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AES

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key block cipher algorithm approved by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001 as Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 197, designed to encrypt and decrypt electronic data using fixed block sizes of 128 bits and variable key lengths of 128, 192, or 256 bits.^[1] Originally selected from an open international competition initiated in 1997 to succeed the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES), AES is based on the Rijndael cipher developed by Belgian cryptographers Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, which emerged victorious among 15 initial submissions and five finalists after rigorous public analysis for security, efficiency, and implementation suitability.^[2] Its adoption has been near-universal in modern cryptography, underpinning protocols like TLS for secure web communications, disk encryption in tools such as BitLocker, and hardware implementations in processors from Intel to ARM, due to its balance of computational speed and resistance to cryptanalytic attacks.^[3] Decades of scrutiny by global experts have revealed no practical algorithmic vulnerabilities in AES, affirming its robustness against brute-force and differential attacks, though real-world weaknesses often stem from poor implementations, such as side-channel leaks or nonce reuse in modes like GCM, rather than the core design.^[4]^[5]

Science, technology, and computing

Advanced Encryption Standard

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key block cipher approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for protecting electronic data.^[1] It processes data in fixed 128-bit blocks using cipher keys of 128, 192, or 256 bits, corresponding to AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256 variants, respectively.^[6] AES operates through a substitution-permutation network consisting of multiple rounds of transformations, including byte substitution via an S-box, row shifting, column mixing via finite field multiplication, and key addition via XOR operations.^[7] The number of rounds varies by key size: 10 for AES-128, 12 for AES-192, and 14 for AES-256.^[6] AES originated from the Rijndael cipher, submitted by Belgian cryptographers Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen in response to NIST's 1997 call for a successor to the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES).^[8] NIST received 15 proposals and narrowed them to five finalists—Rijndael, Serpent, Twofish, RC6, and MARS—after public analysis phases involving global cryptographers.^[9] Rijndael was selected in October 2000 for its balance of security, performance across hardware and software platforms, and efficiency in resource-constrained environments, leading to its formalization as FIPS 197 on November 26, 2001.^[6] Unlike the full Rijndael specification, which supports variable block sizes up to 256 bits, AES restricts the block length to 128 bits for standardization.^[8] The algorithm's design emphasizes resistance to known cryptanalytic techniques through wide-trail strategies that diffuse changes across the state rapidly.^[8] Security analyses have identified theoretical attacks on reduced-round versions, such as biclique methods requiring about 2^126.1 operations for AES-128 (compared to 2^128 for brute force), but none threaten the full-round cipher under single-key models with feasible computation.^[10] Related-key attacks exist but demand impractical conditions not applicable to standard usage; side-channel attacks, like differential power analysis, target implementations rather than the core algorithm and can be mitigated via countermeasures such as masking or constant-time operations.^[6] NIST's ongoing review, including public comments analyzed in reports like NIST IR 8319, affirms AES's robustness against current threats, with no evidence of structural flaws enabling practical breaks.^[6] AES has achieved widespread adoption as the de facto global standard for symmetric encryption, supplanting DES after NIST withdrew DES approval in 2005.^[11] It underpins protocols like TLS, IPsec, and disk encryption tools (e.g., BitLocker), with hardware acceleration in modern CPUs via instructions like AES-NI, enabling high-speed processing up to gigabits per second.^[12] Federal agencies mandate AES for unclassified sensitive data under FIPS 140-validated modules, while international bodies like ISO/IEC 18033-3 incorporate it.^[1] Despite quantum computing concerns—where Grover's algorithm could halve effective key strength to 64 bits for AES-128—NIST recommends AES-256 for post-quantum resilience until alternatives mature.^[10]

