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Bulstrode Park

Bulstrode Park is a historic estate in Buckinghamshire, England, encompassing a mid-19th-century country house (Grade II listed) and approximately 140 hectares of landscaped parkland (Grade II* listed) located southwest of Gerrards Cross, near the Chiltern Hills.^[1] The estate originated as a medieval deer park owned by Bisham Abbey until its dissolution in 1538, and it gained prominence in the late 17th century when acquired by the notorious judge George Jeffreys, who constructed an initial manor house between 1676 and 1685.^[1]^[2] The current house, built between 1860 and 1862 by architect Benjamin Ferrey in a Tudor Gothic style using red brick and stone, replaced the earlier structure for Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset, and features notable elements such as a prominent north tower and interiors remodeled in a Neo-Georgian style around 1899–1900 by Frederick Eden.^[2] The estate's ownership passed through influential families, including the Bentincks (Earls and Dukes of Portland from 1706) and the Seymours (Dukes of Somerset from 1811), before being acquired by the Ramsden family in the early 20th century.^[1]^[2] During the World Wars, it served practical roles: as Bulstrode Park Military Hospital from 1914 to 1919, treating 266 patients, and later as a training headquarters for the Women's Auxiliary Air Force.^[3]^[4] Postwar, the estate was divided and sold, hosting religious communities such as the Bruderhof Society from 1958 and WEC International from 1967 until its purchase by a private owner in 2016 for £13 million.^[2]^[5]^[6] The park's landscape evolved significantly, beginning with formal 18th-century gardens possibly designed by Henry Wise under the Bentincks, which were naturalized and remodeled in the late 18th century by Humphry Repton in 1793, incorporating lime avenues, ponds, and themed areas like an American garden.^[1] Additional alterations included work by Stiff Leadbetter in the 1740s and James Wyatt around 1805–1809, who added a Gothic keep and colonnade.^[2] The estate holds cultural significance, having been used as a filming location for the 1971 adaptation of Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, as well as appearances in Midsomer Murders and Maleficent.^[3] In 2023, portions of the 38.9-acre site, including the main house and 12 buildings like the Grade II-listed Pigeon Tower, were sold for £6 million, with planning permission granted in 2013 for conversion into a 43-room luxury hotel featuring a restaurant and spa. Following the 2023 sale, plans for the hotel conversion remain in place, with no major developments reported as of 2025.^[7]^[3] Its designation reflects special historic interest due to its layered development, association with notable figures, and exemplary landscape design.^[1]

Location and Etymology

Geography

Bulstrode Park is situated in Chalfont St Peter, adjacent to the western edge of Gerrards Cross in Buckinghamshire, England, approximately 4 km east of Beaconsfield. The estate lies within the Chiltern Hills, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and is bordered to the north by the A40 (Oxford Road), to the east by 20th-century housing and the Old Camp area, to the south by the M40 motorway, and to the west by former gravel workings.^[1]^[8] The registered park and garden covers approximately 140 hectares (346 acres) of diverse landscape. The terrain is characterized by undulating parkland, with the house positioned on a plateau at the southern end and a valley enclosing the site on three sides; pleasure grounds to the west are largely level. The setting blends agricultural pasture, woodland, and encroaching urban and industrial elements, influenced by nearby arterial roads including the M40 to the south and the M25 approximately 8 miles distant.^[1]^[8]^[9] The landscape features pasture-dominated parkland dotted with tree clumps and individual specimens, much of it shaped by 18th- and 19th-century designs, including modifications by Humphry Repton in 1793. Woodland elements include ornamental belts and clumps around the house and pleasure grounds to the west, as well as larger areas such as Yewtree Wood to the south and Duke's Wood along the southeastern boundary. The site's name, derived from Old English terms for "bull" and "marsh," hints at historically wetter conditions in parts of the terrain.^[1]^[8]^[10] Bulstrode Park and its gardens hold Grade II* listed status on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England, recognized for their significance dating back to the medieval period and subsequent developments through the 17th to 19th centuries.^[1]

