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Johor

Johor is the southernmost state of Peninsular Malaysia, occupying the tip of the Malay Peninsula and bordering Singapore across the Straits of Johor.^[1] The state encompasses diverse geography including coastal plains, rainforests, and offshore islands, with Johor Bahru serving as its capital and largest city.^[1] As of the 2020 census, Johor's population stood at 4,009,670, with estimates projecting growth to approximately 4.2 million by 2025.^[1]^[2] It operates as a constitutional sultanate under Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar, whose lineage traces to the Johor Dynasty established in 1528 as the successor to the fallen Sultanate of Malacca following its conquest by the Portuguese in 1511.^[3]^[4] In 2023, Johor recorded a gross domestic product of RM148.2 billion, ranking as Malaysia's third-largest state economy, driven by manufacturing, services linked to Singapore's proximity, and agriculture—particularly palm oil, which accounts for a significant share of national output.^[5]^[6] The state's historical role as a trading hub evolved through multiple capital relocations for strategic defense and commerce, culminating in modernization under 19th-century rulers who forged ties with British colonial interests while preserving monarchical authority.^[3]

Etymology

Name Origins and Evolution

The name "Johor" derives from the Arabic word jauhar (جوهر), signifying "precious gem" or "jewel," a term employed by Arab traders engaged in commerce along ancient maritime routes in the Malay Peninsula, likely alluding to gemstone deposits near the Johor River.^[7]^[8] This etymology reflects the region's early economic allure, with the term borrowed into Persian as gauhar before entering Malay linguistic usage through trade interactions. Prior designations, such as Gangganu ("treasury of gems") used by Siamese visitors, similarly emphasized these natural resources, indicating a consistent thematic association predating formalized Arab influence.^[7]^[9] In historical records, the name evolved from denoting the Johor River and its immediate environs to encompassing the broader territorial polity. Javanese accounts referred to it as Galoh, another term for gems, underscoring cross-cultural perceptions tied to the area's reputed mineral wealth, while Portuguese chroniclers from the 16th century onward adapted it as variants like "Jor" or "Johor" in navigation and trade logs, integrating it into European mappings of Southeast Asian entrepôts.^[10] This progression mirrored the shift from localized geographic reference to a dynastic identifier for the emerging sultanate, without altering the core connotation of value and rarity. By the 19th century, amid interactions with British colonial authorities, the spelling "Johore" (with a terminal "e") gained prevalence in official documents and treaties, as seen in maps delineating the polity's domains, before standardizing to "Johor" in modern Malaysian state nomenclature.^[11] This orthographic evolution paralleled the name's entrenchment in regal titles, such as those of the Sultan of Johor, symbolizing enduring prestige derived from its jewel-like origins, though detached from literal gem extraction which diminished over time.^[12] ![Map of the Dominions of Johore from 1727, illustrating historical spelling variations][center]

History

Early Settlements and Hindu-Buddhist Era

Archaeological findings indicate human presence in Johor dating back to the late Pleistocene, with evidence of anatomically modern humans in the broader Malaysian peninsula from at least 40,000 years ago, including Hoabinhian hunter-gatherer tools and settlements between 13,000 and 3,000 years ago.^[14] In Johor specifically, the Gua Kajang cave site reveals prehistoric lifeways from 11,000 to 4,000 years ago, featuring human burials, stone tools, and associated fauna indicative of foraging economies adapted to tropical environments.^[15] These early inhabitants likely engaged in rudimentary coastal resource exploitation, setting a foundation for later maritime activities. Austronesian-speaking Proto-Malay groups migrated to the Malay Peninsula between 2,000 and 1,500 BCE as part of broader expansions from Taiwan via the Philippines, introducing advanced seafaring, rice cultivation, and metalworking that facilitated settlement in Johor's riverine and coastal zones. This period coincided with initial trade contacts via the Strait of Malacca, where Austronesian vessels enabled exchanges of goods like spices and forest products with Indian and Chinese merchants, evidenced by early imported ceramics and beads found in regional sites.^[16] Such interactions, driven by monsoon winds and demand for exotic commodities, laid causal groundwork for cultural diffusion without implying immediate political dominance. From the 7th to 13th centuries CE, Johor's territories fell under the thalassocratic influence of the Srivijaya empire, a Buddhist maritime power centered in Sumatra that exerted loose control over Malay Peninsula trading ports through naval prowess and tribute systems.^[17] Archaeological evidence from Kota Gelanggi, an ancient urban complex in southern Johor dated to around the 7th-11th centuries CE via inscribed granite slabs and downstream artifacts, points to it as a Srivijayan outpost with Hindu-Buddhist ritual centers and trade hubs linking India, China, and local polities.^[18] These sites yielded items like Indian glass beads and Chinese porcelain shards, confirming empirical ties to trans-regional commerce rather than mere legend, though perishable wooden temples limit preserved monumental architecture.^[19] The subsequent Majapahit empire (13th-16th centuries CE), a Hindu-Javanese hegemon, extended suzerainty over parts of the peninsula, including Johor, through military campaigns and cultural exports like gamelan orchestras and keris daggers, which integrated into local elites' power symbolism amid shifting alliances. Artifacts such as terracotta figurines and inscriptions from this era reflect syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices, empirically tied to Majapahit's control of spice routes that bolstered Johor's role as a peripheral entrepôt. This phase marked the zenith of Indianized influences before Islamic conversions eroded overt Hindu-Buddhist markers, with causal dynamics rooted in economic interdependence rather than ideological imposition alone.^[20]

Foundation of the Sultanate

The fall of the Malacca Sultanate to Portuguese forces in 1511 prompted Sultan Mahmud Shah to flee southward with remnants of his court, initially establishing a base at Bintan before seeking a more defensible position.^[21] His second son, Alauddin Riayat Shah II, capitalized on familial claims to Malay sovereignty by founding the Johor Sultanate in 1528, relocating the royal residence to Johor Lama at the mouth of the Johor River near Batu Sawar.^[3] This site provided natural fortifications via surrounding rivers and mangroves, while positioning Johor to intercept shipping through the Straits of Malacca, thereby inheriting Malacca's role as a regional entrepôt despite the Portuguese foothold in the former capital.^[22] Johor's early economy thrived on monopolizing transit trade across the straits, levying duties on vessels carrying spices, textiles, and porcelain between India, China, and the archipelago.^[22] The sultanate sourced pepper from inland tributaries like Pahang and tin from Perak mines, exporting these commodities to sustain alliances with regional merchants wary of Portuguese naval dominance.^[23] This commercial leverage enabled Alauddin Riayat Shah II to consolidate authority over vassal polities, fostering a network of bendahara (chief ministers) and laksamana (admirals) to enforce tribute and protect trade lanes, though prosperity remained contingent on naval superiority rather than expansive territory.^[22] From inception, Johor navigated realist power dynamics amid rivalries with Portugal, which sought to extirpate Muslim intermediaries, and Aceh, whose sultanate vied for pepper trade hegemony.^[24] Portuguese raids targeted Johor's shipping to disrupt recovery of Malacca's commerce, while Acehnese expeditions, starting in the 1530s, aimed to subjugate Johor as a prelude to challenging Portuguese Malacca directly.^[24] These conflicts underscored Johor's survival through opportunistic diplomacy—allying temporarily with one adversary against the other—prioritizing control of lucrative straits passages over ideological unity among Muslim states.^[25]

European Encounters and Colonial Pressures

The Portuguese conquest of Malacca in 1511 disrupted the established Malay trading networks centered on the strait, prompting the Johor Sultanate, as the successor state, to launch repeated raids against the Portuguese stronghold to reclaim commercial dominance.^[26] These hostilities escalated into direct assaults on Johor's capital, with Portuguese forces sacking Johor Lama in 1587 under Paulo de Lima Pereira, using a fleet of 16 warships to burn the city and force its temporary abandonment, thereby weakening Johor's ability to coordinate anti-Portuguese operations.^[27] Such incursions imposed significant military pressures, compelling the sultanate to relocate its base multiple times and rely on fortified riverine positions for defense, while Portuguese blockades intermittently restricted access to key trade goods like pepper and tin that flowed through Johor ports.^[28] The arrival of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the early 17th century introduced new dynamics, as the VOC forged an alliance with Johor in 1606 to counter Portuguese influence, formalized through a pact on 17 May that committed joint naval efforts against Malacca.^[29] This partnership enabled coordinated attacks, such as the 1603 seizure of Portuguese vessels in Johor waters with local support, but it also entangled Johor in European rivalries, diverting resources from internal consolidation to sustain the anti-Portuguese campaigns that culminated in the 1641 fall of Malacca.^[26] Dutch commercial priorities, centered on securing monopolies over spices like cloves from the Moluccas, indirectly pressured Johor's entrepôt trade by redirecting regional shipping routes and enforcing exclusive trading pacts that limited free access to the Straits of Malacca, contributing to fluctuations in Johor's export volumes of regional commodities such as forest products and metals.^[30] Amid these European incursions, migrations of Bugis warriors from Sulawesi bolstered Johor's resilience, with groups arriving in the late 17th century as mercenaries to counter regional threats exacerbated by colonial disruptions, including alliances against Jambi and internal factions.^[31] Leaders like Daeng Marewa integrated into Johor's court, providing naval expertise and manpower that helped maintain sovereignty against both Asian rivals and the encroaching European powers, though this reliance on Bugis military aid eventually shifted power dynamics within the sultanate.^[32] These alliances underscored Johor's adaptive strategy in a era of gunpowder diplomacy, where European technological superiority in artillery and shipping forced local rulers to balance opportunistic partnerships with defenses of territorial integrity.^[29]

