under Marshal Victor invested the fortified port city, Spain's remaining bastion of organized resistance in the south. , defended by a combined Anglo-Spanish of around 20,000 supported by naval assets, withstood the due to its geography and British , which disrupted French supply lines; the siege persisted as a protracted , diverting French resources amid ongoing guerrilla activity in . In the northern theater, French preparations for a larger offensive into Portugal advanced in March, with Marshal Michel Ney's forces besieging Astorga from March 21 to April 22, though initial assaults in late March tested Spanish defenders under General Francisco Santocildes. Concurrently, on March 29, French troops under General François Étienne de Kellermann captured Oviedo in Asturias, overcoming local resistance and securing the Biscay coast against British-Portuguese threats from the north. These actions consolidated French control over key interior fortresses, enabling the assembly of Marshal André Masséna's Army of Portugal, but at the cost of exposing supply vulnerabilities to Anglo-Allied forces under Viscount Wellington. The dissolution of Spain's on January 29 exacerbated colonial administrative uncertainties, as the interim Regency in struggled to assert authority over distant viceroyalties amid occupation of the mainland, prompting preliminary Creole discontent in regions like New Granada and the without yet erupting into open revolt. This political vacuum, rooted in Napoleonic pressures fragmenting Spanish governance, heightened tensions over loyalty to versus local juntas, though no major uprisings materialized in the first quarter.

April–June

On April 19, 1810, residents of deposed Vicente Emparan amid news of Spain's royal crisis following Napoleon's 1808 invasion and the forced abdication of , establishing the Supreme Caracas Junta to assert local autonomy rather than full . This action stemmed from economic strains including trade disruptions from the and resentment toward peninsular Spanish officials, though many Venezuelans initially favored loyalty to over separation, viewing the move as provisional self-rule to counter French influence. The deposition occurred when Emparan, addressing a from a , was shouted down by bystanders rejecting his , prompting the junta's formation under figures like Domingo de Monteverde's opponents, though Spanish royalist forces quickly mobilized to suppress such uprisings elsewhere in the colony. Napoleon's occupation of had eroded Madrid's control over its colonies, creating a that local elites exploited for governance shifts, driven by self-preservation amid disrupted transatlantic rather than unified ideological revolt. In Buenos Aires, events from May 18 to 25, 1810, culminated in the ousting of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros after a cabildo abierto assembly demanded his resignation, leading to the Primera Junta's installation on May 25 as a provisional government loyal to Ferdinand VII but independent of direct Spanish oversight. Similar to Caracas, the revolution was triggered by Spain's vulnerability post-Bayonne, with porteño merchants and criollos citing administrative paralysis and economic blockade effects from European wars as catalysts for local control. Cisneros's attempt to retain influence via reappointment failed against crowd pressure, but Spanish authorities in Montevideo and Peru responded with military expeditions to reassert viceregal rule, highlighting the fragility of these juntas amid divided colonial loyalties. By June 1810, French forces under consolidated gains in the , with troop reinforcements bolstering occupations in and prompting further colonial defiance, as juntas in and other regions emulated without achieving lasting stability. In the United States, Macon's Bill No. 2, enacted on May 1 but effective through June, authorized trade resumption with or upon repeal of their respective maritime restrictions, aiming to mitigate economic fallout from the Napoleonic conflicts' disruptions to neutral commerce. These measures underscored the war's global ripple effects, including heightened and privateering in Latin American ports strained by imperial collapse.

