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Chingay parade

The Chingay Parade is an annual street parade held in Singapore and Malaysia during the Lunar New Year celebrations, that originated from traditional Chinese processions known as zhuangyi or tai ge and has evolved into a vibrant, multicultural spectacle featuring elaborate floats, dynamic performances, and international acts to showcase the diverse ethnic heritage of the regions.^[1] The modern iteration of the parade began on 4 February 1973, when the People's Association organized the first event with approximately 2,000 participants along a route in Jalan Besar, primarily to replace banned firecrackers during Chinese New Year festivities and to foster racial harmony among communities.^[1]^[2] Initially rooted in Hokkien Chinese traditions brought by 19th-century migrants from southern China, where it involved religious processions honoring Taoist deities, the parade quickly expanded beyond its ethnic origins.^[1]^[3] By 1977, Chingay had become a national event under the People's Association, incorporating participants from various ethnic groups and transforming into a symbol of multiculturalism, with themes that blend tradition, innovation, and social messages.^[4] Key elements include intricately designed floats crafted by community artists—such as the 17 community floats featured in 2024—alongside lion and dragon dances, acrobatics, stilt-walking, and performances by international troupes from countries like Japan and Brazil.^[1] The event has grown significantly, attracting tens of thousands of attendees annually and earning recognition as one of Asia's largest street parades.^[5] Over the decades, the parade's route has shifted from Jalan Besar to prominent locations like the Formula 1 Pit Building, and it has adapted to contemporary challenges, including a fully digital edition in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic that featured public-submitted videos and virtual shows.^[1] International participation began in 1985, further globalizing the event, while recent editions, such as the one held on 7–8 February 2025, continued to emphasize themes of unity and cultural exchange with advanced lighting, projections, and diverse acts. In 2025, Singapore and Malaysia jointly nominated the Chingay Parade for UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.^[4]^[5] Today, Chingay remains a cherished national treasure, organized by the People's Association in collaboration with community groups, promoting social cohesion and preserving intangible cultural heritage.^[6]^[1]

Origins

Etymology

The term "Chingay" originates from the Hokkien dialect spoken by southern Chinese communities, particularly in Fujian province and among overseas diaspora groups. It is a phonetic rendering of the Hokkien phrase "chng-gē," which combines "chng" (derived from the Mandarin "zhuāng," meaning to decorate or embellish) and "gē" (from "yì," meaning art). This etymology reflects the parade's emphasis on ornate displays and performances.^[1] In Hokkien usage, "Chingay" translates to the "art of costume and attire," highlighting the elaborate masquerades, floral decorations, and stilt-walking that characterize the procession. Some interpretations also link it to "chin-gē" (from Mandarin "zhēn yì," meaning "true art"), underscoring the authentic craftsmanship in these cultural displays. This dual connotation has been documented in Hokkien-speaking regions since at least the 19th century.^[7]^[3] The word connects to the broader Chinese concept of "zhuāngyì" (妆艺), which denotes the artistic tradition of adornment and costuming in festive processions, a practice rooted in southern dialects like Hokkien. Historical records from missionary accounts in Amoy (modern Xiamen) confirm "tsng gē" or "chingay" as referring to such embellished communal rituals among Hokkien communities. This linguistic heritage underscores the parade's focus on visual splendor as a form of cultural expression.^[3]^[1]

Historical roots in China

The origins of Chingay-like processions can be traced to traditional practices in southern China, particularly in Fujian province, where they formed part of folk religious festivals blending Taoist, Buddhist, and local customs to honor deities such as the Goddess of Mercy (Guanyin). These rituals invoked blessings for prosperity and protection through communal expressions of devotion, featuring costumed performers and symbolic displays that reinforced social and spiritual bonds.^[8]^[3] By the early 19th century, these traditions had evolved significantly in southern China, particularly in Fujian province, where they became prominent during Lunar New Year celebrations and religious birthdays of deities. In regions like Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, known for their vibrant Hokkien cultural heritage, processions known as tai ge (抬阁) involved children and performers dressed in ornate costumes, carried aloft on decorated platforms or poles to depict mythological scenes and historical tales. These events incorporated floats adorned with intricate carvings, stilt-walkers navigating crowds with acrobatic flair, and lantern processions that illuminated the night, creating a festive atmosphere accompanied by gongs, drums, and cymbals. Such celebrations not only entertained but also strengthened community ties through shared participation in honoring local patrons like Mazu or Tua Pek Kong, often syncretized with Guanyin worship.^[3]^[1] Central to these rituals was the role of carrying temple deities in ornate palanquins, a practice deeply embedded in Fujian's communal life. In Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, villagers and temple associations would transport sacred images—such as statues of Guanyin—through winding streets in elaborately decorated sedan chairs, symbolizing the deity's journey among the people to dispel misfortune and ensure harmony. These processions, often culminating at temples with offerings and communal feasts, underscored the folk religious emphasis on balance between heaven and earth, fostering unity and cultural continuity in agrarian societies. Historical accounts from the Qing era highlight how such events drew entire towns, blending reverence with spectacle to mark pivotal calendar moments.^[3]^[1]