Auger electron spectroscopy

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is a surface-analytical technique that determines the elemental composition of materials by measuring the kinetic energies of Auger electrons emitted from a sample surface following excitation by an electron beam.^[13] The method relies on the Auger effect, where an incident electron ionizes a core-level electron, creating a vacancy; an electron from a higher energy shell then fills this vacancy, and the released energy ejects a second electron (the Auger electron) from an outer shell, with the kinetic energy of this emitted electron being characteristic of the parent atom's electronic structure and largely independent of the excitation source.^[13] AES is highly surface-sensitive, probing depths of approximately 1–10 nm due to the short inelastic mean free path of electrons in solids, typically 0.5–3 nm for energies between 50–2000 eV.^[14] The Auger effect underlying AES was first observed by French physicist Pierre Auger in 1925 during experiments with X-rays in a cloud chamber, where he detected secondary electrons resulting from atomic inner-shell ionization.^[15] Although Lise Meitner independently described the process around the same period, Auger's work provided the initial experimental confirmation, leading to the naming of Auger electrons and the effect.^[16] Practical development of AES as a spectroscopic tool for solids emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, with key advancements including the first demonstration of surface-specific Auger spectra by Harris in 1950 and refined instrumentation by Palmberg and others in the late 1960s, enabling high-resolution analysis.^[17] By the 1970s, AES had become a standard for quantitative surface characterization, incorporating sensitivity factors derived from standards for elements from lithium to uranium (excluding hydrogen and helium, which lack suitable core levels).^[18] In typical AES instrumentation, a finely focused electron beam (energies 3–30 keV, beam diameters down to 10 nm in modern field-emission systems) irradiates the sample under ultrahigh vacuum (pressures <10^{-9} Torr) to minimize surface contamination.^[16] Emitted Auger electrons are energy-analyzed using cylindrical mirror analyzers or hemispherical analyzers, producing spectra in derivative (dN/dE) or direct (N(E)) modes to enhance peak visibility over background.^[19] Depth profiling is achieved by combining AES with ion sputtering (e.g., argon ions at 0.5–5 keV), allowing compositional analysis versus depth, though artifacts like preferential sputtering or atomic mixing must be corrected using models such as those accounting for backscattering factors.^[20] Quantitative analysis involves peak-to-peak heights or areas normalized by sensitivity factors, with accuracy typically ±10% relative for major elements, improving to ±1–5% with reference materials.^[18] AES finds extensive applications in materials science, particularly for semiconductors, thin films, catalysts, and corrosion studies, where it identifies elemental segregation, contamination, or oxidation states at interfaces.^[21] In microelectronics, it detects impurities like oxygen or carbon at silicon wafer surfaces, critical for device failure analysis, with lateral resolution enabling mapping over areas up to 100 μm × 100 μm.^[19] For alloys and coatings, AES reveals diffusion profiles or phase distributions, as in studies of metal-oxide interfaces in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).^[22] Limitations include poor hydrogen detection, matrix-dependent sensitivity requiring empirical corrections, and challenges with insulators due to charging, often mitigated by low-energy electron flooding; additionally, overlapping peaks for elements like carbon and oxygen necessitate complementary techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chemical state differentiation.^[16] Despite these, AES remains valued for its high spatial resolution and speed, with modern systems achieving detection limits of 0.1–1 atomic percent.^[23]

Automated Export System

The Automated Export System (AES) is an electronic filing system operated jointly by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and the U.S. Census Bureau's Foreign Trade Division for collecting, processing, and storing Electronic Export Information (EEI) required from exporters of goods from the United States.^[24]^[25] AES functions as the export module within CBP's broader Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) platform, enabling nationwide operation across all ports and transportation modes to enforce export laws, track trade statistics, and support interagency data needs from entities including the Bureau of Industry and Security and the Department of State.^[26]^[27] Prior to AES implementation in the 1990s, export declarations relied on labor-intensive paper processes prone to errors and high costs; AES digitized these to improve efficiency, accuracy, and compliance monitoring through automated validation and response messaging.^[25] The system transitioned fully to the ACE platform in March 2014, phasing out the prior AESDirect interface for unified processing under ACE's secure data portal.^[27] By 2017, mandatory AES filing extended to specific hazardous waste exports, with compliance deadlines set for December 31 of that year to standardize electronic submissions.^[28] Exporters or their agents must submit EEI via AES for shipments valued over $2,500, requiring an export license, destined for embargoed countries, or involving certain commodities, with filings due no later than departure time.^[29] Upon submission, AES processes the data in real-time, issuing responses such as acceptance (with an Internal Transaction Number), rejection for errors, or warnings for review, thereby facilitating pre-departure validation and post-filing audits.^[30] Filing options include the free AESDirect web portal or certified software integrated with ACE, supporting formats like CSV for bulk entries, though all require validated exporter identification via Employer Identification Number or Dunn & Bradstreet credentials.^[31] Non-compliance can result in civil penalties up to $10,000 per violation under Foreign Trade Regulations, enforced through Census Bureau audits targeting discrepancies in reporting accuracy.^[32] AES enhancements, such as expanded data elements for license codes (e.g., C64 for certain temporary exports added in 2022) and improved reporting universes announced in 2025, aim to align with evolving trade regulations while minimizing filer burden through streamlined interfaces.^[33]^[34] The system's data supports official U.S. trade statistics and export control, with over 99% of filings now electronic, reducing processing times from days to minutes compared to legacy methods.^[26]

