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Pulp

Pulp is a soft, wet mass of material, such as the juicy part of fruit, the inner tissue of teeth (dental pulp), or the fibrous residue from wood used in papermaking. The term also refers to sensationalist fiction (pulp magazines), and has other uses in media, entertainment, and culture, including a British rock band. For specific meanings, see the sections below.

Biology and Medicine

Dental Pulp

The dental pulp is the soft connective tissue occupying the central portion of the tooth, enclosed by dentin and comprising nerves, blood vessels, and loose connective tissue. It forms part of the dentin-pulp complex and is essential for tooth vitality. In both human and animal teeth, the pulp extends from the pulp chamber in the crown to the root canals, tapering apically.^[1] Histologically, the dental pulp consists of a central core of collagenous connective tissue rich in fibroblasts, which maintain the extracellular matrix, surrounded by specialized zones. The outermost layer features columnar odontoblasts aligned along the dentin-pulp interface, responsible for dentin secretion through processes extending into dentinal tubules. Beneath this lies a cell-free zone (Weil's zone) of unmyelinated nerve fibers, followed by a cell-rich zone containing fibroblasts, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, and immune cells such as macrophages, histiocytes, mast cells, and plasma cells for defense. The inner core includes larger blood vessels and nerves branching from the trigeminal nerve via the apical foramen, forming a capillary network that supplies nutrients and oxygen.^[2]^[1] The pulp serves multiple critical functions in tooth physiology. Formatively, odontoblasts produce primary, secondary, and reparative dentin throughout life, supporting tooth structure. Nutritively, its vascular supply delivers essential nutrients and moisture to the avascular dentin, maintaining pulp vitality. Sensorily, afferent nerve fibers detect thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, contributing to tooth sensitivity to temperature and pressure via hydrodynamic theory in dentinal tubules. Protectively, resident immune cells and inflammatory responses defend against pathogens, forming tertiary dentin as a barrier to irritation.^[1]^[2] Developmentally, the dental pulp originates from the dental papilla, a mesenchymal condensation beneath the inner enamel epithelium during odontogenesis. This process unfolds in stages: the bud stage initiates tooth development around the 6th week of gestation, followed by the cap stage (8th week) where the papilla forms, and the bell stage (9th-11th week) where odontoblasts differentiate and secrete dentin, enclosing the pulp. As the tooth erupts, the pulp chamber forms in the crown while root canals develop apically under Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, housing the pulp's extensions.^[3] Clinically, the dental pulp is susceptible to conditions like pulpitis, an inflammation often triggered by caries or trauma, classified as reversible (mild, treatable by removing irritants) or irreversible (severe, involving bacterial invasion and persistent pain). Untreated irreversible pulpitis can progress to pulp necrosis, where tissue dies due to ischemia or infection, leading to abscesses or periapical pathology. Endodontic treatments, such as root canal therapy, involve pulp extirpation, cleaning, and sealing to preserve the tooth, while vital pulp therapies aim to retain healthy portions in immature teeth. Pulp volume typically decreases with age due to ongoing secondary dentin deposition, reducing the chamber size and potentially altering sensitivity.^[1]^[4]

