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Amram

Amram (Hebrew: עַמְרָם, meaning "exalted people") is a biblical patriarch in the Hebrew Bible, identified as a Levite of the tribe of Levi and the father of Aaron, Moses, and their sister Miriam.^[1]^[2]^[3] As the son of Kohath and grandson of Levi, Amram belonged to the Kohathite clan, which played a central role in the priestly and tabernacle duties among the Israelites.^[4]^[5] According to the Book of Exodus, Amram married Jochebed, his father's sister and a descendant of Levi, with whom he had his three renowned children during the Israelites' enslavement in Egypt.^[6]^[2] The biblical narrative records that Amram lived for 137 years, placing his lifespan in the context of the patriarchal era leading up to the Exodus events.^[6] His family line is detailed in genealogical lists in Exodus, Numbers, and 1 Chronicles, underscoring his significance as an ancestor of the Aaronic priesthood through his son Aaron.^[7]^[8]^[9] Beyond the canonical Hebrew Bible, Amram appears in ancient Jewish texts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the Visions of Amram (4Q543–549), where he is depicted in visionary narratives recounting encounters and apocalyptic themes related to his life and lineage.^[10] These extracanonical sources expand on his role as a figure bridging the Levitical heritage and the foundational leaders of Israel, though they remain fragmentary and interpretive.^[11]

Introduction

Identity and Historical Context

Amram is identified in the Hebrew Bible as a prominent figure of the tribe of Levi, serving as the father of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, who played central roles in the leadership, priesthood, and prophetic guidance of the Israelites during their emergence as a covenant people. As the head of this influential family, Amram's lineage established a foundational connection to the priestly order, with his son Aaron becoming the first high priest and initiator of the Aaronic priesthood that structured Israelite religious life.^[12] This paternal role underscores Amram's significance as a link in the chain of Levite authority, emphasizing themes of divine selection and familial legacy in the biblical portrayal of Israelite origins. Within the broader structure of the twelve tribes of Israel, the Levites held a unique position exempt from land inheritance and dedicated exclusively to sacred service, including the maintenance of the tabernacle, transportation of holy artifacts, and assistance to the priests.^[13] Amram, as a descendant of Levi son of Jacob, exemplified this tribal identity, symbolizing the priestly heritage that prioritized ritual purity, teaching, and mediation between God and the community over territorial concerns. His placement in this tribe highlights the Levites' role as guardians of holiness, a distinction that persisted through the wilderness wanderings and into the settlement in Canaan. Amram's approximate lifespan falls within the 14th to 13th century BCE, corresponding to the debated historical timeframe of the Exodus events traditionally dated to either the reign of Thutmose III (early date, ca. 1446 BCE) or Ramesses II (late date, ca. 1270–1250 BCE), as per biblical chronology and archaeological correlations.^[14]^[15] This era positions Amram as an ancestral bridge from the patriarchal period of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—marked by promises of land and progeny—to the Mosaic era of revelation and covenant at Sinai, thereby influencing the foundational elements of Israelite law, worship practices, and national identity through his descendants' enactments.^[16]

Name Etymology

The name Amram, rendered in Hebrew as עַמְרָם (ʿAmrām), is a compound theophoric name derived from two key elements: the noun עם ('am), meaning "people" or "nation," and the adjective רָם (rām), signifying "exalted," "high," or "lofty."^[17] This etymological structure yields interpretations such as "exalted people," "a people exalted," or "nation of the Most High," emphasizing collective elevation or divine distinction.^[18]^[19] In the broader context of ancient Semitic naming practices across the Near East, such compounds often denoted status, divine patronage, or leadership qualities, particularly among tribal or clan heads, where elements like "exalted" invoked favor from higher powers or symbolized communal prominence.^[20] This convention aligns with patterns in Akkadian and Canaanite onomastics, where names incorporating height or exaltation metaphors highlighted roles in guiding or representing groups under divine oversight.^[21] The name's implications for Amram's portrayal underscore a sense of noble heritage and spiritual authority, portraying him as a figure of elevated standing within his community.^[22] In biblical usage, it signifies his prominent position among the Levites, evoking themes of chosenness and height in tribal hierarchy without implying narrative specifics.^[17] Amram, recognized as the father of Moses, thus carries a name that reinforces his foundational role in Israelite lineage through linguistic symbolism of communal exaltation.^[18]