Energy and industry

AES Corporation

The AES Corporation is an American multinational energy company specializing in the development, ownership, and operation of power generation facilities and utilities. Established in 1981 as Applied Energy Services by Roger Sant and Dennis W. Bakke, it initially focused on independent power production in the United States before expanding internationally in the late 1980s and 1990s. By 1991, the firm had rebranded as AES Corporation and gone public on the New York Stock Exchange, marking a shift toward aggressive global growth in emerging markets, including China, Argentina, and the Dominican Republic. Headquartered in Arlington, Virginia, AES operates a diverse portfolio of assets, generating electricity from renewables such as solar, wind, and hydro; thermal sources including natural gas and coal; and emerging technologies like battery storage and LNG facilities.^[35]^[36] As of 2024, AES manages 32.1 gigawatts (GW) of operational capacity across its generation fleet, with an additional 11.9 GW under construction or in backlog, alongside 16 GW of renewables in operation and 67 GW in various stages of development. The company serves about 2.7 million utility customers directly in regions including Indiana, Ohio, and El Salvador, while its power output supports the equivalent energy needs of 17 million people globally. Revenue for the year stood at $12.3 billion, down slightly from prior periods amid transitions in energy markets, with approximately 9,100 employees worldwide. AES has emphasized innovation in clean energy, including utility-scale battery storage projects and AI-enabled solar maintenance technologies, positioning itself as a supplier to data centers and corporations driving the AI sector. However, its portfolio retains significant exposure to fossil fuels, with coal and natural gas comprising portions of its thermal generation mix.^[36]^[37]^[38] AES's environmental record includes notable controversies tied to its historical reliance on coal-fired plants. In Puerto Rico, operations at the AES coal facility have led to ongoing coal ash contamination issues, with unlined waste ponds leaching toxins into soil and water since the plant's startup in the 2000s; as of 2023, community groups and regulators continued pressing for cleanup, citing failures to comply with federal ash management rules. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency settled violations in October 2024, requiring AES Puerto Rico to address reporting deficiencies and groundwater monitoring under coal ash regulations. Internationally, Chile's environmental regulator charged an AES-operated hydroelectric facility in 2023 with violations related to inadequate water infrastructure and failure to mitigate impacts on local ecosystems. Earlier incidents, such as falsified wastewater reports at an Oklahoma plant in 1991–1992 and illegal waste dumping in the Dominican Republic leading to a $6 million settlement, underscore past compliance lapses that have drawn scrutiny from activists and authorities, even as AES accelerates divestitures from coal assets.^[39]^[40]^[41]

Other industrial applications

Acrylonitrile ethylene styrene (AES) is a thermoplastic elastomer copolymer composed of acrylonitrile, ethylene, and styrene monomers, engineered for enhanced weatherability and UV resistance over traditional acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).^[42] Developed in the 1970s as a modified ABS variant, AES exhibits superior hydrolytic stability and color retention under prolonged outdoor exposure, making it suitable for industrial components subjected to environmental degradation.^[43] Typical applications include automotive exterior trim, lawn and garden equipment housings, siding panels, and recreational vehicle parts, where it withstands temperatures from -40°C to 80°C and maintains mechanical properties like tensile strength exceeding 40 MPa.^[42] Alkaline earth silicate (AES) wools represent another industrial material application, consisting of amorphous vitreous fibers produced by melting calcium, magnesium, and silicon oxides.^[44] These fibers serve as high-temperature insulation in sectors such as metallurgy, petrochemical processing, and power generation, offering thermal conductivity as low as 0.04 W/m·K at 500°C and service temperatures up to 1200°C.^[44] Unlike traditional refractory ceramic fibers, AES wools demonstrate low biopersistence, dissolving rapidly in simulated body fluids (half-life under 60 days per EU Directive 97/69/EC), which reduces health risks in manufacturing environments while providing energy-efficient insulation for furnaces, kilns, and exhaust systems.^[44] In mechanical engineering, AES-designated seals and components, such as those from specialized manufacturers, address sealing needs in pumps, agitators, and mixers for chemical and oil industries, prioritizing corrosion resistance and longevity under high-pressure conditions up to 20 bar.^[45] These applications leverage AES materials' compatibility with aggressive media, extending equipment service life and minimizing downtime in continuous industrial operations.^[45]

Professional and academic organizations

Audio Engineering Society

The Audio Engineering Society (AES) is a professional organization dedicated to advancing the science and practice of audio technology through education, research, and standards development. Founded on October 11, 1948, in New York City by a group of audio engineers including C. J. LeBel, who served as its first president, the AES emerged from discussions among professionals seeking a dedicated forum for audio engineering distinct from broader electrical engineering societies.^[46]^[47] Initially comprising about 300 charter members, the society has expanded internationally, maintaining a non-profit, volunteer-driven structure focused on fostering innovation in audio recording, reproduction, and related fields.^[46] The AES promotes audio engineering by organizing conventions, conferences, and educational programs that facilitate knowledge exchange among professionals, researchers, and students. It holds two major conventions annually—one typically in North America and one in Europe—along with specialized conferences on topics such as spatial audio and sound reinforcement, attracting thousands of attendees to present papers, exhibit technologies, and discuss advancements. Membership, open to individuals with relevant academic degrees or professional experience in audio or acoustics, provides access to resources like technical papers and networking opportunities, with categories including full members, students, and life members.^[48]^[49] A core function of the AES is the development of technical standards to ensure interoperability and performance in audio systems, managed through open working groups where participation is available to any interested expert without requiring society membership.^[50] These standards cover areas like digital audio interfaces and loudspeaker measurement, influencing industry practices in recording, broadcasting, and live sound. The society's standards committee facilitates collaboration among engineering teams to address emerging technologies.^[51] The AES publishes the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (JAES), a peer-reviewed quarterly that features technical papers, engineering reports, and reviews on audio advancements, issued 10 times per year and accessible to members.^[52] Complementing the journal, the AES maintains an E-Library of over 20,000 papers from conventions and conferences since 1953, alongside proceedings that document cutting-edge research in areas like sound quality prediction and spatial audio.^[53] These publications emphasize empirical testing and reproducible methodologies, serving as a primary resource for verifiable audio engineering knowledge.^[54]