Fruit and Plant Pulp

Fruit and plant pulp refers to the soft, juicy, fibrous inner tissue of fruits and vegetables, primarily comprising the mesocarp layer of the pericarp in botanical structure, distinct from the outer skin (exocarp) and inner seeds. This edible portion forms the bulk of many fleshy fruits and provides essential structural and nutritional support during plant development. In vegetables such as tomatoes, the pulp constitutes the succulent mesocarp filled with water, sugars, acids, and other compounds.^[5]^[6] Biologically, fruit and plant pulp is characterized by a high water content, typically ranging from 80% to 95% by weight, which contributes to its succulent texture. It also contains structural carbohydrates like cellulose and hemicellulose for cell wall integrity, pectins that influence firmness, along with vitamins (such as vitamin C) and enzymes involved in metabolic processes. These components vary by species but collectively support tissue hydration, nutrient storage, and enzymatic activities essential for growth and maturation.^[7]^[8]^[9] Representative examples illustrate the diversity of pulp. In oranges, the pulp encompasses the albedo—a white, spongy layer rich in pectin—and the juice sacs (vesicles) that store fluids and nutrients. Tomato pulp, derived from the fruit's mesocarp, is notably high in lycopene and water, aiding in its role as a seed enclosure. Banana pulp, the creamy inner flesh, is packed with starch that converts to sugars during ripening. Ecologically, this nutrient-dense pulp attracts frugivores, facilitating seed dispersal as animals consume it and deposit seeds in distant locations, while also providing temporary nutrition to support seed viability within the fruit.^[10]^[6]^[11] In food contexts, fruit and plant pulp serves as a base for purees, juices, and jams, where it is extracted or mashed to preserve its natural flavors and textures. Nutritionally, it delivers dietary fiber from cellulose and pectins, which promotes digestive health by enhancing gut motility and reducing cholesterol absorption, alongside antioxidants like polyphenols that combat oxidative stress. These benefits underscore pulp's value in balanced diets, contributing to lower risks of digestive disorders and chronic diseases.^[12]^[13] Biologically, pulp undergoes significant changes during fruit ripening through enzymatic breakdown. Pectinase enzymes, including polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase, degrade pectin polymers in cell walls, leading to tissue softening and increased juiciness as the fruit matures. This process facilitates consumption by dispersers and prepares the pulp for post-harvest uses.^[14]^[15] Pulp yield varies across species, reflecting differences in fruit anatomy; for instance, in apples, the edible pulp accounts for approximately 75-85% of total fruit weight, with the remainder being skin, core, and seeds. Environmentally, uneaten or fallen pulp plays a key role in decomposition, where microbial breakdown releases nutrients like sugars and minerals, stimulating litter decomposition and enhancing soil fertility through organic matter addition.^[16]^[17]

Engineering and Industry

Wood Pulp

Wood pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material derived from trees, primarily consisting of cellulose fibers obtained by separating the binding lignin component from wood. This process yields a versatile raw material essential for papermaking and other industrial applications.^[18]^[19] The primary sources of wood pulp are softwood and hardwood trees, each offering distinct fiber characteristics suited to different uses. Softwoods, such as pine and spruce from coniferous species, provide longer fibers that enhance paper strength and are commonly used in products requiring durability. Hardwoods, including eucalyptus and birch from deciduous trees, yield shorter fibers that contribute to smoother, brighter papers like those for printing and tissues. To ensure sustainability, many wood pulp operations adhere to certification standards like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), which verifies responsible sourcing from managed forests to minimize deforestation and support biodiversity.^[20]^[21]^[22] Wood pulp is classified into several types based on production methods, balancing yield, strength, and quality. Mechanical pulp, including groundwood, is produced by grinding wood logs against a stone or refiner, achieving high yields (up to 95%) but resulting in weaker fibers due to retained lignin, making it suitable for newsprint. Chemical pulp, often via the kraft (sulfate) process, uses alkaline solutions to dissolve lignin, producing stronger, purer fibers with yields around 45-55% for applications demanding higher quality. Semi-chemical pulp combines partial chemical treatment with mechanical refining, offering a compromise with yields of 75-85% and improved strength over purely mechanical methods.^[23]^[19]^[24] Key properties of wood pulp fibers include length, brightness, and strength, which determine their suitability for end products. Softwood fibers typically measure 1-3 mm in length, contributing to tensile strength, while hardwood fibers are shorter at about 1 mm, aiding in opacity and smoothness. Brightness, influenced by lignin content, is higher in chemical pulps (often 80-90% after bleaching) compared to mechanical ones (around 60-70%). Strength metrics, such as tensile index, range from 20-100 Nm/g in chemical pulps, correlating directly with fiber length and bonding ability.^[25]^[26]^[27] The development of wood pulping began in the mid-19th century with the invention of mechanical pulping in the 1840s by Friedrich Gottlob Keller, a German inventor who devised a wood-grinding machine to produce pulp from low-quality wood, enabling mass papermaking. This method initially dominated due to its efficiency, but by the late 19th century, chemical processes like the soda and sulfite methods emerged, followed by the kraft process in the 1880s, which offered superior fiber strength by more effectively removing lignin.^[28]^[29]^[30] Global wood pulp production reached approximately 193 million tonnes in 2023, underscoring its scale in the forest products industry. However, the process generates significant environmental impacts, including lignin waste—estimated at 100 million tons annually—which, if not managed, contributes to water pollution and ecosystem disruption through effluent discharge. Efforts to valorize lignin as a biofuel or chemical feedstock are mitigating these effects.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Pulp Processing and Applications

