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Ajay River

The Ajay River is a major right-bank tributary of the Bhagirathi River (also known as the upper Hooghly), originating from the low hills near Batpar village in Jamui district, Bihar, India.^[1] It flows southeastward for approximately 288 kilometers through the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, draining a catchment area of about 6,093 square kilometers before its confluence with the Bhagirathi at Katwa in Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal.^[1]^[2] The river's basin lies within the larger Ganga River system, contributing to the region's water resources while posing challenges due to its seasonal variability.^[3] The Ajay's course begins in the Chhotanagpur Plateau's undulating terrain, passing through forested and agricultural landscapes in Jamui and Deoghar districts before entering the alluvial plains of West Bengal.^[4] Key tributaries include the Pathro and Jayanti rivers in Jharkhand, and the Hinglo River in West Bengal, which augment its flow during the monsoon season from June to October.^[5] The river supports irrigation for crops like rice and pulses in districts such as Birbhum and Murshidabad, but its silty, rain-fed nature leads to high sediment loads and recurrent flooding, including significant events in 2024 that caused overflows and infrastructure damage in West Bengal, with embankments spanning over 136 kilometers in West Bengal to mitigate impacts on approximately 68,000 hectares of farmland.^[6]^[7] Historically and culturally, the Ajay has shaped human settlements along its banks, with archaeological evidence of ancient habitations in the lower valley, though frequent floods have eroded many sites.^[8] Efforts to manage its waters include its designation as National Waterway 7 for potential inland navigation, highlighting its economic importance in connecting inland regions to the Hooghly's estuarine system. In 2025, the Joydeb Bridge was inaugurated over the river, improving regional connectivity.^[9]^[10]

Geography

Origin and Course

The Ajay River originates in the Jamui district of Bihar, India, on the Chhotanagpur Plateau, specifically rising from the Chakai hill tract near Batpar village at an approximate elevation of 346 meters above mean sea level.^[11] The source coordinates are roughly 24°25′N 86°21′40″E.^[5] From this highland starting point, the river begins its southeastward journey, initially carving through the undulating terrain of the plateau before descending toward the lower Gangetic plains. The river's course spans approximately 288 kilometers, flowing through three states: Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.^[3] In Bihar, it traverses the Jamui district; it then enters Jharkhand, passing through the Deoghar and Jamtara districts. Upon crossing into West Bengal, the Ajay continues its meandering path near key locations such as Chittaranjan, Pandabeswar, Illambazar, Bhedia, Bolpur, Nutanhat, and Katwa, primarily within the Birbhum, Paschim Bardhaman, and Purba Bardhaman districts.^[1] This progression involves transitioning from the rugged plateau landscape of the Chhotanagpur Plateau to the fertile alluvial soils of the Gangetic plain, where the river's gradient flattens significantly.^[5] The Ajay ultimately empties into the Bhagirathi River (a distributary of the Ganges, also known as the Hooghly) at Katwa in West Bengal, marking the end of its course at coordinates approximately 23°39′N 88°08′E and an elevation of about 21 meters.^[1] Along its path, the river receives inputs from various tributaries that contribute to its flow, particularly during the monsoon season, enhancing its volume as it approaches the confluence.^[3]

Physical Features

The Ajay River is classified as an ephemeral, monsoon-influenced waterway, characterized by seasonal flow variations driven primarily by heavy rainfall during the monsoon period, with reduced or intermittent discharge in drier months.^[1] It originates from the Chhotanagpur Plateau at an elevation of approximately 346 meters above mean sea level near Chakai hill, southwest of Munger in Bihar. The river drains a catchment area of about 6,093 square kilometers. The river measures 288 kilometers (179 miles) in total length, traversing through Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal before joining the Bhagirathi River at Katwa. Over this course, it descends from its source elevation of 346 meters to about 21 meters at the mouth, resulting in an overall drop that reflects varying gradients: steeper slopes in the initial upland segments and gentler inclines downstream.^[12] In its upper reaches, the Ajay flows through the hilly and residual terrains of the Chhotanagpur Plateau and adjacent regions in Jharkhand, where it navigates heterogeneous lithology including gneissic complexes and lateritic soils, contributing to a more rugged channel morphology.^[1] As it progresses into West Bengal, the river transitions to the flatter alluvial plains, where the terrain becomes predominantly sedimentary and meandering, with sinuosity indices ranging from 1.06 to 2.04, facilitating broader sediment deposition and a subdued profile.^[1] This shift from plateau to plain underscores the river's adaptation to diverse physiographic zones, influencing its hydraulic behavior without altering its core ephemeral nature.^[1]