British Protectorate and Modernization

In 1885, Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor signed the Johor Treaty with the British Straits Settlements government on 11 December, establishing a framework for British influence that included mutual cooperation on territorial defense and the appointment of a British agent to reside in Johor.^[33] ^[34] This agreement, while not immediately imposing a full residency system like the Pangkor Treaty of 1874 in Perak, progressively limited the sultan's autonomy in foreign affairs and security matters, marking the onset of protectorate status amid British strategic interests in countering Dutch expansion and securing trade routes.^[33] Johor's rulers resisted outright control, negotiating terms that preserved internal administrative powers longer than in other Malay states.^[35] By 1914, under Sultan Ibrahim, Johor formalized British advisory oversight through an agreement appointing a General Adviser—effectively a resident—who wielded veto power over state policies except those personally concerning the sultan, integrating Johor into the broader Federated Malay States framework without full federation membership.^[33] This system centralized administration, introducing British legal codes, land surveys, and revenue collection that streamlined governance but entrenched colonial extraction, with the sultanate retaining nominal sovereignty while real decision-making shifted to the adviser. Local elites, including Malay chiefs, experienced marginalization as British officials prioritized efficiency over traditional hierarchies, fostering resentment documented in contemporary accounts of sultanate efforts to modernize independently prior to deeper intervention.^[36] Economic modernization accelerated under protectorate rule, exemplified by the completion of the Johor railway line from Gemas to Johor Bahru in 1909, which facilitated resource transport and connected to the Federated Malay States network, boosting trade volumes from tin and agricultural exports.^[37] Rubber cultivation expanded rapidly post-1900, with Johor's plantations contributing significantly to Malaya's output—reaching over 50% of global supply by the 1910s—driving GDP growth through export revenues but creating dependency on volatile commodity prices and foreign capital.%20Sep.%202012/21%20pg%20897-916.pdf) ^[38] British labor importation policies for plantations exacerbated ethnic stratification, assigning Chinese migrants to commerce and mining, Indians to rubber estates, and confining Malays to subsistence rice farming, a divide-and-rule approach that shifted demographics: Johor's non-Malay population rose from under 20% in the late 19th century to over 40% by 1931 census figures, heightening intergroup tensions through economic silos rather than integration.^[39] ^[40] This compartmentalization, while enabling rapid development, sowed seeds of communal discord by linking ethnicity to livelihood, as evidenced by persistent segregation in land tenure and employment patterns persisting beyond colonial rule.^[41]

World War II and Japanese Occupation

Japanese forces advanced into Johor in mid-January 1942 as part of their campaign through Malaya, having captured Kuala Lumpur on 11 January. The Battle of Muar, fought from 14 to 22 January between Allied forces including the Australian 8th Division and Japanese troops from the 5th Division and Imperial Guards, represented a significant delaying action in northern Johor, with Australians destroying several Japanese tanks before withdrawing southward.^[42] Japanese units subsequently pushed to Johor Bahru, crossing the demolished causeway into Singapore on 8 February 1942, securing the fall of the island fortress by 15 February.^[43] Johor came under Japanese military administration from February 1942 until the surrender on 15 August 1945, integrated into the broader occupation structure of Malaya under the 25th Army. Sultan Ibrahim retained nominal authority but collaborated with the Japanese, allowing occupation forces to use structures such as the Sultan Ibrahim Building in Johor Bahru for operational planning during the invasion of Singapore.^[44] ^[45] This cooperation preserved the sultanate's facade amid military oversight, though the sultan grew resentful of Japanese governance in later years.^[46] Armed resistance developed mainly through the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), a guerrilla force organized by the Malayan Communist Party and predominantly ethnic Chinese, which consolidated operations in Johor by March 1942 to conduct ambushes, sabotage, and intelligence gathering against Japanese installations.^[47] ^[48] Organized Malay resistance remained limited, with some individuals engaging in underground activities, but the MPAJA's actions highlighted ethnic dimensions in opposition efforts that later influenced nationalist dynamics.^[49] The Japanese exploited Johor's resources, redirecting rubber production—a pre-war mainstay contributing to Malaya's 40% share of global output—to support the Axis war machine, though yields declined amid labor shortages and market isolation.^[47] ^[50] Forced labor recruitment under the romusha system conscripted locals and imported workers for military infrastructure, including airfields and roads, often resulting in high mortality from malnutrition and abuse.^[51] ^[52] Food shortages escalated from 1943 due to severed rice imports—Malaya had relied on external supplies for 65% of needs—leading to Japanese-directed resettlement to agricultural zones like Endau in Johor and widespread reliance on subsistence crops, with malnutrition prevalent but no large-scale famine recorded.^[53] ^[54]

Independence, Merger, and Formation of Malaysia

The Federation of Malaya, comprising eleven states including Johor, attained independence from British rule on 31 August 1957, marking the end of colonial administration and the establishment of self-governance under a constitutional monarchy where the sultans retained significant ceremonial and advisory roles.^[55] This independence extended uniformly to Johor, whose Sultan Ismail al-Mustain Billah had earlier participated in negotiations affirming the state's position within the federation through agreements that preserved monarchical prerogatives.^[56] In the ensuing years, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman proposed expanding the federation to include the British territories of Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore, forming the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 to consolidate anti-communist defenses and counter regional instability.^[55] The Malay Rulers, including Johor's Sultan, exercised their constitutional veto power by consenting to this merger via the Conference of Rulers, which required unanimous approval for amendments altering the federation's structure, thereby underscoring the sultans' role as checks against central overreach.^[57] Indonesia's President Sukarno vehemently opposed the new federation, initiating Konfrontasi—a campaign of guerrilla incursions and propaganda from early 1963 aimed at dismantling Malaysia through proxy conflicts primarily in Borneo, which strained the nascent union but ultimately failed to prevent its formation.^[58] Johor, strategically bordering Singapore, experienced indirect pressures from these tensions, including heightened border security and economic disruptions, yet its ruling house supported the merger to maintain territorial integrity and Malay dominance within the expanded entity. The inclusion of Singapore, with its majority Chinese population and economic prowess, introduced immediate frictions over fiscal policies—Singapore sought retained free-port status, clashing with Malaysia's common market vision—and ideological rifts between the federal Alliance Party and Singapore's People's Action Party. These strains escalated into communal violence, notably the July 1964 racial riots in Singapore triggered by a procession dispute, resulting in 23 deaths, widespread arson, and assaults that exposed underlying ethnic divides exacerbated by political rhetoric from both federal and local leaders.^[59] A second outbreak in September 1964 claimed four more lives, intensifying fears of civil unrest spreading to peninsular states like Johor. Unable to reconcile these disparities, Tunku Abdul Rahman orchestrated Singapore's expulsion on 9 August 1965, framing it as a necessary separation to preserve national stability, though it highlighted federal vulnerabilities and Johor's proximity-fueled anxieties over cross-strait migration and loyalty.^[55] The dissolution reaffirmed the sultans' enduring influence, as post-separation adjustments required their ongoing assent, reinforcing monarchical safeguards in Malaysia's federal framework.

Post-Independence Development and Challenges

Following Malaysia's formation in 1963, Johor experienced accelerated economic development under the New Economic Policy (NEP), implemented from 1971 to 1990, which prioritized poverty reduction irrespective of ethnicity and societal restructuring to diminish associations between race and economic function.^[60] In Johor, the policy spurred state-led initiatives through economic development corporations established since the mid-1960s, fostering industrial estates and export-oriented manufacturing sectors such as electronics, textiles, and resource-based industries, leveraging the state's strategic border with Singapore for labor and market access.^[61] This shift diversified Johor's economy away from primary commodities like rubber and tin, with manufacturing output expanding rapidly; nationally, the sector's contribution to GDP approached 30% by the early 1990s, driven by foreign direct investment in free trade zones and incentives for pioneer industries.^[62] The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis disrupted this momentum, causing Malaysia's GDP to contract by 7.4% in 1998 amid currency speculation, export slumps, and capital flight, with Johor's manufacturing and construction sectors hit hard due to reliance on regional trade.^[63] Recovery in Johor from 1999 onward was aided by spillover effects from Singapore's more insulated economy, including cross-border investments and commuter labor flows, enabling Johor to regain pre-crisis growth trajectories by the early 2000s through stabilized exports and infrastructure projects.^[38] In the 21st century, regional integration efforts like the Iskandar Malaysia development corridor, launched in 2006 across 2,217 square kilometers of southern Johor, aimed to balance rapid urbanization and growth with sustainable planning in logistics, education, and high-value manufacturing, attracting over RM150 billion in investments by fostering synergies with Singapore.^[64] Despite these advances, which halved poverty rates under NEP frameworks from around 50% nationally in 1970, challenges persisted in income inequality and ethnic economic gaps, as Bumiputera equity targets sometimes prioritized redistribution over merit-based efficiency, contributing to debates on long-term competitiveness.^[65] The Johor Sultanate has actively addressed sociocultural challenges amid modernization, issuing edicts to reinforce traditional Islamic values; in February 2023, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar endorsed a state fatwa prohibiting Muslims from participating in non-Islamic religious rituals, framing it as a safeguard for faith integrity compatible with interfaith harmony in non-ritual contexts like festivals.^[66] Such interventions counter perceived liberal encroachments, including bans on 22 deviant religious groups and teachings since the 1980s, underscoring the monarchy's role in maintaining cultural anchors against globalization's homogenizing pressures.^[67]

Geography

Physical Landscape and Borders

Johor occupies 19,166 km² in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. The state shares a land border with Pahang to the north, while its western boundary abuts the Straits of Malacca. To the south, the Straits of Johor separate it from Singapore, connected by the Johor–Singapore Causeway. The eastern coastline borders the South China Sea, with maritime boundaries near Indonesia's Riau Islands.^[17] The physical landscape features predominantly flat, jungle-covered terrain with extensive swamps, particularly along the coasts and lowlands. Elevations rise in the east-central region, forming part of the Endau-Rompin mountain range, where peaks surpass 900 meters; Johor's highest point is Gunung Ledang at 1,276 meters.^[17]^[68] Major hydrological features include the Johor River, measuring 122.7 km in length with a drainage basin of 2,636 km², originating near Mount Gemuruh and discharging into the Straits of Johor. Its tributaries, such as the Berangan, Lebak, and Lebam Rivers, support lowland hydrology conducive to agriculture. Coastal zones host mangrove ecosystems and islands like Pulau Kukup, a designated Ramsar site, though mangrove coverage has declined at rates of approximately 1.12% annually in recent decades due to various pressures.^[69]^[70]