July–September

On July 1, 1810, Louis Bonaparte abdicated as King of Holland in favor of his five-year-old son, Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, after refusing to fully enforce Napoleon's Continental System, which required stricter customs controls and led to French threats of military occupation. French troops promptly occupied Amsterdam and other key ports to secure compliance, integrating Dutch trade routes under direct French oversight and curtailing local autonomy in economic policy. This action stemmed from causal tensions over smuggling evasion—Holland's lax enforcement had allowed British goods to infiltrate continental markets, undermining the blockade's aim to economically isolate Britain. On July 9, 1810, formally annexed the —previously established in 1806 under his brother Louis Bonaparte—to the via imperial decree, dissolving its separate status and subjecting its 2.2 million inhabitants to French administration, taxation, and . The annexation enforced uniform application of the Continental System, closing Dutch ports to neutral shipping and confiscating colonial trade assets, which boosted French revenue short-term but fueled Dutch resistance through increased poverty and forced levies—exports to had already halved since 1806 due to partial blockades. By centralizing control, suppressed potential allied defection amid growing coalition pressures, though it exacerbated and local unrest without resolving underlying enforcement failures. On September 16, 1810, , a Catholic in the village of Dolores, issued the de Dolores—a public call from his church balcony urging parishioners to rise against Spanish colonial abuses, including heavy taxation and discrimination against non-peninsulares—thereby igniting the Mexican War of Independence. Prompted by the discovery of a criollo conspiracy against viceregal rule, Hidalgo preemptively mobilized around 50,000 mostly indigenous and mestizo followers armed with farm tools and looted weapons; they seized San Miguel el Grande on September 17 and stormed on September 28, where insurgents killed approximately 400-600 Spaniards and creoles in retaliatory violence amid chaotic street fighting. Royalist forces under commanders like initially yielded ground due to the rebels' overwhelming numbers, but regrouped with professional troops and , exploiting insurgent disorganization—Hidalgo's army lacked supply lines, discipline, and , leading to tactical routs despite early momentum. The uprising's support fractured regionally, strongest in the mining districts of central where economic grievances converged with anti-peninsular sentiment, but weaker in northern frontiers and southern provinces due to logistical barriers and elite criollo hesitancy over potential ; many property-owning creoles withheld aid, viewing Hidalgo's movement as a to rather than a cohesive bid, as evidenced by limited defections to banners and the insurgents' initial framing under loyalty to deposed King . This division underscored causal roots in class tensions—fueled by Spain's post-1808 liberal constitution and French occupation—over abstract nationalism, with insurgent gains relying on ad hoc mobilization prone to atrocities that alienated potential allies and invited brutal reprisals.

October–December

On October 12, Munich hosted the inaugural , organized by Bavarian royalty to commemorate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig to Princess , with public horse races on the meadow attended by over 40,000 spectators as a display of monarchical continuity amid continental instability. The of 1810, mandated by Congress and begun on August 6, extended into October and November with enumerators compiling household data across states, yielding a total population of 7,239,881 that underscored territorial expansion and immigration-driven growth. British naval forces under Commodore Samuel Pym initiated the invasion of French-controlled Isle de France (present-day ) in late November, landing troops and capturing the island by December 3 after minimal resistance, thereby neutralizing a key base for French privateers disrupting commerce. This action exemplified persistent efforts to enforce blockades despite earlier setbacks like the August defeat at Grand Port. In December, Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the annexation of the Hanseatic cities of , , and to the , aiming to tighten the Continental System's against British trade by controlling Baltic access points, though smuggling persisted due to economic strains on compliant states. These measures highlighted war fatigue in Europe, where festivals like offered temporary public respite from and .

Date Unknown

No notable events in 1810 with unknown specific dates are prominently recorded in historical sources. While many significant occurrences, such as independence declarations in and Napoleonic annexations, are tied to particular months or days, undated happenings lack sufficient documentation for encyclopedic inclusion without speculation. This absence highlights the concentration of documented events in 1810 around known dates, reflecting the era's reliance on official records for major political and military developments.

Scientific and Technological Developments

Discoveries and Theoretical Advances

In 1810, published the second part of A New System of Chemical Philosophy, extending his by applying it systematically to chemical reactions and providing quantitative evidence for fixed atomic weights based on experimental and combination ratios. This work built on empirical measurements of gases and solids, offering a causal framework for chemical proportions that challenged phlogiston remnants and emphasized indivisible s as the basis for , verified through precise weighing experiments. Siméon-Denis Poisson advanced theoretical mechanics by elucidating explicit transformations in Lagrange's variational methods, laying groundwork for through rigorous derivations of coordinate transformations in Hamiltonian systems, as detailed in his analyses spanning 1808–1810. These contributions, rooted in equations and laws, provided mathematical tools for predicting and motions with greater precision, grounded in first-principles rather than empirical alone. In natural history, Joseph Anning discovered the skull of an (Ichthyosaurus) near , , with subsequent excavation yielding the first recognized complete specimen of this extinct , approximately 5.2 meters long, advancing understanding of prehistoric aquatic life forms through direct evidence. This empirical find, dated to the via stratigraphic context, demonstrated anatomical features like a elongated and inconsistent with known or reptiles, prompting reevaluation of timelines based on observable .