Biblical Account

Genealogy and Lineage

In the biblical genealogies, Amram is presented as the son of Kohath and the grandson of Levi, one of the twelve sons of Jacob (Israel).^[23] Exodus 6:16–20 details the generations of Levi, stating: "The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari, the years of the life of Levi being 137 years. The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, the years of the life of Kohath being 133 years... Amram took as his wife Jochebed his father's sister, and she bore him Aaron and Moses, the years of the life of Amram being 137 years."^[23] This lineage is reaffirmed in Numbers 26:58–59, which specifies: "Kohath was the father of Amram. The name of Amram's wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, who was born to Levi in Egypt. And she bore to Amram Aaron and Moses and Miriam their sister."^[24] These texts establish Amram's affiliation with the tribe of Levi, emphasizing his role in the priestly line. Amram's lifespan is recorded as 137 years in Exodus 6:20, aligning with the extended ages attributed to early Levites.^[23] Scholarly analysis of the chronology indicates that Amram was born during the Israelites' sojourn in Egypt and died prior to the Exodus, as the combined lifespans of Levi (137 years), Kohath (133 years), and Amram (137 years) span approximately 350–400 years within the 430-year period of enslavement mentioned in Exodus 12:40, suggesting a compressed or telescoped genealogy to fit the narrative timeline.^[25] This placement underscores Amram's generation as bridging the patriarchal era and the Mosaic period, with his marriage to Jochebed producing key figures in the Exodus story. The genealogy of Amram appears within the framework of the "Book of Generations," a structural device in the Priestly source (P) of the Pentateuch, which organizes ancestral records across Genesis (e.g., chapters 5, 10, 11) and into Exodus to trace divine lineages.^[26] In biblical criticism, this Priestly material in Exodus 6 is viewed as an aetiological explanation, retroactively justifying the exclusive priestly roles of the Levites and, particularly, the Aaronic priesthood by rooting them in Levi's direct descendants.^[27] The selective focus on Kohath's line through Amram serves to legitimize Aaron and his heirs as the divinely appointed mediators, a theme reinforced in subsequent Priestly texts like Numbers 3 and 18.^[27]

Family and Role in Exodus

Amram married Jochebed, identified in the Masoretic Text as his father's sister, an aunt-nephew union described in Exodus 6:20.^[28] This marriage predates the Mosaic legislation in Leviticus 18:12–13, which later prohibited relations with an aunt, rendering it non-incestuous under the ethical norms of the pre-legal patriarchal era.^[29] Scholarly analysis, such as that by Calum Carmichael, posits that such ancestral narratives influenced the development of these prohibitions to resolve perceived moral ambiguities in earlier kinship practices.^[30] Jacob Milgrom further suggests the laws evolved from shifting societal structures, where initially permissible unions like Amram's adapted to emerging taboos as Israelite society formalized.^[30] From this marriage, Amram and Jochebed had three children: Miriam, the eldest and a prophetess who led the women in song after crossing the Red Sea (Exodus 15:20); Aaron, the middle child who was appointed Israel's first high priest (Exodus 28:1); and Moses, the youngest, who emerged as the central prophet and lawgiver orchestrating the Exodus.^[31]^[32]^[33] These offspring played pivotal roles in Israelite leadership, with Miriam providing prophetic insight, Aaron handling priestly duties, and Moses delivering divine instructions and confronting Pharaoh. Amram and Jochebed's most notable contribution to the Exodus story lies in their parental actions to safeguard Moses. Defying Pharaoh's edict to drown Hebrew male infants, they hid the child for three months, an act rooted in their recognition of his significance (Exodus 2:1–2).^[34] This display of faith is explicitly praised in Hebrews 11:23, highlighting their courage against royal authority as a foundational example of obedience to God over human decrees.^[35] Beyond this early intervention, Amram maintains a passive presence in the Exodus account, functioning chiefly as a generational bridge within the Levite lineage rather than an active figure in the plagues, liberation, or wilderness journey.^[36] His mentions are confined to genealogical contexts, underscoring his role in connecting the Israelite origins to the era of redemption without direct involvement in the narrative's central events.^[28]