Pulp processing involves transforming woody raw materials into fibrous pulp through mechanical, chemical, or combined methods, followed by bleaching to enhance purity and brightness for various industrial uses. Mechanical pulping, such as stone groundwood and refiner mechanical processes, grinds wood chips between rotating stones or refiner plates to separate fibers while preserving lignin, yielding high-volume but lower-strength pulp suitable for newsprint.^[34]^[24] Chemical pulping employs solutions to dissolve lignin; the sulfite process uses acidic bisulfite salts for brighter, more uniform fibers, while the dominant kraft (sulfate) method cooks wood with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na₂S) in an alkaline liquor, producing stronger pulp with efficient chemical recovery.^[35]^[36] Bleaching follows pulping to remove residual colorants, with modern chlorine-free processes like elemental chlorine-free (ECF) using chlorine dioxide and total chlorine-free (TCF) relying on oxygen, peroxide, or ozone to minimize environmental discharge while achieving high brightness.^[37]^[38] Process efficiency is often measured by yield, calculated as:

\text{[yield](/page/Yield)} = \left( \frac{\text{output mass}}{\text{input mass}} \right) \times 100\%

Mechanical methods achieve yields of 90-95% by retaining most wood components, though resulting in bulkier, less durable products; in contrast, kraft pulping yields 45-55% due to lignin removal, but the lost material is recovered as energy and chemicals in recovery boilers.^[24]^[34] Sulfite yields typically range from 40-50%, balancing brightness and strength for specialty papers.^[39] Beyond traditional papermaking, pulp serves diverse applications leveraging its cellulose content. In paper production, mechanical pulp dominates newsprint and tissue for its high opacity and cost-effectiveness, while chemical pulps enable finer grades like printing and packaging papers.^[40] Textile applications include viscose rayon, where dissolving pulp is chemically processed into regenerated fibers for clothing and nonwovens.^[41] Composites and nonwovens utilize pulp fibers as reinforcements in automotive parts, insulation, and hygiene products, offering biodegradable alternatives to synthetics.^[42] Emerging uses extend to biofuels, where pulp mill residues are converted via anaerobic digestion or pyrolysis into biogas and bioethanol, and bioplastics, incorporating cellulose for sustainable packaging amid rising demand for circular materials.^[43]^[44] Environmental and technological advances in the 2020s address water use, emissions, and resource depletion. Closed-loop water systems recycle process water up to 90% in modern mills, reducing freshwater intake from 20-50 m³ per ton of pulp to under 10 m³ through advanced filtration and treatment.^[45]^[46] Energy recovery from black liquor in kraft mills generates 50-70% of mill energy needs via combustion and turbine systems, cutting fossil fuel reliance.^[47] Shifts toward bio-based alternatives, driven by deforestation concerns, include biorefinery integrations extracting hemicellulose for chemicals and adopting sustainable sourcing certifications.^[48] Major producers like International Paper output around 2.3 million tons of pulp annually as of 2024, contributing to global capacity amid expansions in Brazil and Asia.^[49]^[50] Pulp mills adhere to strict safety standards, such as U.S. EPA limits under MACT I for total reduced sulfur at 5 ppm for recovery furnaces, ensuring worker safety and air quality.^[51]^[52] The global wood pulp market, valued at approximately $170 billion in 2025, is influenced by high recycling rates—reaching 79.3% for paper in Europe as of 2023—which reduce virgin pulp demand and stabilize prices while promoting sustainability.^[53]^[54]^[55]