Hydrology

Tributaries

The Ajay River is primarily fed by right-bank tributaries that join it along its course through Jharkhand and West Bengal. In Jharkhand, the key contributors are the Pathro and Jayanti rivers, while in West Bengal's Purba Bardhaman district, the Tumuni and Kunur rivers serve as the major feeders. The Hinglo River, a left-bank tributary originating in Jharkhand, joins the Ajay in West Bengal near Palashdanga, contributing to its monsoon flows.^[1] These streams integrate into the Ajay's main channel, enhancing its flow from upstream hilly regions to the lower alluvial plains.^[13] The Pathro River originates from the undulating hills of the Chotanagpur plateau in Jharkhand's Deoghar district, where it drains local watersheds before merging with the Ajay in its upper reaches. Similarly, the Jayanti River arises in the Deoghar area, flowing through forested and agricultural terrains to confluence with the Ajay in its upper reaches in Jharkhand. These Jharkhand tributaries provide essential seasonal inflows, drawing from plateau streams that swell during rains.^[14]^[15] In West Bengal, the Tumuni River emerges from regional streams and low-lying areas within Purba Bardhaman district, channeling water from surrounding farmlands to join the Ajay midway along its course in the state. The Kunur River, recognized as one of the largest tributaries, originates near Kanksa police station in the district's undulating terrain and flows about 112 km before its confluence with the Ajay in Purba Bardhaman district near the border with Birbhum, close to Kogram village. This junction marks a critical point where the Kunur's sediment-laden waters blend with the main river.^[16]^[17] Collectively, these tributaries play a vital role in augmenting the Ajay's volume during the monsoon season, when heavy rainfall in their catchments leads to rapid discharge increases that can elevate flood risks in downstream areas.^[13]

Basin Characteristics

The Ajay River basin covers a catchment area of approximately 6,000 square kilometers (2,300 square miles), extending across the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal in eastern India.^[18] The basin's upper reaches originate in the hilly terrain of the Chhotanagpur Plateau, while the lower portions transition into the Gangetic plains, influencing its diverse physiographic features. The main river, spanning about 288 kilometers, is fed by several tributaries that contribute to the overall drainage network, with flood-prone zones concentrated in the downstream alluvial tracts.^[19] Land use within the basin varies significantly by elevation and region, with the upper hilly areas predominantly covered by forests, including sal and other deciduous species, supporting limited cultivation due to rugged terrain. In contrast, the plains of the lower basin, encompassing parts of Birbhum and Bardhaman districts in West Bengal, are largely agricultural, dominated by crops such as paddy, pulses, and oilseeds that rely on seasonal inundation for irrigation. This agricultural predominance reflects the basin's role in sustaining rural economies, though historical deforestation in the upper reaches has altered runoff patterns.^[20]^[1]^[21] The hydrological regime of the Ajay basin is characterized by its ephemeral nature, with high discharge rates during the monsoon season from June to September, driven by intense rainfall averaging 1,280 to 1,380 millimeters annually, leading to peak flows that can exceed normal capacities. In the winter months (November to February), flows diminish significantly or cease entirely in upstream sections due to low precipitation and high evapotranspiration, resulting in dry riverbeds in parts of the basin. This seasonal variability underscores the river's sensitivity to monsoonal influences and contributes to sediment transport dynamics.^[1]^[21] Soil types in the basin reflect its geomorphic gradient, with lateritic soils prevalent in the upper hilly regions, featuring iron- and aluminum-rich profiles that are well-drained but nutrient-poor, limiting intensive farming. In the lower reaches, fertile alluvial soils dominate, composed of silt, clay, and sand deposits from fluvial action, which enhance agricultural productivity through better water retention and nutrient availability. These soil variations play a critical role in the basin's infiltration rates and overall water balance.^[1]^[22]