Climate and Environmental Conditions

Johor experiences a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), characterized by high temperatures and humidity throughout the year, with average annual temperatures ranging from 25.8°C to 27°C and daily highs typically between 24°C and 32°C.^[71]^[72] Precipitation is abundant, averaging 2,600 mm annually across the state, with variations by location; for instance, Johor Bahru records about 2,681 mm per year, distributed relatively evenly but peaking during the inter-monsoon periods and the northeast monsoon from November to March.^[73]^[74] The southwest monsoon from May to September brings drier conditions interspersed with convective showers, while the northeast monsoon enhances rainfall intensity, contributing to frequent heavy downpours and localized flooding risks.^[75]^[76] Transboundary haze episodes, primarily from seasonal peatland fires in neighboring Indonesia, periodically degrade air quality in Johor, particularly during the dry phases of the southwest monsoon. In 2015, severe haze led to hazardous Air Pollutant Index (API) levels exceeding 300 in multiple areas, with a peak reading of 663 recorded in Muar on October 23, driven by elevated PM10 concentrations from smoke plumes.^[77]^[78] These events, recurring in El Niño-influenced years, result in API classifications shifting from moderate to unhealthy, with visibility reductions and increased particulate matter, though monitoring data indicate episodic rather than chronic pollution.^[79] Satellite altimetry data reveal accelerating sea level rise in Malaysian waters, averaging 4.22 ± 0.12 mm per year around Johor, exceeding global averages due to regional factors like thermal expansion and land subsidence in coastal zones.^[80] This trend poses risks to low-lying coastal areas, including parts of Johor Bahru and the eastern straits, where projected inundation could affect mangroves and settlements by mid-century, as evidenced by multi-mission altimeter records from 1993 onward showing consistent upward trajectories.^[81] Empirical observations from tide gauges corroborate these rates, highlighting vulnerability in deltaic and estuarine regions without invoking adaptive measures.^[82]

Biodiversity and Natural Resources

Johor's ecosystems encompass tropical lowland dipterocarp forests, heath forests, fan palm forests, and coastal mangroves, contributing to the state's role in Malaysia's overall biodiversity richness.^[83] These habitats support high species diversity despite fragmentation from agricultural expansion, with approximately 23% of Johor's land area classified as forest, including permanent forest reserves.^[84] Key protected areas, such as Endau-Rompin National Park in eastern Johor, preserve ancient rainforest formations and harbor over 453 species of angiosperms, including more than 120 orchid varieties and 20 wild ginger species.^[85] Fauna in Johor includes emblematic species like the Malayan tiger (Panthera tigris jacksoni), classified as critically endangered by the IUCN, with Peninsular Malaysia's population estimated at fewer than 150 individuals as of 2022, down from 250-340 previously due to habitat loss and poaching.^[86]^[87] The Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), listed as endangered, inhabits forested wetlands and faces similar pressures from deforestation, with a regional population under 2,500 mature individuals. Other notable taxa include diverse avifauna, herpetofauna, and ichthyofauna, as documented in reserves like Gunung Panti and Gunung Belumut.^[88]^[89] Natural resources have historically included minor tin deposits, with mining activities recorded but not peaking prominently in Johor compared to other Malaysian states during the early 20th century.^[90] Today, agriculture dominates, with oil palm plantations covering over one-third of Johor's land area, making it the state's primary economic resource and a driver of habitat conversion.^[91] This expansion has accelerated deforestation, particularly in mangroves and riparian zones, exacerbating threats to biodiversity through fragmentation and degradation.^[92] Conservation efforts focus on national parks and reserves to mitigate these losses, though ongoing land-use changes continue to challenge species persistence.^[93]

Demographics

Population Dynamics and Urbanization

Johor's population stood at 4,009,670 according to the 2020 Population and Housing Census conducted by the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM).^[1] This figure reflects a steady increase from prior censuses, driven primarily by net migration inflows and natural growth, with the state accounting for approximately 12% of Malaysia's total population.^[94] DOSM projections estimate the population will reach 4,205,900 by mid-2025, implying an average annual growth rate of about 1% over the intervening period, below the national average due to moderating fertility and emigration patterns.^[2] Urbanization in Johor has accelerated significantly, with the proportion of urban residents rising in tandem with national trends from 28.4% in 1970 to 75.1% by 2020.^[95] State-level data indicate Johor exceeds the national average, particularly in southern districts, where over 85% of the population in the Johor Bahru area resides in urban settings as of recent assessments.^[96] This concentration is most evident in the Johor Bahru urban agglomeration, which encompasses the capital district and adjacent areas like Iskandar Puteri, supporting a built-up population exceeding 1.7 million in the core district alone and forming one of Malaysia's largest metropolitan zones after the Greater Kuala Lumpur area.^[97] The state's total fertility rate (TFR) has declined to approximately 1.8 children per woman in recent years, falling below the replacement level of 2.1 and aligning with broader Malaysian patterns of sub-replacement fertility observed since the 2010s.^[98] Demographic analyses attribute this trend to socioeconomic factors, including rising living costs and delayed childbearing amid urban economic integration, as evidenced by DOSM vital statistics showing live births in Johor dropping from 67,183 in 2000 to lower annual figures by the 2020s.^[99] These dynamics contribute to an aging population structure, with projections indicating a gradual shift toward older age cohorts unless offset by sustained immigration.^[100]

Ethnic Composition and Immigration Patterns

Johor's ethnic composition reflects a majority Malay population augmented by significant historical immigration from China and India during the colonial era, alongside more recent inflows of foreign labor. According to the 2020 Population and Housing Census by the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the state's population stood at 4,009,670, with Bumiputera groups—predominantly Malays—accounting for approximately 55%, Chinese around 32%, Indians about 7%, and other minorities including indigenous Orang Asli and non-citizens the balance.^[1]^[101] These proportions stem from Johor's role as a southern economic hub, where colonial-era tin mining and rubber plantations drew Chinese migrants for commerce and skilled labor from the mid-19th century, and Indian laborers primarily for estate work starting around 1910.^[102]^[103] Chinese communities established dominance in trade and urban enterprises, leveraging familial networks and entrepreneurial adaptability, while Indian inflows were more transient and plantation-focused until post-independence settlement.^[104] Post-independence, Malaysia's Bumiputera policies—prioritizing economic opportunities for Malays and indigenous groups through quotas in education, contracts, and equity ownership—have aimed to redress historical disparities in commerce, where non-Malays held disproportionate control. In Johor, these measures, including the New Economic Policy of 1971, facilitated Malay entry into business sectors like plantations and banking, yet empirical assessments indicate persistent challenges: pre-1985 Malay-managed firms showed no superior performance in key industries, and affirmative preferences have correlated with higher failure rates in some financial institutions, suggesting distortions from merit-based allocation.^[105] Such interventions, while expanding Bumiputera corporate participation from minimal shares pre-1970 to around 20-30% by the 1990s nationally, have drawn critique for fostering dependency and reducing overall market efficiency, as resources are allocated by ethnic criterion rather than productivity.^[106] Contemporary immigration patterns emphasize low-skilled labor migration to address shortages in Johor's agriculture, construction, and manufacturing, driven by palm oil estates and proximity to Singapore. Indonesian workers, sharing linguistic and cultural ties, form a major group, with over 2.7 million nationally by 2021 estimates, many entering informally via porous borders; Bangladeshis have surged as the largest cohort post-2020, overtaking Indonesians due to recruitment drives amid crackdowns on undocumented entries.^[107]^[108] Nationally, foreign workers number about 2-3 million documented plus 1.2-3.5 million undocumented as of 2018-2020, with Johor's share elevated by its 500,000-plus palm oil workforce, where shortages in manual harvesting persist without migrant inflows.^[109]^[110] Undocumented status exacerbates integration hurdles, including exploitation, remittances outflows, and localized pressures on housing and services, though it sustains output in labor-intensive sectors causal to Johor's GDP growth exceeding 4% annually pre-pandemic.^[111] Regularization efforts, like the 2023 RTK 2.0 program permitting 518,000 former undocumented workers, highlight ongoing policy tensions between enforcement and economic needs.