Agricultural experiment stations

Agricultural experiment stations (AES) are scientific research institutions in the United States, primarily affiliated with land-grant universities, tasked with conducting applied and fundamental research to enhance agricultural productivity, sustainability, and rural economies.^[55] ^[56] Established by the Hatch Act of March 2, 1887, which allocated $15,000 annually in federal funds to each state for such stations connected to colleges under the Morrill Act of 1862, AES emerged to systematically investigate practical farming problems amid post-Civil War agricultural expansion.^[57] ^[58] By 2023, the network encompassed one AES per state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and other territories, employing roughly 13,000 personnel including scientists, technicians, and administrators across main stations and over 600 branch facilities.^[55] ^[59] Subsequent legislation broadened their funding and scope: the Adams Act of 1906 emphasized original investigations into basic principles; the Purnell Act of 1925 added support for economic and sociological studies; and the Bankhead-Jones Act of 1935 prioritized research for efficient production and distribution of farm products.^[57] These stations receive ongoing federal support through the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), with Hatch formula funds totaling over $250 million annually as of fiscal year 2023 for multistate and regional projects.^[60] Core functions of AES include field and laboratory experiments on crop breeding for yield and disease resistance, livestock nutrition and genetics, soil conservation, water resource management, pest control, and food safety protocols, often addressing region-specific challenges like drought in arid states or frost in northern climates.^[61] ^[62] For instance, research has historically driven innovations such as hybrid corn development in the early 20th century and modern precision agriculture techniques integrating GPS and data analytics to optimize inputs and reduce environmental impacts.^[63] AES also evaluate emerging technologies like genetically modified organisms and sustainable practices, with outputs informing policy, industry standards, and farmer adoption through peer-reviewed bulletins, databases, and partnerships.^[64] ^[65] AES collaborate closely with the Cooperative Extension System to translate findings into actionable advice for producers, achieving measurable impacts such as increased crop yields—U.S. corn productivity rose from 25 bushels per acre in 1887 to over 175 bushels by 2023—and contributions to economic value added exceeding $20 billion annually from agricultural research investments.^[66] This integration ensures research remains grounded in empirical outcomes rather than abstract theory, prioritizing causal mechanisms like nutrient cycling and pathogen dynamics over unsubstantiated trends.^[67] While federal funding constitutes a baseline, state appropriations and grants from private entities supplement operations, though critics note occasional mismatches between short-term priorities and long-term ecological resilience needs.^[68]

Political and ideological uses

Actually existing socialism

"Actually existing socialism" refers to the centralized, command economies and authoritarian political structures implemented in Marxist-Leninist states during the 20th century, encompassing the Soviet Union (1917–1991), Eastern European satellites, China under Mao Zedong, Cuba, and others, as opposed to purely theoretical models of socialism. The term gained currency in the 1960s–1980s, particularly under Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, to describe the "developed" or "real" phase of socialism characterized by state ownership of production, central planning, and vanguard party rule purporting to represent the proletariat.^[69]^[70] These systems prioritized rapid industrialization and collectivization, often at the expense of individual incentives and market signals, leading to documented inefficiencies in resource allocation.^[71] Key implementations revealed systemic challenges. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin's forced collectivization of agriculture from 1929 onward dismantled private farming, confiscating grain to fund urban industry and exports, which triggered widespread starvation. Excess mortality from the resulting 1931–1934 famine reached approximately 5–8 million across the USSR, with demographic losses compounded by suppressed births.^[72]^[73] Political repression, including purges and Gulag labor camps, further eroded productivity, as millions were imprisoned or executed for perceived sabotage.^[74] China's Great Leap Forward (1958–1962) mirrored this approach through communal farms and inefficient "backyard" furnaces, causing the deadliest famine in history with 23–40 million excess deaths from malnutrition and related causes.^[75] These policies stemmed from ideological rejection of private property and prices, hindering accurate economic calculation and incentivizing falsified production reports.^[71] Economic outcomes under actually existing socialism showed initial growth followed by stagnation. The USSR industrialized swiftly, increasing industrial output from 1928 to 1940 by factors of 5–10 in key sectors, but per capita income remained below Western levels; by the late 1980s, Soviet GNP growth had decelerated to under 2% annually, compared to 3–4% in the US, with living standards reflecting chronic shortages of consumer goods.^[76]^[77] Eastern Bloc countries exhibited similar patterns, with central planning failing to adapt to technological change or consumer needs, culminating in the 1989–1991 collapses driven by debt, inefficiency, and popular unrest.^[78] Cuba's system, sustained by Soviet subsidies until 1991, yielded healthcare gains but persistent poverty, with GDP per capita around $9,000 in 2020 versus regional averages exceeding $15,000. Post-Mao China abandoned strict central planning for market-oriented reforms in 1978, achieving GDP growth averaging 10% annually through 2010, underscoring the role of decentralized incentives in reversing stagnation.^[79] Critiques of actually existing socialism emphasize causal links between state monopoly on violence and economy—enforced conformity stifled innovation and masked failures via propaganda—while defenders, often from sympathetic academic circles, attribute woes to external factors like Western embargoes or war legacies, though empirical comparisons with non-isolated mixed economies refute this as primary.^[80] The regimes' uniform prioritization of heavy industry over agriculture and services amplified vulnerabilities, as evidenced by recurring food crises absent in market-driven peers. Ultimately, the dissolution of these systems validated predictions of unsustainable misallocation without competitive pressures or property rights.^[81]^[76]