Name Origin

The name Bulstrode originates from Old English elements bula, meaning "bull," and strōd, referring to a marshy or overgrown place, thus denoting a "bull's marsh" or a marsh associated with bulls.^[11] This etymology reflects the landscape of the Buckinghamshire area, where marshy terrain was common, and aligns with Anglo-Saxon naming conventions for topographic features predating the Norman Conquest.^[10] The estate's name first appears in historical records in 1195 as Bolestrode, indicating its established use by the late 12th century and underscoring ancient origins tied to pre-Norman settlement patterns.^[12] Earlier forms may have suggested a fortified aspect, with some interpretations linking it to burh (fort) combined with strōd, though scholarly consensus favors the bovine reference.^[11] Through medieval documents, the name evolved slightly in spelling while retaining its core form, becoming synonymous with the local Bulstrode family, who derived their surname from the estate and held it from the 13th century onward.^[13] This familial connection further embedded the name in regional history, with the family's arms featuring a bull's head as a nod to the etymological roots.^[12]

Early History

Pre-Conquest and Medieval Ownership

The area encompassing Bulstrode Park shows evidence of prehistoric occupation, including the Iron Age hillfort known as Bulstrode Camp, an oval enclosure defended by double banks and ditches that suggests early fortified activity predating the Roman period.^[14] During the Anglo-Saxon era, the region formed part of a dispersed settlement pattern across Chalfont Heath, likely characterized by wooded commons used for grazing and sparse farmsteads, with no major archaeological finds directly tied to Bulstrode itself.^[15] The name "Bulstrode" derives from Old English elements, possibly "burh-strōd" meaning "fortified marsh" or a variant indicating a marshy fort, reflecting Anglo-Saxon linguistic influences on the landscape.^[16] The lands in the vicinity of what became Bulstrode were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the entry for the manor of Chalfont St Peter, held by Bishop Odo of Bayeux as tenant-in-chief, with a pre-Conquest valuation of 5 pounds 10 shillings maintained post-Conquest.^[17] The estate supported 20 households, including 14 villagers and 4 smallholders, with 15 ploughlands (1 on the lord's demesne and 14 for men), meadows for 2 ploughs, a mill valued at 6 shillings, and extensive woodland accommodating 600 pigs, underscoring its role in arable farming, pasturage, and woodland exploitation.^[17] In 1066, the lands had been held by three thegns, but by 1086 they were consolidated under Odo's control, marking a typical post-Conquest shift to Norman overlordship.^[18] Subsequent ownership transitioned to the counts of Meulan and then the Earls of Leicester in the early 12th century, as documented in manorial records.^[15] By the mid-12th century, the original manor was divided into two distinct holdings: Bulstrode Manor and Temple Bulstrode, facilitating more localized administration and tenurial arrangements.^[15] These early medieval manors emphasized agricultural production through open fields and grazing on heaths, alongside woodland management for timber and fuel, which were vital to the regional economy in the Chilterns.^[15] A deer park was established at Bulstrode during this period, possibly involving the diversion of a nearby Roman road to enclose the landscape for hunting and preserve timber resources.^[1] This 12th-century division set the stage for further specialization, with the Temple Bulstrode portion later granted to the Knights Templar.^[15]

