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Cartridge paper

Cartridge paper is a heavy, textured, uncoated paper typically made from wood pulp or a blend of chemical wood pulp and esparto grass, known for its durability and slight roughness that provides good tooth for dry drawing media.^[1]^[2] The name originates from its 18th-century use as a strong, rough-surfaced paper for wrapping gunpowder in firearm cartridges, evolving by the early 19th century into a more affordable option for artistic sketches and working drawings.^[3]^[1] In art and design, cartridge paper is prized for its versatility, with weights ranging from 100 gsm for lightweight sketching to 300 gsm or more for robust applications that can withstand erasing, layering, and light wet media like ink washes or diluted watercolor.^[4]^[5] Its acid-free variants ensure longevity for student work and professional drafts, though it is not ideal for heavy painting due to potential buckling.^[4] Historically machine-made by the 1840s and available in white or buff shades, it remains a staple in education and studios for preliminary artwork, emphasizing practicality over archival finesse.^[3]

Etymology and History

Origin of the Term

The term "cartridge paper" derives from "cartridge," which originally referred to a cylindrical paper container used to hold gunpowder and shot for early firearms, with the word first appearing in English in the late 16th century.^[6]^[7] This etymology traces back to the French cartouche (around 1570s), meaning a roll or scroll, itself derived from the Italian cartoccio ("roll of paper") and ultimately from the Latin carta ("paper").^[8] European armies adopted paper cartridges in the 16th century, using sturdy, thick paper to wrap ammunition components into compact, rolled forms that facilitated quick loading of muzzleloading firearms.^[9]^[10] The paper's durability made it ideal for this military purpose, leading to its designation as "cartridge paper" by the early 18th century, as documented in English parliamentary acts.^[11] By the 19th century, as metallic cartridges largely replaced paper ones in military applications following the widespread adoption of self-contained ammunition in the 1860s, the term persisted for the repurposed paper in civilian contexts, such as drawing and printing.^[12]^[10]

Historical Development

Cartridge paper first emerged in the 18th century in Britain and France as a robust, rough-surfaced paper primarily intended for wrapping gunpowder in ammunition production, marking an early adaptation within the burgeoning industrial papermaking sector that transitioned from labor-intensive handmade sheets to more efficient methods.^[3] This development aligned with broader advancements in European papermaking, where the demand for durable, large-format paper for military purposes drove innovations in production scale.^[13] In the early 19th century, the introduction of the Fourdrinier machine around 1807, refined through the 1830s, revolutionized cartridge paper manufacturing by enabling continuous production of long rolls, which improved efficiency and reduced costs compared to traditional vat methods, allowing for greater output suited to both military and emerging civilian needs.^[14] By the 1840s, cartridge paper had transitioned into a machine-made product available in rolls, often in white or buff colors, and began gaining traction as an affordable alternative to higher-quality rag papers for preliminary sketches and working drawings in architectural and artistic contexts.^[3] Art suppliers like Winsor & Newton commercialized it for drawing purposes as early as 1846, offering "continuous colossal drawing cartridge paper" in wide rolls up to 4 feet 8 inches, prized for its durability and texture that supported techniques such as metal point underdrawings and watercolor washes.^[15] The paper's adoption in 19th-century art education and practice stemmed from its cost-effectiveness and resilience, making it a staple for students and professionals over pricier rag-based alternatives, as evidenced by its use in large-scale presentation drawings at institutions like the American School of Correspondence by 1912.^[15] By the late 19th century, brands such as Whatman Turkey Mill produced specialized variants, including hot-pressed for fine lines and cold-pressed for washes, solidifying its role in artistic workflows.^[15] In the 20th century, cartridge paper underwent standardization amid global paper industry norms, with typical weights ranging from 120 to 200 grams per square meter (gsm) to define its medium-to-heavy grade suitable for drawing and printing.^[16] Military-specific production waned significantly after the widespread adoption of metallic cartridges in the late 19th century, though residual uses persisted into the World War I era before fully diminishing, redirecting the paper's focus toward civilian artistic and industrial applications.^[10]