Aviation and transportation

Airport and aviation codes

AES is the IATA code assigned to Ålesund Airport, Vigra (also known as Vigra Airport), an international airport located on Vigra island in Giske municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.^[82]^[83] The airport primarily serves the city of Ålesund, approximately 20 kilometers northwest of the urban center, facilitating both domestic and international passenger traffic.^[84]^[85] The corresponding ICAO code for the airport is ENAL, which is used in aeronautical navigation and air traffic control systems.^[86] Situated at coordinates 62°33′47″N 006°07′12″E, the airport operates at an elevation of 69 feet (21 meters) above sea level.^[86]^[87] It features a primary runway measuring 7,592 feet (2,314 meters) in length, supporting operations for commercial jets and regional aircraft.^[87] As a key regional hub managed by Avinor, the Norwegian state-owned airport operator, AES/ENAL handles scheduled flights to destinations within Norway and select European routes, with airlines such as Norwegian Air Shuttle and Widerøe providing regular service.^[85]^[88] The facility supports 24-hour operations with a control tower, accommodating general aviation, charters, and cargo alongside passenger services.^[88] No other prominent airport or aviation codes directly conflicting with AES have been identified in standard international registries.^[82]

Businesses and education

Companies

AES Mechanical, Inc. is a national mechanical contractor specializing in the planned replacement of HVAC and refrigeration systems for commercial and industrial clients, operating with over 20 service crews across the United States.^[89] aeSolutions provides engineering, consulting, and system integration services focused on industrial process safety, risk management, and automation lifecycle support for sectors including oil and gas, chemicals, and manufacturing.^[90] Associated Environmental Systems (AES) designs and manufactures environmental test chambers and battery testing equipment, emphasizing reliability for applications in humidity, temperature, and vibration simulation.^[91] Automotive Engine Specialties (AES Racing) develops high-performance custom engines, components, and tuning services for automotive racing and street applications, known for record-setting horsepower outputs. AES Modules specializes in the repair, remanufacturing, and supply of electronic control modules for vehicles across nearly 50 makes, offering services to automotive repair shops and consumers.^[92] Advanced Energy Systems, Inc., based in Medford, New York, focuses on analytical and environmental services, though details on specific operations are limited to niche instrumentation.^[93]

Schools and educational programs

The Audio Engineering Society maintains an online directory of educational institutions worldwide offering programs in audio engineering, acoustics, and related audio technologies. This resource, compiled by the AES Education Committee, lists diverse offerings including certificate programs, associate degrees, bachelor's degrees, and graduate-level studies focused on areas such as audio production, sound design, recording techniques, and electroacoustics.^[94] The directory serves as a guide for prospective students but does not constitute formal accreditation or endorsement by the Society, with entries based on voluntary submissions from institutions.^[94] Programs vary in emphasis and duration, with many incorporating hands-on training in studios, live sound reinforcement, and digital signal processing. North American examples include McGill University's Schulich School of Music in Montreal, Canada, which offers music technology degrees integrating audio engineering with performance and composition, and Concordia University in Quebec, providing specialized audio production courses.^[95] In the United States, institutions such as Husson University in Maine deliver Bachelor of Science degrees in audio engineering covering recording, mixing, and music production, while Webster University in Missouri features programs in audio aesthetics and technology emphasizing sound design and post-production.^[96]^[97] European and other international entries expand the scope, reflecting global demand for skilled audio professionals in broadcasting, film, and live events. The AES Educational Foundation complements these programs by providing scholarships and grants to support talented students pursuing audio engineering studies at listed institutions, aiming to encourage entry into the profession.^[98] As of recent updates, the directory encompasses hundreds of programs across dozens of countries, underscoring the interdisciplinary nature of audio education within engineering, music, and media fields.^[94]