Inventions and Practical Applications

In 1810, French inventor published L'Art de conserver les substances animales et végétales, detailing his method of preserving food in sealed glass jars heated in boiling water, which had earned him a prize from Napoleon Bonaparte the previous year for addressing military supply challenges during campaigns. This process, reliant on empirical trials rather than understanding of microbial causes, enabled reliable long-term storage of meats, vegetables, and fruits without , directly enhancing naval and army by reducing spoilage rates in transport. Abraham-Louis Breguet, a watchmaker based in , produced the first known wristwatch in 1810, designated No. 2639 and commissioned by Caroline Murat, of , featuring a attachment for direct arm wear rather than pocket carry. The timepiece incorporated Breguet's signature innovations, including a dial, blued steel hands, and a keyless winding precursor, but its adoption remained limited due to prevailing preferences for durable pocket watches and the device's perceived fragility for everyday use beyond elite female clientele. In late 1810, Joseph Anning, brother of young fossil collector , unearthed the skull of an ichthyosaur near , , initiating the extraction of the first complete skeleton of this , which Mary completed in 1811 through persistent cliffside excavation. This find demonstrated practical advances in fossil preparation techniques, such as careful chiseling and chemical cleaning to preserve fragile bones, providing of extinct species that informed early stratigraphic mapping and resource prospecting in .

Cultural and Social Developments

Arts, Music, and Literature

composed the for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's play Egmont, Op. 84, between October 1809 and June 1810, including a celebrated that premiered on June 15, 1810, at Vienna's ; the work's nine pieces, scored for full orchestra, underscore themes of resistance and triumph through dynamic contrasts and heroic motifs, earning acclaim for their emotional depth amid Napoleonic-era resonances. Beethoven also completed No. 26 in , Op. 81a ("Les Adieux"), in 1810, a three-movement programmatic piece inscribed with dedications evoking farewell (Adieu), absence (Abwesenheit), and reunion (Das Wiedersehn), notable for its lyrical restraint and structural unity linking outer movements via thematic recall. The Für Elise, WoO 59, attributed to Beethoven circa April 27, 1810, based on a now-lost reported by Ludwig Nohl, features a compact with perpetual motion in the right hand, variational episodes, and a poignant lyrical , exemplifying Beethoven's skill in elevating modest genres through rhythmic vitality and harmonic surprises, though its dedicatee remains debated (possibly Therese Malfatti, misread from "Für Therese"). In literature, Sir Walter Scott's narrative poem The Lady of the Lake, published in January 1810 by John Ballantyne, depicts feudal through and ballad stanzas, achieving rapid commercial success with over 20,000 copies sold in its first year and inspiring theatrical adaptations, musical settings, and tourism to Loch Katrine for its vivid Highland landscapes and Jacobite undertones. saw the opening of the Salon of 1810 on November 5 at the in , an annual exhibition under Napoleonic patronage that displayed neoclassical and emerging romantic works, including portraits and historical scenes by artists such as and , reflecting tensions between imperial grandeur and introspective individualism.

Social Movements and Customs

The first Oktoberfest commenced on October 12, 1810, in , , to commemorate the wedding of Ludwig (later Ludwig I) and Therese of Saxony-Hildburghausen. Organized by the , the event centered on public horse races held on the meadow, drawing an estimated 40,000 spectators for communal festivities that reinforced monarchical allegiance and social cohesion among subjects. This inaugural gathering, devoid of modern beer tents, emphasized equestrian competitions and agricultural displays as expressions of loyalty to the Wittelsbach dynasty, evolving into an annual tradition only after subsequent royal endorsements. In the United States, the Second Great Awakening sustained religious revivals that reshaped social customs, emphasizing individual conversion, moral discipline, and communal worship in rural camp meetings and village gatherings from the late through the . These Protestant-led events, peaking in intensity during the early , correlated with rising church memberships—particularly among Methodists and —and fostered customs of itinerant preaching and extended prayer sessions that prioritized personal accountability over institutional hierarchy. Such revivals, driven by figures like Charles Finney in later phases but rooted in earlier frontier dynamics, contributed to heightened social scrutiny of behaviors like alcohol consumption, though widespread temperance adherence remained sporadic until organized societies formed post-1810. Abolitionist sentiments persisted in Northern U.S. states, where emancipation laws had freed approximately three-quarters of black residents by 1810, supported by manumission societies advocating gradual release rather than immediate . These efforts, building on post-Revolutionary reforms, involved petitions and legal challenges but encountered resistance from economic interests tied to Southern agriculture, resulting in policy stasis despite vocal advocacy from free black communities and Quaker networks. In , post-1807 slave abolition, informal reform circles discussed mitigation strategies, yet comprehensive bans lagged until the , reflecting causal tensions between humanitarian rhetoric and imperial commerce.

