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1837

1837 marked the accession of eighteen-year-old Princess Victoria to the British throne on 20 June following the death of her uncle, King William IV, ushering in the Victorian era characterized by industrial expansion, imperial growth, and social reforms in the United Kingdom.^[1] In the United States, the Panic of 1837 erupted in the spring, triggered by a speculative land bubble, plummeting cotton prices, the Specie Circular requiring payment in gold or silver for public lands, and the Distribution Act dispersing federal surpluses to states, leading to widespread bank failures, suspension of specie payments by New York banks, and a depression lasting into the mid-1840s with high unemployment, business contractions, and stalled westward expansion.^[2]^[3]^[4] Michigan joined the Union as the 26th state on 26 January, expanding American territory amid ongoing indigenous removals ratified by Congress earlier that year.^[5] Globally, the year saw the onset of armed rebellions in Lower and Upper Canada against British colonial governance, driven by demands for political reform and economic grievances under leaders like Louis-Joseph Papineau.^[6] Culturally, Russian poet Aleksandr Pushkin died from wounds sustained in a duel on 10 February, depriving literature of one of its towering figures, while early experiments in photography advanced with Louis Daguerre's atelier work laying groundwork for the daguerreotype process.^[5]

Events

January–March

On January 1, 1837, the Galilee earthquake struck northern Israel and southern Lebanon, devastating the town of Safed where nearly all buildings collapsed, resulting in thousands of deaths across affected regions including Ottoman Syria.^[7] ^[8] January 26 marked the admission of Michigan as the 26th state of the United States, resolving boundary disputes from the Toledo War through compromise that awarded the disputed Toledo Strip to Ohio in exchange for Michigan's Upper Peninsula.^[9] In February 1837, the Flour Riot erupted in New York City amid rising food prices and speculation fears, with a crowd of about 6,000 protesting alleged hoarding by merchants, leading to attacks on warehouses and clashes with militia before dispersing without fatalities.^[10] February 8 saw the U.S. Senate conduct the first contingent election for vice president, selecting Richard Mentor Johnson after electoral vote ties, with Johnson receiving 33 votes to 16 for Francis Granger and 2 for Hugh Lawson White.^[11] Russian poet Alexander Pushkin succumbed to wounds from a pistol duel on February 10, 1837 (February 29 Old Style), fought against French officer Georges d'Anthès over rumors involving Pushkin's wife; the injury caused peritonitis, ending Pushkin's life at age 37.^[12] On March 4, 1837, Martin Van Buren was inaugurated as the eighth President of the United States at the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol, succeeding Andrew Jackson in a ceremony attended by a large crowd despite cold weather, with Van Buren emphasizing continuity in his address.^[13]

April–June

On April 19, Cheyney University of Pennsylvania was established as the Institute for Colored Youth, the oldest institution of higher learning for African Americans.^[11] The Panic of 1837, a severe financial crisis that led to widespread bank failures and economic depression lasting until the mid-1840s, began on May 10 when New York City banks suspended specie payments amid a speculative bubble burst in cotton and real estate.^[14]^[15] On June 5, the city of Houston, Texas, received its charter, formalizing its status amid the Republic of Texas's expansion.^[5] The Broad Street Riot erupted in Boston on June 11, involving clashes between Irish immigrants and Yankee firefighters, highlighting ethnic tensions in the growing urban center.^[5] On June 13, the first Mormon missionaries departed from Kirtland, Ohio, for the British Isles, marking the initial organized proselytizing effort by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Europe.^[11] Charles Goodyear received U.S. Patent No. 240 on June 17 for an improvement in the process of divesting India-rubber of its sulfurous impurities, an early step in his experiments toward durable rubber production.^[16] King William IV of the United Kingdom died on June 20 after a brief reign, leading to the accession of his niece, Princess Victoria, who became Queen at age 18 and initiated the Victorian era.^[17]

