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CASA

Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) is a nationwide network of nonprofit programs in the United States that recruit, train, and deploy community volunteers appointed by judges to represent the best interests of children experiencing abuse or neglect in dependency court proceedings.^[1] These advocates conduct independent investigations into children's circumstances, including family dynamics, educational needs, and medical requirements, then submit recommendations to the court aimed at securing safe, permanent placements and necessary services.^[2] The model originated in Seattle in 1977 as a response to overburdened child welfare systems and has expanded to serve over 300,000 children annually across more than 1,000 local programs, with the National CASA/GAL Association providing centralized training standards, policy advocacy, and resource support.^[3] While evaluations indicate CASA involvement correlates with reduced re-entry into foster care and shorter case durations, critics have questioned volunteer caseload capacities and potential inconsistencies in training across jurisdictions, prompting ongoing refinements in program protocols.^[4]

Aviation

Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA

Construcciones Aeronáuticas S.A. (CASA) was established on 3 March 1923 by engineer José Ortiz-Echagüe as Spain's primary aircraft manufacturer, initially focusing on licensed production to build domestic aviation capabilities.^[5]^[6] The company constructed its first factory in Getafe near Madrid starting in May 1924, enabling assembly of early designs amid Spain's nascent aerospace sector.^[7] In its initial decade, CASA produced approximately 20 Dornier Wal flying boats under license, adapting German technology for maritime patrol and transport roles during a period of limited original design due to technological and economic constraints.^[8] During the Spanish Civil War and World War II aftermath, CASA shifted toward military production, including licensed assembly of over 200 Heinkel He 111 bombers redesignated as CASA 2.111 from 1940 onward, supporting Spain's neutral but isolated defense needs under Franco's regime.^[9] Post-1940s, the firm diversified into jet-era developments, such as the Hispano HA-200 trainer (first Spanish jet, entering service in 1962) and collaborations with international partners for fighters like the Mirage F1 under license from Dassault.^[8] CASA's independent designs gained prominence with the C-212 Aviocar, a twin-turboprop STOL transport introduced in 1974, of which over 500 units were built for military and civilian use across 30 countries by the 1990s, emphasizing rugged short-field performance for troop and cargo transport.^[10] By the 1970s, CASA integrated into multinational programs, contributing fuselage sections to the Airbus A300 airliner—whose prototype flew in 1972 and entered service in 1974—marking Spain's entry into commercial wide-body production.^[8] The company expanded facilities across Spain, including sites in Seville and Cádiz, employing thousands and fostering technological transfer through state-backed initiatives like the Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI). In 1999, CASA merged with Germany's DASA and France's Aérospatiale-Matra to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), fully dissolving as an independent entity on 10 July 2000; its assets evolved into Airbus Military (later Airbus Defence and Space), continuing production of derivatives like the C-295 transport.^[6]^[11] This integration preserved CASA's legacy in over 100 years of Spanish aerospace evolution, from licensed builds to global supply chain roles.^[5]

Civil Aviation Safety Authority

The Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) is Australia's independent statutory authority tasked with regulating civil aviation safety.^[12] Established on 6 July 1995 under the Civil Aviation Act 1988, it succeeded the Civil Aviation Authority formed in 1988 and operates within a framework including the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations, Manuals of Standards, and advisory materials.^[13] ^[12] CASA's mandate extends to civil air operations in Australian territory and Australian-registered aircraft operating internationally, emphasizing risk-based oversight to mitigate aviation hazards.^[14] CASA's core functions include issuing licences for pilots and aircraft engineers, registering aircraft, and certifying aerodromes, maintenance organizations, and operators.^[12] It establishes and enforces standards for aircraft maintenance, airspace management, flight operations, and air traffic services, while conducting surveillance, audits, and investigations to ensure compliance.^[12] ^[14] The authority also promotes safety through education, research, and collaboration with entities like the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts, and Airservices Australia, addressing environmental impacts from aviation such as noise and emissions.^[12] Governance is provided by a Board chaired by Air Marshal Mark Binskin AC (Retd), with Pip Spence PSM serving as CEO and Director of Aviation Safety since her appointment.^[12] Employing approximately 800 staff across regulatory, surveillance, and corporate functions, CASA maintains an Industry Complaints Commissioner reporting directly to the Board for handling operator grievances.^[12] While praised for enhancing Australia's strong aviation safety record, CASA has faced criticism from industry stakeholders over perceived regulatory overreach and delays in certification processes, though official responses assert rigorous enforcement against unsafe practices.^[15] ^[16]