History and Archaeology

Etymology and Naming

The name of the Ajay River originates from the Sanskrit word ajaya, meaning "unconquerable" or "invincible," a term that underscores its enduring presence in the region's hydrological landscape.^[23] This etymological root is consistent across ancient Sanskrit lexicographical works, where ajaya denotes something undefeated or unsurpassed.^[24] In the context of the river, the name appears in early texts as a descriptor of a waterway in the ancient Rāḍha region of eastern India, highlighting its significance in pre-medieval geography.^[25] In Bengali, the river is commonly referred to as Ajoy, a phonetic adaptation of the Sanskrit ajaya that reflects local linguistic evolution while preserving the original meaning of unconquerability.^[26] This variant is linked to folklore and regional traditions in West Bengal and Jharkhand, where the river's name evokes stories of its relentless flow through diverse terrains. Historical references trace the river to ancient accounts, including possible identification with the Amystis River mentioned in Greek chronicles from the era of Alexander the Great, as compiled by John Watson McCrindle, flowing past the town of Katadupa (present-day Katwa).^[27] Additionally, Jain scriptures from the early centuries CE describe the Ajaya as a river dividing the northern and southern parts of Rāḍha, a site visited by Mahāvīra during his spiritual wanderings.^[25] The Ajay River has long been recognized in medieval and later historical records as a natural boundary delineating administrative and cultural regions in eastern India. For instance, it formed the common border between the districts of Bardhaman (now Purba Bardhaman) and Birbhum in West Bengal, influencing territorial divisions in regional polities. During the British colonial period, surveys and gazetteers consistently recorded the river under names like Ajay or Ajoy, integrating it into maps and administrative documents without significant alteration from its indigenous nomenclature. This continuity in naming underscores the river's stable identity across epochs, from ancient Sanskrit and Prakrit sources to colonial cartography.

Archaeological Findings

Archaeological excavations and surveys along the Ajay River have uncovered significant sculptural remains in the lower Ajay Valley of Birbhum district, West Bengal, highlighting medieval artistic traditions. Key discoveries include three intricately carved Vishnu images and a ten-armed Mahishasuramardini sculpture, all dating to the 11th–13th centuries CE, which reflect a regional school of artisans blending Brahmanical, Jain, and Buddhist influences. These finds, documented through field surveys, underscore the valley's role as a center of early medieval religious iconography.^[8] Remote sensing techniques, including NDVI and SRTM-DEM analysis, have identified palaeo-channels and oxbow lakes in the Quaternary landscapes of the Ajay River basin, evidencing major ancient river shifts. The Ajay River has migrated northeastward at rates of 0.32–3.41 meters per year over the Holocene period (based on evidence from the last ~4,000 years), with pronounced changes below Illambazar, influenced by neotectonics and basement rock variations. These fluvial dynamics preserved archaeological sites along former riverine paths in the Ajay-Damodar interfluve.^[28] Studies integrating remote sensing with field archaeology link these palaeo-channels to human occupation from prehistoric to Chalcolithic periods, revealing settlements and artifacts tied to the river's evolution. Sites such as Pandu Rajar Dhibi near Katwa yielded microlithic tools, copper implements, bone artifacts, and black-and-red ware pottery from around 2000–700 BCE, indicating early urban-like communities. Additional evidence from locations near Katwa and Illambazar includes terracotta figurines and stone inscriptions, further illustrating settlement patterns along shifting fluvial courses.^[28]^[29]