Religious Affiliations

Islam constitutes the state religion of Johor, with 59.7 percent of the population adhering to it as of the most recent census data from the Department of Statistics Malaysia.^[1] The remaining affiliations include Buddhism at 28.7 percent, Hinduism at 7.1 percent, Christianity at 3.0 percent, and other faiths or no religion at 0.8 percent.^[1] These figures reflect Johor's diverse religious landscape, shaped by its multicultural population, though constitutional provisions mandate that all ethnic Malays practice Islam exclusively. The Sultan of Johor holds the constitutional position as head of Islam within the state, overseeing religious affairs and consenting to fatwas issued by the Johor Islamic Religious Council (MAINJ).^[112] For example, in February 2023, Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar approved a fatwa prohibiting Muslims from participating in rituals of non-Islamic faiths, emphasizing preservation of Islamic doctrine while affirming tolerance in non-religious interactions.^[66] ^[113] Sharia courts enforce Islamic family law for Muslims, adjudicating matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and inheritance under state enactments aligned with federal guidelines, operating in a dual legal system separate from civil courts.^[114] ^[115] Interfaith relations in Johor exhibit empirical stability, with no major recorded outbreaks of religious violence in state-specific reports from recent years, contrasting with occasional national tensions.^[116] However, post-2018 political shifts have fueled debates on expanding hudud penalties—Islamic criminal sanctions like amputation for theft—through amendments to Sharia court jurisdiction, though Johor has not enacted such measures amid broader resistance to federal overrides.^[117] Surveys indicate significant support among Johor's Muslim population for hudud implementation, reflecting traditionalist sentiments, yet practical enforcement remains limited to advisory and familial domains.^[118]

Languages and Dialects

Malay serves as the official language of Johor, consistent with its status under the Malaysian Constitution and the National Language Act of 1963/1967, which mandates its use in government, education, and official proceedings. The Johor dialect of Malay, often termed Johor-Riau Malay, predominates regionally and forms the foundation of standard Malaysian Malay due to its historical prestige as the dialect of the Johor Sultanate and its phonetic clarity, featuring a smooth, melodic intonation with reduced vowel contrasts compared to northern dialects. This dialect's characteristics, including softer consonants and specific lexical borrowings from trade languages, reflect Johor's position as a historical entrepôt linking the Malay Peninsula to the archipelago.^[119]^[120] English maintains significant proficiency and usage in Johor, particularly in urban centers like Johor Bahru, where cross-border economic ties with Singapore—facilitated by the Johor–Singapore Causeway—drive bilingualism in business, tourism, and media consumption. Surveys indicate moderate to high English skills among professionals, with Johor Bahru registering proficiency scores around 558 on localized indices, bolstered by exposure to Singaporean English via television and commuting workers, though rural areas show lower fluency aligned with national trends of 55-60% functional proficiency in urban Malaysia.^[121]^[122] Among Johor's ethnic Chinese population, comprising about 30% of residents per 2020 census data, southern Chinese dialects prevail in familial and community settings, with Teochew dominant in southern Johor due to 19th-century migrations from Guangdong province tied to tin mining and trade, and Hokkien common in northern enclaves reflecting Fujianese merchant networks. These dialects persist in urban Chinese enclaves like Johor Bahru and Muar, where they facilitate intra-community commerce, though Mandarin has gained ground as a unifying medium in schools and media since the 1980s vernacular education shifts.^[123]^[124] Minority languages from historical immigration include Javanese, spoken by descendants of 19th-20th century laborers from Java who settled in Johor's plantations and formed communities in areas like Kota Tinggi, preserving elements of krama (high Javanese) in cultural rituals despite assimilation pressures. Tagalog appears sporadically among recent Filipino migrant workers in services and construction, numbering in the thousands regionally, but remains limited to informal networks without institutional support. Johor's linguistic landscape emphasizes integration via Malay proficiency, as per national policies under the Education Act 1996, prioritizing assimilation into the Malay linguistic framework over siloed preservation of immigrant tongues to foster national cohesion.^[125]

Government and Politics

Sultanate and Constitutional Role

The Sultanate of Johor originated in 1528, when Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II, son of the last Sultan of Malacca, established the kingdom at Johor Lama after the Portuguese conquest of Malacca in 1511, continuing the lineage of Malay sultanates and asserting sovereignty over maritime trade routes in the Straits of Malacca.^[3] This historical continuity underscores the institution's role as a enduring symbol of Malay authority, predating British colonial interventions and persisting through federative arrangements in modern Malaysia.^[126] Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar ascended the throne on 23 January 2010 following the death of his father, Sultan Iskandar ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, and has since exercised constitutional prerogatives as the hereditary head of state under the Johor Constitution of 1895 (as amended) and the Federal Constitution of Malaysia.^[127] In this capacity, he holds discretionary authority to appoint the Menteri Besar (chief minister) based on command of the State Legislative Assembly's confidence, as well as executive members of the state government, while serving as the Sultan and Yang di-Bertuan of Johor with oversight over religious and customary matters.^[128] ^[129] As head of Islam in Johor, the Sultan enforces Sharia jurisdiction and safeguards Islamic institutions, a role reinforced by Article 3 of the Federal Constitution designating Islam as the religion of the Federation, with state rulers holding paramount authority over its administration.^[126] The Sultanate functions as a counterbalance to federal authority within Malaysia's federalism, with veto-like discretions through the Conference of Rulers—comprising the nine Malay rulers—over amendments affecting Malay rulers' rights, Islam, and special Malay privileges under Article 159(5), as well as potential checks on emergency declarations and legislative consents.^[130] This has manifested in Johor's resistance to perceived federal overreach, such as Sultan Ibrahim's 2022 public criticism of inadequate federal funding allocations to the state, invoking Johor's unique accession terms under the 1948 Federation of Malaya Agreement to assert autonomy.^[131] Historically, the institution has weathered challenges like the 1993 constitutional amendments curtailing royal immunity amid scandals involving prior sultans, yet retains influence as a stabilizing element by institutionalizing Malay preeminence—rooted in Article 153's provisions for quotas in public service, education, and economic assistance—thereby mitigating ethnic tensions in a multi-racial polity where Malays comprise the political core.^[132] ^[133] The monarchy's causal role in ethnic stability derives from its embodiment of ketuanan Melayu (Malay supremacy), providing a non-partisan anchor that deters erosion of Bumiputera safeguards amid demographic shifts and political fragmentation.^[134]

State Administration and Governance

Johor is administratively divided into 10 districts: Batu Pahat, Johor Bahru, Kluang, Kota Tinggi, Kulai, Mersing, Muar, Pontian, Segamat, and Tangkak. Johor Bahru serves as the state capital and administrative center, housing key government offices including the State Secretariat.^[135] Each district is headed by a district officer responsible for implementing state policies, managing land administration, and coordinating local services, with further subdivisions into 103 mukims for granular rural governance.^[136] The executive authority of the state is vested in the Menteri Besar, who is appointed by the Sultan and heads the State Executive Council comprising 10 members overseeing portfolios such as finance, health, and infrastructure.^[137] The Menteri Besar advises the Sultan on governance matters, ensuring alignment with the state constitution, while the council executes policies within the framework of Malaysia's federal system.^[138] Local governments, including municipal councils like the Johor Bahru City Council, operate under state oversight for urban planning, licensing, and public amenities, though their powers are constrained by federal legislation on concurrent matters.^[139] In 2024, Johor's state revenue reached RM2 billion, the highest on record, surpassing the budgeted RM1.804 billion and enabling allocations for development corridors such as Iskandar Malaysia, which emphasize infrastructure and economic zones.^[140] ^[141] Revenue sources include land sales, royalties, and federal grants, with a projected surplus of RM4.21 million supporting initiatives in rural districts.^[142] Administrative inefficiencies arise from overlapping federal and state jurisdictions, particularly in land use, environmental regulation, and town planning under Malaysia's concurrent list, leading to project delays such as in Iskandar region developments where federal approvals supersede state decisions.^[143] ^[144] These frictions have prompted calls for clearer delineation, as state-level execution often stalls amid federal vetoes on resource allocation.^[145]

Political Parties and Electoral History

Barisan Nasional (BN), primarily through its dominant component party United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), has maintained control over Johor's state assembly since Malaysia's formation in 1963, reflecting the state's entrenched Malay-majority political base and UMNO's organizational strength among rural voters.^[146] This dominance persisted through multiple elections, with BN securing supermajorities in pre-2018 polls by leveraging patronage networks that delivered development projects and subsidies to Malay rural constituencies.^[147] In the 9 May 2018 state election, concurrent with the federal poll, BN retained power with a reduced majority amid national upheaval, capturing 38 of 56 seats as opposition Pakatan Harapan (PH) gained ground in urban and mixed-ethnic areas, signaling early erosion of BN's invincibility through voter demands for anti-corruption reforms.^[148] Empirical patterns highlighted clientelism's role, with rural Malay-heavy seats showing 60-70% BN support tied to targeted aid distribution, contrasting urban swings toward PH where economic grievances and youth turnout favored reformist platforms.^[147] The snap 12 March 2022 state election saw BN rebound decisively, winning 40 seats and a two-thirds majority (37 seats required), bolstered by low turnout of 62.7% that disproportionately affected opposition mobilization in urban Johor Bahru.^[149] Perikatan Nasional (PN), formed in 2020 from defectors including Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, secured only four seats, mostly in semi-rural pockets, indicating limited penetration in Johor's UMNO heartland despite national Islamist appeals.^[150] PH's 12 seats underscored persistent urban-rural divides, with BN's rural clientelistic hold—evident in vote shares exceeding 65% in Malay-majority districts—outweighing reformist gains amid pandemic-related discontent.^[147] Subsequent developments, including the September 2024 Mahkota by-election where BN triumphed by 20,648 votes, reaffirmed UMNO's grip, with analysts attributing stability to sustained patronage amid federal unity pacts post-2022 general election.^[151] Voter shifts remain constrained, as rural empirical data shows loyalty to BN's resource allocation over PN's ideological challenges or PH's urban-centric governance critiques.^[152]

Security Apparatus and Internal Stability

The Johor contingent of the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM) forms the primary security apparatus for maintaining law and order in the state, operating under the national Inspector-General of Police and focusing on routine policing, border security, and counter-crime operations. In 2024, Johor police reported a 30% reduction in commercial crime losses, totaling RM80 million compared to RM261 million the previous year, attributed to enhanced enforcement efforts. Early 2025 data indicated a further 1.01% decrease in the overall crime index, with 491 cases in January versus 496 the prior year, amid ongoing national trends of rising property crimes.^[153]^[154]^[155] The Johor-Singapore border, particularly the Causeway, remains a vulnerability for smuggling of drugs, contraband, and illegal migrants, exacerbating cross-border security challenges and straining bilateral relations. These activities include human trafficking and narcotics flows, which Malaysian authorities link to broader Southeast Asian networks, though specific quantification of annual economic losses to Johor is limited in official reporting. PDRM's border patrols and joint operations with Singapore have intensified, but persistent illicit crossings highlight enforcement gaps in high-traffic zones.^[156]^[157] Johor has maintained internal stability since the 1989 peace accord that ended the Communist Party of Malaya's insurgency, with no active remnants or Maoist-inspired groups reported in the state post-agreement. This era marked a shift to conventional policing over counterinsurgency, contributing to decades of relative calm absent large-scale domestic threats. However, critiques from human rights monitors highlight heavy-handed tactics, including custodial abuses and insufficient accountability, as evidenced by 23 Johor officers charged for misconduct in 2024 alone. Such incidents, documented in reports on police impunity, have eroded public trust and prompted vows from state leadership to reform internal discipline.^[158]^[159]^[160]