References

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FIPS 197, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) | CSRC
Three members of the Rijndael family are specified in this Standard: AES-128, AES-192, and AES-256. Each of them transforms data in blocks of 128 bits.Missing: adoption | Show results with:adoption
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[PDF] Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard
Aug 16, 2021 · The AES development was a multi-year effort by US government, industry, and academia, starting in 1997 and approved in 2001, after the old ...
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Apr 2, 2024 · AES was formally adopted by NIST in 2001. Today, it's one of the most popular encryption standards around the world, thanks to its speed and ...<|separator|>
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How Secure Is Encryption Today? - Protectstar
Apr 15, 2025 · Thanks to extensive review by experts, AES is considered extremely secure; significant weaknesses were found only in reduced variants with fewer ...
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Jun 14, 2024 · This is really neat demo of the security problems arising from reusing nonces with a symmetric cipher in GCM mode.Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies<|control11|><|separator|>
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May 9, 2023 · In 2000, NIST announced the selection of the Rijndael block cipher family as the winner of the. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition.
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[PDF] FIPS 197, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Nov 26, 2001 · NIST will continue to follow developments in the analysis of the AES algorithm. As with its other cryptographic algorithm standards, NIST will ...
[8]
[PDF] The Rijndael Block Cipher - NIST Computer Security Resource Center
For Rijndael, the block length and the key length can be independently specified to any multiple of 32 bits, with a minimum of 128 bits, and a maximum of 256 ...
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The First AES Candidate Conference was held in Ventura, California, on August 20–22, 1998, immediately preceding the CRYPTO conference in Santa Barbara, ...
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In this section we provide a brief description of AES, a summary of the best known classical attacks on reduced-round versions of AES in the single-key setting, ...
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Gas-Phase Ion Thermochemistry - the NIST WebBook
Auger Electron Spectroscopy [AUG]. The technique of Auger Electron Spectroscopy is similar in principle to photoelectron spectroscopy. It is based on an ...<|separator|>
[14]
[PDF] 1 Effective attenuation lengths for quantitative determination of ...
Measured peak intensities for quantitative analyses by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) are known to be affected by ...Missing: principles | Show results with:principles
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Auger Spectroscopy
Jun 1, 2009 · In 1925, French physicist Pierre Auger reported the same effect, and correctly attributed it to an excited-state atom that is giving off energy ...
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May 10, 2021 · Electron interaction volume within sample. [reuse info]. The "Auger effect" was discovered simultaneously in 1922 by Pierre Auger and Lise ...
[17]
Applications of Auger spectroscopy to materials research
Jan 1, 1975 · Auger electron spectroscopy has proven to be a useful tool to determine the chemistry of these thin regions, and when combined with inert ion ...
[18]
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Quantitative analysis of electron spectroscopy data from techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X- ray photo- electron spectroscopy (XPS) ...
[19]
Auger Electron Spectroscopy - Penn State Materials Research Institute
The Auger spectra contain information about the concentration and (sometimes) the chemical environment of surface and near-surface atoms. Greater depths (up to ...
[20]
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The backscattering factor (BF) has long been recognized as an important matrix correction factor in quantitative applications of Auger electron spectroscopy ( ...Missing: principles | Show results with:principles
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Jul 6, 2022 · Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is a popular analytical technique utilized extensively in materials science and microelectronics, especially in the ...
[22]
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applicable to x-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Key words: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) ; metal-oxide- semiconductor ...
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Feb 11, 2025 · AES is a nationwide system operational at all ports and for all methods of transportation. It was designed to assure compliance with and enforcement of laws ...
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Compliance date for AES Filing is set for December 31, 2017 per a new Federal Register Notice.
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[31]
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[34]
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1987: The Beaver plant begins production. 1991: The firm changes its name to AES Corp. and goes public. 1995: AES begins to pursue ventures in developing ...
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AES is the largest US-based global power company and the source of innovation changing the way the world creates, distributes, and stores energy. With a diverse ...
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AES total employee count in 2024 was 9,100, a 5.21% decline from 2023. AES total number of employees in 2023 was 9,600, a 5.49% increase from 2022.
[38]
The AES Corporation (AES) Income Statement - Yahoo Finance
The AES Corporation (AES) ; Total Revenue. 12,032,000. 12,278,000 ; Cost of Revenue. 9,996,000. 9,964,000 ; Gross Profit. 2,036,000. 2,314,000 ; Operating Expense.
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Toxic Coal Ash in Puerto Rico: The Hazardous Legacy of the AES ...
May 4, 2023 · Applied Energy Services continues to contaminate the air, soil, and water in Puerto Rico with toxic coal ash. Since it started burning coal ...
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EPA Settlement with AES Puerto Rico, L.P. Requires Action to ...
Oct 17, 2024 · EPA alleges that AES violated requirements under the coal ash program. These include: Failure to report results of statistical analyses of ...
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Chilean regulator charges AES power plant with environmental ...
Jan 26, 2023 · Chile's environmental regulator accused a major hydroelectric power facility operated by U.S.-based AES of violations, largely related to a ...
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Acrylonitrile Ethylene Styrene (AES) - UL Prospector
Though similar to acrylonitrile butane styrene (ABS), their weather and UV resistance make AES plastics excellent for outdoor applications, such as automotive ...
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AES Materials: Applications, Shortcomings, And Injection Molding ...
Apr 30, 2024 · Developed as a modification of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), AES polymers are increasingly used in various industrial applications.
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Alkaline earth silicate (AES) wools: Evaluation of potential cyto ...
... industrial applications. AES wools are amorphous fibers obtained by melting a combination of oxides of calcium, magnesium and silicon. They are generally ...
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Why AES Mechanical Seals Are the Best Choice for Your Industrial ...
Jun 19, 2023 · AES mechanical seals are known for their quality and reliability, making them the perfect choice for your industrial applications. In this ...
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How The AES Began - Audio Engineering Society
The Audio Engineering Society was founded in 1948, after some months of discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of starting a new society devoted ...
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AES Historical Committee - Audio Engineering Society
C.J LeBel was a vice president of Audio Devices, Inc. and a founding member of the AES, and its first president. In 1947 he took over a series of regularly ...
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Individual Membership - AES - Audio Engineering Society
A Member may be anyone active in audio engineering or acoustics who has an academic degree or the equivalent in scientific or professional experience.
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Membership - AES - Audio Engineering Society
AES membership gives exclusive, full access to fundamental, educational, inspirational and cutting-edge information, spanning all audio knowledge.Individual Membership · Institutional Options · Gift Membership
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About AES Standards - Audio Engineering Society
The memberships of AESSC working groups are open to all individuals. AES membership is not required. Members are expected to hold all unpublished proceedings ...Standards Are A Core... · Those Involved: · Working Groups
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Standards - AES - Audio Engineering Society
AES Standards bring the industry's engineering teams together to facilitate new technologies, improve performance and ensure interoperability.Current Standards · Participate · Meetings And Reports
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Journal - AES - Audio Engineering Society
Oct 15, 2025 · The only peer-reviewed journal devoted exclusively to audio technology. Published 10 times each year, it is available to all AES members and subscribers.Past Issues · Submit a Paper · Subscribe to the journal · Author Guidelines
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Publications - AES - Audio Engineering Society
the official publication of the AES — is the only peer-reviewed journal devoted exclusively to audio technology ...Journal · E-Library · Journal-Online · Submit a Paper
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AES Journal Search - Audio Engineering Society
Use this form to search every AES paper published in the Journal from 1953 to the present. With a subscription to the E-Library you can download any paper ...
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State Agricultural Experiment Stations - USDA NIFA
Sep 6, 2023 · The Hatch Act of 1887 authorized the establishment of an agricultural experiment station in each state, which today employs about 13,000 ...
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Agricultural Experiment Station — Research
The Agricultural Experiment Station (AES) is the cornerstone of research efforts at the College of Agricultural Sciences. It empowers the college with ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
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The Hatch Act of 1887 - USDA NIFA
Mar 14, 2025 · The purpose of this funding is to conduct agricultural research programs at State Agricultural Experiment Stations in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, ...
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Hatch Act of 1887 | NH Agricultural Experiment Station
An act to establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provisions of an act approved ...
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Agricultural Experiment Stations and Branch Stations in the United ...
Dec 18, 2015 · In 1887, Congress passed the Hatch Act, which formally established and provided a funding mechanism for agricultural experiment stations in ...<|separator|>
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The Hatch Act of 1887 (Multistate Research Fund) - USDA NIFA
May 16, 2025 · The purpose of Hatch Act funding is to conduct agricultural research programs at State Agricultural Experiment Stations in the 50 States, the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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What We Do | Arizona Experiment Station
Hatch activities include research on all aspects of agriculture, including soil and water conservation and use; plant and animal production, protection, and ...
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NMSU Agricultural Experiment Station - New Mexico State University
Agricultural Experiment Station · Enhance agricultural profitability. · Stimulate economic development using natural resources. · Improve the quality, safety and ...
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Research and Engagement - Agricultural Experiment Station
The Agricultural Experiment Station oversees research centers across the state conducting research that meets the agricultural production needs for the state.
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Agricultural Experiment Station
Feb 14, 2024 · An Agricultural Experiment Station is a scientific research center that investigates potential improvements to food production and agribusiness.
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Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station | CALS
Cornell AES is vital to New York state agriculture and food security. We contribute to healthy and resilient communities, and improve the lives and well-being ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
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Research - Land-Grant Impacts
Feb 3, 2024 · The Hatch Act of 1887 authorized the establishment of an agricultural experiment station in each state, which today employs about 13,000 ...
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Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station | The University of Vermont
VT-AES was established in 1886 in anticipation of Congress's Hatch Act of 1887. The Hatch Act authorized federal funds for Agricultural Experiment Stations in ...
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[PDF] Modern Day Role of Agriculture Experiment Station and Cooperative ...
Mar 23, 2018 · Agricultural Experiment Station (AES) and the Agricultural Science Centers (ASCs), including funding, staffing, facilities, research ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Socialism: What Went Wrong?
In essence, 'actually existing socialism' needed to be rescued from its own ideological dogmas. But the party, which owed its authority to that same dogma ...
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[PDF] "REAL SOCIALISM" IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
House, 1990). 3. The cumbersome and redundant term "actually existing socialism" became current in English-language discourse, after the publication of the ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Is Socialism Really 'Impossible'? - George Mason University
Jan 1, 2004 · Notice that Mises is actually making two distinct "impossibility" claims about economic calculation and socialism:Missing: outcomes | Show results with:outcomes
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[PDF] The Political Economy of Famine: the Ukrainian Famine of 1933
However, without any conflict to trigger food shortages, the 1933 Soviet famine1 killed six to eight million people2, and at least 40% of the deaths occurred in ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] New Demographic Evidence on Collectivization Deaths
Nonetheless, it firmly establishes that official Soviet demographic statistics support excess mortality estimates in the vicinity of 5 million people during ...
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[PDF] What Is “Actually Existing Socialism”? - Independent Institute
Further, including China along with Israel and Hungary in the set of “best cases” of “actually existing socialism” seems odd. Following the Great Proletarian ...
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China's great famine: 40 years later - PMC - NIH
More detailed later studies came up with 23 to 30 million excess deaths, and unpublished Chinese materials hint at totals closer to 40 million.– We will never ...
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[PDF] A COMPARISON OF THE US AND SOVIET ECONOMIES - CIA
The areas in which recent Soviet performance has been poorest relative to. US performance since the mid-1970s are GNP size and growth, per capita consumption ...
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The Soviet economy, 1917-1991: Its life and afterlife | CEPR
Nov 7, 2017 · Yet its economy produced less than half of the real GDP of the US, despite a population of similar size, spread across a much larger territory.Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
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The causes of the collapse of “actually existing socialism”
The economic failure of “actually existing socialism” can be attributed to the fundamental incompatibility between the requirements of the growth economy and ...
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[PDF] The Best Cases of “Actually Existing Socialism” - Independent Institute
1. Scholars sympathetic to socialism are rightly apprehensive toward the association of socialism with the bad historical economic and humanitarian outcomes in ...Missing: famines | Show results with:famines
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The Collapse of Socialism | American Enterprise Institute - AEI
In particular, the collapse of the Soviet Union spelled the end of socialism, not merely of Stalinism and the more rigid forms of socialism.
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[PDF] The Soviet Economic Decline - World Bank Document
We use the Western GDP series to compare Soviet per capita growth over 1960-89 with World Bank per capita growth rates for. 102 countries (we look here at per ...
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Ålesund - Norway - World Airport Codes
Ålesund is located in Norway, using iata code AES, and icao code ENAL.Find out the key information for this airport.
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AES - Alesund Airport Code (3-Letter Code) - Seabay Logistics
Ålesund Airport, Vigra (IATA: AES, ICAO: ENAL), or alternatively Ålesund Vigra Airport, is an international airport serving the town of Ålesund in Møre og ...
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Alesund Airport (AES) information - Airpaz.com
Airport Name. Alesund Airport ; IATA Code. AES ; ICAO Code ; Airport Type. Domestic & International ; Location. Ålesund, Norway ...
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https://www.flightconnections.com/flights-from-%25C3%25A5lesund-aes
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Ålesund-Vigra Airport profile - Aviation Safety Network
Ålesund-Vigra Airport (AES/ENAL) safety profile including a list of aircraft ... IATA code: AES. ICAO code: ENAL. Elevation: 69 feet / 21 m. Commercial ...
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Ålesund Airport Airport (AES) Charter Flights - Linear Air
About Ålesund Airport (AES). Airport Information. IATA Code, AES. ICAO Code, ENAL.
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Vigra Airport (ENAL/AES) - Alesund, Norway | FBO/Ground ...
Detailed airport and FBO/ground handling information for Vigra airport (ENAL/AES) in Alesund, Norway. Customs, runways, slots, procedures, and more.<|separator|>
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Replace HVAC & refrigeration equipment with AES Mechanical
Replace retiring HVAC & refrigeration equipment and assets with planned replacement specialists from licensed national mechanical contractor AES Mechanical.
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aeSolutions
aeSolutions - A consulting, engineering and system integration company that provides industrial process safety, fired equipment and automation lifecycle ...
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About AES | Environmental & Battery Chamber Manufacturer
The AES Way. We design, manufacture, support, and service robust environmental chambers and battery testing fixtures you can rely on. From humidity ...
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AES Modules | Rebuilt & Reman Control Modules
AES Modules is your Control Module Headquarters. We provide Repair & Return (Rebuild) and Remanufacture (Reman) services for almost 50 vehicle makes.
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AES - Business & Finance - Acronym Finder
Application End Service (Aether Systems, Inc.) AES, American Eagle Systems. AES, Advanced Energy Systems, Inc (Medford, NY). AES, Analytical & Environmental ...
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AES Education Directory - Audio Engineering Society
The AES maintains an online directory of educational institutions worldwide. You'll see the directory is vast, and the Programs are diverse.
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AES Education Directory by Geographic Area: Eastern Region, USA ...
AES Education Directory by Geographic Area: Eastern Region, USA/Canada. Canada - Quebec. Concordia University · McGill University, The Schulich School of Music
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Audio Engineering & Music Production Degree - Husson University
Our audio engineering degree covers recording, mixing, and production, preparing you for a rewarding career in the music and entertainment industries.
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School of Communications | Audio Aesthetics and Technology
At the Department of Audio Aesthetics and Technology, we teach audio production students about music recording, audio engineering and sound design. With a hands ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Home — AES Educational Foundation
The Audio Engineering Society Educational Foundation is dedicated to encouraging the entry of talented students into the profession of audio engineering.