Chingay in Malaysia

In Penang

The Chingay parade in Penang was introduced by 19th-century Chinese immigrants from Fujian province, primarily the Hokkien community, who brought the tradition as part of religious festivities honoring deities.^[7]^[9] The first officially recorded event occurred in 1919, organized by market traders and Chinese clan associations to celebrate the birthday of the Goddess of Mercy (Kuan Yin), featuring a grand procession through George Town's streets.^[7]^[10] This procession marked the beginning of a longstanding local adaptation of the ritual, emphasizing devotion and communal harmony within Penang's Chinese diaspora.^[3] Originally rooted in Taoist and Buddhist rituals during the Chinese New Year period, including the 21st day of the first lunar month, the Penang Chingay parade evolved in the 1970s to become an annual late December event as part of broader heritage celebrations, blending spiritual reverence with artistic displays that reflect Penang's multicultural heritage.^[11] The modern procession features temple-based elements with vibrant dragon and lion dances, stilt walkers, and elaborately decorated floral floats, with participants from various Chinese dialect groups parading through key areas like George Town to invoke blessings and foster unity. The event draws thousands.^[7]^[11] A distinctive feature is the "Chingay pole" or flag-balancing act, where performers skillfully balance towering poles—up to 20 feet high—adorned with large triangular flags on their heads, shoulders, or teeth, often while walking or climbing ladders during the procession.^[7]^[12] This acrobatic tradition, originating from Hokkien street arts, symbolizes strength and precision, captivating audiences and requiring years of training.^[3] Community involvement is pivotal, coordinated by organizations such as the Penang Chingay Association and clan groups including the Penang Teochew Association, which contribute performers, floats, and logistical support to ensure the event's continuity.^[11]^[13] The 2025 Penang Chingay parade, scheduled for December 20 from 6:00 PM to 11:00 PM starting at Padang Brown and ending at Padang Kota Lama, underscores ongoing cultural convergence through its theme of multiculturalism, aligning with broader efforts to nominate Chingay for UNESCO recognition.^[14]^[13] Over 40 teams are expected to participate, showcasing evolved performances that blend tradition with contemporary elements while preserving the parade's devotional core.^[15] This iteration highlights how the event continues to unite diverse communities in Penang, adapting to modern contexts without diluting its historical essence.^[7]

In Johor

The Chingay parade in Johor Bahru traces its origins to the 1870s, coinciding with the founding of the Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple by Tan Hiok Nee, a prominent leader among early Chinese immigrants in the region.^[16]^[17] Established in 1870 as a place of worship for five major Chinese dialect groups—Teochew, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, and Hainanese—the temple became the focal point for communal rituals that evolved into the parade.^[17]^[18] This event has been celebrated annually for over 150 years, reflecting the enduring traditions brought by Chinese migrants from southern China.^[19] The parade unfolds as a multi-day festival, typically spanning the 19th to 22nd day of the first lunar month, marking the latter part of Chinese New Year celebrations.^[20] A central highlight is the "Parade of Deities" (游神), where multiple gods from the temple—such as the Jade Emperor and other heavenly figures—are carried in ornate palanquins through the streets, accompanied by vibrant processions.^[21] The spectacle includes dynamic lion and dragon dances, acrobatic displays, and explosive fireworks, creating a sensory-rich display of devotion and festivity.^[22]^[19] Organized by committees from the Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, the parade has grown from modest immigrant rituals into a major cultural phenomenon, drawing participation from diverse community members across the dialect groups.^[23] Its scale necessitates extensive traffic management, with phased road closures along a 7.8-kilometer route through the city center to accommodate the procession of over 85 floats and thousands of performers.^[24]^[19] In 2025, approximately 500,000 attendees gathered, underscoring its role as a unifying urban event that blends religious reverence with communal joy.^[25]