Births

January–June

On January 7, Josef Lipavský, a Bohemian-born composer, pianist, and organist who had resided primarily in since childhood, died at age 37. His early death, amid the era's rudimentary medical interventions for infectious diseases, curtailed a career marked by singspiels and piano variations admired by contemporaries like , creating a minor void in 's improvisational circles. , who served as of from 1774 to 1776 and later as president of the state's High Court of Errors and Appeals, died on January 20 at age 87 following an extended illness typical of advanced age in the pre-antibiotic period. His passing diminished the cadre of colonial-era jurists whose interpretations shaped early American property and probate law, though his extensive family network sustained influence in society. On February 20, , the Tyrolean innkeeper who led armed resistance against Bavarian and French occupation during the 1809 uprising, was executed by firing squad in after capture and a tribunal convicted him of under Napoleonic authority. The event underscored the brutal suppression of regional nationalisms, leaving without its primary folk hero and galvanizing long-term anti-Napoleonic sentiment in Alpine territories. , the reclusive English natural philosopher renowned for isolating in 1766 and measuring Earth's density via torsion balance experiments, died on at age 78, likely from natural decline as his sole recorded illness progressed unchecked due to his aversion to medical intrusion. His death prompted posthumous cataloging of unpublished notes by James Clerk Maxwell in 1879, revealing foundational insights into electrical conductivity and heat, thus filling gaps in contemporary physics understanding. , major general in the Continental Army who commanded at Yorktown and served as the first U.S. Secretary of War under the , died on May 9 at age 77 in , from age-related frailty after retiring from public duties the prior year. His demise marked the end of a Revolutionary cohort, with his prior role quelling leaving ' militia reforms without direct oversight amid ongoing federal-state tensions.

July–December

, of since 1797, died on July 19 at age 34 from an intestinal disorder while visiting her birth family at Hohenzieritz Castle in Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Her death occurred amid 's recovery from the 1806-1807 defeats by , leaving King Frederick William III to govern without her counsel. On September 11, Francis Baring, founder of the Baring Brothers banking house and a key financier in trade with America and India, died at age 66 in . Johan , a German-born painter renowned for his detailed portraits of theatrical figures and scenes from Garrick's circle, died on November 11 at age 77 in , England. Philipp Otto , German Romantic painter and early theorist of color symbolism in art, died on December 2 at age 33 from pulmonary in .

Date Unknown

No notable events in 1810 with unknown specific dates are prominently recorded in historical sources. While many significant occurrences, such as independence declarations in and Napoleonic annexations, are tied to particular months or days, undated happenings lack sufficient documentation for encyclopedic inclusion without speculation. This absence highlights the concentration of documented events in 1810 around known dates, reflecting the era's reliance on official records for major political and military developments.

Deaths

January–June

On , Josef Lipavský, a Bohemian-born , , and who had resided primarily in since childhood, died at age 37. His early death, amid the era's rudimentary medical interventions for infectious diseases, curtailed a career marked by singspiels and piano variations admired by contemporaries like , creating a minor void in Vienna's improvisational circles. , who served as of from 1774 to 1776 and later as president of the state's High Court of Errors and Appeals, died on January 20 at age 87 following an extended illness typical of advanced age in the pre-antibiotic period. His passing diminished the cadre of colonial-era jurists whose interpretations shaped early American property and probate law, though his extensive family network sustained influence in society. On February 20, , the Tyrolean innkeeper who led armed resistance against Bavarian and French occupation during the 1809 uprising, was executed by firing squad in after capture and a tribunal convicted him of under Napoleonic authority. The event underscored the brutal suppression of regional nationalisms, leaving without its primary folk hero and galvanizing long-term anti-Napoleonic sentiment in Alpine territories. , the reclusive English natural philosopher renowned for isolating in 1766 and measuring Earth's density via torsion balance experiments, died on at age 78, likely from natural decline as his sole recorded illness progressed unchecked due to his aversion to medical intrusion. His death prompted posthumous cataloging of unpublished notes by James Clerk Maxwell in 1879, revealing foundational insights into electrical conductivity and heat, thus filling gaps in contemporary physics understanding. , major general in the Continental Army who commanded at Yorktown and served as the first U.S. Secretary of War under the , died on May 9 at age 77 in , from age-related frailty after retiring from public duties the prior year. His demise marked the end of a Revolutionary cohort, with his prior role quelling leaving Massachusetts' militia reforms without direct oversight amid ongoing federal-state tensions.

July–December

, of since 1797, died on July 19 at age 34 from an intestinal disorder while visiting her birth family at Hohenzieritz Castle in Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Her death occurred amid 's recovery from the 1806-1807 defeats by , leaving King Frederick William III to govern without her counsel. On September 11, Francis Baring, founder of the Baring Brothers banking house and a key financier in trade with America and India, died at age 66 in . Johan , a German-born painter renowned for his detailed portraits of theatrical figures and scenes from Garrick's circle, died on November 11 at age 77 in , England. Philipp Otto , German Romantic painter and early theorist of color symbolism in art, died on December 2 at age 33 from pulmonary in .