Territorial Disputes and External Relations

Johor's primary territorial dispute centers on Pedra Branca (known as Pulau Batu Puteh in Malaysia), a granite island in the Singapore Strait, along with nearby Middle Rocks and South Ledge. In 2008, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Singapore holds sovereignty over Pedra Branca due to historical conduct indicating effective control, while awarding Middle Rocks to Malaysia as successor to the Johor Sultanate's original title, and determining South Ledge's status based on the low-tide elevation within territorial waters.^[161] The decision stemmed from competing claims: Malaysia asserted inherited sovereignty from the Johor Sultanate, whereas Singapore emphasized long-term administration, including lighthouse operations since 1850 without protest from Johor until 1980.^[161] Despite the ICJ's binding ruling, Malaysia, including Johor, has questioned the outcome, leading to a royal commission of inquiry announced by the Sultan of Johor in January 2024 to examine the circumstances of the "loss" of Pedra Branca.^[162] This reflects ongoing Malaysian assertions of original title, though no formal challenge to the ICJ verdict has been pursued, highlighting tensions rooted in resource control over strategic maritime areas rather than ideological differences. The dispute underscores causal factors like historical ambiguities in colonial-era mappings and the scarcity of habitable land in densely populated border regions. Complementing territorial issues, water resource agreements have been a flashpoint, with the 1962 Johor River Water Agreement granting Singapore rights to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons per day of raw water from the Johor River until 2061, at a fixed price of 3 Malaysian sen per 1,000 imperial gallons plus treatment costs.^[163] Disputes arose over pricing adequacy and supply reliability, with Malaysia periodically threatening reviews or terminations, yet Singapore maintains the pact's enforceability absent mutual consent, attributing frictions to economic dependencies exacerbated by Johor's growing domestic needs.^[163] In external relations, Johor-Singapore ties emphasize pragmatic cooperation amid disputes, evidenced by the Johor Bahru-Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS) Link, a 4-kilometer rail connection set to commence passenger service by December 2026, reducing cross-border travel time to 5 minutes and handling up to 10,000 passengers per hour per direction.^[164] Similarly, the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ) framework, formalized in January 2025, aims to streamline cross-border investments through harmonized regulations, with a blueprint targeted for completion by end-2025 to foster joint economic activities without resolving underlying sovereignty claims.^[165] These initiatives reflect a realist approach prioritizing mutual resource gains over protracted litigation, though treaty adherence remains tested by demographic pressures and water scarcity. Johor maintains stable relations with Indonesia, lacking active territorial disputes specific to the state, focusing instead on broader maritime boundary delimitations handled at the federal level.

Economy

Economic Structure and Growth Metrics

Johor's economy achieved a gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of 6.4% in 2024, the highest among all Malaysian states and surpassing the national average of 5.1%, with a total GDP value of RM158 billion.^[166]^[167] This positioned Johor as the second-largest state economy in Malaysia by GDP size, trailing only Selangor, and contributed approximately 9% to the national GDP.^[166]^[168] The services and manufacturing sectors collectively accounted for over 80% of Johor's GDP, with manufacturing serving as a primary growth driver through subsectors like electrical and electronics products, which expanded by 7.1% in the period.^[169]^[170] Geographic proximity to Singapore has functioned as a key causal factor in Johor's economic expansion, facilitating foreign direct investment (FDI) spillovers from the city-state's high-tech and logistics sectors.^[171] In 2023, Johor attracted RM31 billion in FDI, much of it linked to Singaporean firms relocating or expanding operations to leverage lower costs and land availability.^[172] This cross-border dynamic has amplified Johor's role as a manufacturing and trade hub, though annual FDI inflows have fluctuated, with approved investments reaching RM56 billion in the first half of 2025 alone, underscoring sustained momentum.^[173] Despite robust headline growth, Johor's economic structure exhibits vulnerabilities from overreliance on low-skill, export-oriented manufacturing, which depends heavily on migrant labor and exposes the state to global demand shocks and productivity constraints.^[174] Bank Negara Malaysia has highlighted how dependence on low-skilled foreign workers distorts the economy by suppressing wages and hindering shifts toward higher-value activities, a pattern evident in Johor's export composition dominated by electronics assembly and basic processing.^[175] Per capita GDP in Johor lagged national figures at approximately RM39,500 in 2024 (derived from state GDP and population estimates), reflecting uneven distribution and the challenges of scaling beyond labor-intensive models.^[166]

Key Sectors: Manufacturing, Agriculture, and Services

Johor's manufacturing sector, particularly electrical and electronics (E&E), forms a cornerstone of the state's export-oriented economy, contributing substantially to gross domestic product (GDP) growth through high-value assembly and component production. In 2023, the sector's output expanded by 2.8% year-on-year, surpassing the national average of 0.7%, driven by demand in semiconductors and consumer electronics amid global supply chain diversification. ^[176] Johor accounts for 16.7% of Malaysia's national manufacturing gross output, with E&E subsectors emphasizing backend processes like testing and packaging, yielding productivity gains from foreign direct investment in clusters near Singapore. ^[177] This export-led model has bolstered resilience, as evidenced by a 6.6% growth in 2024 following a post-pandemic contraction, though vulnerabilities persist in overreliance on volatile global tech cycles and competition from lower-cost Asian hubs. ^[166] Agriculture in Johor centers on palm oil as a monoculture dominant, with the state leading national production at 17.3% of Malaysia's output, supporting yields averaging 4 tonnes of crude palm oil per hectare under mature plantations. ^[178] Annual palm oil exports from Johor contribute significantly to state revenues, aligning with national figures exceeding RM50 billion for the commodity in 2023, though precise state-level values reflect proportional shares from its 2-3 million tonne production capacity. ^[179] Productivity benefits from high oil extraction rates and scale economies have driven rural employment and foreign exchange, yet the shift to expansive monocrops has induced soil degradation, including erosion on slopes and nutrient depletion, necessitating interventions like cover cropping to mitigate long-term fertility loss. ^[180] These environmental costs underscore causal risks from intensive land use, potentially eroding yields without sustainable practices. ^[181] The services sector, encompassing tourism, logistics, and wholesale trade, has rebounded post-COVID, leveraging Johor's strategic position adjacent to Singapore for cross-border flows and domestic visitors. Tourism arrivals in Malaysia, including Johor hotspots like Desaru and Legoland, approached 72% of 2019 levels by 2023, fueled by eased travel restrictions and proximity-driven day trips exceeding pre-pandemic volumes in Q2 2024. ^[182] This recovery supports non-tradable expansions in hospitality and transport, yet export-led manufacturing dominance raises Dutch disease critiques, where resource and industrial booms inflate non-tradable costs, squeezing service competitiveness without diversified value addition. ^[183] Overall, sectoral interplay yields GDP synergies but exposes imbalances, as palm oil and E&E export surges historically appreciate local costs, hindering service productivity absent policy offsets. ^[184]

Regional Development Initiatives

Iskandar Malaysia, the flagship regional development corridor launched on 8 November 2006, spans 2,217 square kilometers across Johor Bahru, Kulai, Pasir Gudang, and Johor Bahru districts, aiming to leverage proximity to Singapore for economic spillover. The initiative's Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP), released in 2006, outlined five interlinked flagships—Waterfront City, Regional Metropolitan Park, Coastal Highway (now Eastern Dispersal Link extensions), Knowledge Hub, and EduCity—to foster balanced growth in manufacturing, logistics, and creative industries. An updated CDP II, introduced in 2015, incorporated sustainability metrics and refined targets for a "strong and sustainable metropolis" by 2025, emphasizing low-carbon blueprints and urban observatories for data-driven monitoring.^[185]^[186] The corridor targeted RM383 billion in cumulative investments by 2025, with early phases prioritizing infrastructure to attract foreign direct investment; by mid-2013, committed investments reached RM93 billion, primarily in manufacturing, generating an estimated 386,000 jobs through spillover effects in services and construction. By 2020, total realized investments exceeded RM200 billion, creating over 500,000 employment opportunities amid accelerated urbanization, where population density in core zones rose from 1.34 million in baseline assessments to nearly 2 million, meeting CDP benchmarks for urban expansion and connectivity via upgraded highways and rail links. However, outcomes revealed uneven distribution, with property booms in flagship areas inflating costs for local residents while high-value sectors concentrated gains among developers and expatriate-linked firms, as evidenced by persistent regional income disparities in Johor.^[187]^[188]^[189] Empirical successes include biotech parks like BioXcell in Nusajaya, a 160-acre ecosystem that drew pioneers such as Biocon Biologics, which invested US$200 million by 2017 to establish Asia's largest insulin manufacturing facility, operationalizing industrial biotech under Malaysia's BioNexus incentives and contributing to export-oriented growth in life sciences. In contrast, eco-city ambitions faltered in projects like Forest City, a US$100 billion reclaimed-island development initiated in 2016 under China's Belt and Road Initiative; construction stalled post-2017 due to Beijing's capital outflow restrictions, yielding occupancy below 20% by 2023 and highlighting risks of overreliance on volatile foreign funding amid environmental critiques of mangrove loss. These variances underscore causal factors: incentive-aligned sectors like biotech thrived via targeted policy and proximity synergies, while speculative mega-projects exposed vulnerabilities to external shocks and elite capture in land reclamation approvals.^[190]^[191]^[192]^[193]