Family Tree

Biblical Representation

In the Hebrew Bible, Amram is depicted as a pivotal figure in the Levite genealogy, serving as the father of Miriam, Aaron, and Moses. The core structure traces from Levi, son of Jacob, to his son Kohath, then to Amram as one of Kohath's sons, who married Jochebed, his aunt and daughter of Levi. This union produced the siblings Miriam, Aaron, and Moses, establishing Amram as the direct link between the ancestral Levite line and the key figures of the Exodus narrative. This lineage is detailed in Exodus 6:16-20, which lists the generations and lifespans—Levi lived 137 years, Kohath 133 years, and Amram 137 years—spanning four generations from Levi to Moses. Numbers 26:57-59 reinforces this by naming Amram's family during the wilderness census, explicitly identifying Jochebed as the mother of Aaron, Moses, and their sister Miriam, thus confirming the familial connections within the Kohathite branch of Levi. The genealogy underscores Amram's role as the nexus for the priestly and prophetic lines within the tribe of Levi, with Aaron's descendants forming the Aaronic priesthood and Moses leading as prophet and lawgiver, thereby organizing the Levites into distinct clans (Gershonites, Kohathites, Merarites) for religious and tribal duties.^[37] This structure highlights the preservation of the Levite lineage amid Egyptian oppression, symbolizing divine faithfulness in maintaining a dedicated tribe for sacred service despite threats to Israelite survival.^[38]^[37]

Variations in Ancient Texts

In ancient textual traditions, significant variations appear in the depiction of Amram's family tree, particularly concerning the kinship between Amram and his wife Jochebed. The Septuagint (LXX), the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible dating to the 3rd–2nd centuries BCE, alters the relationship in Exodus 6:20 by describing Jochebed as "the daughter of his father's brother," rendering her Amram's cousin rather than his aunt (as in the Masoretic Text, where she is identified as his father's sister and thus Kohath's sister).^[39] This shift reduces the degree of consanguinity from aunt-nephew to first cousins, potentially reflecting interpretive efforts to align the narrative with evolving views on permissible marriages or to harmonize inconsistencies with Numbers 26:59, where Jochebed is simply called the daughter of Levi without specifying her relation to Amram.^[40] The Samaritan Pentateuch, an ancient Hebrew version used by the Samaritan community and diverging from the Masoretic Text in over 6,000 places, introduces minor adjustments to Amram's genealogy that affect chronological spans. For instance, in Exodus 6:20, it records Amram's lifespan as 136 years, one year shorter than the 137 years in the Masoretic Text, which subtly impacts calculations of generational overlaps during the Israelite sojourn in Egypt.^[41] Other variants in Samaritan manuscripts include slight name alterations or omissions in Levite lineages, such as streamlined references to Kohath's descendants, emphasizing a more compressed timeline for the exodus events without fundamentally restructuring the core family tree.^[42] The pseudo-epigraphal Book of Jasher, a medieval Hebrew composition claiming ancient origins and expanding biblical narratives, provides a more elaborate portrayal of Amram's family with additional events absent from canonical sources. It details Amram and Jochebed's children as Miriam (born 15 years before Moses), Aaron, and Moses, while adding a narrative of Amram temporarily divorcing Jochebed due to Pharaoh's decree against Hebrew males, followed by their remarriage and the birth of Moses, whom Amram names Chabar (or Kabar) to commemorate the reunion.^[43] These expansions include dramatic episodes, such as Miriam's prophetic role in foreseeing Moses' destiny and devising his rescue, thereby enriching the narrative with interpretive layers, including multiple names for Moses, not present in the standard biblical representation. These discrepancies across traditions—ranging from kinship redefinitions in the Septuagint to chronological tweaks in the Samaritan Pentateuch and narrative elaborations in the Book of Jasher—underscore the fluid nature of biblical textual transmission in antiquity. They reflect deliberate scribal harmonizations, sectarian adaptations, and cultural reinterpretations that influenced how communities understood Levite lineage, marriage customs, and exodus chronology, as evidenced by polemical fragments like those in 4QAmram from Qumran that defend specific readings against rivals.^[41] Such variations highlight the interpretive diversity in Second Temple Judaism, aiding scholars in tracing the evolution of sacred texts without implying a single authoritative archetype.

Post-Biblical Traditions

Rabbinical Literature

In rabbinic literature, Amram is prominently featured in the midrashic narrative of Exodus Rabbah, where he is portrayed as the preeminent leader of his generation in Egypt, responding to Pharaoh's decree to drown all newborn Hebrew males by divorcing his wife Jochebed to prevent the birth of children doomed to death.^[44] This act, however, is critiqued by his young daughter Miriam, who prophetically rebukes him, declaring that his decree is harsher than Pharaoh's since it condemns both males and females to non-existence, and foretells the birth of a redeemer who will deliver Israel.^[44] Heeding her words, Amram publicly remarries Jochebed in a ceremonial fashion—dancing with her on a palanquin accompanied by Aaron and Miriam—to inspire the community to reverse their own divorces, thereby restoring hope and family unity amid oppression.^[45] This depiction underscores Amram's role as a righteous leader and moral exemplar, whose initial separation from Jochebed reflects profound piety in avoiding potential sin and suffering, yet his subsequent reunion highlights obedience to divine prophecy and the value of communal responsibility.^[46] Rabbinic texts emphasize his sinless life, positioning him among the few biblical figures who died solely due to the universal decree of mortality rather than personal fault, thus exemplifying unwavering faith in God's providence even under tyrannical threats.^[46] Traditions in the midrash assign Amram a lifespan of 137 years, aligning with the biblical record, during which his leadership shaped Jewish resilience in Egypt, with some interpretations extending his spiritual influence through his progeny who guided the nation beyond the Exodus. In Talmudic discussions, Amram serves as a model of ethical fortitude and resistance to oppression, particularly in his establishment of marriage and divorce practices among the enslaved Israelites, reinforcing themes of fidelity, hope, and defiance against despair.^[45]

Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Sources

In the Book of Jubilees, a second-century BCE pseudepigraphal work, Amram's life receives expanded narrative treatment, integrating him into a chronological framework that aligns events with the author's solar calendar and legal emphases. The text specifies that Amram, son of Kohath, married his aunt Jochebed, a descendant of Levi, after she had been given to him by her father Levi to ensure the preservation of the Levite line amid Egyptian oppression. Their union is portrayed as divinely ordained, occurring in purity and righteousness, and culminates in the birth of Moses on the sixth day of the third month of the sixth year of the forty-eighth jubilee, framing the event as a pivotal moment in Israel's redemption history. This detailed timeline underscores Jubilees' themes of covenantal fidelity and ritual observance, positioning Amram as a link in the chain of patriarchal righteousness. The Visions of Amram (4Q543–549), an Aramaic composition from Qumran Cave 4 dated to the second century BCE, presents Amram on his deathbed imparting a testamentary vision to his children, emphasizing his role in the priestly lineage. In a central dream-vision, Amram beholds two angelic figures locked in contention over his fate: one terrifying, with a visage like iron and speaking in harsh tones, identifies himself as Melchiresha ("Prince of Wickedness" or "King of Darkness"), while the other, radiant and benevolent, is implied to be a counterpart such as Michael or Melchizedek, embodying light and truth. This encounter introduces ethical and cosmological dualism, with the figures disputing Amram's destiny and foretelling the priestly destinies of his sons Aaron and Moses, who will lead Israel against evil forces. The text's fragmentary nature preserves only parts of this vision, but it highlights Amram's election amid cosmic struggle, reflecting sectarian concerns with purity and opposition to impurity in the priestly office.^[47]^[48] Amram appears within the broader Levitical testamentary tradition in the Testament of Levi, part of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (a Greek pseudepigraphal collection from the second century BCE with possible Jewish origins), where he embodies the continuity of priestly authority foreseen in Levi's visions. Levi's prophetic sights outline the eternal priesthood granted to his descendants, including Kohath and thence Amram, who safeguards sacred knowledge and ensures the line's transmission despite exile and persecution; this culminates in the exalted roles of Aaron as high priest and Moses as lawgiver-prophet. These visions stress moral vigilance and divine election for priestly service, portraying Amram as a guardian of heavenly secrets revealed to Levi. Collectively, these apocryphal and pseudepigraphal sources elevate Amram from a marginal biblical figure to a conduit between ancestral history and eschatological hope, using visionary testaments to affirm the enduring legitimacy of the Levitical priesthood amid end-times dualism and covenant renewal. By extending patriarchal narratives into apocalyptic frameworks, they address Second Temple anxieties about temple purity and divine judgment, bridging exodus-era events with future messianic fulfillment.^[49]

References

[1]
Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 6:18-20 - New International Version
### Extracted Bible Verses About Amram (Exodus 6:18-20, NIV)
[2]
Bible Gateway passage: Numbers 26:59 - New International Version
- **Extracted Verse (Numbers 26:59, NIV):**
[3]
Bible Gateway passage: 1 Chronicles 6:3 - New International Version
- **Extracted Verse (1 Chronicles 6:3, NIV):**
[4]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+6%3A18&version=NIV
[5]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+3%3A19&version=NIV
[6]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+6%3A20&version=NIV
[7]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+6%3A16-20&version=NIV
[8]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+26%3A57-59&version=NIV
[9]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Chronicles+6%3A1-3&version=NIV
[10]
https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004413733/BP000011.xml
[11]
(PDF) The Burial of the Fathers in the Visions of Amram from Qumran
The paper examines the visions of Amram as depicted in the Qumran texts, specifically focusing on the burial of Amram's fathers. It analyzes the narrative ...
[12]
Priests and Levites - jstor
priests and Levites, only the descendants of Aaron being regarded as priests, all other members of the tribe of Levi being Levites. P enumerates four sons ...Missing: scholarship | Show results with:scholarship
[13]
Universal Service of God - Jewish Theological Seminary
The midrash suggests that the Levites were chosen because they remained loyal to God when all Israel had embraced idolatry, the cardinal sin. They alone were ...
[14]
Pinpointing the Exodus from Egypt | Harvard Divinity Bulletin
The Exodus from Egypt is proposed to have occurred around 1186 BCE, after the Israelites arrived around 1225 BCE, with a span of about 40 years.
[15]
[PDF] The Date of the Exodus and the Conquest/Settlement
The date of the Israelite exodus and conquest/settlement is debated, but Israelite settlement is most clearly seen as occurring in the 12th century BCE.
[16]
The amazing name Amram: meaning and etymology
Meaning: Riveted, Enthralled: People Of Exaltation, A People Exalted; Etymology: From the verb עמר ('aram), to bind or grip. From (1) the noun עם ('am), ...
[17]
The Symbolic Meaning of Biblical Names as a Narrative Tool - jstor
For the first three months of Moses's life, the baby born to Amram (meaning. “exalted nation”) and Yocheved (meaning “God's glory”) remains nameless. His.
[18]
10 Facts About Amram You Should Know - Chabad.org
Feb 11, 2024 · Amram was the father of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, who together led the Jews during the Exodus from Egypt. He himself led the Jews during their Egyptian exile.Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[19]
Hebrew Names (Chapter 9) - Personal Names in Cuneiform Texts ...
Jan 2, 2024 · This chapter aims to guide the reader through the constitutive elements of Hebrew names in cuneiform script. It looks both inside and behind the names.
[20]
Ancient Semitic Submitted Names - Behind the Name
Derived from asar (or Aššur) meaning the god Ashur, the chief deity of the Assyrian pantheon and haddon (or Addu) meaning the brother, the benefactor.
[21]
Amram - Jewish Virtual Library
AMRAM (Heb.עַמְרָם; "the Divine Kinsman is exalted"), father of Aaron, Moses, and Miriam (Ex. 6:18, 20; Num. 26:58–59). Amram married his aunt Jochebed (Ex.
[22]
Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 6:16-20 - English Standard Version
### Extracted Text
[23]
Bible Gateway passage: Numbers 26:58-59 - English Standard Version
### Extracted Text
[24]
[PDF] A Complete Chronology of the Israelites in Egypt: A Textual Study of ...
Apr 11, 2019 · 29:30–34), then the entire lifespans of. Levi's son Kohath (133 years, Ex. 6:18) and his grandson Amram (137 years, Ex. 6:20) would be ...
[25]
Behind the Documents of the Pentateuch
Both also presupposed an earlier Priestly 'book of generations' vestiges of which can still be traced in Genesis 5: 1; 6: 9, and elsewhere. So alike were PA ...
[26]
[PDF] Priestly Lineages in History and Rhetoric
Nov 19, 2016 · In the stories, God reinforces the Aaronides' monopoly by punishing Levites and lay people who challenge them (Num. 16). All this literature ...
[27]
https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=rel
[28]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+6%3A20&version=ESV
[29]
[PDF] Raduns 1 The Marriage and Incest Laws of Leviticus 18
This explains the creation and evolution of the Levitical laws regarding incest for the following reason: it reveals why “a union between children of the same ...
[30]
https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/05/75/63/00001/jraduns-HONORSTHESIS_.pdf
[31]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+26%3A59&version=ESV
[32]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+15%3A20&version=ESV
[33]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+28%3A1&version=ESV
[34]
https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+2%3A1-2&version=ESV
[35]
None
Below is a merged response summarizing Amram's role across all provided segments from *Exodus Through the Centuries*. To retain all information in a dense and organized manner, I will use a table in CSV format, followed by a narrative summary that integrates key points. This approach ensures comprehensive coverage while addressing the lack of thinking tokens by relying solely on the provided data.
[36]
[PDF] The Role and Functions of the Biblical Genealogies
Introduction nterest in the biblical genealogies was cultivated as early as the post- exilic period. The authors of the various Apocryphal (Tob 1:1–2),.
[37]
None
### Summary of Analysis of Exodus 6:14-26 Genealogy
[38]
Exodus 6:20 - And Ambram took to wife Jochabed the daughter of h...
Exodus 6:20 And Ambram took to wife Jochabed the daughter of his father's brother, and she bore to him both Aaron and Moses, and Mariam their sister: and ...
[39]
Exodus 6:20 Commentaries: Amram married his father's sister ...
Amram took him Jochebed his father's sister to wife—The Septuagint and Syriac versions render it "his cousin." Matthew Poole's Commentary. His father's ...
[40]
[PDF] A Qumranic Polemic Against a Divergent Reading of Exodus 6:20?
Since the Samaritan version, Demetrius, and Alexandrinus contain the same number as 4Q cAmram, we must assume that these witnesses go back to a particular ...
[41]
The Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) Bible manuscript: Oldest and only ...
Below, we have documented 665 of the most significant variants between the Samaritan Pentateuch (SP) and Masoretic Text (MT) where entire words or sentences are ...
[42]
Book of Jasher, Chapter 68 | Sacred Texts Archive
25 And Amram his father called his name Chabar, for he said, It was for him that he associated with his wife whom he had turned away. 26 And Jochebed his ...
[43]
https://sacred-texts.com/chr/apo/jasher/68.htm
[44]
https://www.sefaria.org/Exodus_Rabbah.1.13
[45]
Who Was Amram? - Chabad.org
Amram, son of Kehot, led the Jewish people in Egypt and fathered three of the greatest leaders in Jewish history: Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.
[46]
Visions of Amram - The Online Critical Pseudepigrapha
The Visions of Amram is a previously unknown work discovered in the Qumran finds. Amram, the figure to whom the document is attributed, is identified in ...
[47]
DUALISM IN THE "VISIONS OF AMRAM" - jstor
Visions of Amram, the decision to choose Life which Amram com mands his ... Birth: The Intertextual Relationship between Genesis 50:15-Exodus. 1:14 and ...Missing: criticism | Show results with:criticism
[48]
THE INITIAL NARRATIVE OF THE "VISIONS OF AMRAM ... - jstor
with precision the date when Amram pronounces his teachings: the year of his ... Testament Testament of Levi." JQR 12:651-661. Propp, William H. C. 1998. Exodus 1 ...