Chingay in Singapore

Establishment and early years

The Chingay Parade in Singapore was established as a response to the nationwide ban on fireworks and firecrackers implemented in August 1972, following several fire incidents that posed significant safety risks during Chinese New Year celebrations.^[1]^[6]^[26] The ban, enacted by the government under Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, eliminated a traditional element of warding off evil spirits, prompting the need for an alternative festive spectacle to maintain community vibrancy.^[1] On February 4, 1973, the inaugural parade was organized jointly by the People's Association (PA), a statutory board promoting community activities, and the Singapore National Pugilistic Federation, drawing on martial arts traditions to create a procession that compensated for the lost fireworks display.^[27]^[2] This event marked the modern inception of Chingay in Singapore, transforming a localized Hokkien term for "art of costume" into a structured street parade.^[28] The first Chingay Parade focused on Chinese New Year festivities, featuring approximately 2,000 performers who showcased simple floats, lion and dragon dances, martial arts demonstrations, and traditional stilt walkers along an eight-kilometer route starting from Tyrwhitt Road near Jalan Besar, proceeding through North Bridge Road, and ending at Outram Park.^[29]^[1]^[30] Highlights included South and North China lion dance troupes, unicycle acts, and "big head" doll performers, all aimed at instilling joy and unity in a young nation still building its post-independence identity after 1965.^[2] Thousands of spectators lined the streets, reflecting the parade's immediate appeal as a family-oriented event that fostered social cohesion without the dangers of pyrotechnics.^[29] Held in the Year of the Ox, the procession emphasized cultural pride and community engagement, setting a foundation for annual celebrations.^[4] During the 1970s and 1980s, the Chingay Parade grew in scale and scope, solidifying its status as an annual highlight of the lunar calendar while incorporating early international elements to enhance its appeal.^[6] Performer numbers increased steadily, with the event evolving from a primarily Chinese-centric procession to one that began highlighting Singapore's multicultural fabric through diverse acts.^[1] Guest performances from Malaysia, including traditional dance troupes, and cultural exchanges with China, such as lion dance teams, added cross-border flair starting in the late 1970s, helping to establish Chingay as a symbol of regional harmony and festive innovation.^[3] By the mid-1980s, the parade had attracted larger crowds and more elaborate displays, transitioning its route to include Orchard Road in 1985, which further boosted its prominence as a national event.^[28]

Evolution and modern celebrations

In the 1980s, the Chingay Parade in Singapore underwent a significant transformation, expanding beyond its initial Chinese-centric focus to incorporate performances from Indian, Malay, and Eurasian communities, thereby reflecting the nation's multicultural fabric. This shift began in earnest in 1977 with the inclusion of Malay and Indian groups, evolving into a broader celebration by the decade's end that featured diverse acts such as dikir barat and kathakali alongside traditional Chinese elements.^[29]^[31]^[1] To enhance resilience against Singapore's unpredictable weather, the parade relocated to the indoor F1 Pit Building venue starting in 2010, allowing for consistent large-scale productions regardless of rain.^[4] This move supported the event's growth into a more elaborate spectacle, with key modern features including intricately designed LED-lit floats that illuminate themes of unity and joy, often inspired by local culture and cuisine. International collaborations have further enriched the parade, such as partnerships with Taiwanese performers who joined in 2021 to showcase synchronized dances and lantern displays, alongside groups from Japan, Thailand, and other nations.^[32]^[33]^[34] The 2025 edition exemplified these developments, themed "JOY" to celebrate shared experiences across ethnic lines, held on 7 and 8 February at the F1 Pit Building in conjunction with Singapore's SG60 independence anniversary. It featured a record 23 food-inspired floats, over 4,000 performers, and innovative elements like a 12-meter district-level float, emphasizing communal harmony through vibrant visuals and music.^[35] Organized by the People's Association (PA), the parade relies on corporate sponsorships from entities like Toteboard and DBS Bank to fund its operations and community outreach. These partnerships enable free heartland previews and attract around 30,000-40,000 attendees to the main event over two nights annually, with heartland activities engaging wider audiences.^[36]^[37]^[38] In 2025, public engagement was heightened through digital voting for favorite mural designs and installations, allowing residents to influence artistic elements and reinforcing the event's inclusive ethos.^[39]