Child Welfare Advocacy

Court Appointed Special Advocates

The Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) program appoints trained community volunteers to represent the interests of children involved in court proceedings due to allegations of abuse or neglect. These advocates conduct independent investigations into the child's circumstances, including family background, school performance, and medical needs, and submit reports with recommendations to the presiding judge on matters such as placement, reunification, or termination of parental rights.^[17] The program operates through local nonprofit organizations affiliated with the National CASA/GAL Association, which provides training standards requiring at least 30 hours of initial preparation and 10 hours annually thereafter, along with background checks.^[18] The initiative originated in 1977 as a pilot project in Seattle, Washington, initiated by King County Juvenile Court Judge David Soukup, who sought to address caseload overloads and ensure children's voices were heard amid overburdened social services. The first CASA volunteer was appointed that year to advocate for a child in a dependency case, marking the program's inception as a response to systemic gaps in judicial oversight of child welfare. By 1978, the term "Court Appointed Special Advocate" was formalized, and the model spread nationally, with federal recognition via the Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990, which authorized grants to expand CASA programs. As of 2023, over 900 local programs operate in the United States, serving approximately 250,000 children annually through more than 95,000 volunteers.^[18]^[19] CASA volunteers focus on fact-finding and advocacy tailored to the child's best interests, often continuing involvement until case resolution, which averages 18-24 months. Judges report high acceptance rates for CASA recommendations, with studies citing 90-95% adoption in court decisions, attributed to the volunteers' detailed, child-centered reports. Proponents argue this enhances accountability in foster care systems, where children without dedicated advocates face higher risks of placement instability.^[20]^[21] Empirical evaluations of CASA's impact reveal mixed outcomes, complicated by selection effects where volunteers are disproportionately assigned to cases involving severe maltreatment, older children, or non-white families—factors correlating with poorer permanency regardless of intervention. A 2023 analysis of over 100,000 Washington state cases found children with CASAs had 22% lower odds of reunification with parents, 17% lower odds of adoption, and 24% higher odds of aging out of foster care compared to non-CASA peers, even after controlling for case severity. These results suggest potential unintended delays in resolution, possibly from advocates' emphasis on thorough investigations over expedited reunification. Earlier quasi-experimental studies, such as a 2004 national evaluation, reported CASA cases achieving permanency faster and with fewer reentries, but methodological limitations like non-random assignment undermine causal claims.^[19]^[22]^[23] Critics highlight persistent evidence gaps, noting that rigorous randomized trials remain scarce despite annual federal funding exceeding $20 million for CASA expansion. Selection bias confounds interpretations, as programs prioritize high-risk cases, inflating apparent challenges; for instance, CASA-assigned children are more likely to have multiple prior removals or substance-abusing parents. Some analyses indicate volunteers, often middle-class and white, may exhibit cultural mismatches influencing recommendations against reunification in low-income minority families, though direct causation is unproven. National CASA counters that negative findings overlook volunteers' role in averting worse harms in intractable cases, but independent reviews emphasize the need for better controls to isolate effects from systemic confounders like poverty-driven maltreatment. Overall, while CASA fills a advocacy void in under-resourced courts, its net benefit on child outcomes lacks robust substantiation beyond judicial satisfaction metrics.^[22]^[24]^[25]