July–September

On July 13, eighteen-year-old Queen Victoria drove from Kensington Palace to Buckingham Palace, taking formal possession of the residence as the first reigning British monarch to make it her primary home rather than St. James's Palace.^[18] The move followed extensive renovations funded by Parliament, transforming the former Buckingham House into a suitable royal domicile amid her recent accession.^[18] On July 20, Euston station opened in London as the terminus of the London and Birmingham Railway, establishing the city's first inter-city railway station and facilitating passenger travel northward.^[19] The event, attended by railway directors, featured an inaugural excursion train, symbolizing advancing infrastructure in the United Kingdom.^[20] In July, American merchant Charles W. King sailed the unarmed ship Morrison from New York, attempting to repatriate Japanese castaways and initiate trade, but Japanese coastal defenses fired cannonades at Uraga and Kagoshima, driving the vessel away and reinforcing the sakoku isolation policy.^[21] ^[22] The incident underscored Japan's strict prohibition on foreign contact until the mid-19th century.^[22] On August 5, U.S. President Martin Van Buren declared opposition to annexing the Republic of Texas, prioritizing avoidance of sectional conflict over slavery's expansion into new territories amid the ongoing Panic of 1837.^[23] This stance deferred annexation until 1845, reflecting Van Buren's caution in balancing northern and southern interests. On September 6, Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Ohio admitted four women—Mary Caroline Rudd, Elizabeth Prall, Mary Hosford, and Mary Fletcher—to its collegiate department, marking the first instance of women pursuing bachelor of arts degrees alongside men in a U.S. institution.^[24] ^[25] Though founded coeducationally in 1833 for preparatory studies, this step extended higher education parity, influenced by abolitionist and evangelical principles.^[24]

October–December

On October 1, a powerful hurricane known as "Racer's Hurricane" struck the Gulf of Mexico, causing significant damage to shipping and coastal areas.^[26] That same day, the United States government imposed the Treaty of St. Louis on the Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) tribe in Wisconsin Territory, forcing the cession of approximately six million acres of land east of the Mississippi River in exchange for annuities and reservations, amid ongoing pressure from white settlers and speculators.^[27] On October 9, the steamboat Home sank off Ocracoke Inlet, North Carolina, resulting in the deaths of around 100 passengers and crew due to overcrowding and rough seas.^[11] Later in the month, on October 23, Seminole leader Osceola was captured under a false flag of truce during the Second Seminole War, an event that escalated tensions in Florida as U.S. forces sought to enforce removal policies.^[28] The smallpox epidemic that had begun earlier in the year on the Upper Missouri River intensified among the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes, with mortality rates reaching up to 90% in some villages by late autumn due to the disease's introduction via infected traders and lack of immunity or vaccination.^[29] On October 31, the steamboat Monmouth capsized on the Mississippi River near Profit Island Bend during a storm, drowning hundreds of Creek Indians who were being forcibly relocated under the Indian Removal Act, highlighting the perils and human cost of such policies.^[30] In November, the Lower Canada Rebellion (1837-38) erupted as French Canadian Patriotes, frustrated with the English-dominated oligarchic Chateau Clique and lack of electoral reform—attempting to gain influence over the economy and future of the region—, clashed with British forces.^[31] On November 23, rebels under Wolfred Nelson achieved a temporary victory at the Battle of Saint-Denis, defeating a larger government contingent and briefly controlling the Richelieu Valley, though this success was short-lived as British reinforcements regrouped. The uprising stemmed from unresolved grievances over land distribution favoring British interests, corruption in the legislative council, and denial of responsible government, with leaders like Louis-Joseph Papineau advocating for democratic changes akin to those in Britain.^[31] December saw the Upper Canada Rebellion ignite on December 5, led by William Lyon Mackenzie against the Family Compact's entrenched elite control over patronage and land grants, with rebels marching toward Toronto but dispersing after initial skirmishes due to poor organization and loyalist resistance.^[32] On December 25, U.S. forces under Zachary Taylor defeated Seminole warriors at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee in Florida, a bloody engagement that advanced American objectives in the Second Seminole War despite high casualties on both sides, as the Seminoles employed guerrilla tactics to resist relocation.^[32] Tensions escalated further on December 29 when Canadian militia, responding to cross-border support for Upper Canadian rebels from American sympathizers, raided the U.S. side of the Niagara River and set fire to the steamboat Caroline, which had been used to ferry arms; the vessel was sent over Niagara Falls, an incident that nearly provoked war between Britain and the United States but was justified by British officials as preemptive self-defense.^[32] These rebellions in both Canadas, though suppressed by early 1838, exposed systemic governance failures and prompted investigations leading to eventual constitutional reforms.^[31]

Date unknown

Oberlin Collegiate Institute (now Oberlin College) in Ohio admits four women—Mary Caroline Rudd, Mary Hosford, Elizabeth Prall, and Mary Ann Ely—as its first female students in the collegiate department, marking the first regular admission of women to a degree-granting program at a U.S. institution of higher learning.^[24] This step built on the institute's experimental coeducational preparatory program since 1833, driven by its abolitionist and evangelical roots, though full parity in curriculum access evolved gradually.^[24] John Deere, a blacksmith in Grand Detour, Illinois, constructs the first steel plow from a discarded steel sawmill blade, enabling effective tillage of the sticky Midwestern prairie soils that rendered traditional cast-iron plows ineffective due to soil adhesion. This innovation, one of the earliest of its kind, addressed a key agricultural bottleneck in expanding U.S. farming on the frontier, though initial production remained small-scale until later commercialization. Rowland Hill, a British educator, proposes reforms to the postal system, including uniform low rates and prepaid adhesive stamps, in a pamphlet that laid groundwork for modern postage, though implementation occurred years later.^[33]

Births

January–June

On January 26, Michigan was admitted to the Union as the 26th state after resolving territorial disputes with Ohio through the Toledo War compromise, which ceded the Toledo Strip to Ohio in exchange for the western Upper Peninsula.^[34] In early February, flour riots erupted in New York City amid rising food prices and economic unease, foreshadowing broader financial instability.^[28] On March 4, Martin Van Buren was inaugurated as the eighth President of the United States, succeeding Andrew Jackson, with Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson elected by the Senate after an Electoral College tie.^[13]^[35] The Panic of 1837 commenced in spring, triggered by speculative excesses in land and cotton markets; on March 17, major New York cotton firms like the Wiggins and Company failed, prompting widespread bank runs, and by May 10, New York banks suspended specie payments, halting redemption of notes for gold and silver.^[36]^[35] On June 20, following the death of her uncle King William IV, Princess Victoria acceded to the throne as Queen of the United Kingdom at age 18, marking the start of the Victorian era without need for a regency due to her majority.^[37]

July–December

In July 1837, Queen Victoria relocated from Kensington Palace to Buckingham Palace, establishing it as the primary royal residence for the first time under a reigning monarch.^[38] Concurrently, naturalist Charles Darwin sketched his initial diagram of an evolutionary tree in Notebook B, illustrating the concept of species branching from common ancestors through transmutation, a foundational idea in his developing theory of natural selection.^[39] The Charlotte branch of the United States Mint commenced operations in late 1837, processing gold deposits from North Carolina's rich veins to produce coinage amid the era's economic strains.^[40] In September, President Martin Van Buren convened a special session of Congress with a message on September 4, urging measures to mitigate the Panic of 1837's depression, including proposals for an independent treasury system to divorce government funds from unstable banks.^[41] This addressed widespread bank failures and specie suspension that had persisted since May, exacerbating unemployment and business collapses across the United States.^[23] November witnessed heightened tensions in North America. On November 7, abolitionist editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy was fatally shot by a pro-slavery mob in Alton, Illinois, during their destruction of his anti-slavery newspaper press, highlighting violent suppression of free speech and reformist journalism in the frontier states.^[42] In Lower Canada, the Patriotes rebellion erupted on November 6 under Louis-Joseph Papineau's influence, seeking political reforms against oligarchic rule; rebels achieved a victory at the Battle of Saint-Denis on November 23 but suffered defeats at Saint-Charles on November 25, leading to the movement's suppression by British forces.^[43] The unrest extended into December with the Upper Canada Rebellion, where reformer William Lyon Mackenzie led an armed march on Toronto starting December 5, aiming to overthrow the Family Compact's control; loyalist militias repelled the insurgents at Montgomery's Tavern on December 7, effectively quelling the uprising and prompting Mackenzie's flight to the United States.^[44] These parallel revolts in the Canadas reflected broader colonial grievances over land, representation, and economic policies, ultimately influencing the Durham Report's recommendations for responsible government.^[43]

Deaths

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

Historical Significance

The Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 was a major financial crisis and ensuing depression in the United States that began in May 1837 and persisted until the mid-1840s, marked by widespread bank suspensions, business failures, and economic contraction.^[2] It originated from a combination of domestic over-speculation in land and banking excesses following the expiration of the Second Bank of the United States' charter in 1836, which had previously restrained state bank note issuance.^[2] The crisis triggered a nationwide suspension of specie payments by banks, starting with those in Natchez on May 4, 1837, and New York City on May 10, 1837, as depositors demanded gold and silver amid depleting reserves.^[45] This led to a sharp credit contraction, with New York City banks' specie reserves plummeting from $7.2 million in September 1836 to $1.5 million by May 1837.^[45] Key precipitating factors included President Andrew Jackson's policies, notably the Specie Circular issued on July 11, 1836 (effective August 15), which mandated gold or silver payments for public land purchases to curb inflationary speculation fueled by easy bank credit.^[45] ^[2] This policy, combined with the Deposit Act of June 23, 1836, which distributed federal surplus revenues to states and prompted further bank lending, exacerbated specie drains when land buyers shifted to hard money, depreciating paper currency.^[45] Internationally, British banks, responding to domestic financial strains, curtailed loans to American importers, reversing prior capital inflows and intensifying the domestic credit squeeze.^[46] Falling cotton prices, a staple export, further strained Southern economies and banks heavily invested in commodity lending.^[46] These elements converged amid a real estate bubble in Western territories, where unchecked speculation by newly chartered banks—numbering around 850—issued unrestrained notes without adequate specie backing.^[2] The economic repercussions were severe and prolonged. Between 1837 and 1842, total bank assets halved, with 194 of 729 state-chartered banks failing, credit availability collapsed, and real per capita income growth turned negative at an average annual rate of -1.4% over the surrounding decade.^[47] ^[45] Real investment growth shifted from +6.6% annually pre-panic to -1.0% post-panic, while stock prices in railroads dropped 62.6% and in banking/insurance 31.9% from January 1837 to 1843; real imports per capita fell approximately 50% from 1836 to 1843.^[45] Public land sales, which had absorbed $7.3 million in specie from July 1836 to September 1837, stalled, halting westward expansion and contributing to widespread unemployment, business insolvencies, and deflation.^[45] ^[47] The crisis spilled into global trade, disrupting routes to China and prompting shifts toward domestic infrastructure like railroads.^[2] Under President Martin Van Buren, who assumed office on March 4, 1837, the federal response emphasized separation from unstable state banks via the Independent Treasury System, enacted in 1840 to handle government funds directly in specie, though it faced repeal and reinstatement.^[46] Recovery was uneven, aided in regions like New England by conservative practices such as those of the Suffolk Bank, but the depression endured until around 1843, fostering innovations like the emergence of credit rating agencies, including Lewis Tappan's Mercantile Agency, to assess business reliability amid eroded trust in paper money.^[2] The event underscored vulnerabilities in a decentralized banking system reliant on state charters, influencing later debates on monetary centralization.^[2]

Canadian Rebellions

The Rebellions of 1837–1838 consisted of armed uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada against the British colonial administration, driven by widespread discontent with oligarchic governance structures, economic hardship exacerbated by the Panic of 1837, and demands for greater democratic representation and responsible government. In Lower Canada, the Patriote movement, led by Louis-Joseph Papineau, mobilized French-speaking reformers against the Château Clique's control of the legislative council and executive appointments, culminating in open conflict in November 1837.^[48] In Upper Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie organized reformers against the Family Compact's entrenched power, launching an insurrection in December 1837 aimed at seizing Toronto.^[49] These events, though limited in scale and quickly suppressed, exposed systemic tensions in colonial rule and prompted British inquiries into governance reforms.^[50] In Lower Canada, hostilities erupted after Governor Lord Gosford dissolved the assembly on November 6, 1837, amid escalating protests; Patriote forces clashed with British troops at Saint-Denis on November 23, where approximately 100 Patriotes under Thomas Storrow Brown repelled a larger British contingent, inflicting 30 casualties while suffering fewer losses.^[51] The rebellion faltered days later at the Battle of Saint-Charles on November 25, where British forces overwhelmed entrenched Patriotes, resulting in over 50 rebel deaths and the flight of Papineau to the United States.^[52] Subsequent engagements, including defeats at Saint-Eustache on December 14 and Grand Brûlé on December 21, dispersed remaining insurgents; overall, the Lower Canadian phase saw around 298 rebel combat deaths, 27 British soldier fatalities, over 750 Patriote arrests, and 99 death sentences (many commuted).^[52] Renewed incursions in 1838, such as Robert Nelson's invasion from U.S. soil on February 28 declaring a "Republic of Lower Canada," were repelled by British reinforcements, consolidating loyalist control.^[48] The Upper Canada Rebellion began on December 5, 1837, when Mackenzie's supporters, numbering about 800 poorly armed men including farmers and laborers, advanced from Montgomery's Tavern toward Toronto but were halted by loyalist militia under Allan MacNab.^[53] Government forces counterattacked on December 7 at the tavern site, scattering the rebels with minimal casualties on both sides—fewer than 10 deaths total—and capturing key leaders like Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, who were executed on April 12, 1838.^[49] Mackenzie escaped to [Navy Island](/page/Navy Island), issuing a proclamation on December 13 calling for a provisional government and American support, but British naval actions ended the standoff by January 1838; scattered 1838 uprisings, such as at Prescott on November 11, involved U.S.-backed filibusters but failed against fortified defenses.^[54] The rebellions' suppression, aided by 1,380 British regulars expanding to 10,000 by mid-1838 and local militias, highlighted the insurgents' organizational weaknesses and lack of broad support, with total combat deaths estimated at under 400 across both provinces.^[52] In response, Britain dispatched Lord Durham in 1838 to investigate; his Report on the Affairs of British North America, published in 1839, attributed unrest to ethnic divisions and executive irresponsibility, recommending the union of Upper and Lower Canada to assimilate French influence and grant local self-government subordinate to imperial control.^[55] These proposals influenced the Act of Union in 1840, suspending Lower Canada's constitution until 1841 and paving the way for responsible government by 1848, though implementation faced resistance from colonial elites.^[56] The events underscored causal links between economic distress, unresponsive institutions, and reform pressures, averting full independence but accelerating constitutional evolution in British North America.^[50]

British Monarchical Transition

King William IV died on 20 June 1837 at Windsor Castle from heart failure, at the age of 71.^[57]^[58] He left no surviving legitimate children, ensuring the succession passed to his niece, Princess Alexandrina Victoria.^[59] Victoria, the only legitimate grandchild of King George III in the direct line of succession, had turned 18 on 24 May 1837, thereby avoiding the need for a regency under the Regency Act.^[58]^[60] In the early hours of 20 June, Victoria was informed of her uncle's death by the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Chamberlain, who found her already awake and prepared.^[60] She ascended the throne immediately as Queen Victoria, marking the end of the Georgian era and the beginning of the Victorian era.^[1] Her first Privy Council meeting was convened that morning at Kensington Palace, where she presided and took the oath.^[1] The proclamation of Queen Victoria occurred on 21 June 1837 at St. James's Palace.^[60] The transition also severed the personal union between the British Crown and the Kingdom of Hanover, as Hanover adhered to Salic law, which barred female succession; thus, William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover.^[57] This event had limited immediate domestic impact in Britain but highlighted the divergence in monarchical lines. Victoria's youth and determination to rule independently from the outset, distancing herself from her mother's advisor John Conroy, set the tone for her early reign.^[61]

Broader Global Impacts

The Panic of 1837 originated in the United States but rippled through global trade networks, disrupting the flow of cotton exports critical to Britain's textile mills and contributing to economic contraction in Europe. Falling cotton prices, exacerbated by overproduction and credit collapse, strained Manchester's industry, while U.S. state defaults on loans from British investors—totaling millions of pounds—impaired transatlantic capital flows and heightened tensions in international finance.^[3]^[2]^[62] Speculative bubbles in Chinese trade goods like tea and silk, fueled by American and British credit expansion, burst amid the crisis, transforming patterns of global commerce with Asia as demand plummeted and merchants faced insolvency across continents.^[2] The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 compelled the British government to reassess colonial governance, leading to the Durham Report of 1839 and the eventual implementation of responsible government in Canada by 1848, a model that influenced self-rule reforms in other imperial territories including Australia and New Zealand.^[63] Queen Victoria's accession on June 20, 1837, ended the personal union with Hanover and stabilized the British monarchy after the turbulent Hanoverian period, enabling policies that expanded the Empire to encompass over one-fifth of the world's land by the late 19th century, with profound effects on governance, trade, and migration in Africa, Asia, and Oceania.^[1] In technological advancement, Louis Daguerre's successful fixation of photographic images in 1837 marked the practical birth of photography, a process that spread rapidly worldwide after its 1839 public disclosure, revolutionizing scientific documentation, journalism, and visual culture by providing unprecedented fidelity in recording reality.^[64]^[65]