Environmental Issues

Flooding and Erosion

The Ajay River basin experiences frequent flooding, particularly in its lower reaches within West Bengal, where monsoon-season overflows from heavy rainfall and failures of protective embankments lead to widespread inundation.^[30] These events are intensified by the river's flattening gradient in the alluvial plains, which reduces flow velocity and promotes sediment deposition, alongside contributions from tributary inflows during peak monsoon periods.^[31] Embankment breaches, often occurring due to high discharges exceeding 15,000–20,000 cusecs, have been a recurring issue, exacerbating flood extents in districts like Birbhum and Purba Bardhaman.^[32] Historical records indicate periodic flooding in the Ajay basin since the 19th century, with major events documented during the British colonial period, including devastating floods in 1867, 1877, 1885, and 1896 that affected agricultural lands and settlements along the river's course.^[33] A particularly severe deluge struck in September 2000, triggered by extreme rainfall of over 1,200 mm in parts of West Bengal, causing widespread embankment failures along the Ajay and leading to inundation across Birbhum and Murshidabad districts.^[34] This event impacted over 20 million people regionally, damaged agricultural crops worth approximately 3,000 crore rupees, and highlighted the river's vulnerability in its lower basin.^[31] Erosion along the Ajay River is prominent in the alluvial plains of West Bengal, where bank undercutting by high-velocity flows during monsoons results in significant land loss, with channel migration rates varying from 0.32 m/year to 3.41 m/year.^[28] These processes are exacerbated by shifts in palaeo-channels, as evidenced by remote sensing studies identifying ancient river courses that have diverted from the right bank near villages like Gopalpur, contributing to ongoing instability and sediment redistribution.^[17] In the lower reaches, such erosion has led to the loss of thousands of hectares of fertile land over decades, altering local topography and increasing flood susceptibility through raised riverbeds.^[32] The socio-economic impacts of flooding and erosion in the Ajay basin include displacement of communities in vulnerable areas such as those around Pandabeswar and Katwa, where sudden inundations and bank collapses force residents to relocate and disrupt livelihoods dependent on agriculture.^[31] These events have caused unemployment and poverty in affected blocks like Ausgram and Mongalkote, with land loss reducing cultivable areas and prompting temporary migrations.^[32] Mitigation efforts have included the construction of embankments totaling over 136 km along critical sections, though breaches during high-flow periods continue to challenge their effectiveness.^[30]

Conservation Efforts

The Indian government initiated embankment projects along the Ajay River in the 1950s as part of the National Flood Control Programme, with the Irrigation and Waterways Department of West Bengal overseeing construction and maintenance to protect agricultural lands in the lower basin.^[35] These structures, spanning approximately 136 km, safeguard over 68,000 hectares on both banks, though they require ongoing interventions due to erosion and breaches during monsoons.^[32] Periodic reinforcements, particularly after the severe 2000 floods, have included boulder reinforcements, weir crate walls, and iron mesh installations along 47 km of the right bank from Sathkhonia to Kogram since 2005.^[32] Flood mitigation programs for the Ajay River incorporate dredging for navigation and sediment management, alongside afforestation initiatives in the upper catchment areas to stabilize soil and reduce runoff.^[9] Following the 2000 floods, early warning systems have been integrated into broader state-level flood forecasting efforts, utilizing hydrological data from the Central Water Commission to alert communities in vulnerable districts like Birbhum and Murshidabad.^[36] These measures aim to address the river's flash flood proneness, exacerbated by its ephemeral nature.^[1] Biodiversity protection efforts focus on preserving riparian zones threatened by erosion, with the National Mission for Clean Ganga identifying a 25 km stretch between Chakdaha and Katwa as a high-value area for waterbirds and potential Gangetic dolphin habitat.^[16] State forestry departments, in collaboration with local NGOs, conduct surveys and recommend controlled sand mining and vegetation restoration to maintain ecological corridors along the banks.^[16] These initiatives, part of the Biodiversity Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation Project, recorded 25 waterbird species in 2020-2021 assessments, emphasizing habitat safeguarding amid flood-induced changes.^[16] Regional collaborations for sustainable basin management include studies employing remote sensing and GIS to monitor paleo-channels and inform land-use planning, aiding in erosion control and water resource allocation across West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Bihar.^[1] Such geospatial analyses prioritize sub-watersheds for intervention, promoting integrated flood and environmental strategies without international frameworks specifically noted for the Ajay.^[37]