Investment Trends and Data Center Expansion

Johor has experienced a surge in foreign direct investment (FDI) during the 2020s, particularly in technology infrastructure, driven by its proximity to Singapore and supportive policies. In 2025 alone, the state approved investments totaling RM164.45 billion (approximately US$35 billion) across 42 data center projects, positioning Johor as Malaysia's premier hub for such developments.^[194] This influx reflects broader regional trends, with Johor's data center capacity nearly doubling over the past year to become Southeast Asia's fastest-growing market.^[195] The data center sector has boomed, with over a dozen operational facilities by mid-2025 and more under construction, attracting major tech firms leveraging Johor's relatively low land costs and access to energy resources. Google committed US$2 billion to establish its first cloud region and data center in Malaysia, including expansions in Johor, while Microsoft acquired land in Johor for US$27 million to develop additional capacity.^[196]^[197] These investments, part of a national tally exceeding US$23 billion from global players like Microsoft and Oracle, capitalize on Johor's strategic location and regulatory incentives such as tax breaks for digital infrastructure.^[198] Complementing this growth, the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ), formalized through a bilateral agreement signed in January 2025, facilitates cross-border labor mobility and business operations to enhance tech and manufacturing synergies. The zone has spurred job creation, with Johor targeting 100,000 skilled positions amid rising investments, though only about half were filled by mid-year due to talent shortages.^[199] Regulatory streamlining, including expedited approvals and incentives, has accelerated FDI, but this expansion strains local energy supplies, contributing to a national commercial electricity demand surge of 9.2% in 2025 led by data centers and prompting plans for 50% additional gas-fired power capacity by 2030.^[200]^[201]

Economic Criticisms: Corruption and Inequality

Johor has encountered multiple corruption investigations by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), particularly in public procurement and border-related activities that undermine economic integrity. In August 2025, MACC probed irregularities in a RM180 million data centre construction tender, where two companies were suspected of colluding to secure the contract through bribes, highlighting vulnerabilities in state-level infrastructure projects.^[202] Similarly, in the same month, Johor Regent Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim provided information to MACC regarding smuggling operations, which have caused significant revenue losses estimated in billions of ringgit annually through illicit trade in goods like electronics and fuel across the Singapore border.^[203] These cases echo national scandals such as 1MDB, where opaque fund management in development initiatives led to massive misappropriation, though Johor-specific probes focus on localized graft rather than sovereign wealth diversion. Critics, including business analysts, argue that such endemic corruption erodes investor confidence and inflates project costs by up to 20-30% due to kickbacks, as evidenced by MACC's recovery of illicit gains in similar state probes.^[204] Income inequality in Johor remains pronounced, with the state's Gini coefficient measured at 0.404 in 2021, reflecting disparities driven by uneven wealth distribution between urban hubs like Johor Bahru and rural interiors.^[205] Bumiputera policies, mandating 30% equity reservations for indigenous Malays and natives in many ventures, have been faulted for market distortions that prioritize ethnic quotas over merit, thereby reducing foreign direct investment (FDI) efficiency; foreign firms often cap ownership at 70% to comply, deterring high-tech inflows critical for Johor's manufacturing sector.^[206] Pro-market reformers contend these affirmative action measures hinder competitiveness, citing Malaysia's FDI approvals slowing to RM82.5 billion in 2023 amid regulatory hurdles, with Johor capturing only a fraction despite its strategic location.^[207] In contrast, policy defenders, including government economists, maintain that Bumiputera quotas advance equity goals for historically disadvantaged groups, preventing social unrest and fostering long-term inclusion, though empirical data shows persistent inequality with median household incomes at RM7,712 monthly in 2023, trailing national averages in high-skill sectors.^[208] Economic growth in Johor has exhibited signs of deceleration, with GDP expansion dipping to 3.8% in 2023 from 5.2% pre-pandemic levels, partly attributable to corruption-related inefficiencies and policy-induced FDI constraints that limit capital for diversification beyond commodities.^[209] Advocates for liberalization point to neighboring Singapore's model—free of ethnic quotas—as yielding superior FDI per capita, urging Johor to streamline approvals to recapture momentum, while equity proponents highlight poverty reductions from 6.2% nationally in 2022, arguing that abandoning quotas risks exacerbating divides without alternative redistribution mechanisms.^[210] These debates underscore tensions between short-term growth imperatives and entrenched redistributive frameworks, with unresolved graft probes further dampening prospects for equitable expansion.

Infrastructure

Transportation Systems

Johor's road network centers on the North-South Expressway, a tolled controlled-access highway that spans approximately 772 kilometers across Peninsular Malaysia, with the southern route through Johor covering key segments linking urban centers like Johor Bahru to northern states. This infrastructure supports heavy freight and commuter traffic, with daily average annual daily traffic (AADT) exceeding 100,000 vehicles on principal interchanges in the Johor section.^[211] Cross-border connectivity relies heavily on the Johor-Singapore Causeway, which accommodates around 100,000 vehicle trips daily, primarily private cars and motorcycles ferrying commuters and goods between Johor Bahru and Singapore.^[212]^[213] Peak-hour volumes often surpass capacity, exacerbating delays at immigration checkpoints. Rail systems include existing Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) lines serving intra-state routes, though usage remains limited due to infrequent services. The Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS Link), a 4 km twin-track shuttle, is under construction and slated for operational start in December 2026, with capacity for up to 10,000 passengers per hour per direction to alleviate road dependency.^[214] Plans for an elevated Autonomous Rapid Transit (e-ART) system in Johor Bahru aim to expand urban mass transit, targeting integration with RTS stations by addressing current gaps in bus and light rail coverage.^[215] Maritime transport features the Port of Tanjung Pelepas (PTP), a major transshipment hub that processed over 12 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) in 2024, marking Malaysia's first terminal to exceed this volume amid global supply chain shifts.^[216] PTP's deep-water berths handle large container vessels, with monthly peaks like 1.115 million TEUs in July 2024, supporting Johor's logistics throughput.^[217] Senai International Airport serves as Johor's primary aviation gateway, with a terminal capacity of 3.5 million passengers per annum and handling around 3.5 million in recent years, focused on domestic and short-haul international flights.^[218] Passenger traffic grew 37.5 percent year-on-year as of August 2024, driven by regional connectivity.^[219] Persistent traffic congestion in Johor Bahru stems from overreliance on private vehicles, with public transport modal share below 25 percent, mirroring national trends and reflecting chronic underinvestment in bus frequency, coverage, and integration.^[220] This results in substantial time losses and productivity drags, contributing to Malaysia's estimated RM20 billion annual national congestion costs, disproportionately affecting border-adjacent urban corridors like Johor's.^[221] Proposed congestion pricing pilots in Johor Bahru seek to curb peak demand but face implementation hurdles amid expanding commuter flows.^[222]

Energy, Water, and Utilities

Johor's electricity supply is predominantly derived from natural gas-fired power plants, consistent with Peninsular Malaysia's reliance on fossil fuels for approximately 81% of generation, where natural gas serves as the primary source.^[223] ^[224] The state hosts major facilities contributing to this mix, though overall capacity faces pressures from industrial growth.^[225] Rapid proliferation of data centers in Johor has intensified electricity demand, with operational capacity reaching 507 MW as of February 2025 and projections for expansion to 1.96 GW amid broader national needs for 6-8 GW additional gas-fired capacity by 2030 to accommodate such loads.^[226] ^[201] This surge underscores dependencies on imported natural gas supplies and grid reinforcements managed by Tenaga Nasional Berhad.^[227] Water supply in Johor draws primarily from the Johor River basin, augmented by reservoirs including the Linggiu Reservoir, developed under a 1990 supplementary agreement to the 1962 Johor-Singapore Water Agreement, which facilitates regulated extraction while committing Johor to supply up to 250 million gallons per day to Singapore.^[228] ^[229] These pacts reflect interdependent basin management, though they constrain local allocations during low flows. Privatization of water services, via a 30-year concession to SAJ Holdings from 2000 to 2029, has aimed to enhance efficiency and infrastructure, yet vulnerabilities persist, as evidenced by shortages during the 2011 drought exacerbated by irregular rainfall patterns and upstream demands.^[230] ^[73] Ongoing challenges include non-revenue water losses and pollution, prompting state initiatives for new reservoirs and treatment plants.^[231]^[232] Utilities remain integrated with national grids for piped gas distribution, tying Johor to broader Malaysian energy imports.^[233]

Healthcare and Public Services

Johor operates 12 public hospitals under the Ministry of Health, providing over 5,200 beds across its districts, with six offering specialist services.^[234] ^[235] Life expectancy at birth in the state stands at 74.8 years, slightly below the national average of 75.3 years reported for recent projections.^[236] Public health clinics number around 98, focusing on primary care, though the state faces a shortage of healthcare workers exacerbated by population growth and cross-border salary competition with Singapore.^[237] ^[234] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Johor achieved high vaccination coverage aligned with national rates exceeding 86% for at least one dose, contributing to containment efforts amid industrial workforce densities.^[238] The state's response included mass vaccination centers, though undocumented cases highlighted uneven access in migrant-heavy sectors.^[239] Private healthcare dominates urban areas like Johor Bahru, with facilities such as Gleneagles and KPJ hospitals serving medical tourists from Singapore and affluent locals seeking shorter waits and advanced treatments.^[240] This duality strains public resources, as private options siphon specialists, leaving public urban clinics overburdened.^[234] Rural clinics in Johor experience prolonged wait times and accessibility barriers, with average travel to hospitals reaching 43 minutes versus 28 in urban zones, per national health studies applicable to the state's geography.^[241] Understaffing and infrastructure gaps amplify delays for non-emergency care, prompting calls for targeted expansions in underserved districts.^[242] Migrant workers, comprising a significant portion of Johor's manufacturing labor force, face systemic barriers to public healthcare, including documentation requirements and language issues, leading to disparities in utilization rates as documented in regional analyses.^[243] Undocumented migrants often forgo care due to deportation fears, with WHO-supported studies noting higher vulnerability to occupational illnesses and poorer outcomes compared to citizens.^[244] ^[245]