References

  1. [1]
    What Happened in 1810 - On This Day
    Major Events · May 25 In the May Revolution, citizens of Buenos Aires expel the Spanish Viceroy Cisneros during Semana de Mayo; Sep 16 Priest Miguel Hidalgo ...
  2. [2]
    Mexican War of Independence begins | September 16, 1810
    Mar 3, 2010 · Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or “Cry of Dolores.”
  3. [3]
    Historical Events in 1810 - On This Day
    Jul 1 Louis Napoleon abdicates as king of the Netherlands · Jul 4 French troops occupy Amsterdam · Jul 9 Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland as part of the ...
  4. [4]
    Famous People Born in 1810 - On This Day
    Famous people born in 1810 include French explorer Antoine T. d'Abbadie, King Ferdinand II, composer Frédéric Chopin, and Pope Leo XIII.
  5. [5]
    1810 Archives | HISTORY
    The traditional German festival known as Oktoberfest begins on October 12, 1810, when Bavarian Crown Prince Louis, later King Louis I of Bavaria, marries ...
  6. [6]
    Peninsular War | Definition, Battles, Dates, Significance, & Facts
    Sep 24, 2025 · Peninsular War, (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese ...
  7. [7]
    The Battle of Barrosa: Savage Encounter in Spain
    ... conquest of Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain. By January 11, they had an army of 60,000 men poised to begin the invasion. Soult boasted to Paris ...
  8. [8]
    French invasion of Andalusia, January-February 1810
    Apr 9, 2008 · This wealthy province had been invaded at the very start of the Peninsular War, only for the French to suffer defeat at Baylen.<|separator|>
  9. [9]
    Combat of Alcala la Real, 28 January 1810
    The combat of Alcala la Real of 28 January 1810 was a minor French victory during General Sebastiani's invasion of Granada and Malaga.
  10. [10]
    Spain's Bastion: The Siege of Cadiz and the War in Spain
    Jul 7, 2022 · The war continued to rage and expand as the British, Portuguese, and Spanish constantly attempted to wrest control of Iberia away from the advancing French ...
  11. [11]
    Napoleon Series Battle Lists: Peninsular War
    1810/03/21 - 1810/04/21. Siege of Astorga. French victory. France. Spain. Junot. Santocildes. 1810/03/25. Battle of El Ronquillo. French victory. France. Spain.
  12. [12]
    Timeline of the Peninsular War - Wikipedia
    21 March 1810 – 22 April 1810, Siege of Astorga · León, Castile and León, French victory. 29 March 1810, Capture of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, French victory ...List of events · 1808 · 1809 · 1810
  13. [13]
    Peninsular War | National Army Museum
    Between 1808 and 1814, the British Army fought a war in the Iberian Peninsula against the invading forces of Napoleon's France.Corunna · Torres Vedras · Albuera And Badajoz
  14. [14]
    History of Latin America - Independence, Revolutions, Nations
    In May 1810 prominent Creoles in Buenos Aires, having vied with peninsulars for power in the intervening years, forced the last Spanish viceroy there to consent ...
  15. [15]
    Historical Events in April 1810 - On This Day
    Apr 19 Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.Missing: major | Show results with:major
  16. [16]
    The Meaning of the 1811 Independence for Today's Venezuela
    Jul 7, 2020 · The Meaning of the 1811 Independence for Today's Venezuela ; 1. Popular hostility ; 2. Economic crisis ; 3. Mistrust between military power and ...
  17. [17]
    Revisiting April 19th, 1810: The Path to Venezuelan Independence
    Apr 19, 2018 · Ferdinand VII's subjects did not accept another King. This is the cornerstone of the events in April 19, 1810, when the Parliament of Caracas, ...
  18. [18]
    https://www.thoughtco.com/argentina-the-may-revolution-2136357
  19. [19]
    The May Revolution in Argentina - ThoughtCo
    May 25, 2025 · The May Revolution began in 1810 when Buenos Aires formed its own government, challenging Spanish rule. · The citizens wanted leaders from their ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
  20. [20]
    May Revolution History, Causes & Consequences - Study.com
    It opposed the government of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros, forcing him to resign and replacing him on May 25 with the Primera Junta, the first local ...What was the May Revolution? · History of the May Revolution
  21. [21]
    Argentinian Independence - May Revolution - don Quijote
    On May 25, 1810 Argentina's first independent government, the Primera Junta (First Assembly), was formed. The stated role of the Primera Junta was to rule the ...
  22. [22]