Cultural significance

Religious and traditional elements

The Chingay parade is deeply rooted in Chinese folk religion, where deity processions form the central ritualistic core, involving the ceremonial carrying of statues of gods and goddesses such as Guanyin, the Goddess of Mercy, and Tua Pek Kong, the God of Prosperity, on ornate palanquins or platforms known as taige. These processions, originating from 19th-century Chinese immigrant communities in Penang, serve to honor the deities and seek blessings for prosperity and protection, with participants offering incense and prayers along the route to invoke divine favor. In Johor Bahru, the parade specifically worships five major deities representing Hainanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien, and Teochew communities, parading them en masse from temples through streets to distribute communal good fortune.^[40]^[41]^[31] Auspicious symbols play a vital role in these rituals, symbolizing harmony, power, and abundance; dragons and lions, performed through dynamic dances, represent imperial strength and warding off evil, while floral arrangements on floats and giant lanterns evoke renewal and fertility for the coming year. Traditional performances enhance the spiritual atmosphere, including stilt-walking by performers elevated on wooden poles to mimic divine elevation, flag-balancing acts with massive bamboo poles bearing colorful banners ranging from 7.6 to 9.8 meters tall and weighing about 60 pounds (27 kg), and communal incense offerings burned at key points to purify the path and attract blessings. These elements underscore the parade's ties to Chinese folk beliefs in balancing yin and yang through vibrant, communal displays.^[3]^[41]^[40] The timing of Chingay processions is intrinsically linked to the lunar calendar, aligning with significant religious events such as deity birthdays—for instance, Guanyin's on the 19th day of the second lunar month or the 21st day of the first month in Johor for the Goddess of Mercy and other gods—or festivals like Chap Goh Meh on the 15th day of the first month in Ipoh, ensuring rituals coincide with cosmic cycles for maximum efficacy. Variations occur regionally, with Kedah's event on the 9th day of the ninth lunar month honoring local deities.^[40]^[41]^[31] Preservation of these traditions relies on dedicated community guilds and associations, which maintain artisanal skills essential to the rituals, such as intricate float construction adorned with symbolic motifs and the training of performers in stilt-walking and flag-balancing. In Malaysia, temple-based committees like the Penang Chingay Liaison Committee, established in 1960, oversee ritual preparations and ensure authentic deity processions tied to Hokkien and Cantonese temple practices, emphasizing spiritual devotion over spectacle. In contrast, Singapore's efforts focus more on performative arts, with guilds adapting traditional elements like lion dances and incense rituals into structured community training programs to sustain cultural continuity amid urban changes.^[41]^[31]^[3]

Multicultural impact and global recognition

The Chingay parade has transformed into a powerful symbol of harmony in multi-ethnic societies, particularly in Singapore, where it evolved from a primarily Chinese New Year celebration to incorporate performances and floats representing Malay, Indian, and other communities, thereby promoting national unity among diverse ethnic groups. In Malaysia, especially in Penang and Johor, the parade bridges Chinese and Malay communities by integrating multicultural elements, such as joint processions and shared rituals, evolving from exclusive Chinese devotional practices to inclusive events that embody social cohesion and national values across racial lines. This shift underscores Chingay's role in fostering inter-ethnic dialogue and cultural integration in both nations. On the global stage, Chingay has gained recognition through international collaborations and performances, welcoming thousands of overseas artists from countries like Japan, Cambodia, and Indonesia, which highlight its appeal as a platform for cross-cultural exchange. A significant milestone is the joint nomination by Singapore and Malaysia in March 2025 to inscribe "Chingay: a street parade that showcases multiculturalism, traditions, and artistic displays of communities" on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, with the decision anticipated by the end of 2026. This effort emphasizes Chingay's contribution to preserving shared Asian heritage amid globalization. Chingay's impact extends to educational initiatives and tourism, with programs like Singapore's Chingay National Education Assembly reaching primary and secondary schools to teach about its multicultural significance, alongside community workshops and digital activities such as Minecraft float design competitions that engage youth in cultural preservation. In Johor, the 2025 parade drew an estimated 500,000 participants and spectators, boosting local tourism and economic activity through increased visitor spending. Extensive media coverage, including international reports on its vibrant displays, has further promoted Asian cultural exchange, amplifying Chingay's visibility as a model of harmonious multiculturalism.

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None
### Summary of Religious Elements in Johor Bahru Chingay