Knights Templars and Bulstrode Family

The Knights Templar acquired the manor of Bulstrode, located in what is now Buckinghamshire, in the early 13th century, likely from the local de Bulstrode family, establishing it as a preceptory for administrative and agricultural purposes.^[19] By 1276, the order held clear title to the estate, which included arable land, pasture, a water mill, and a dovecote, supporting a modest operation with around 145 acres under grain cultivation by 1308.^[20] The Templars utilized Bulstrode prominently for financial activities, harvesting timber from the estate to produce tally sticks—wooden records of debts and transactions that formed a key part of their banking system—yielding nearly £11 in profit from 7,600 sticks in the first three months of 1308 alone.^[19] Other revenues came from dairy production, such as the sale of 157 cheeses and 8 gallons of butter, alongside rents; the estate also produced wool from 350 sheep, underscoring the manor's role in sustaining the order's operations until their suppression in 1308–1312.^[19]^[21] Following the dissolution of the Templars in 1312, the manor passed to their rivals, the Knights Hospitaller, who received papal authorization to absorb Templar properties in England, including Bulstrode, though they leased it out rather than directly managing it.^[20] In 1324, the estate was transferred to Hugh le Despenser, a royal favorite, but reverted to the Crown upon his forfeiture in 1326; it was briefly leased to Walter Turk in 1327 before being granted to Burnham Abbey in 1329 at a £15 annual rent, an arrangement that lapsed due to arrears by 1337.^[20] The Crown then assigned it to William Montagu, Earl of Salisbury, who reassigned it to Bisham Priory, where it remained under ecclesiastical control until the priory's surrender in 1536 amid Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries.^[20] By the late 16th century, the manor had been granted to lay owners, with Robert Drury receiving it in 1538; it passed to his son Robert in 1577 and then to Henry Drury in 1591, marking the shift to secular, non-religious tenure.^[20] Distinct from the Templar holdings known as Temple Bulstrode, the core manor of Bulstrode remained associated with the Bulstrode family throughout the Middle Ages, emerging as their primary lordship by the late 15th century during the Tudor period.^[22] The family, named after the estate, held it as a significant holding in Buckinghamshire, with records indicating their control over lands in the area by the reign of Henry VII.^[23] This tenure continued unbroken into the early 17th century, reflecting the family's status as local gentry; a notable later descendant was Sir Richard Bulstrode (1610–1711), a diplomat, soldier, and author who served as envoy to Brussels under Charles II and James II, though he did not directly reside at the manor.^[22]

First House

Construction and Early Owners

The original Bulstrode House was rebuilt as a grand red-brick manor between approximately 1676 and 1685 by George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys of Wem, following his acquisition of the estate in 1676.^[1] The structure featured a substantial 70-meter south front, characteristic of late 17th-century English Baroque architecture, transforming the earlier medieval property into a prominent country seat reflective of Jeffreys' rising status as Lord Chancellor under King James II.^[1] An estate map commissioned by Jeffreys in 1686 documents the layout during this period, highlighting the house's integration with surrounding parkland.^[22] Jeffreys, infamous as the "Hanging Judge" for presiding over the Bloody Assizes in 1685—where over 300 rebels were executed following the Monmouth Rebellion—resided at Bulstrode during the height of these judicial proceedings and their political fallout. His tenure at the house, from the mid-1680s until his arrest in 1688 amid the Glorious Revolution, was overshadowed by accusations of judicial brutality and loyalty to the Catholic king, culminating in Jeffreys' imprisonment and death in the Tower of London in April 1689. The property, attainted after his fall, remained in legal limbo for his heirs until its sale. In 1706, the estate was purchased by Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland, a Dutch-born diplomat and close advisor to King William III, who elevated Bulstrode to one of his principal residences.^[1] Bentinck, ennobled in 1689 for his role in the invasion that ousted James II, made modest additions to the house, including pavilions and terraces, while using it as a retreat from court life.^[22] He died at Bulstrode on November 23, 1709, at age 60, marking the end of its earliest modern ownership phase before subsequent expansions by his descendants.