Cultural and Economic Significance

Role in Local Culture

The Ajay River occupies a revered position in Bengali and Santhali folklore, symbolizing an "unconquerable" force reflective of its Sanskrit-derived name Ajaya, meaning invincible or undefeated.^[25] In Santhali oral traditions, the river appears in songs that highlight human efforts to coexist with its power, such as folk tunes embodying themes of hope and perseverance amid natural challenges. Bengali folklore similarly portrays the Ajay's indomitable spirit, particularly in Baul mysticism, where the river's potential to dry up contrasts with the enduring, unconquered inner self of the devotee. This reverence manifests in festivals like the annual Joydev Kenduli Baul Mela, held near the river in Birbhum district during Makar Sankranti (mid-January), featuring performances of folk songs that celebrate love, devotion, and the river's presence in community life.^[38] Religious sites along the Ajay integrate the river into spiritual rituals, fostering deep cultural ties. In Joydev Kenduli, near Bolpur in Birbhum, the birthplace of the 12th-century poet Jayadeva is commemorated with traditions linked to the river, including legends of him bathing in its waters for divine inspiration to complete verses of the Gita Govinda. The Ichai Ghosher Deul, an ancient temple on the Ajay's southern bank in Paschim Bardhaman, serves as a focal point for rituals that honor the river's sanctity, with devotees performing offerings and immersions during seasonal festivals.^[39] In Deoghar district, the Baidyanath Temple's proximity to the Ajay enhances pilgrim practices, where ritual bathing in the river or its tributaries during monsoons purifies participants and connects them to Shiva's lore.^[40] Floods from the Ajay have influenced social transitions in Birbhum's local communities, shaping migration patterns and adaptive customs centered on resilience. Recurrent inundations, including major events in 1978 and 2000, have prompted temporary relocations to higher grounds and village shifts, such as resettlements in the region, yet residents consistently return to reclaim their land, viewing it as integral to their communal identity.^[5] These events cultivate customs like seasonal communal preparations and mutual aid networks, reinforcing bonds in rural hamlets where the river's cycles dictate daily rhythms and collective memory. As of 2025, community-led flood early-warning systems have strengthened these adaptive practices. In regional literature, the Ajay recurs in poetry and stories that capture its seasonal moods, from serene flows to turbulent floods, mirroring the emotional vicissitudes of life along its course. Bengali works often depict the river as a metaphor for endurance, underscoring the Ajay's role in narrating human adaptation to nature's dual benevolence and fury.

Economic Importance

The Ajay River serves as a vital irrigation source for agriculture in the Bardhaman and Birbhum districts of West Bengal, supporting extensive cropping patterns that underpin regional food security and livelihoods. In Bardhaman district, government canals and river lift irrigation systems, drawing from the Ajay and integrated projects, contribute to district-wide irrigation covering hundreds of thousands of hectares and enable cultivation of major crops such as rice and potatoes.^[41] These facilities, integrated with projects like the Damodar Valley Corporation, enhance productivity in alluvial plains where a significant portion of the population relies on farming, focusing on rice, jute, and sugarcane.^[42] In Birbhum, where approximately 75% of the population depends on agriculture as of the 2010s, the river's waters support irrigation for rice, legumes, wheat, and potatoes, bolstering the district's agrarian economy.^[6] Fishery resources along the Ajay River provide seasonal employment and income for local communities, particularly in the lower reaches during monsoons when water levels rise. The river supports pisciculture with species such as rohu, katla, and mrigal, supplementing livelihoods through freshwater fish, though its intermittent flow limits year-round activities.^[41] The river's industrial linkages further amplify its economic value, facilitating transport and resource access for key facilities in proximity. It lies near the Chittaranjan Locomotive Works and local mills such as the Mayurakshi Cotton Mill, connecting to broader industrial clusters in Asansol, Durgapur, and Katwa that include heavy engineering, chemicals, steel production at Durgapur Steel Plant, and small-scale units.^[42] The operational Katwa Thermal Power Plant (1,320 MW capacity, commissioned in 2023) utilizes nearby waterways for coal and ash transport, with overall cargo potential via inland waterways estimated at around 14,000 tonnes per day as of planning documents, supporting regional economic benefits.^[43]^[41] In the Ajay River basin, agriculture dominates land use, covering a significant portion of the 6,093 square kilometer catchment, though seasonal flooding poses risks to economic stability by disrupting irrigation and transport.^[1] While minor dams like the Sikatia Barrage in Jharkhand primarily support irrigation rather than dedicated hydropower, the river's overall water resources contribute to regional development through multi-purpose infrastructure.^[42]