Media and Entertainment

Pulp Magazines and Literature

Pulp magazines emerged in the early 20th century as affordable periodicals featuring serialized fiction, printed on low-cost wood pulp paper that gave the genre its name. The format prioritized mass accessibility over durability, with pages often yellowing quickly due to the acidic paper. This economic choice allowed publishers to produce high-volume issues at low prices, typically 10 to 25 cents, targeting working-class readers seeking escapist entertainment.^[56] The pioneering publication was The Argosy, launched by Frank A. Munsey in 1896 after evolving from the earlier The Golden Argosy (1882), which shifted from dime novel roots to an all-fiction pulp format. The industry peaked in the 1920s and 1930s, with over 150 titles circulating at any given time, including general adventure magazines and specialized genre pulps. By the late 1930s, monthly output reached dozens of titles, selling up to a million copies per issue for top sellers, reflecting the era's demand for fast-paced, sensational content amid economic and social upheavals.^[56]^[57]^[58] These magazines specialized in thrilling, formulaic stories across genres such as adventure, mystery, science fiction, and horror, emphasizing action, exotic locales, and moral binaries over literary depth. Authors like H.P. Lovecraft contributed cosmic horror tales to Weird Tales, while Robert E. Howard penned sword-and-sorcery adventures featuring Conan the Barbarian, also in Weird Tales. Dashiell Hammett advanced hard-boiled detective fiction through stories like Red Harvest, serialized in Black Mask from November 1927 to February 1928 and published as a novel in 1929. Lurid, eye-catching covers by artists such as Norman Saunders, who illustrated over 400 pulp issues, depicted dramatic scenes of peril and allure to boost sales on newsstands.^[56]^[59]^[60] Key publications defined subgenres: Weird Tales (1923–1954) showcased supernatural and fantasy fiction, becoming a cornerstone for weird menace stories; Black Mask (1920–1951) pioneered gritty detective pulps with contributions from Hammett and others; and Hugo Gernsback's Amazing Stories (launched April 1926) established science fiction as a dedicated pulp category by reprinting and commissioning speculative tales from authors like H.G. Wells. Post-World War II, rising costs and competition from paperbacks led to a shift, with many pulps folding as content migrated to digest-sized books by the 1950s.^[56]^[61] Pulp literature profoundly shaped modern genres, laying foundations for noir through Black Mask's cynical protagonists and urban crime narratives, and influencing fantasy via Howard's heroic epics and Lovecraft's mythos. Science fiction evolved from Gernsback's "scientification" in Amazing Stories, inspiring postwar authors and conventions. However, the genre faced criticism for pervasive racism and sexism, often portraying ethnic minorities through stereotypes and confining female characters to damsel roles or exotic temptresses.^[58]^[62]^[63] The pulps declined sharply in the 1950s due to television's rise, comic book competition, and paper shortages from wartime rationing, with major publishers like Street & Smith ceasing operations by 1949. Interest revived in the late 20th century through anthologies reprinting classic stories, such as The Best of Weird Tales (1997), which collected early issues from 1923 and highlighted enduring works by Lovecraft and others. This revival has continued into the 21st century and as of 2025, with annual conventions like PulpFest and new original publications such as Pulp Adventures #47 (Winter 2025). These efforts underscore the pulps' legacy in fostering genre innovation despite their ephemerality.^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68]

Pulp Films and Cinema

Pulp films, also known as pulp cinema, refer to a genre of low-budget movies directly inspired by the sensational stories of pulp fiction magazines, emphasizing exaggerated violence, crime, adventure, and lurid themes often presented as B-movies from the 1930s to the 1970s.^[69] These films typically feature fast-paced, plot-driven narratives with archetypal characters such as hard-boiled detectives, femme fatales, and antiheroes, delivered through gritty, stylized dialogue that blends tough-guy vernacular with ironic wit. Visually, they draw heavily from film noir influences, employing high-contrast lighting, deep shadows, quick cuts, and non-linear storytelling to heighten tension and disorientation, creating an immersive yet disposable entertainment experience aimed at mass audiences.^[70] The historical evolution of pulp cinema traces back to the early 20th century, with roots in the adaptation of pulp magazine tales into cinematic formats, beginning with 1930s serials like the 13-chapter Flash Gordon (1936), which captured the high-adventure spirit of space opera comics through cliffhanger episodes and special effects on a shoestring budget.^[71] This era's output was shaped by the Motion Picture Production Code, or Hays Code (enforced 1934–1968), which censored explicit depictions of violence, sexuality, and moral ambiguity in pulp-inspired stories, forcing filmmakers to use suggestive innuendo, symbolic imagery, and subtext to evade restrictions while maintaining the genre's edgy appeal.^[72] The genre persisted through mid-century B-movies and exploitation films, but experienced a major revival in the 1990s, catalyzed by Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction (1994), a nonlinear crime anthology that won the Palme d'Or at Cannes and revitalized interest in pulp aesthetics for contemporary audiences.^[73] Key examples illustrate the genre's breadth and subgenres, such as Robert Aldrich's Kiss Me Deadly (1955), a film noir thriller infused with atomic-age paranoia and femme fatale intrigue, which exemplifies the era's blend of detective pulp with existential dread. Later adaptations like Sin City (2005), directed by Robert Rodriguez and Frank Miller, translate graphic novel pulp into hyper-stylized black-and-white visuals with bursts of color, amplifying violence and moral ambiguity in a rain-soaked urban underworld. Subgenres include Italian spaghetti Westerns, like Sergio Leone's A Fistful of Dollars (1964), which reimagined pulp cowboy tales with operatic gunfights and morally gray protagonists, and grindhouse exploitation films such as Russ Meyer's Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965), featuring over-the-top female-led action and campy sensationalism. These works, often produced outside mainstream studios, highlight pulp cinema's emphasis on visceral thrills over polished production. The cultural significance of pulp films lies in their role as a bridge between mass-market literature and visual media, with Pulp Fiction achieving $213.9 million in worldwide box office gross on an $8 million budget, thereby mainstreaming the term "pulp" and inspiring a wave of postmodern homages that deconstruct and celebrate genre tropes.^[74] Collaborations between Tarantino and Rodriguez, such as From Dusk Till Dawn (1996), exemplify this revival by mixing pulp crime with horror elements in self-aware narratives that pay tribute to B-movie roots while critiquing violence. In the 2020s, the genre influences indie cinema and streaming platforms, with Netflix hosting revivals like the 30th-anniversary streaming of Pulp Fiction and new pulp-fantasy projects such as Red Sonja (2025) echoing the adventurous serials of old, ensuring the style's enduring appeal in an era of high-concept blockbusters.^[75]^[76]^[77] This evolution underscores pulp cinema's impact on fostering innovative storytelling drawn briefly from literary pulp origins.^[78]