Portland Family Era

Bulstrode Park came into the possession of the Portland family in 1706, when Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland, acquired the estate and the existing house built by Judge Jeffreys between 1676 and 1685.^[1] The property remained a key residence for the family through the 18th and early 19th centuries, serving as a center for architectural enhancements and intellectual pursuits under successive dukes.^[22] During the 1740s, under the ownership of William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland, significant expansions were undertaken by architect Stiff Leadbetter to accommodate the family's growing needs and status.^[22] Leadbetter added pavilions and terraces to the south front of the house, along with an orangery, enhancing the structure's symmetry and grandeur while integrating it more harmoniously with the surrounding landscape.^[22] These alterations reflected the Georgian era's emphasis on balanced proportions and functional elegance in country house design.^[22] A more extensive remodeling occurred between 1806 and 1809, commissioned by William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, and executed by the prominent neoclassical architect James Wyatt.^[22] Wyatt's work transformed the interiors and exteriors, dividing the original great gallery to create a library and a state dining room, while adding a large eastern wing featuring towers, including the notable Pigeon Tower, constructed in red brick to evoke classical motifs.^[22] These neoclassical elements, characterized by clean lines and symmetrical forms, modernized the house and underscored the duke's patronage of contemporary architectural trends.^[22] Margaret Cavendish, 2nd Duchess of Portland, played a pivotal role in elevating Bulstrode Park as a renowned cabinet of curiosities during her tenure in the mid-18th century.^[22] She curated an extensive collection focused on natural history and antiquities, amassing thousands of fossils, shells, plants, and exotic animal specimens that attracted scholars and naturalists from across Europe.^[22] Her expertise in conchology was widely recognized, with a book on British shells dedicated to her by Oxford scholars, and she collaborated closely with botanists such as John Lightfoot and George Dionysius Ehret, who documented her holdings.^[22] The duchess hosted notable visitors, including Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander in 1771, who contributed specimens from James Cook's first voyage to her collections, establishing Bulstrode as a hub for scientific exchange and Enlightenment-era inquiry.^[24] Following the 3rd Duke's death in 1809 amid financial difficulties, his son, the 4th Duke of Portland, sold the estate in 1811 to Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset.^[22]

Present House

Construction and Somerset Ownership

The previous house at Bulstrode Park, originally constructed between 1676 and 1685 and subsequently altered by figures such as James Wyatt in the early 19th century (c.1806-1809), underwent significant reconstruction starting in 1860 when the 12th Duke of Somerset, Edward Adolphus Ferdinand Seymour, commissioned the work to enlarge and modernize the structure.^[1]^[25] Wyatt's castellated west wing was demolished as part of this project, effectively replacing much of the earlier fabric with a new design that transformed the estate's centerpiece.^[1] The present mansion was constructed between 1860 and 1862 under the direction of architect Benjamin Ferrey, a prominent Gothic Revival practitioner who had apprenticed under Augustus Pugin.^[25] Ferrey's design adopted a Tudor Gothic style, featuring red brick construction with stone dressings, diaperwork patterns, and slate roofs, highlighted by a battlemented north entrance tower, gabled bays, and a south garden facade with a six-bay veranda supported by spirally fluted columns.^[25] The building spans approximately 83,000 square feet (7,700 square meters) across two and three stories, including a lower ground floor, providing extensive accommodation suitable for a ducal residence.^[7] Bulstrode Park served as the primary residence for the Somerset family during the late 19th century, reflecting Edward Seymour's status as a prominent Liberal politician and landowner who had inherited the estate from his father, the 11th Duke, in 1855.^[2] Following the 12th Duke's death in 1885, the property passed to his daughter, Lady Helen Guendolen Seymour, who had married John William Ramsden in 1865, thereby integrating it into the Ramsden family holdings.^[2] It remained in familial ownership under Lady Helen and subsequently her son, Sir John Frecheville Ramsden, until the early 20th century, during which time interiors were partially remodelled in a neo-Georgian style by Frederick Eden, incorporating features such as a vaulted glazed hall with iron railings and twisted columns, alongside an original wooden staircase.^[25]^[6]

20th and 21st Century Uses

During the First World War, Bulstrode Park served as a convalescent military hospital, opening in September 1914 with 52 beds provided in the mansion lent by its owners, Sir John William Ramsden and Lady Ramsden.^[4] The facility treated 266 wounded soldiers before closing on December 1, 1915, supported by local general practitioners and a staff including Voluntary Aid Detachment nurses.^[7] In the Second World War, the estate was requisitioned by the Royal Air Force and transformed into the RAF Staff College, Bulstrode Park, operating from 1941 to 1945 as a training facility primarily for foreign and allied staff officers.^[26] The college focused on advanced staff training, relocating much of its operations to Bracknell in July 1945 while retaining a smaller unit at Bulstrode for continued allied instruction until the war's end.^[27] Following the war, the property remained under the ownership of Sir John Frecheville Ramsden, who utilized parts of the estate for chemical research into sisal by-products during the 1950s, though the mansion fell into disrepair.^[16] In 1958, after Ramsden's death, the mansion and surrounding woodland were acquired by the Bruderhof, an Anabaptist Christian communal group, which occupied the site for communal living and light industry until 1966.^[28] In 1967, the Worldwide Evangelization Crusade (WEC) International, a Christian missionary organization, purchased Bulstrode Park and restored the house for use as its UK headquarters and training center for missionary work, hosting conferences and maintaining the property for nearly 50 years. WEC sold the estate in December 2016 to a private buyer, Dr. Ahmed Elfituri, for £16 million, with plans initially explored for conversion into a luxury hotel. In 2013, planning permission was granted for its conversion into a 43-room luxury hotel featuring a restaurant and spa.^[2]^[5]^[7] The property changed hands again in 2023, listed for £6 million and sold to overseas investors for an undisclosed amount above the guide price, amid ongoing efforts to repurpose the site, resulting in restricted public access and closure to visitors.^[29]^[30]