Properties and Composition

Physical Characteristics

Cartridge paper typically ranges in weight from 100 to 300 grams per square meter (gsm), offering a balance of rigidity suitable for drawing and sketching without adding excessive bulk that could hinder handling.^[17] This weight range ensures the paper maintains structural integrity during use with dry media like pencils and charcoal, while lighter variants around 130-150 gsm provide flexibility for preliminary sketches.^[18] The surface texture of cartridge paper is generally slightly rough or "toothed," with a fine grain that enhances adhesion for graphite, pastels, and other drawing tools by gripping particles more effectively than smoother surfaces.^[19] This texture, often described as light or medium grain in professional lines, promoting even coverage and reducing slippage during application.^[20] In contrast, some variants feature a smoother finish for precision work, but the toothed surface remains standard for artistic applications. Standard dimensions for cartridge paper include ISO sizes such as A4 (210 x 297 mm) and A3 (297 x 420 mm), commonly available in pads or blocks, while rolls extend up to 1.5 meters in width for large-scale projects or printing.^[21] These formats accommodate diverse workflows, from student sketching to professional illustration. Opacity levels are high, minimizing show-through and bleed from underlying layers or double-sided use.^[22] Durability is a key attribute, with cartridge paper exhibiting high tensile strength, which resists tearing during erasing or manipulation.^[23] Its moderate absorbency, achieved through internal sizing, allows controlled uptake of inks and wet media without excessive feathering, while maintaining compatibility with pencils for clean lines and revisions.^[18] These traits trace back briefly to its origins in sturdy paper for ammunition cartridges, emphasizing resilience in practical use.^[24]

Material Composition

Cartridge paper is primarily composed of bleached chemical wood pulp, produced through the sulphate process, which forms the bulk of its fiber content for strength and durability. Modern formulations are often blended with esparto grass fibers to enhance texture, opacity, and whiteness, though many contemporary variants use 100% wood pulp due to the historical decline in esparto use.^[25] Key additives include china clay (kaolin), incorporated to improve surface smoothness and printability by filling interstices between fibers. Sizing agents, such as rosin combined with alum, are also used to control absorbency, allowing the paper to accept inks and media without excessive bleeding while maintaining workability.^[26]^[27] In contemporary acid-free formulations, the paper achieves a neutral pH of approximately 7-8, which minimizes acidity and supports long-term archival stability by reducing the risk of yellowing or embrittlement. Artist-grade variants typically exclude optical brightening agents to preserve natural color fidelity and prevent fading over time.^[28]^[29] Environmental considerations have influenced composition, with a mid-20th century shift toward sustainable fiber sources amid historical overharvesting concerns for esparto grass in regions like North Africa and Spain during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This has led to reduced reliance on esparto in many modern blends, favoring certified renewable wood pulps to mitigate ecological impacts.^[30]^[31]

Manufacturing Process

Production Methods

The production of cartridge paper commences with the pulping stage, in which wood chips or esparto grass are mixed with water and chemicals, primarily caustic soda, within a digester to break down the lignocellulosic fibers. Modern cartridge paper is primarily produced from chemical wood pulp, with esparto grass used historically or in blends.^[2]^[4] The mixture undergoes cooking at temperatures ranging from 150°C to 170°C under pressure for 2 to 6 hours, dissolving lignin and other non-fibrous components while preserving cellulose integrity.^[32]^[33] Following pulping, the resulting slurry is refined and fed into sheet formation equipment, typically a Fourdrinier machine or cylinder machine, where it is deposited onto a continuously moving wire mesh to form a wet web as water drains away. The web is then passed through press rolls to consolidate the fibers and remove excess water, achieving approximately 40-50% dryness, before being transferred to a series of steam-heated drying cylinders that evaporate the remaining moisture to produce a stable sheet.^[34]^[35] In the finishing stage, the dried sheets undergo calendering between heated rollers to achieve the desired surface smoothness and thickness uniformity, followed by cutting into standard sheets or rolls.^[34] Quality control throughout the process involves rigorous testing, including grammage measurement per ISO 536 to ensure consistent mass per unit area and brightness assessment via ISO 2470 to verify optical properties.^[36]^[37]