Music

Artists and compositions

The Contemporary A Cappella Society (CASA), a nonprofit organization founded in 1991, promotes a cappella music worldwide by recognizing excellence among artists and compositions through its annual Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (CARA).^[26] These awards honor recorded works in categories such as Best Original Song, Best Arrangement, Best Group, and genre-specific albums, drawing entries from scholastic, professional, and amateur ensembles globally.^[27] CASA also presents A Cappella Video Awards (AVA) for visual and production elements in a cappella performances, further highlighting innovative compositions adapted for multimedia formats.^[28] Notable CARA recipients include Erik Bosio for "Never More Will The Wind" (Best Original Song, 2024), performed by Revery, and Will Cabaniss for "Little Blue" (Best Original Song, 2025), featured by The A Cappella Group of Cypress Lake Center for the Arts.^[29]^[30] Other recognized works encompass arrangements like Kristen Noble's "Stars on the Ceiling" (2024) and group albums such as alpha by Algorhythm (Best Non-Scholastic Debut Album, 2025), showcasing vocal harmony innovations across styles from pop to classical.^[29]^[30] Lifetime Achievement Awards have gone to pioneering ensembles like The Real Group (2019), underscoring CASA's role in elevating enduring a cappella contributors.^[26] The Composers Alliance of San Antonio (CASA), established in 1999, fosters new music by local composers through commissions, concerts, and collaborations with ensembles like Agarita and Youth Orchestras of San Antonio.^[31] Key projects include the "Made in SA" series, yielding published scores for student performers, and the 2024 "Places in South Texas" initiative, commissioning short orchestral works premiered in loft concerts.^[32] These efforts support diverse compositions, from art songs in the SA24 program to electronic and chamber pieces, though primarily regional in scope.^[32]

Places

Geographic locations

Several small settlements worldwide bear the name Casa, derived from Romance languages where it signifies "house". Geographic databases identify eight such places across six countries, primarily rural or hamlets with limited documentation.^[33] In the United States, Casa is a town in Perry County, Arkansas, situated at latitude 35°01'22″N and longitude 93°02'52″W, with an elevation of 367 feet and a land area of 1.09 square miles. Its 2020 population was 120. The community originated in the late 19th century, developing around coal mining and timber industries before transitioning to agriculture.^[34] Another U.S. instance is Casa, Colorado, a minor unincorporated locality in the American West, though specific population or historical details remain sparsely recorded in public sources. In Europe, instances include two in Italy's Campania region, one in Romania's Călărași county, one in Portugal's Braga district, and one in North Macedonia's Probishtip municipality; these are typically villages or administrative divisions with populations under a few hundred, lacking prominent historical or economic records in available geographic surveys.^[33] Outside Europe and North America, Casa appears as a barangay in Leyte province, Philippines, functioning as a small rural subdivision integral to local governance but without standout demographic data.^[33]

Science and Technology

Algorithms and systems

CASA, or Common Astronomy Software Applications, is an open-source software package comprising a modular system of tools primarily implemented in C++ with a Python-based interface for processing radio astronomy data.^[35] It supports calibration, imaging, and analysis workflows for interferometric observations from facilities such as the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA).^[36] The system's architecture relies on the MeasurementSet (MS) format, a relational database structure designed to store visibility data, metadata, and auxiliary information, enabling efficient handling of large datasets through the Measurement Equation formalism, which models instrumental and atmospheric effects on observed signals.^[37] Central to CASA's systems are its calibration pipelines, which apply gain, bandpass, and polarization corrections using least-squares solvers to minimize residuals between model and observed visibilities.^[38] These include automated flagging algorithms for data quality control, such as time-based and frequency-based median filtering to identify and excise radio frequency interference (RFI) or outliers, with user-configurable thresholds for sensitivity.^[39] For imaging, CASA implements the CLEAN algorithm variants, including multi-scale CLEAN for extended emission structures, which deconvolves point spread functions across multiple scales to reduce sidelobe artifacts, and wide-field imaging techniques incorporating W-projection to account for non-coplanar baselines in synthesis arrays.^[40] Advanced algorithms in CASA address spectral and temporal complexities, such as Taylor polynomial expansions for broadband continuum subtraction to model spectral index variations across frequency channels, and on-the-fly (OTF) mosaicking for efficient coverage of large sky areas during single-dish observations.^[40] The package also supports self-calibration loops, iteratively refining source models and instrumental parameters to achieve dynamic ranges exceeding 10^5 in high-fidelity images.^[36] System modularity allows integration with external tools via Python scripting, facilitating reproducible pipelines, though performance on very large datasets (e.g., >1 TB) requires parallel processing optimizations not natively distributed in all versions.^[41] CASA's evolution incorporates community feedback, with version 6.x (as of 2022) emphasizing stability for ALMA pipeline operations while ongoing development targets VLBI extensions.^[42]