    Argentina celebrates its May Revolution - El Rincon del Tandem ...
    May 23, 2024 · During the week of 18-25 May 1810, a series of revolutionary events took place that led to the dismissal of the Spanish viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
  23. [23]
    Napoleonic Wars | Summary, Combatants, & Maps - Britannica
    Sep 24, 2025 · The Napoleonic Wars took place from about 1800 to 1815. They were a continuation of the French Revolutionary wars, which ran from 1792 to 1799.Great Britain, France, Neutrals · The retreat from Moscow · The crisis of 1811
  24. [24]
    [PDF] Timeline: 1800-1860 - America - National Humanities Center
    1812 WAR OF 1812 begins as U.S. declares war on Great Britain over issues of borders, trade, freedom of the seas, and the rights of neutrals. Indians under ...
  25. [25]
    World History 1800-1810 AD - Historycentral
    1800-1810 AD: Act of Union, Battle of Marengo, Manufacture Interchangable Parts, Peace Treaty With France, Tripolitan War, Treaty of Amiens, War of Third ...
  26. [26]
    Louis Bonaparte | Napoleonic Wars, Dutch Revolution, French Exile
    Sep 24, 2025 · Louis abdicated and fled his kingdom, which on July 9 Napoleon annexed to France.Missing: Amsterdam | Show results with:Amsterdam
  27. [27]
    Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon's Defiant Puppet - Shannon Selin
    Mar 8, 2014 · Louis did not want to preside over the ruin of the country. On July 1, 1810, he abdicated in favour of five-year-old Napoleon-Louis, who in ...Missing: Amsterdam | Show results with:Amsterdam<|separator|>
  28. [28]
    Napoleonic Wars - Continental System, Blockade, 1807-11 | Britannica
    Sep 24, 2025 · ... annexation of Holland on July 9. Finally, in December 1810 Napoleon annexed not only Valais but also all northwestern Germany between the ...
  29. [29]
    Annexation of Holland | Historical Atlas of Europe (9 July 1810)
    Louis Bonaparte abdicated his throne as Louis I of Holland in favor of his five-year-old son Napoléon Louis Bonaparte, the nominal Grand Duke of Berg, on 1 ...Missing: Amsterdam | Show results with:Amsterdam
  30. [30]
    The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation
    When Holland was incorporated with France on July 9, 1810, it was laid down, in approximate conformity with the above-mentioned law of January, that the ...
  31. [31]
    Grito de Dolores | Definition & Facts - Britannica
    Sep 6, 2025 · Grito de Dolores, battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, first uttered by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, parish priest of Dolores.Missing: insurgent regional divisions
  32. [32]
    https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/mexican-war-of-independence
  33. [33]
    Mexican War of Independence - Texas State Historical Association
    Explore the complex events leading to the Mexican War of Independence, including key figures, economic turmoil, and the struggle for power between criollos ...
  34. [34]
    Early Psychological Warfare in the Hidalgo Revolt
    The revolt was begun in the name of the popular Ferdinand VII. Insurgent propaganda proclaimed him. “Viva Fernando 7°” was inscribed on the rebel banners, in at ...Missing: divisions | Show results with:divisions
  35. [35]
    The origin of Oktoberfest | October 12, 1810 - History.com
    The traditional German festival known as Oktoberfest begins on October 12, 1810, when Bavarian Crown Prince Louis, later King Louis I of Bavaria, marries ...
  36. [36]
    What Happened in October 1810 - On This Day
    Oct 12 First Oktoberfest: The Bavarian royalty invites the citizens of Munich to join the celebration of the marriage of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria to ...
  37. [37]
    1810 Census Records | National Archives
    May 13, 2024 · The census began on Monday, August 6, 1810, and was finished within 9 months, under the rules and directions established in an Act of Congress ...
  38. [38]
    United States Census 1810 - FamilySearch
    Sep 30, 2024 · The 1810 Census was taken beginning 6 Aug 1810, for 10 months. The following information, in addition to the name of the head of the household, was recorded by ...<|separator|>
  39. [39]
    Invasion of Isle de France - Wikipedia
    The Invasion of Isle de France was a complicated but successful British amphibious operation in the Indian Ocean, launched in November 1810 during the ...
  40. [40]
    Europe 1810: Annexation of the Hanse - Omniatlas
    Napoleon annexed the ports of northern Germany to the French Empire in December 1810. This action greatly antagonized the Russian imperial family.Missing: diplomatic | Show results with:diplomatic