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The Panic of 1837 and the Presidency of Martin Van Buren
Historians have identified three causes of the depression that wracked the American economy during the late 1830s. First, English banks—responding to financial ...Missing: timeline key facts
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America's Other Great Depression | Brandeis Magazine
Like the more recent crisis, the 1837 panic had disastrous effects. Between 1837-42, total bank assets fell by almost half, credit dried up and business slowed ...
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https://cha-shc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/5c38abd33089e.pdf
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[PDF] The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada
One reformer who was not moderate was William Lyon Mackenzie. A. Lowland Scot ... They were to march to join Mackenzie's "victorious" forces in. Toronto.Missing: uprising | Show results with:uprising
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[PDF] authoritarianism, constitutionalkm - Bibliothèque et Archives Canada
Following the 1837 Rebellion in Lower Canada, British authorities suspended the province's constitution. From April 1838 until February 184 1, ...
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[PDF] The Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 in Lower Canada
The Rebellion which occurred in Upper Canada included the attempt to capture Toronto, followed by a massing of insurgents in the Brantford region, and the ...
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Rebellion in Lower Canada: 6-15 Nov 1837
During the rebellion, 27 soldiers and 298 rebels were killed in battle. Over 750 rebels were imprisoned. Some 99 were sentenced to death by courts martial ( ...
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Mackenzie's Rebellion - Warfare History Network
By Chuck Lyons ... In December 1837, 400 men armed with muskets, pitchforks, and staves marched against the city of Toronto and the British government.
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The Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837-38 - Ontario Heritage Trust
The most cited consequence of the Rebellion of 1837-38 was that it led to the Durham Report, which recommended the unification of Upper and Lower Canada.
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[PDF] Durham-Report.pdf - PrimaryDocuments.ca
Lord Gosford, iii December, 1837, appointed Mr. Young inspector of police, with eight police- men under him ; a sergeant and eight men of the Volunteer ...Missing: aftermath | Show results with:aftermath
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Union Act 1840 - UK Parliament
Durham published a report which recommended the union of Lower and Upper Canada in a step to unite all provinces in British North America. In 1840 the Act of ...
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William IV | Biography & Facts | Britannica
Sep 27, 2025 · William IV (born August 21, 1765, London, England—died June 20, 1837, Windsor Castle, near London) was the king of Great Britain and Ireland ...
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William IV (r. 1830-1837) | The Royal Family
I have done my duty. ' William died on 20 June 1837, only a month after his niece, Victoria, had come of age, thus avoiding another regency.
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History - William IV - BBC
William died on 20 June 1837, without surviving children. His niece Victoria succeeded him.
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Victoria - Queen, United Kingdom, Accession | Britannica
In the early hours of June 20, 1837, Victoria received a call from the archbishop of Canterbury and the lord chamberlain and learned of the death of William IV ...
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The young Queen Victoria's struggle to gain the throne - HistoryExtra
Just after Victoria turned 11, King George died and the 64‑year-old Duke of Clarence ascended the throne as King William IV. Victoria was now heir, and the ...
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The United States' Response to Depression and Default, 1837-1848
The United States experienced a similar crisis following the financial panic of 1837. Eight states defaulted and political turmoil intensified.Missing: impact statistics
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The Rebellions of 1837-1838 | History of Canada - Fiveable
The British government was forced to address colonial grievances, leading to Lord Durham's report and the eventual introduction of responsible government.Missing: aftermath | Show results with:aftermath
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Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography
Oct 1, 2004 · On January 7, 1839, members of the French Académie des Sciences were shown products of an invention that would forever change the nature of ...
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Daguerre and Niépce Invent Daguerreotype Photography - EBSCO
This breakthrough not only revolutionized art by providing an accurate representation of the world but also had far-reaching implications for scientific ...Missing: global | Show results with:global