References

[1]
[PDF] A study of Ajay river basin within West Bengal, India
The river originates from Batpar village, Jamui, Bihar, and it enters in the Bhagirathi river at Katwa, West Bengal (figure 1).
[2]
[PDF] Inland Waterway Authority of India - IWAI
Ajay River. 96. State: Jharkhand. Deogarh District. Jamtara District. State: West Bengal. Birbhum District. Bardhaman (Burdwan) District. Reconnaissance survey ...
[3]
[PDF] Ganga Basin - Version 2.0
The Ganga river basin is the largest of the basins of. India with an area of 8,61,452 Sq.km in India, draining into the 11 states of the country,. Uttarakhand ...
[4]
[PDF] Floods, Social Transition and Local Communities in the Ajoy River ...
(2006:11–12) as: Page 2. −126−. The river Ajoy originates from an obscure hilly region in the Chhotonagpur plateau called Chakai (near Sarath of Jamui District ...
[5]
Analysis of Drainage Basin Properties and Flood Potential of Ajay ...
Total length of the Ajay is 288 km. out of which 152 km. lays in West Bengal. The important tributaries of Ajay are Pathro and Jayanti in Jharkhand, Hinglow in ...
[6]
Geography | Birbhum District, West Bengal, India
Only two are rivers of any magnitude , viz., the Mor and the Ajay, the latter of which marks the southern boundary, while the Mor runs through Birbhum from West ...
[7]
New Sculptural Evidence from the Lower Ajay River Valley (District ...
Frequent flooding from the Ajay River has significantly eroded sites like Deuli, complicating archaeological assessments of the area's historical habitation.
[8]
[PDF] final detailed project report (dpr) of national waterway no. 07 river
May 3, 2019 · Ajay river. The general slope is from north-west to south-east. Most of the streams of the region fall into the Damodar river which flows ...
[9]
[PDF] river bed sand mining project on ajay river - environmental clearance
river Ajay originates from the Chakai hill tract (86021'40”E, 24025'N, at 346.3 m above MSL) of the Chhotanagpur plateau, enters West Bengal near Chittaranjan ( ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[10]
Katwa topographic map, elevation, terrain
It has an average elevation of 21 m (69 ft). It is situated between the Ajay River and the Hooghly River and so bounded by water to the east, west and north.Missing: meters | Show results with:meters
[11]
[PDF] Government of West Bengal - Irrigation & Waterways Department
In addition, many of the rivers flowing through the State originate from northern Bangladesh causes flood during the period of heavy rainfall. During last few ...
[12]
[PDF] Jharkhand Space Applications Center District Profile DEOGHAR ...
River Ajay originates from the hills of the Chotanagpur plateau at an elevation of 346.23 msl. Prominent among the tributaries are the. Bhagdura, Partho, Dama, ...
[13]
lithological influence on channel behaviour of ajay river at lower ...
Dec 6, 2021 · ... confluence at Katwa, the river Ajay is passing through 3 major geological setups. From the source region to about 190 kms. downstream at Jamtara ...
[14]
[PDF] AJAY RIVER - Ganga Knowledge Portal
Ajay River (< 1 m in depth). Besides the confluence of Ajay River and Hooghly River at Katwa in the Lower zone of the Ajay River basin allows mixing of ...
[15]
A case study in the Ajay-Damodar interfluve of Eastern India
As a result, lower part of present Kunur River is actually a palaeo-path of Ajay River and the confluence of the Ajay-Kunur rivers was located near the Ban- ...
[16]
[PDF] draft environmental impact assessment report
Oct 5, 2023 · The catchment area of Ajay River is 6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi). ... Name of the River Area drained (Sq.km). 1. Ajay. 22159459.9255.
[17]
[PDF] district survey report of birbhum district, west bengal
Oct 10, 2019 · Total length of Ajay is 288 km and catchment area is 6000 sq.km. The ... Catchment area of Ajay River: 587.35 km2 (in Birbhum District).
[18]
[PDF] Flood Estimation by GIS Based GIUH APPROACH FOR AJAY BASIN
In this study, the geomorphological characteristics of the Ajay basin have been evaluated using the GIS software,. ILWIS and the Clark model based GIUH has been ...
[19]
[PDF] Investigation into the Effects of Climate Change for the Ajay River ...
Abstract. A very exhaustive study was conducted on the Ajay River catchment under changed climate scenario from soil moisture accounting parameters.