  41. [41]
    World History 1810-1820 AD - Historycentral
    On June 18th the Battle of Waterloo took place. Napoleon hurled his army against that of Wellington. The allied lines held, and Wellington received crucial ...
  42. [42]
    Atom - Dalton, Bohr, Rutherford | Britannica
    Sep 7, 2025 · His book A New System of Chemical Philosophy (Part I, 1808; Part II, 1810) was the first application of atomic theory to chemistry. It provided ...
  43. [43]
    John Dalton | Science History Institute
    John Dalton is best known for his pioneering theory of atomism. He also developed methods to calculate atomic weights and structures and formulated the law of ...
  44. [44]
    the Works of Lagrange and Poisson During the Years 1808–1810
    Aug 7, 2025 · The concept of a symplectic structure first appeared in the works of Lagrange on the so-called "method of variation of the constants".
  45. [45]
    [PDF] the works of Lagrange and Poisson during the years 1808–1810
    We analyse articles by Lagrange and Poisson written two hundred years ago which are the foundation of present-day symplectic and Poisson geometry. AMS MSC ...
  46. [46]
    Mary Anning: the unsung hero of fossil discovery
    Mary Anning was a pioneering palaeontologist and fossil collector. Her lifetime was a constellation of firsts. Mary Anning was born in 1799 in Lyme Regis, ...
  47. [47]
    Mary Anning - Lyme Regis Museum
    With her brother she found the first complete Ichthyosaur in 1810-1811 and over the years further sensational finds were made. New, more complete skeletons of ...
  48. [48]
    How Did We Can? | Canning Timeline Table
    1795. Napoleon offers a reward of 12 thousand francs for the invention of a new food preservation method · 1809. Nicolas Appert wins Napoleon's reward · 1810
  49. [49]
    The Father of Canning Knew His Process Worked, But Not Why It ...
    Feb 2, 2017 · Canning works by placing food in jars or cans (jars, in Appert's early work) and heating the whole set-up to a temperature that kills bacteria and other ...
  50. [50]
    Order for the first watch designed to be worn on the wrist - Breguet
    In tribute to the first wristwatch created for the Queen of Naples in 1810, Breguet reinvents the ladies' watch in a classic case with a contemporary profile.
  51. [51]
    https://utahsymphony.org/explore/2021/09/beethoven-egmont-overture/
  52. [52]
    Mary Anning, fossilist (1799-1847) - Regency History
    Feb 25, 2013 · In the winter of 1810-1811, Mary and her brother Joseph discovered what they thought was a crocodile head; it was actually the head of an ...
  53. [53]
    BEETHOVEN: Egmont Overture - Utah Symphony
    Sep 17, 2021 · The score of Egmont was completed in 1810 and performed in its entirety that June. Only the overture still receives frequent performance ...
  54. [54]
    Beethoven: Egmont, Op. 84 (with Score) - YouTube
    Oct 1, 2022 · Ludwig van Beethoven: Egmont, incidental music, Op. 84 (with Score) ... Beethoven wrote it between October 1809 and June 1810, and it was premiered ...
  55. [55]
    Classical Music Timeline: 1810s - Cosmic Reflections
    Apr 14, 2023 · 1810. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) completed Piano Sonata No. 26 in E♭ major, op. 81a, “Les Adieux”. March 1 – Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) ...Missing: compositions | Show results with:compositions
  56. [56]
    The History of Für Elise: A “Trifle” That Has Become a Classic - Tonara
    Oct 6, 2020 · Beethoven wrote this small gem on April 27, 1810, and called it a “bagatelle.” The term's meaning is a trifle or a thing of little importance.Missing: date | Show results with:date
  57. [57]
    Who Really Wrote 'Fur Elise'? - LinkedIn
    Dec 17, 2015 · Nohl claimed that the original manuscript of 'Fur Elise', was dated April 27th 1810, ensuring that it was firmly embedded in the classical ...
  58. [58]
    Best Books of the Decade: 1810s - Goodreads
    Best Books Of The Decade: 1810s · 1. Pride and Prejudice · 2. Frankenstein: The 1818 Text · 3. Sense and Sensibility · 4. Emma · 5. Persuasion · 6. Northanger Abbey.
  59. [59]
    ESP Timeline: Arts and Culture vs Visual Arts (1810-1819)
    Nov 23, 2024 · On 5 July 1816, at least 147 people were set adrift on a hurriedly constructed raft; all but 15 died in the 13 days before their rescue, and ...
  60. [60]
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/Second-Great-Awakening
  61. [61]
    What Are the Origins of Oktoberfest? - History.com
    Oct 3, 2025 · How Did Oktoberfest Begin? Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese exchanged vows on October 12, 1810. The next day festivities began at Munich's Max ...
  62. [62]
    Second Great Awakening | Description, History, & Key Figures
    Sep 22, 2025 · Second Great Awakening, Protestant religious revival in the United States from about 1795 to 1835. During this revival, meetings were held in small towns and ...
  63. [63]
    10. Religion and Reform | THE AMERICAN YAWP
    Jun 7, 2013 · The Second Great Awakening was in part a spiritual response to such changes, revitalizing Christian spirits through the promise of salvation.
  64. [64]
    Free Blacks and Abolitionism
    3/4s of Northern blacks were free by 1810; Virtually all were free by 1840 ... The Abolitionist Press. Free black resistance to colonization, together with ...Missing: developments | Show results with:developments
  65. [65]
    The Abolitionist Movement - Essential Civil War Curriculum
    In the 1810s and 1820s, a series of slave revolts rocked the Atlantic world. Rebellions in the British colonies of Barbados (1816), Demerara (1823), and Jamaica ...
  66. [66]
    Joseph Lipavsky - Edition HH
    Joseph Lipavsky (1772–1810). In his memoirs Carl Czerny names Bohemian-born Joseph Lipavsky, alongside Joseph Wölfl, Joseph Gelinek and Beethoven, ...Missing: death | Show results with:death
  67. [67]
    Josef Lipavsky: A forgotten Czech musician in the Viennese musical ...
    He died young, on the 7th of January 1810. In the course of his short life, he composed several singspiels and over thirty other pieces, among which we can ...
  68. [68]
    Famous People Who Died in January 1810 - On This Day
    Jan 7 Joseph Lipavsky, Bohemian composer and pianist, dies at 37; Jan 20 Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania, dies at 87; Jan 23 Johann ...
  69. [69]
    Judge Benjamin Chew (1722-1810) - Find a Grave Memorial
    Birth: 29 Nov 1722. West River, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, USA ; Death: 20 Jan 1810 (aged 87). Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, USA ; Burial.
  70. [70]
    Benjamin Chew (1722-1810) | WikiTree FREE Family Tree
    Benjamin Chew (1722 - 1810). Born 19 Nov 1722 in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Died 20 Jan 1810 ...
  71. [71]
    Famous People Who Died in 1810 - On This Day
    Famous Deaths in 1810 ; Jan 7 Joseph Lipavsky, Bohemian composer and pianist, dies at 37 ; Jan 20 Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania, dies at ...
  72. [72]
    What Happened in February 1810 - On This Day
    Famous Deaths · Feb 20 Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean innkeeper, drover and leader of the Tyrolean Rebellion against the revolutionary Napoleonic invasion during the ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
  73. [73]
    Henry Cavendish (1731–1810): hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water ...
    However, the major contribution of Cavendish to science outside chemistry was in the field of gravitational attraction. His major project, now known as “the ...
  74. [74]
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cavendish, Henry ...
    He died on 10 March 1810, after probably the only illness from which he ever suffered. Having ordered his servant not to come near him till night, he was all ...<|separator|>
  75. [75]
    https://www.deutschlandmuseum.de/en/history/calendar/1810-07-19-death-of-the-most-famous-prussian-monarch/
  76. [76]
    Benjamin Lincoln | American Battlefield Trust
    He retired from public life in 1809, having given all he could to the new country, and died the next year in 1810. Lincoln's military career was one of great ...
  77. [77]
    Death of the most famous Prussian monarch - Deutschlandmuseum
    Queen Luise dies at the age of 34. Born in Hanover in 1776, Luise Duchess of Mecklenburg (-Strelitz) married the Crown Prince of Prussia at the age of 17.
  78. [78]
    What Happened in September 1810 - On This Day
    Famous Deaths ; Sep 9 Johann Baptiste Hagenauer, Austrian sculptor, dies at 78 ; Sep 11 Francis Baring, English merchant and banker (Baring Brothers & Co.), dies ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
  79. [79]
    Famous People Who Died in November 1810 - On This Day
    Famous Deaths in November 1810 · Nov 1 Georg Anton Kreusser, German composer, dies at 64 · Nov 11 Johan Zoffany, German-born painter patronized by David Garrick ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
  80. [80]
    Famous People Who Died in December 1810 - On This Day
    Dec 2 Philipp Otto Runge, German Romantic painter, dies at 33; Dec 19 Johann Heinrich Egli, Swiss violinist and composer, dies at 68. Nov 1810 · Famous ...Missing: notable | Show results with:notable