Education and Workforce Development

Johor's education system emphasizes technical and vocational training, particularly in engineering and technology sectors, supported by institutions like Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in Johor Bahru, which enrolled 30,142 students as of recent figures, including 21,581 undergraduates focused on STEM disciplines.^[246] The state's adult literacy rate mirrors Malaysia's national average of 96% for individuals aged 15 and above in 2022, reflecting high basic education attainment amid ongoing programs to address residual gaps in rural areas.^[247] Tertiary enrollment in Malaysia stands at approximately 41% gross rate as of 2023, with Johor's proximity to industrial hubs like Iskandar Malaysia driving demand for higher education in applied sciences.^[248] Despite these foundations, a persistent skills mismatch between graduates' qualifications and industry needs contributes to elevated youth unemployment, with Malaysia's rate for ages 15-24 at 10.3% in 2024, exacerbated in Johor by critiques of rote-learning pedagogies that prioritize memorization over practical competencies.^[249] Vocational college graduates in Johor face employability challenges, including inadequate alignment of curricula with local manufacturing and tech demands, leading to underutilization of skills in entry-level roles.^[250] This gap is evident in overeducation phenomena, where workers hold qualifications exceeding job requirements, as quantified in Malaysian labor surveys showing mismatches in soft skills like ICT and interpersonal abilities.^[251] To counter these issues, Johor has prioritized Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) expansions, positioning itself as a southern hub through initiatives like enhanced industry collaborations under the National Dual Training System (NDTS), introduced nationally in 2005 to integrate workplace apprenticeships with classroom instruction.^[252] ^[253] NDTS participation has empirically raised employability by fostering hands-on skills, with studies of apprentices demonstrating higher competency in job-specific tasks and reduced hiring frictions for employers compared to traditional graduates.^[254] These programs, emphasizing dual-system models akin to Germany's, have bridged gaps in technical fields, though scalability remains constrained by industry input variability.^[255]

Culture and Society

Traditional Customs and Heritage

Johor's traditional customs, known as adat, are rooted in the hierarchical structures of the Malay sultanate, where authority flows from the sultan through bendahara (chief ministers) and other nobles, enforcing protocols in ceremonies, land tenure, and dispute resolution that prioritize loyalty and precedence over egalitarian principles. These customs, influenced by pre-Islamic Hindu-Buddhist elements adapted to Islamic governance, manifest in courtly etiquettes such as the adat perpatih variants emphasizing kinship lineages and royal prerogatives, which have persisted despite colonial interruptions.^[256]^[257] Silat, the indigenous Malay martial art of self-defense, holds a central place in Johor's heritage, with origins tracing to the sultanate's warrior traditions for territorial protection and cultural identity; styles like Silat Sendeng, renowned for close-quarters combat efficacy, emerged in Johor's Mersing and Muar districts around the late 19th century under local patronage. Recognized by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of the Malay Archipelago since 2019, silat in Johor integrates weaponry, footwork, and philosophical tenets of resilience, historically fostered by rulers to embody martial prowess amid regional rivalries.^[258]^[259] Wayang kulit, the shadow puppetry tradition depicting epic tales from Hindu-Malay lore, received sultanate sponsorship in Johor as a medium for moral and historical instruction, with performances featuring intricately carved leather puppets manipulated by a dalang (puppeteer) against a lit screen to narrate chronicles of heroism and kingship. This art form, adapted from Javanese influences during the sultanate's trade-era expansions, underscores hierarchical themes in its narratives, reinforcing adat values through communal viewing rituals.^[260] Preservation initiatives, including state-funded documentation and community training programs, counter urbanization's erosion of these practices, as rapid development in Johor Bahru has displaced traditional kampung layouts and reduced practitioner numbers; anthropological surveys highlight the need for integrating heritage into urban planning to sustain adat transmission amid demographic shifts.^[261]^[262]

Festivals, Arts, and Cuisine

Johor's festivals reflect its multicultural population, with significant Chinese, Malay, and Indian influences stemming from historical trade routes and migration. The Chingay Parade in Johor Bahru, held annually from the 19th to 22nd day of the Chinese New Year lunar calendar, features a procession of palanquins carrying deities from Hokkien, Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakka, and Teochew clans, accompanied by lion and dragon dances, live music, and floats that can extend up to seven hours.^[263]^[264] Organized by the Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple since 1870, it draws crowds to the city center, blending ritual devotion with public spectacle.^[264] Hari Raya Aidilfitri, marking the end of Ramadan, involves open houses where families host communal feasts of ketupat, rendang, and lemang, emphasizing Malay hospitality and reconciliation after fasting.^[265] The Sultan of Johor's Birthday on March 23 includes state-wide prayers, parades, and cultural performances at Istana Bukit Serene, highlighting royal heritage. Traditional arts in Johor emphasize craftsmanship tied to Malay sultanate history and daily utility, often showcased at the Johor Craft Complex in Pasir Gudang. Batik production, involving wax-resist dyeing on cotton to create motifs of flora, fauna, and geometric patterns symbolizing natural resilience and Islamic prohibitions on human figures, remains a core practice with over 50 artisans demonstrating techniques daily.^[266] Wood carving features intricate panels with floral arabesques for furniture and mosque decorations, while keris forging produces wavy-bladed daggers with pamor patterns from layered metals, valued for both ceremonial and symbolic defensive roles.^[267] Songket weaving incorporates gold and silver threads into silk for royal attire, reflecting pre-colonial trade with Indonesia and India.^[268] These crafts, preserved through government-sponsored workshops, face challenges from mechanization but persist in local markets and exports exceeding RM10 million annually for batik alone.^[269] Johor's cuisine draws from its position as a historical entrepôt, fusing Malay, Javanese, and Peranakan flavors with seafood from the Straits of Johor. Laksa Johor uses spaghetti-like noodles in a fish-based gravy with shredded mackerel, herbs, and torch ginger, distinct from northern variants by its thicker, less spicy broth developed in the 19th century amid fishing communities.^[270] Mee Bandung Johor features yellow noodles stir-fried with sweet soy sauce, prawns, tofu, and bean sprouts, often topped with a half-boiled egg, originating from port workers' meals.^[271] Otak-otak, grilled fish paste wrapped in banana leaves with coconut milk and spices, highlights fresh catches like ikan tenggiri, grilled over charcoal for a smoky aroma.^[272] Nasi Ambeng, a communal platter of rice with sambal chicken, pickled vegetables, and tempeh, served on banana leaves during celebrations, underscores shared feasting traditions.^[271] Street vendors in Johor Bahru's markets contribute substantially to local trade, with rising prices noted since 2022 due to cross-border demand from Singapore, though specific economic valuations vary by district.^[273]

Sports and Community Activities

Football is the most prominent sport in Johor, with Johor Darul Ta'zim FC (JDT) dominating the Malaysia Super League by securing 11 consecutive titles from 2014 to 2025, a record unmatched in Malaysian football history.^[274]^[275] The club's success has elevated participation rates, drawing large crowds to matches at Sultan Ibrahim Stadium and inspiring youth academies across the state.^[276] Badminton enjoys widespread popularity, supported by facilities like Daiman Johor Jaya Sports Complex and events such as the SKYWORTH Badminton Tournament held annually in Johor.^[277]^[278] The state hosted the Malaysia Super 100 international tournament in 2025, attracting around 300 players and signaling a revival in competitive play.^[279] Emerging talents, including 15-year-old Zi Yu, who contributed to Malaysia's silver medal in mixed team events, highlight Johor's role in nurturing national prospects.^[280] Sepak takraw, a traditional Southeast Asian sport involving acrobatic kicks over a net, maintains strong grassroots involvement through teams like Johor Tigris in the professional Sepak Takraw League.^[281] Community leagues and skill demonstrations in areas like Muar foster physical fitness and cultural pride among locals.^[282] Investments in sports infrastructure, including the upgraded EduCity Sports Complex 2.0, aim to boost participation and tourism, projecting an economic impact of RM1 billion in 2025 via events and visitor influx.^[283] These facilities host community runs, such as the Xperia Merdeka Fun Run, which promote social cohesion by engaging families and diverse groups in fitness activities.^[284] Despite achievements, Malaysian sports, including events in Johor like the 2024 Mr. Malaysia bodybuilding championship in Johor Bahru, have faced doping challenges, with confirmed positive tests underscoring ongoing enforcement needs.^[285]^[286]

Controversies

Governance Scandals and Corruption Cases

In July 2025, the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) launched a probe into a RM180 million data centre construction tender in Johor, arresting a construction contract manager, his wife, and two company directors on suspicion of bribery and graft.^[287] During the raid, one suspect allegedly burned nearly RM1 million in cash in an attempt to destroy evidence, prompting MACC to identify two additional companies suspected of securing contracts through illicit payments.^[288] The case involved employees from major firms, including Sunway Construction, and centered on bribes to influence tender awards, underscoring vulnerabilities in state-linked infrastructure procurement.^[289] In September 2025, Johor MACC arrested 12 individuals, including seven enforcement officers, in a 'counter-setting' bribery ring where officers allegedly received over RM490,000 from agents and runners to facilitate illicit activities, such as bypassing regulatory checks.^[290] Separate operations targeted police involvement, with two officers remanded in July 2025 for a RM635,000 bribery scheme linked to abuse of position.^[291] These arrests reflect ongoing MACC efforts against low-level graft in enforcement agencies, often tied to border and regulatory facilitation in Johor's strategic location.^[292] Earlier cases include the 2021 remand of Johor Bahru mayor Adib Azhari Daud for alleged bribery during his prior role at Iskandar Puteri City Council, involving procurement irregularities in the Iskandar region.^[293] In another instance, former Johor executive council member Abdul Latif Bandi faced corruption and money laundering charges over RM3.57 million in alleged kickbacks, though he was acquitted in subsequent proceedings.^[294] Critics, including transparency advocates, argue such incidents point to patterns of cronyism in development projects, potentially delaying initiatives and inflating costs, while MACC maintains they represent targeted enforcement rather than systemic failure.^[295] No major convictions tied directly to historical logging bribes in Johor during the 1990s have been publicly documented in official reports.