Other Organizations and Uses

Environmental and financial entities

In environmental management, CASA designates the California Association of Sanitation Agencies, a nonprofit trade organization founded in 1977 that represents over 140 local public agencies in California responsible for wastewater collection, treatment, and biosolids recycling. These activities focus on safeguarding public health and water resources by promoting resource recovery, renewable energy generation from biogas, and compliance with stringent discharge standards under the Clean Water Act.^[43] CASA advocates for state-level policies, such as equitable funding for infrastructure upgrades, to mitigate environmental impacts from urban runoff and sewage overflows, with member agencies collectively treating over 90% of California's wastewater.^[44] Another environmental application is the Clean Air Strategic Alliance (CASA), established in Alberta, Canada, in 1994 as a multi-stakeholder advisory body under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act. Comprising government, industry, environmental groups, and indigenous representatives, CASA develops strategies for air quality improvement, including emissions inventories and multi-pollutant management plans to reduce ground-level ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. Its consensus-based approach has influenced provincial regulations, such as the 2018 Air Quality Management Framework, emphasizing verifiable reductions in industrial emissions from oil sands operations.^[45]^[46] In finance, particularly banking, CASA refers to Current Account and Savings Account deposits, a combined category of low-cost liabilities that form a core funding base for commercial banks worldwide, though most prominently analyzed in emerging markets like India. Current accounts offer no interest and unlimited transactions for business use, while savings accounts pay nominal rates—typically 2.5-4% annually in India as of 2024—far below term deposit rates of 6-7%. This structure minimizes banks' cost of funds, enabling competitive lending margins; for example, a 1% increase in CASA proportion can boost net interest income by reducing average funding costs.^[47]^[48] The CASA ratio, calculated as (Current + Savings Deposits) / Total Deposits × 100, measures a bank's reliance on these cheaper sources, with ratios above 40% considered strong for cost efficiency—public sector banks in India averaged 42% in fiscal year 2023-24, versus private banks at 35%, reflecting differing customer bases and branch networks. Higher ratios correlate with resilience during liquidity crunches, as CASA funds are stable and non-maturity deposits, but they expose banks to migration risks if competitors offer better digital incentives.^[49]^[50]

Medical and computing applications

In medicine, computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) denotes automated systems for evaluating semen parameters, including sperm concentration, motility, velocity, and morphology, via digital imaging and algorithmic processing. These systems, evolved since the 1980s, employ phase-contrast microscopy to capture sperm motion videos, followed by software that tracks individual spermatozoa using edge-detection and feature-extraction techniques, yielding quantitative data less prone to inter-observer variability than manual methods.^[51] CASA facilitates infertility diagnostics, assisted reproduction outcomes prediction, and toxicological assessments of environmental factors on spermatogenesis, with parameters like curvilinear velocity (VCL) and straight-line velocity (VSL) standardized per World Health Organization guidelines.^[52] Peer-reviewed validations, such as multitarget-tracking algorithms integrated into modern CASA platforms, demonstrate high reproducibility, with coefficients of variation below 10% for motility metrics across diluted samples.^[53] Despite advantages in objectivity, limitations persist in handling high sperm densities or abnormal morphologies, necessitating setup optimizations like consistent temperature (37°C) and dilution media.^[54] In computing and human-computer interaction, Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) framework describes how users exhibit social behaviors toward computational agents, treating them as social entities despite recognizing their artificial nature. Derived from empirical experiments in the 1990s, the paradigm—rooted in the media equation hypothesis—shows individuals applying social rules, such as reciprocity and politeness, to machine interactions, evidenced by increased compliance with computer requests phrased courteously versus curtly.^[55] This has informed interface design in voice assistants and virtual agents, where anthropomorphic cues enhance engagement but risk over-attribution of intent, as quantified in studies measuring response times and error rates under varying social priming conditions. Applications extend to ethical HCI research, cautioning against unintended manipulation through social mimicry in algorithms.^[56]

References

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Court Appointed Special Advocate® (CASA) and guardian ad litem (GAL) volunteers advocate on behalf of children who have experienced abuse or neglect.
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Mendoza of Nevada suggests the term “court-appointed special advocate” to designate the lay court-appointed volunteers. 1978. The first Annual CASA ...
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