Other Uses

Music and Bands

Pulp is a British alternative rock band formed in Sheffield in 1978 by Jarvis Cocker, then a 15-year-old student at The City School, alongside Peter Dalton on drums; the band initially went by the name Arabicus Pulp, inspired by a commodity from Cocker's economics class.^[79] Over the years, Pulp underwent numerous lineup changes, with more than a dozen members passing through before stabilizing in the early 1990s; keyboardist Candida Doyle joined in 1984 after meeting the band through her brother Magnus, who briefly played drums, and she remains a core member alongside Cocker.^[80] The band's early sound drew from post-punk and indie influences, but by the mid-1990s, it evolved into a signature blend of Britpop, glam rock, and synth-pop elements.^[81] Pulp's music is characterized by Cocker's narrative-driven lyrics, often delivering satirical commentary on working-class life, sexuality, fame, and social awkwardness, set against lush, orchestral arrangements and catchy hooks; key influences include David Bowie's theatricality and Roxy Music's art rock sophistication.^[82] Their breakthrough came with the 1994 album His 'n' Hers, which peaked at number nine on the UK Albums Chart and earned a Mercury Prize nomination, featuring singles like "Babies" and "Do You Remember the First Time?" that showcased their witty, observational style.^[83] The follow-up, Different Class (1995), topped the UK charts, won the 1996 Mercury Music Prize, and included the iconic single "Common People," a sharp critique of class disparity that reached number two and became a defining Britpop anthem; the album has sold over 1.3 million copies in the UK alone.^[84] This Is Hardcore (1998) marked a darker, more introspective turn, exploring fame's excesses with orchestral production and tracks like the title song, though it faced censorship challenges due to its explicit themes.^[85] During the Britpop era, Pulp achieved widespread success with hit singles such as "Disco 2000" (number 7) and "Something Changed" (number 10), culminating in headline slots at festivals like Glastonbury; however, internal tensions led to a hiatus from 2002 to 2010 after the release of We Love Life (2001).^[86] The band reformed sporadically for festivals in 2011, but a full reunion tour began in 2023 and continued through 2025, including North American dates in 2024 and September 2025, featuring original members Cocker, Doyle, and drummer Nick Banks.^[87]^[88] In the 2020s, Pulp released their first new album in 24 years, More (2025), which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, alongside reissues like the 30th-anniversary edition of Different Class including their full 1995 Glastonbury set.^[89] Culturally, Pulp's impact lies in their incisive social satire, exemplified by Cocker's infamous 1996 Brit Awards protest, where he invaded the stage during Michael Jackson's "Earth Song" performance to decry perceived messianic posturing, resulting in brief arrest but cementing his rebellious persona.^[90] The band has sold more than 10 million records worldwide, with no other prominent musical acts sharing the name Pulp achieving comparable prominence.^[91]