[20]
Pathways of major ion chemistry and evaluation of contaminants in ...
Feb 27, 2025 · The lower basin of the Ajay River is entirely covered with broad coated younger and older alluvial soil over the rocks of tertiary age rocks ...
[21]
Meaning of the name Ajay
Jun 10, 2025 · Ajay is a popular male given name of Sanskrit origin, primarily used in India and Nepal. It means "unconquerable," "invincible," or "undefeated.
[22]
https://iwaponline.com/ws/article/25/3/485/107298/Pathways-of-major-ion-chemistry-and-evaluation-of
[23]
Ajaya: 20 definitions
Oct 24, 2024 · Ajaya (अजय) is the name of a river flowing between the northern and southern divisions of Rāḍha: a village visited by Mahāvīra during his fifth ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[24]
Ajay - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Transliteration of Bengali অজয় (ojoẏ), from Sanskrit अजय (ajaya). Proper noun. Ajay. A river in eastern India.
[25]
Ajay River - Jatland Wiki
Feb 21, 2019 · The Ajay River originates on a small hill about 300 metres high, southwest of Munger in Bihar. It then flows through Jharkhand and enters West ...Missing: elevation meters
[26]
History - Banglapedia
Archaeological discoveries at pandu rajar dhibi in the valley of the Ajay river (near Bolpur) in Burdwan district and in several other sites on the Ajay, Kunar ...
[27]
(PDF) Palaeo-path Investigation of the Lower Ajay River (India ...
Nov 24, 2015 · Total length of Ajay river 288 km in which 152 km cover in West Bengal up to Katwa (Fig. 1). The Ajay and Damodar River demarcating the ...
[28]
[PDF] Excavations At Pandu Rajar Dhibi
the river Ajay in Burdwan district have reveLiled forthe first time in ... river Kopai in Birbhum district. Such field-works have effec- ted discovery ...
[29]
[PDF] Flooding in the Confluence Zone of the Ajay and the Kunur Rivers ...
Major source of this sediment is eroded material from the Kunur basin, with an average erosion rate of 47.61 kg ha–1 y–1 (Roy, 2013). Due to this, a natural.Missing: authoritative | Show results with:authoritative
[30]
[PDF] Probability of flooding and vulnerability assessment in the Ajay River ...
elevation model (DEM) (Fig. 1b) confirm the demarcation of lower reach from 80 m above msl and elevation ranges between 20 and 10 m consists mainly of flood ...
[31]
[PDF] A Case Study along Lower Reaches of Ajay River, West Bengal, India
Embankment breaching in lower reaches of Ajay river, highly affected the cultivable land and human habitation. REGIONAL SETTING OF LOWER AJAY BASIN. Ajay is a ...
[32]
A Study In The Confluence Zone Of Kunur And Ajay Rivers, Lower ...
The Ajay River embankment spans 136.16 km, protecting 68,825 hectares of land. Flood frequency analysis since 1900 reveals increasing severity post-1956.
[33]
[PDF] Annual Flood Report 2000 - Irrigation & Waterways Department
Feb 5, 2001 · This caused breaches, & water over topped in many places of the embankments of Ajoy, Mayurakshi,. Damodar and Bhagirathi-Hooghly system in the ...
[34]
(PDF) Role of Embankment in Flood: A Study in the Confluence ...
The present paper has been prepared as a flood risk assessment study for the confluence zone of the Kunur River and the Ajay River, related to the present and ...
[35]
Probability of flooding and vulnerability assessment in the Ajay River ...
Mar 26, 2016 · To combat, various paraphernalia are required including construction (downstream flood defences), forecasting (for warning and evacuation), and ...Missing: flood | Show results with:flood
[36]
A case study of Ajay river basin, Eastern India - ScienceDirect
The total stream length of the Ajay river basin is of 1372 km. Maximum stream length is noted in stream order 1 and minimum in Stream order 3 (Table 3). ...
[37]
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Below is a merged summary of the economic importance of the Ajay River based on the provided segments. To retain all information in a dense and organized manner, I will use a combination of narrative text and a table in CSV format for quantitative and detailed data. The narrative will cover qualitative aspects, while the table will consolidate all numerical and specific details across the documents.
[38]
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Summary of each segment: