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Anthony Parnes

Anthony Keith Parnes (born June 1945) is a British former stockbroker primarily known for his role in the 1986 Guinness share-trading fraud during the takeover battle for Distillers Company.^[1] As one of the "Guinness Four," alongside Ernest Saunders, Gerald Ronson, and Jack Lyons, Parnes facilitated the acquisition and distribution of Guinness shares to supportive investors, contributing to an illegal scheme that artificially inflated the stock price to secure the £2.5 billion acquisition.^[2] In August 1990, he was convicted at Southwark Crown Court of theft and false accounting, receiving a 30-month prison sentence that was reduced to 21 months on appeal.^[3]^[4] Prior to the scandal, Parnes had built a career rising from an office boy to a millionaire broker, but the convictions led to his imprisonment and professional downfall, with ongoing associations limited to family business ties via Companies House records.^[2]^[1]

Early Life and Career

Background and Entry into Finance

Anthony Parnes, the son of a London gown manufacturer, entered the financial sector without formal higher education or family connections in finance.^[5]^[2] Parnes began his career at the bottom rung as an office boy, performing clerical tasks on the trading floor of the London Stock Exchange, where such roles were colloquially known as 'blue buttons'.^[2] He joined the firm A. J. Bekhor, a stockbroking house, marking his initial exposure to market operations through hands-on errands and support duties typical of entry-level positions in the exchange during the mid-20th century.^[6] This apprenticeship-style entry allowed Parnes to gain practical knowledge of share trading amid the bustling, less regulated environment of the pre-Big Bang era London markets.^[6]

Rise as a Stockbroker

Anthony Keith Parnes, born to a London gown manufacturer, entered the financial sector at the entry level as an office boy—commonly known as a "blue button" or messenger—in the Stock Exchange.^[5] ^[2] He began this role with the firm A.J. Bekhor, performing rudimentary tasks such as delivering messages and orders on the trading floor, a typical starting point for aspiring brokers in the mid-20th century City of London. Parnes advanced through several stockbroking firms, gaining experience at Rowe Rudd and McNally after his initial stint at Bekhor. By the 1970s, he had established himself as a dealer, eventually joining Alexander Laing & Cruickshank as a "half-commission" man, or introducing broker, where he brought in clients and shared commissions on trades.^[7] This position allowed him greater autonomy, handling transactions for high-profile clients and accumulating over two decades of market expertise by the late 1980s.^[6] His ascent was marked by an aggressive, high-volume trading style that earned him the nickname "The Animal," reportedly due to his distinctive hairstyle and relentless deal-making approach. Parnes became a prominent figure in takeover battles, including the earlier Debenhams bid, positioning him as a go-to broker for substantial share dealings among the City's elite.^[8] By the mid-1980s, he had risen to millionaire status, acting for some of the largest names in share trading and solidifying his reputation as a self-made force in London's financial markets.^[9]

Context of the Guinness-Distillers Bid

In late 1985, The Distillers Company plc, a leading Scottish producer of Scotch whisky and gin with key brands including Johnnie Walker, Dewar's, and Gordon's, became the target of acquisition interest amid the era's aggressive corporate takeover activity in the UK beverages sector.^[10] On 2 December 1985, Argyll Group plc, a diversified conglomerate with supermarket operations, launched a hostile bid for Distillers valued at approximately £2.3 billion, prompting concerns from Distillers' management over strategic fit and independence.^[11] Distillers' board rejected the offer and sought a friendly alternative to preserve its whisky-focused heritage.^[12] Guinness plc, an established brewer known for its stout and having recently expanded into Scotch via the June 1985 acquisition of Arthur Bell & Sons, positioned itself as a complementary "white knight" suitor to counter Argyll's advances.^[12] On 20 January 1986, Guinness announced an initial offer of £2.5 billion, which Distillers' board recommended to shareholders as superior in value and synergy for building a broader international spirits portfolio.^[11]^[13] The bid structure combined cash and Guinness shares—specifically, eight Guinness ordinary shares plus £6.50 in cash for every five Distillers shares—making the effective valuation sensitive to fluctuations in Guinness's share price.^[14] The contest escalated through multiple revisions, with Argyll countering aggressively while Guinness leveraged its beverage expertise to appeal to Distillers stakeholders.^[15] By April 1986, Guinness secured 50.74% of Distillers' shares, clinching the deal at a final value of £2.7 billion (equivalent to about $4.1 billion), marking one of Britain's largest takeovers to date and forming the basis for future industry consolidation leading to entities like United Distillers.^[16]^[17] This outcome reflected broader 1980s trends in UK mergers, where share-backed bids incentivized tactics to stabilize bidder valuations amid market volatility.^[18] Anthony Parnes, a City of London stockbroker, coordinated key aspects of the illicit share support scheme during Guinness plc's January 1986 takeover bid for Distillers Company plc, valued at approximately £2.5 billion. As part of this operation, Parnes recruited investors and facilitated the purchase of substantial volumes of Guinness shares to artificially elevate the stock price, thereby making Guinness's paper offer more competitive against Argyll Group's rival cash bid.^[19]^[20] His efforts included enlisting participants such as Ephraim Margulies of S&W Beresford plc to acquire shares, with Guinness providing indemnities against potential losses to incentivize these buys.^[21] Parnes submitted multiple false invoices to Guinness, disguising payments for share purchases and related support activities as legitimate fees for "intelligence gathering" and advisory services. Guinness disbursed £3.35 million to Parnes under these pretexts, which prosecutors later established funded the scheme's mechanics, including reimbursements to buyers and success fees upon the bid's success.^[20]^[22] These transactions formed the basis of his convictions for four counts of false accounting and two counts of theft, as the scheme violated UK laws against market manipulation and fraudulent inducement of share trades.^[23] The support operations, in which Parnes actively participated alongside figures like Gerald Ronson and Jack Lyons, involved secret cross-border funding and purchases totaling hundreds of millions of pounds in Guinness stock, propping up the share price from around 150p to over 220p during the bid contest.^[19] Parnes's brokerage network enabled rapid execution of these trades, often through offshore entities to obscure origins, though investigations revealed the payments traced back to Guinness's corporate funds without shareholder approval.^[2] This role underscored the scheme's reliance on insider coordination to circumvent takeover regulations, with Parnes's compensation reflecting the high-risk, high-volume trading he orchestrated.^[22]

Legal Proceedings and Conviction

Charges and Trial

Anthony Parnes was formally charged on March 24, 1988, with theft and false accounting related to his role in the Guinness share support scheme during the 1986 Distillers takeover bid.^[22] The prosecution alleged that Parnes, through his company, dishonestly obtained approximately £3.35 million from Guinness by submitting invoices falsely claiming the funds were for "intelligence gathering" and advisory services, when they were actually compensation for orchestrating purchases of Guinness shares to artificially prop up the stock price amid the competitive bid.^[20] These charges specified two counts of theft and either four or five counts of false accounting, focusing on the misrepresentation of payments in Guinness's financial records to conceal the illicit nature of the transactions.^[24]^[25] The trial against Parnes and his co-defendants—Ernest Saunders, Gerald Ronson, and Jack Lyons—began on February 13, 1990, at Southwark Crown Court in London, selected due to the case's scale requiring larger facilities than the Old Bailey could provide.^[26] Described by financial observers as the "City trial of the century," the proceedings spanned over six months and featured testimony from dozens of witnesses, including bankers, investors, and Guinness executives, alongside examination of thousands of documents detailing share transactions and offshore payments.^[25] Prosecutors contended that Parnes, a flamboyant stockbroker nicknamed "The Animal," actively recruited overseas investors—such as institutions in Switzerland and the Bahamas—to acquire more than 40 million Guinness shares, enabling the company to issue additional stock in its £2.7 billion offer for Distillers without diluting value excessively.^[24] Parnes's defense maintained that the payments were legitimate success fees for legitimate deal facilitation and market intelligence, denying any intent to deceive Guinness shareholders or regulators.^[20] Central to the trial evidence were records showing funds routed through Parnes's entities, including Triumph Investment Management, with payments approved by Saunders but not disclosed to Guinness's board or the Takeover Panel, violating UK stock market rules against share manipulation.^[27] The case highlighted tensions between aggressive takeover tactics and fiduciary duties, with prosecutors emphasizing how the scheme distorted market pricing and potentially misled rival bidders like Argyll Group.^[26] No prior convictions marred Parnes's record at the time, and the defense challenged the admissibility of certain overseas banking evidence obtained via international cooperation.^[22]

Verdict and Sentencing

On August 27, 1990, Anthony Parnes was convicted at the Old Bailey in London on four counts of false accounting and two counts of theft related to his involvement in illicit share support schemes during Guinness plc's 1986 bid for Distillers Company.^[3]^[28] The jury delivered guilty verdicts following a lengthy trial that examined Parnes's role in coordinating undisclosed payments and trades to artificially inflate Guinness shares, including transfers exceeding £6 million to his accounts.^[20] The next day, August 28, 1990, Mr Justice Denis Henry sentenced Parnes to 30 months' imprisonment, emphasizing the deliberate deception involved in the operations that distorted market integrity.^[29]^[28] Unlike co-defendants Gerald Ronson, who received a £5 million fine alongside his term, Parnes faced no additional financial penalty at sentencing, though he had been expelled from the Stock Exchange earlier.^[3] Parnes collapsed in court shortly after the verdict due to the strain of overnight detention, resuming proceedings upon recovery.^[29]

Appeals and Controversies

UK Appeals and Sentence Reductions

Following his conviction on August 22, 1990, for false accounting and theft in connection with the Guinness share-support operations, Anthony Parnes was sentenced to 30 months' imprisonment and ordered to pay £440,000 in costs.^[4] Parnes immediately appealed both the conviction and sentence to the Court of Appeal. In a ruling that reduced the penalties without overturning the conviction, the court shortened the prison term to 21 months and the costs order to £250,000, citing mitigating factors in the sentencing while upholding the jury's verdict on the substantive charges.^[4] ^[20] Parnes and his co-defendants, known as the "Guinness Four," pursued further domestic appeals in the late 1990s and early 2000s to challenge the convictions themselves, arguing procedural irregularities including the admissibility of Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) interview transcripts and claims of an unfair trial. On December 21, 2001, the Court of Appeal dismissed these contentions, rejecting arguments that the defendants had been denied a fair hearing and affirming the original trial's integrity.^[27] ^[20] The appellants then sought leave to appeal to the House of Lords, contending that the use of compelled statements violated principles of self-incrimination. On November 14, 2002, the House of Lords dismissed the final UK appeal, maintaining the convictions and declining to grant relief despite acknowledging related human rights concerns that were later addressed in European proceedings.^[30] These outcomes exhausted domestic remedies, with no further sentence reductions granted beyond the initial appellate adjustment.^[4]

European Human Rights Challenges and Scapegoating Claims

In 1996, Anthony Parnes, alongside Gerald Ronson and Jack Lyons, lodged an application with the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), contending that their 1990 trial for offenses related to the Guinness share-support scheme violated Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which mandates a fair hearing by an independent tribunal.^[31] The applicants argued that the prosecution's reliance on transcripts from compulsory interviews conducted by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)—interviews in which they were legally required to answer questions under threat of penalties—compromised their right against self-incrimination and led to unfair adverse inferences.^[32] On August 4, 1999, the ECHR's Chamber ruled unanimously that the use of such compelled evidence had indeed rendered the trial unfair, as it breached the privilege against self-incrimination protected under Article 6, though the Court awarded no damages beyond costs.^[33] The ECHR's finding prompted Parnes and his co-applicants to seek to reopen their cases in the UK Court of Appeal, invoking the then-forthcoming Human Rights Act 1998, which incorporated the Convention into domestic law effective October 2, 2000.^[28] They contended that the Act should apply retrospectively to quash convictions predating it, given the identified procedural flaws. However, in December 2001, the Court of Appeal dismissed their renewed appeals, holding that the Human Rights Act did not permit retrospective invalidation of final convictions absent exceptional circumstances, and that the trial's overall fairness had not been impugned beyond the specific evidential issue already addressed by the ECHR.^[34] The House of Lords upheld this in November 2002, rejecting further arguments for retroactivity and affirming that the ECHR ruling did not automatically entitle the applicants to acquittals, as domestic courts retained discretion over evidential admissibility at the time of trial.^[30] Parnes has consistently portrayed his conviction as unjust, aligning with broader claims by the so-called Guinness Four that they were scapegoated to exemplify regulatory crackdowns on 1980s financial excesses amid public outrage over corporate greed.^[35] In 2015, Peter Mandelson, then a Labour peer, publicly advocated for a public inquiry into the affair, asserting that Jewish businessmen including Parnes—described as targeted due to their heritage—were disproportionately prosecuted in what he called an anti-Semitic effort to find villains for the Distillers bid's irregularities, citing warnings from a Tory minister about authorities "going after the Jews."^[36] These allegations, echoed in parliamentary debates, point to purported inconsistencies in enforcement, such as lighter treatment of non-Jewish participants and the subsequent dementia-related pardon of Ernest Saunders in 1996, but lack independent corroboration and have been dismissed by prosecutors as revisionist defenses unsubstantiated by evidence of systemic bias.^[37] Parnes's legal team reiterated scapegoating themes in post-ECHR submissions, arguing selective prosecution amid the era's political pressure for high-profile convictions, though UK courts found no merit in claims of abuse of process or evidential suppression.^[4] The Criminal Cases Review Commission, reviewing Parnes's case as recently as September 2024, declined referral to the Court of Appeal, citing insufficient new evidence or arguments to undermine the original verdict despite the human rights dimension.^[4]

Personal Life and Later Years

Family and Relationships

Anthony Parnes was married to Denise Ratner, the sister of British jewelry businessman Gerald Ratner.^[38] The marriage, which occurred prior to the Guinness share-trading scandal, ended in divorce following Parnes's 1990 conviction and subsequent imprisonment.^[38] Parnes and Ratner had two children together: a son, Michael Parnes, who later entered the finance industry as a broker,^[39]^[40] and a daughter.^[41] No further marriages or long-term relationships for Parnes are documented in available records.

Post-Conviction Activities and Family Legacy

Following his release from Ford Open Prison in July 1992 after serving 11 months of a reduced 21-month sentence, Anthony Parnes adopted a low public profile, having been expelled from the London Stock Exchange due to his conviction.^[42]^[38] He resided quietly in London with his son, avoiding involvement in financial markets or public commentary on the scandal.^[43] Parnes's marriage to Denise Ratner, sister of jeweler Gerald Ratner and a wealthy heiress, ended in divorce shortly after the Guinness affair and his imprisonment, which strained family relations.^[38] The couple had one son, Michael Parnes, born during their marriage. Michael Parnes pursued a career in stockbroking, entering the City of London finance sector despite his father's notoriety. In May 2006, at age 25, he facilitated a significant deal linking Far East investors to UK property opportunities through his role at a brokerage firm, marking an early professional milestone.^[40] By 2010, Michael had established himself further, leveraging family connections in business networks.^[44] This continuation in finance represents a partial family legacy, though Anthony Parnes himself refrained from professional resurgence or mentorship in the field post-release.

References

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### Summary of Anthony Parnes's Role in the Guinness Takeover Share Support Scheme
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[45]
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