Slang and Miscellaneous

In slang usage, "to pulp" or "beat to a pulp" refers to severely thrashing or injuring someone through repeated blows, often evoking the imagery of reducing a body to a soft, mashed mass. This colloquial expression, documented in English since the early 19th century, gained traction in contexts like boxing and street fights to describe brutal defeats.^[92] Similarly, "pulp" denotes cheap, sensationalist literature or media perceived as low-quality or exploitative, originating from the inexpensive wood-pulp paper used in early 20th-century magazines featuring adventure, crime, and romance stories.^[93] The term "pulp fiction" specifically highlights this disposable, mass-produced entertainment, which proliferated in the 1930s and influenced genres like detective novels and comic books.^[94] Beyond core biological senses, "pulp" appears in cooking to describe the soft, mashed residue of fruits or vegetables after juicing or pureeing, such as apple pulp incorporated into muffins or carrot pulp stirred into mashed potatoes for added nutrition and texture.^[95] In veterinary biology, non-dental pulps include the splenic pulp, which comprises the spleen's red pulp—a network of cords and sinusoids that filters blood, removes damaged red blood cells, and stores iron—and white pulp, consisting of lymphoid tissue for immune responses.^[96] A niche artistic application emerged in the 1970s with pulp painting, a technique where artists blend colored plant fibers, often recycled paper pulp, into wet sheets to create textured, sculptural artworks resembling paintings but formed through papermaking processes.^[97] Etymologically, "pulpit"—a raised platform in religious settings for preaching—derives from Latin pulpitum meaning "platform" or "scaffold," unrelated to "pulp" from Latin pulpa for fleshy parts, though both evoke raised or soft structures in extended metaphor.^[98] The Oxford English Dictionary traces "pulp" as a noun for a soft mass to before 1400, evolving from Middle English via Latin roots without a distinct 1560s slang debut.^[99]

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Chemical Pulping: Kraft (Sulfate) vs. Sulfite Compared - LinkedIn
May 22, 2025 · Strength vs. Brightness: Kraft pulp excels in strength, while sulfite pulp typically offers better initial brightness and bleachability.
[43]
[PDF] "PULP BLEACHING" in: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical ...
The bleaching of chemical pulps, from both wood and nonwood sources, may be broken down into two main types of processes: ECF and TCF. Of the two, ECF pulp ...<|separator|>
[44]
Pulp Bleaching - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Mechanical pulp bleaching processes are designed to remove chromophoric structures and brighten the pulp with minimum losses of mass. Lignin-preserving ...
[45]
[PDF] Chapter 8. Pulp and Paper
Semi- chemical pulping involves greater cooking and delignification prior to mechanical refining; yields are somewhat lower, depending on the degree of cooking.<|separator|>
[46]
A Trusted Name In The Trade - Wood Pulp
Applications of Wood Pulp: Paper Production: Wood pulp serves as a fundamental raw material for the production of various types of paper, including printing ...
[47]
Wood-based textile fibre market as part of the global forest-based ...
Consumption of wood-based textile pulps is projected to grow considerably. •. Mill conversions from paper pulp to textile pulps are projected to continue.
[48]
[PDF] Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries
Composite reinforcements, nanomaterial, boards (mainly for insulation), pulp and paper products, carbon fibers from lignin, feed and dietary fibers are fiber.
[49]
A critical review on biofuels generation from pulp-paper mill sludge ...
Jan 20, 2025 · This review explores the dual objective of renewable energy generation and mitigating the environmental impact of pulp-paper mill sludge (PPMS).
[50]
Pulp makes much more than just paper
Wood pulp may be derived from an old industry, but it has many modern-day uses. From hygiene products and paper to biofuels and innovative medical products.<|separator|>
[51]
[PDF] Circularity concepts in the pulp and paper industry - UNECE
Circularity in pulp and paper industry processes also involves closed water cycles where water is recycled and reused within pulp and paper mills. After ...
[52]
Pulp and Paper Industry Facing Water Issues - Fluence Corporation
The pulp and paper (P&P) industry is using a range of strategies to respond to regulatory pressure and rising energy and water sourcing costs.
[53]
The Role of Wood and the Pulp and Paper Industry in Renewable ...
Mar 8, 2023 · The pulp and paper industry can and does play an important role in renewable energy as a major source of biomass energy used to generate electricity, heat, and ...
[54]
A Comprehensive Review of the Pulp, Paper, and Forest Products ...
Dec 18, 2024 · Brazil, the world's largest pulp producer, is further cementing its dominance through massive investments. The focus on sustainability in ...Missing: output | Show results with:output
[55]
Top 8 Wood Pulp Companies in the World - Expert Market Research
The top 8 wood pulp companies are Suzano S.A., Empresas CMPC SA, APRIL, Metsä Group, UPM-Kymmene, and Georgia-Pacific LLC among others.
[56]
https://pulpfest.com/pulp-history/
[57]
Pulp and Paper Production (MACT I & III): National Emissions ...
This subpart regulates the emissions from the pulp production sources, which include pulping process vents, bleaching process vents, and condensate streams.
[58]
[PDF] Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Pulp and Paper Mills
Dec 10, 2007 · At mechanical pulping mills, principal sources of VOC emissions include evacuation of air from wood-chip washing and from the condensing ...
[59]
Wood Pulp Market Size, Share, Trends and Analysis, 2033
Oct 21, 2025 · The global wood pulp market size was valued at USD 164.84 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 225.45 billion by 2033 from USD 170.68 ...
[60]
Paper & Pulp Industry Outlook
Nov 2, 2025 · Despite falling European paper demand, global pulp prices remain relatively high thanks to factors outside European paper mills' control.
[61]
Pulp History - PulpFest
Pulp magazines are named for the cheap paper on which they were printed. Frank A. Munsey pioneered the format in 1896 with The Argosy.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[62]
Golden Age of Pulps - Pulp Magazines Project
It had started as The Golden Argosy, a weekly boys' adventure magazine in dime novel format, in Dec. 1882. The title became The Argosy in Dec. 1888, trying to ...
[63]
Pulp Magazines | Research Starters - EBSCO
Most of the pulps published genre fiction—Westerns, men's adventure stories, and science fiction, in addition to mystery and detective fiction—and their cover ...
[64]
Norman Saunders - Pulp Artists
By 1938 Saunders was a top pulp magazine cover artist. He painted 446 pulp covers for almost every title and publisher during the pre-war period. By 1940 he ...
[65]
https://thepulp.net/pulp-articles/the-day-the-pulps-died/
[66]
Amazing Stories - Pulp Magazines Project
In April 1926, a Luxembourgian-American inventor and electrical enthusiast, Hugo Gernsback, published his inaugural issue of Amazing Stories, the first and ...
[67]
[PDF] From Pulp Hero to Superhero: Culture, Race, and Identity in ...
Magazines such as Outlook celebrated nature and outdoor life while pulps such as Frank. Munsey's Argosy Magazine (1896), the first all-fiction pulp magazine, ...
[68]
Pulp's Big Moment - The New Yorker
Dec 29, 2014 · The amount of tough-guy pulp, racial stereotyping, and sexist sleaze far outweighed, and outsold, reprints of books by famous writers and ...
[69]
Chilling — A Century of Weird Tales - PulpFest
Feb 6, 2023 · A century after its debut, Weird Tales continues to inspire writers, artists, film directors, and other creators in important ways.
[70]
The day the pulps died - ThePulp.Net
April 8, 1949: The day the pulps died. That Friday, Street & Smith Publications announced that it would stop publishing its line of pulp magazines.<|control11|><|separator|>
[71]
The Best of Weird Tales 1923 by John Gregory Betancourt
Rating 3.6 (66) Jul 10, 2024 · Collected here are 13 of the best short stories published in Weird Tales' first year of publication, 1923 -- classics by many who would later play an integral ...
[72]
Pulp Fiction - (Intro to Film Theory) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations
Pulp fiction refers to a genre of popular literature and film that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by sensational stories, lurid content, and ...
[73]
'Pulp Fiction': How Quentin Tarantino Made a Postmodern Masterpiece
Its short-story format, complemented by an anthology of period styles from the fifties, the seventies, and forties noir, liberates its fondly regarded ...
[74]
Flash Gordon (1936) - IMDb
Rating 6.9/10 (2,859) Flash Gordon, Dale Arden and Dr. Alexis Zarkov visit the planet Mongo to thwart the evil schemes of Emperor Ming the Merciless, who has set his planet on a ...Missing: pulp | Show results with:pulp
[75]
Film Censorship in Hollywood: The Hays Code.
The code prohibited profanity, graphic violence, sympathy for criminals, and suggestive nudity. It restricted the representation of interracial relationships ...
[76]
Pulp Fiction at 20: How a phenomenon was born - BBC
May 13, 2014 · The story unfolds out of sequence as it chronicles a group of well-drawn underworld characters who inhabit a Los Angeles crime subculture.
[77]
Pulp Fiction (1994) - Box Office Mojo
Lifetime Gross, Rank. Domestic, 1, $107,928,762, 745. APAC, # Releases, Lifetime Gross, Rank. Australia, 5, $315,801, 3,836. South Korea, 1, $37,187, 5,532. New ...
[78]
How Pulp Fiction Revolutionized Cinema – DW – 05/10/2024
May 10, 2024 · Director Tarantino combined trash with classic narrative tradition. And on top of that: violence, great actors, superb dialog and phenomenal coolness!
[79]
'One of the greatest films of all time' is currently streaming for free in ...
Sep 24, 2024 · "It does everything so well. Not a single shot was just to get it over with. Everything mattered!" Pulp Fiction is now streaming on Netflix.
[80]
What is Pulp Fiction? (More than Just a Movie) - TheCollector
Mar 12, 2023 · Pulp fiction was mass-produced, cheap fiction, like horror, crime, and science-fiction, printed on pulp paper, and filled the gap before ...
[81]
Pulp - This Day In Music
Apr 13, 2024 · Pulp were formed in 1978 at The City School in Sheffield, England by Jarvis Cocker, then 15 years old, and Peter Dalton, then 14.<|control11|><|separator|>
[82]
The Secret History of Pulp - ACRYLIC AFTERNOONS
Today, Pete lives in north-west London with Candida Doyle, the band's present keyboardist, who joined Pulp around the same time he did, in early 1984. As it ...
[83]
Pulp | History of the Band - by J Dziak - Dig Me Out
Feb 7, 2024 · Pulp, an iconic British rock group formed in Sheffield, England, navigated through the 1980s with limited success before achieving ...
[84]
The story of Jarvis Cocker and Pulp - Far Out Magazine
Mar 28, 2024 · Originally, Cocker formed the group at school in 1978, at the age of only 15, with the name 'Arabicus' coming from the Arabicas coffee bean. ...
[85]
'Different Class': Pulp Race To No.1...After 17 Years - uDiscover Music
1. Different Class went on to quadruple platinum status in the UK and won the Mercury Music Prize for 1996 along the way. Pulp would toil in the shadows no ...
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https://www.nme.com/news/music/pulp-announce-30th-anniversary-different-class-reissue-including-full-glastonbury-1995-set-3890133
[87]
Pulp announce 30th anniversary 'Different Class' reissue ... - NME
Sep 4, 2025 · The Mercury Prize-winning, chart-topping record was the band's most successful album, selling over a million copies in the UK and including the ...
[88]
Watch Pulp begin 2023 reunion tour at first gig in a decade - NME
May 27, 2023 · Pulp began their highly-anticipated 2023 reunion tour in Bridlington last night (May 26) – see footage, setlist and reaction below.
[89]
Why Jarvis Cocker 'mooned' Michael Jackson's BRITs performance
Feb 19, 2025 · Less of a "moon" and more of a bend and and flounce, the Common People singer turned away from the crowd, bent over and made a wafting gesture ...
[90]
batter, v.¹ meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary
¹ 6. to beat to a pulp1840–. figurative and in extended use. colloquial (hyperbolical). to beat to a pulp and variants: to beat or thrash severely (also ...
[91]
SFE: Pulp - SF Encyclopedia
Feb 20, 2023 · When used metaphorically the word "pulp" describes the quality and style of the fiction published in the pulp magazines – and, by extension, any ...
[92]
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PULP FICTION – Fantasy Author's Handbook
Feb 23, 2021 · In fact, the 30s was the pulps' peak period, with as many as forty-four monthly titles on sale at any given time. The 30s also saw the rise of ...Missing: 1930s | Show results with:1930s
[93]
Healthy Ways to Use Your Leftover Pulp from Juicing - EatingWell
Apr 16, 2024 · I found suggestions for using the pulp in pancakes, stirring it into mashed potatoes, adding it to pasta sauce, molding it into burgers and even mixing it into ...
[94]
Spleen | Veterian Key
Jul 18, 2016 · The parenchyma of the normal spleen consists of red and white pulp surrounded by a capsule and traversed by a complex network of trabeculae.
[95]
The Art of Papermaking | Tufts Now
May 16, 2018 · Contemporary fiber choices run a wide spectrum: her students use old clothing, recycled papers, locally sourced plants, Japanese fibers, and ...Missing: movement | Show results with:movement
[96]
Pulpit - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
"Pulpit," from Late Latin pulpitum of unknown origin, means a raised platform for speakers, especially in churches where preachers deliver sermons.
[97]
pulp, n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English Dictionary
The earliest known use of the noun pulp is in the Middle English period (1150—1500). OED's earliest evidence for pulp is from before 1400, in Lanfranc's Science ...