Gardens and Parkland

Historical Development

The gardens and parkland at Bulstrode Park originated in the medieval period but underwent significant transformation in the early 18th century under the influence of Hans William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland, who acquired the estate in 1706. Bentinck, drawing on his Dutch heritage and connections, commissioned formal Dutch-style gardens featuring avenues of lime trees, parterres, enclosed compartments, and a prominent canal known as the Long Water, designed possibly in collaboration with George London.^[22]^[1] These layouts emphasized geometric precision and axial views, aligning with the grandeur of Welbeck Abbey and reflecting the era's continental garden fashions imported by William III.^[22] In the 18th century, the gardens evolved under Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, Duchess of Portland (1715–1785), who expanded them into a celebrated botanical haven during her tenure as dowager duchess after 1762. She introduced exotic plantings sourced from Captain James Cook's voyages, including specimens donated by botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander upon their return in 1771, such as seeds from the South Seas that were cultivated in dedicated areas like the "Botany Bay field."^[22] Margaret also enhanced the landscape with whimsical features, including a shell grotto decorated with her extensive shell collection in collaboration with artist Mary Delany, alongside a menagerie and scientifically organized plant beds that attracted naturalists like Carl Linnaeus's students.^[31] These developments shifted the gardens toward a more eclectic, natural history-focused design while retaining formal elements.^[1] The early 19th century marked a pivotal remodeling around 1800–1810 by landscape architect Humphry Repton, commissioned during the 3rd Duke of Portland's ownership, transitioning the parkland from rigid formality to a picturesque English style. Repton's designs, detailed in his Red Books and assisted by Samuel Lapidge, incorporated undulating lakes, strategic tree clumps to frame views, exposed valleys, and follies along ancient earthworks, while naturalizing the earlier Dutch parterres into more organic flows.^[1]^[22] This phase emphasized seclusion and romantic scenery, employing local labor including up to 100 children for earthworks, and tied closely to the estate's evolving role under successive Portland dukes.^[22] The 20th century brought challenges and partial recoveries to the gardens and parkland, beginning with wartime use as an RAF staff college around 1940, which led to neglect and degradation of landscape features amid military occupation.^[1] Post-World War II, the estate was divided and sold, with the park contracting due to gravel extraction and suburban development, further eroding Repton's designs.^[1] In 1967, WEC International acquired the property and undertook restorations of the grounds, reviving paths, plantings, and formal areas to support their missionary training center, preserving much of the historic fabric despite ongoing modern pressures.^[2]

Notable Features and Collections

The gardens at Bulstrode Park are renowned for their historic exotic plant collections, particularly those amassed by Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, the second Duchess of Portland, during the mid-18th century. She introduced a diverse array of global species, including around 300 exotic plants sourced from international expeditions and trade networks, which were cultivated in a dedicated botanical garden and documented through detailed illustrations painted on vellum by the artist George Dionysius Ehret.^[22] These collections reflected the era's fascination with botanical exploration, with some seeds potentially originating from Captain James Cook's voyages, as indicated by period maps marking areas like "Botany Bay field."^[22] The plants inspired the intricate paper mosaics created by Mary Delany, a close friend of the Duchess who spent numerous summers at Bulstrode improving the gardens and collecting specimens; Delany's nearly 1,000 botanical collages, many produced on-site, captured the delicate details of these rare flora with remarkable precision using hand-painted tissue paper.^[32]^[33] Architectural features within the parkland add to its eclectic charm, blending natural and artificial elements from the 18th century onward. A prominent example is the shell-encrusted grotto at the head of the Long Water, constructed under the supervision of Mary Delany using the Duchess of Portland's extensive shell collection, which numbered in the thousands and included specimens from global contributors; this grotto exemplifies the period's taste for ornate, curiosity-driven landscape ornaments.^[22] Remnants of the historic deer park persist as open grassland encircled by mature trees, evoking the estate's earlier role as a managed wildlife enclosure that once housed free-roaming deer alongside a menagerie of exotic animals like macaws, porcupines, and Java hares.^[22] An ice house, integrated into the scenic enhancements along the River Misbourne valley, supported the estate's practical and aesthetic needs during the 19th century.^[15] Bulstrode Park holds a Grade II* designation from Historic England, recognizing its exceptional historic interest through surviving landscape elements from the 18th and 19th centuries, including Humphry Repton's naturalistic designs and later formal parterres.^[1] Key components of this listing encompass the ha-ha walls that subtly delineate park boundaries, ornamental bridges spanning former drives, and remnant woodland walks that trace pleasure paths through informal plantings.^[1] The site's biodiversity is equally noteworthy, featuring ancient oaks and other veteran trees that anchor the parkland's ecological continuity, alongside wetlands in the central valley that foster a rich habitat for native species amid the historic exotics.^[1]

Legacy

Bulstrode Street

Bulstrode Street is located in the Marylebone district of London, within the W1U postcode area. It was developed in the 18th century on land that was once part of the historic Manor of Tyburn, an ancient estate mentioned in the Domesday Book and encompassing much of what became modern Marylebone. The street's eastern portion, east of Marylebone Lane, was laid out around 1763 as part of the Duke of Portland's extensive Marylebone estate, which had been acquired and developed by the Cavendish-Bentinck family following their inheritance in the early 18th century.^[34]^[35] The naming of Bulstrode Street derives directly from Bulstrode, the Buckinghamshire estate owned by the Bentinck family, Dukes of Portland, with the 2nd Duke, William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, holding significant nearby Marylebone properties during the period of development. This connection reflects the family's broader influence in London real estate, as the Portland estate expanded rapidly in the Georgian era. The street features characteristic Georgian terraced houses, with original large-scale buildings from the 1760s to 1790s, some of which survive today, including examples with bowed shop-fronts and adaptable designs originally intended for residential or institutional use.^[34]^[35] Today, Bulstrode Street serves primarily as a residential area, comprising period conversions into apartments and modern flats, with no direct operational ties to the original Bulstrode Park estate. Its existence commemorates the enduring London legacy of the Bulstrode family, whose medieval roots trace back to holding the Buckinghamshire estate throughout the Middle Ages before its acquisition by the Bentincks in the 17th century.^[34]^[22]

Cultural Depictions

Bulstrode Park has served as a prominent filming location in modern cinema and television, contributing to its cultural visibility. In Tim Burton's 2005 adaptation of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the estate's Grade II-listed mansion provided exterior shots for Willy Wonka's factory, capturing its imposing Victorian architecture against the surrounding parkland.^[7] Similarly, the property featured in multiple episodes of the ITV series Midsomer Murders during the 2000s, where its grand interiors, such as the entrance hall and drawing rooms, along with the expansive grounds, depicted quintessential English countryside settings for the show's murder mysteries.^[36] The estate also served as a filming location for the 2014 Disney film Maleficent.^[3] The estate's influence extends to 18th- and 19th-century literature and visual arts, rooted in its role as a hub for intellectual and natural history pursuits. Mary Delany, a close friend of the Duchess of Portland, created hundreds of her renowned botanical collages—known as "paper mosaiks"—at Bulstrode during extended summer visits in the 1770s and 1780s, drawing inspiration from the duchess's vast shell and plant collections to produce lifelike floral representations from cut colored paper.^[33] These works, numbering nearly 1,000 in total, reflect the estate's environment and the artistic experimentation fostered there.^[37] By the 19th century, Bulstrode appeared in travelogues and topographical accounts of English country estates, portraying it as a model of aristocratic landscaping. Humphry Repton, the influential landscape designer, documented Bulstrode's grounds in his signature "Red Books" of sketches and proposals, consulted starting in 1793 by the 3rd Duke of Portland, with work continuing into the early 19th century, including a Red Book from 1801 and advice up to 1806 that emphasized naturalistic park improvements and pleasure grounds.^[1] These illustrations, blending watercolor overlays with before-and-after views, highlight Repton's vision for integrating the estate's historic formal gardens into a picturesque landscape.^[38] In contemporary heritage contexts, Bulstrode Park is featured in publications preserving British landscape history, such as those by Parks & Gardens UK, which underscore its evolution from medieval origins through 18th-century enhancements to a Grade II* registered site, emphasizing its cultural and ecological legacy.^[8]

References

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List entry 1001371. Grade II* Park and Garden: Bulstrode Park. May include summary, reasons for designation and history.
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Bulstrode is situated within the well maintained Grade II Listed Historic. Bulstrode Park and Garden with an approximate total area of 15.74 ha (38.9 acres).
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A highly discrete, but strangely charming Chiltern hillfort. Hidden beside the A40 at Gerrards Cross, Bucks, just north of Slough (about half-an-hour from ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[26]
Bruderhof Communities - GAMEO
Aug 18, 2017 · A second Bruderhof was founded in Bulstrode, Gerrards Cross, Bucks, in 1958, which had about 100 population in 1959. In Paraguay meanwhile ...Bruderhof Communities · List of Bruderhofs · Bibliography · Additional Information
[27]
New owners for Grade II listed Bulstrode - Savills
Dec 20, 2016 · Bulstrode is a 106,000 sq ft (9,848 sq m) Grade II listed Victorian mansion set in 38.9 acres (15.7 hectares) of mature grounds and was once ...Missing: size | Show results with:size
[28]
Bulstrode Park: The manor house in Gerrards Cross with 400 years ...
Jul 9, 2023 · Boasting nearly 40 acres of land and a dozen separate buildings, including the Grade II-listed Pigeon Tower, this historic manor dates back to ...Missing: geography | Show results with:geography<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
Margaret Cavendish Bentinck (née Harley), Duchess of Portland
Daniel Charles Solander worked on Margaret Cavendish Bentinck's collection, before sailing with Joseph Banks into the Pacific. Below is Duchess of ...Missing: Park | Show results with:Park
[30]
Mary Delany | British Museum
An artwork depicting Bulstrode Park with people and deer in the distance. Bulstrode Park, Buckinghamshire, by Richard Corbould, 1790–1794. Collection online ...
[31]
Mary Delany and cut flowers - Smarthistory
With her eye for botanical detail she would cut minute pieces of colored paper and stick them on a black background to represent each part of a specimen.
[32]
[PDF] Marylebone Lane Area - University College London
The Marylebone Lane area was divided into three landholdings: Conduit Field, Little Conduit Close, and Lord Mayor's Banqueting House Ground, with the Portland ...
[33]
History - The Howard de Walden Estate
When London was first settled by the Romans, this space by the banks of the River Tyburn sat several miles outside of the main centre of the city.Missing: Bulstrode | Show results with:Bulstrode
[34]
Gerrards Cross mansion used in Hollywood movies up for sale
Jul 4, 2023 · The historic manor, just 40 minutes from central London, has around 40 acres of land and 12 separate buildings, including a Grade II-listed ...Missing: size hectares
[35]
collage; album | British Museum
In the autumn of 1772 Mary Delany (1700-88) wrote to her niece Mary Port: 'I have invented a new way of imitating flowers'. With her eye for botanical detail ...Missing: exotic breadfruit bougainvillea Pacific
[36]
Landscape record 0154004000 - BULSTRODE PARK (G118)
Nov 7, 2024 · Late C17 formal gardens landscaped in C18 with C19 woodland & exotic development. C17 features possibly designed by Claude Desgots or Henry Wise.Missing: geography | Show results with:geography