Variations in Types

Cartridge paper exhibits several variations adapted from the standard production process, primarily through adjustments in weight, composition, and surface treatments to suit specific artistic or practical needs. The standard form remains uncoated, with a grammage ranging from 120 to 180 gsm, providing a versatile surface for general drawing applications using dry media like pencils and charcoal.^[38] Colored variants of this standard type, such as black or grey tones, are produced by incorporating pigments during manufacturing, enabling artists to focus on tonal work by highlighting highlights and mid-tones against the pre-toned background.^[39] Heavyweight cartridge paper increases the grammage to 200-300 gsm, incorporating enhanced internal sizing—often gelatin or starch-based—to improve water resistance and minimize buckling when exposed to wet media like watercolors or inks.^[38] This modification allows the paper to absorb moisture without excessive warping, making it suitable for mixed-media techniques that involve light washes.^[40] Recycled cartridge paper incorporates recycled fibers into the pulp mixture, often including post-consumer waste, resulting in slightly lower brightness compared to virgin variants, while maintaining structural integrity for drawing purposes.^[41] These eco-friendly options often carry certifications like FSC, ensuring sustainable sourcing and production practices.^[42] Niche variations include layout cartridge paper, which is thinner at around 90 gsm for quick sketching and overlays, offering a lightweight, semi-translucent quality ideal for preliminary designs.^[43] Cartridge board, a specialized laminated form, combines multiple layers of cartridge paper with adhesives or coatings to create a rigid substrate, commonly used for prototyping packaging structures due to its durability and foldability.^[44]

Uses and Applications

In Art and Drawing

Cartridge paper's textured surface makes it particularly suitable for dry media such as pencils, charcoal, and pastels, as the slight roughness grips the particles effectively, allowing for detailed shading and line work without excessive smudging.^[38] This texture, often a light not surface grain, enhances control and prevents the medium from sliding, which is ideal for building layers in sketches and studies.^[45] Heavier grades of cartridge paper, typically 200 gsm or more, also accommodate light wet media like inks and markers, providing a stable base that resists minor buckling while allowing clean application. However, it is not optimal for intensive watercolors without prior preparation, such as stretching the sheet to maintain flatness and prevent warping under moisture.^[45] These properties stem from its wood-pulp composition and moderate absorbency, enabling versatile experimentation in artistic techniques.^[46] In 20th-century art education, cartridge paper became a standard medium in curricula, especially for life drawing sessions where students practiced quick gestural sketches to capture human forms and movement.^[46] It was also widely employed for preliminary sketches in printmaking, offering an affordable, robust surface for graphite outlines and charcoal explorations before transferring to etching plates or blocks.^[28] Its accessibility and durability made it a staple in UK and international art schools, supporting foundational exercises in observation and composition.^[28] Contemporary artists utilize cartridge paper as a foundational layer in mixed media works, often printing digital elements onto its surface to serve as a base for adding hand-drawn details with pencils or pastels.^[17] For instance, it is commonly used for preliminary layouts in comic book creation, where initial penciled panels and character designs are developed before inking on specialized boards.^[46] This adaptability supports innovative hybrid practices, blending traditional drawing with digital workflows in illustration and sequential art.^[47]

In Printing and Packaging

Cartridge paper's suitability for printing stems from its uniform absorbency and textured surface, which facilitate effective ink adhesion in both lithographic and digital processes. It performs well in offset lithography due to its balanced ink absorption properties, allowing for clear image transfer without excessive bleeding.^[48] Similarly, its absorbent nature supports digital printing on inkjet devices, making it compatible with A3 printers for high-quality outputs.^[49] This versatility extends to commercial applications such as brochures, posters, and pamphlets, where weights typically range from 100 to 200 gsm provide durability without compromising print clarity.^[50]^[51] In packaging, cartridge paper serves as a robust material for inner linings and prototypes in box construction, leveraging its inherent tear resistance to protect contents during handling and transit.^[52]^[53] Its strength also made it a preferred choice for envelopes and book covers throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, where the paper's thickness and resilience ensured longevity in everyday use.^[54]^[53] Today, recycled variants of cartridge paper are increasingly adopted in eco-friendly packaging solutions, such as sustainable envelopes and protective inserts, aligning with demands for recyclable materials in commercial shipping.^[55]^[56] However, cartridge paper has limitations in applications requiring high-gloss finishes, as its uncoated, matte surface does not support the same level of color vibrancy and sheen achieved with coated alternatives.^[57] Heavier variants, often exceeding 200 gsm, are favored for sturdier packaging needs like reinforced prototypes.^[53]

Differences from Other Drawing Papers

Cartridge paper distinguishes itself from other drawing papers through its moderate weight, textured surface, and wood pulp composition, offering a versatile yet economical option for general sketching and dry media applications.^[58] Compared to Bristol board, cartridge paper is lighter and more textured, typically ranging from 80 to 140 gsm, which makes it ideal for quick sketches and preliminary work but less suitable for intricate fine detailing that benefits from Bristol's rigid, smooth surface at 270 gsm or higher.^[58]^[59] Bristol board's multi-ply construction provides greater durability and a plate or vellum finish optimized for precision tools like pens and markers, whereas cartridge paper's slight tooth enhances grip for pencils and charcoal without the added stiffness.^[59]^[28] In contrast to watercolor paper, cartridge paper exhibits lower absorbency and lacks hot-pressing, rendering it unsuitable for heavy wet washes or layering techniques that require the high water resistance and fiber strength of watercolor sheets, often 300 gsm or more.^[60] Watercolor paper, frequently made from cotton rag, is designed for fluid media with surfaces that range from rough to hot-pressed smooth to control pigment flow, while cartridge paper's wood pulp base performs best with dry media like graphite, avoiding buckling under minimal moisture.^[38]^[61] Relative to layout paper, cartridge paper is thicker and fully opaque, preventing the see-through effect common in layout's translucent 40-60 gsm sheets, which are suited for overlays and tracing in multi-layer designs but lack the substance for standalone artwork.^[58]^[62] This opacity and heft in cartridge paper support independent drawings without supporting backings, unlike layout paper's lightweight, smooth finish for ideation.^[58] Economically, cartridge paper holds an advantage, typically costing 20-30% less than cotton-based alternatives due to its reliance on affordable wood pulp rather than premium cotton fibers, making it accessible for everyday practice without compromising basic performance.^[28]^[61]^[63]

Relation to Paper Cartridges

Cartridge paper, as used in art and drawing, shares its name with the 19th-century paper cartridges employed in firearms ammunition, but the two have distinct compositions, forms, and purposes.^[64] Paper cartridges were combustible casings made from glued and nitrated paper, forming a cylindrical or conical tube that enclosed black powder and a bullet, such as the elongated Minié-style projectiles used in rifles like the British Pattern 1853 Enfield.^[10]^[65] These were designed to be torn open by the shooter's teeth, poured into the muzzle, and ignited, with the nitrated paper burning completely to avoid residue.^[66] Such ammunition was standard in military use through the American Civil War and similar conflicts, but became obsolete by the 1890s as metallic cartridges—self-contained brass cases with integrated primers—were universally adopted for reliability, weather resistance, and faster reloading in breech-loading firearms.^[10] The shared history traces to the 18th and early 19th centuries, when "cartridge paper" specifically denoted the heavy, sized stock produced for rolling into these ammunition forms, as ordered by military boards like Britain's Board of Ordnance, which specified weights around 14 pounds per ream by 1847 for durability against moisture and abrasion.^[64] However, the paths diverged in the post-Civil War era (after 1865), as metallic cartridges supplanted paper ones in military applications, while the term "cartridge paper" persisted in civilian contexts for a versatile, rough-surfaced drawing medium first documented for artistic sketching and mounting in 1802.^[64]^[10] In modern usage, there is no overlap between the two: artistic cartridge paper consists of untreated, flat sheets of high-quality pulp, typically 120-200 gsm, optimized for ink, pencil, or charcoal without combustibility, in contrast to the specialized, conical, and chemically treated forms of historical ammunition casings.^[64] The term's endurance in the art world stems from this military origin, reflecting how the robust paper stock originally developed for warfare was repurposed for creative applications.^[12]

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