Environmental Impacts of Development

Rapid development in Johor, particularly through the Iskandar Malaysia economic corridor established in 2006, has driven significant habitat conversion and pollution, primarily from agricultural expansion, urbanization, and industrial projects. Satellite data from Global Forest Watch indicates that Johor lost 805,000 hectares of tree cover between 2001 and 2023, equivalent to 51% of its 2000 tree cover extent, with much of this attributed to conversion for oil palm plantations and other agriculture.^[296] Oil palm cultivation, which occupies a substantial portion of Johor's arable land, has been a primary driver of deforestation, exacerbating soil erosion and fragmenting remaining forests that serve as biodiversity corridors.^[297] Air pollution from land-clearing fires has intensified haze episodes, affecting public health and visibility. Between 2019 and 2024, recurrent haze events in Johor, often linked to peatland fires during dry seasons, correlated with elevated PM10 levels and increased hospital admissions for respiratory diseases, with studies showing significant spikes in acute respiratory cases during peak pollution periods.^[298] Local assessments in areas like Pasir Gudang estimated annual economic losses from haze-related outpatient health impacts at around RM83,000 to RM107,000 per site, though broader regional costs, including productivity losses, are likely higher due to underreported transboundary contributions from neighboring regions.^[299] Industrial growth, including the influx of data centers attracted by Johor's proximity to Singapore, has strained water resources amid underlying shortages. A single hyperscale data center can consume up to 1.5 million liters of water daily for cooling, compounding pressures from palm oil processing and urban expansion in water-vulnerable areas.^[300] Mangrove habitats, critical for coastal protection and fisheries, have declined due to waterfront developments in Iskandar Malaysia, leading to species and habitat losses perceived by local communities as reducing ecosystem services like flood mitigation.^[301] These environmental costs contrast with socioeconomic gains, as Iskandar's projects have contributed to Johor's poverty eradication efforts, reducing hardcore poverty cases from 4,378 in March 2023 to zero by July 2024 through job creation in manufacturing and services.^[302] However, the trade-off highlights tensions between short-term economic uplift—benefiting over a million residents via improved incomes—and long-term biodiversity erosion in hotspots like the Johor River Basin, where land-use changes have degraded habitat quality.^[303] Sustainable measures, such as reforestation mandates, remain limited relative to development pace.^[304]

Labor Issues and Human Rights Concerns

Johor's manufacturing sector, particularly electronics assembly in areas like Senai and Kulai, has been plagued by allegations of forced labor involving migrant workers from Bangladesh and Nepal, who comprise a significant portion of the workforce. A 2014 Verité investigation found that up to one in three migrant workers in Malaysia's electronics industry faced forced labor indicators, including debt bondage from recruitment fees averaging $1,500–$2,000 per worker and retention of passports by employers or agents, practices that persist despite legal prohibitions.^[305] In Johor specifically, these issues surfaced prominently in a 2023–2024 lawsuit filed by 24 migrant workers against Dyson Technology Limited and affiliates, alleging trafficking to Johor factories operated by supplier ATA Industrial (M) Sdn Bhd, where workers endured 12–18 hour shifts, physical assaults, and passport confiscation, rendering them unable to leave.^[306] The UK Court of Appeal in December 2024 upheld jurisdiction for the case in English courts, citing Dyson's oversight of supply chain practices that enabled such exploitation, though Dyson contested the claims and emphasized remediation efforts.^[307] These conditions reflect systemic vulnerabilities in Malaysia's migrant labor model, where employers' control over documentation exacerbates risks of trafficking, as noted in ILO assessments. Local workers in Johor benefit from higher median wages compared to migrants, with Department of Statistics Malaysia data reporting a median monthly salary of RM2,450 for residents in 2023, though low-skilled sectors like manufacturing often hover around RM1,500–RM2,000 amid rising living costs.^[308] Migrant wages, frequently below RM1,200 after deductions for fees and housing, fuel criticisms of exploitative subcontracting chains that prioritize cost-cutting for foreign investment over worker protections, yet proponents argue such arrangements drive Johor's GDP growth—contributing 10–15% of state output from electronics—by providing low-cost labor essential for competitiveness against regional rivals.^[309] The U.S. Department of State's 2024 human rights report highlights Johor's sectors as hotspots for hazardous work without adequate safety gear or recourse, with migrants facing deportation threats for complaints, underscoring a trade-off between rapid industrialization and labor rights enforcement.^[309] Labor organizing remains constrained, with strikes rare due to restrictive laws under the Industrial Relations Act 1967, which limits union activities in "essential services" like manufacturing, and occasional invocation of the Sedition Act 1948 to curb dissent that could incite unrest, as seen in broader Malaysian cases where labor critiques were deemed seditious.^[310] While no major Johor-specific strikes have been quashed under sedition charges recently, the Act's chilling effect—used over 100 times since 2013 for expression-related offenses—deters collective action, per human rights analyses, prioritizing industrial harmony for FDI inflows over robust bargaining rights.^[311] ILO initiatives since 2022 aim to bolster union empowerment and address these gaps, but implementation lags, leaving workers vulnerable to subcontracted exploitation justified by economic imperatives.

Resource Conflicts with Neighbors

Singapore supplies Johor with treated water equivalent to 2% of the imported volume under the 1962 Johor-Singapore Water Agreement, which allows Singapore to draw up to 250 million imperial gallons of raw water daily from the Johor River at a fixed rate of RM0.03 per 1,000 imperial gallons—a price Malaysian officials have long deemed exploitative given treatment and opportunity costs.^[312] In June 2018, shortly after assuming office, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad revived calls to renegotiate the agreement, labeling the rate "ridiculous" and "too costly" amid Malaysia's domestic fiscal pressures, though no formal abrogation followed due to contractual penalties exceeding RM120 billion.^[313] ^[314] Johor's then-menteri besar proposed a 1,600% price hike in July 2018, highlighting perceived imbalances where Singapore profits from resale after treatment while Johor bears upstream environmental burdens like sedimentation.^[315] Maritime frictions in the Straits of Johor have centered on Singapore's land reclamation projects off Tuas, initiated in the early 2000s, which Malaysia contended violated the 1928 Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement by encroaching on its territorial sea and disrupting sedimentation patterns critical for fisheries.^[316] The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea issued provisional measures in 2003 requiring Singapore to halt works pending environmental impact assessments, culminating in a 2005 bilateral framework agreement that exchanged data and funded joint studies without altering core boundaries.^[317] Fishing disputes persist sporadically, with Johor trawlers occasionally entering Singapore-claimed waters—over 100 detentions annually in some years—often attributed to mechanical failures, tidal currents, or lax enforcement rather than deliberate poaching, though both sides maintain patrols to enforce the 3-nautical-mile limit.^[318] Porous land borders exacerbate smuggling of price-sensitive resources, leveraging differentials in fuel (Malaysian RON95 at RM2.05/liter versus Singapore's S$2.80+), cigarettes, and prohibited e-vaporizers, with Johor-based syndicates exploiting high commuter volumes—over 300,000 daily crossings pre-COVID—via hidden compartments in vehicles or informal ferries.^[319] Singapore authorities dismantled a multi-million-ringgit vape network in October 2025 involving Johor operatives, seizing vehicles and cash tied to cross-border hauls, underscoring how economic gradients incentivize illicit flows despite joint operations like the 2020-2025 Iskandar Enhanced Immigration Framework.^[320] ^[321] These tensions, rooted in asymmetric dependencies, have been tempered by mutual economic stakes, as evidenced by the 2025 Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone pact integrating Iskandar Malaysia's logistics with Singapore's finance hubs to foster S$24 billion in investments, prioritizing collaborative gains over unilateral claims.^[322]

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This corresponds to an annual loss rate of 1.12%, which is higher than the world mangrove depletion rate. The causes of mangrove loss were identified as land ...
[73]
Climate: Johor in Malaysia - Worlddata.info
The average annual temperature in the region of Johor is 27 degrees Celcius. It is highest in May at 28 °C and lowest in January. Rain days per month.
[74]
Temperature, climate graph, Climate table for Johor - Climate Data
The mean yearly temperature observed in Kulai is recorded to be 25.8 °C | 78.5 °F. The annual rainfall is 2690 mm | 105.9 inch. Graphs. Climograph, Kulai ...
[75]
Irregularity and time series trend analysis of rainfall in Johor, Malaysia
The average annual rainfall is 2600 mm, while daily precipitation ranges from 5 mm to 10 mm. The Southwest Monsoon (SWM) season (May to September), and the NEM ...
[76]
Check Average Rainfall by Month for Johor Bahru
Johor Bahru has a notably wet climate with abundant precipitation, recording 2681 mm of rainfall per year.
[77]
Irregularity and time series trend analysis of rainfall in Johor, Malaysia
May 15, 2024 · Both monsoonal and convective rainfall systems have a strong correlation with Johor's rainfall.Missing: equatorial | Show results with:equatorial
[78]
Impacts of land-use and climate variability on hydrological ...
This study aims to investigate separate and combined impacts of land-use and climate variability on hydrological components in the Johor River Basin (JRB), ...Missing: length | Show results with:length
[79]
[PDF] Air Pollution Index Trend Analysis in Malaysia, 2010-15
Jan 10, 2018 · Analysis shows that the air monitoring station at Sekolah Menengah Teknik Muar in Johor shows the highest value of API reading with 663 on 23 ...
[80]
Variability of PM10 level with gaseous pollutants and meteorological ...
Department of Environment [20] reported that the hazardous level of API reading was recorded in Muar District, Johor. ... Indonesia's Fires and Haze: the Cost of ...
[81]
A scoping review on the health effects of smoke haze from ...
Sep 15, 2022 · Most studies reported an air quality index exceeding the 'unhealthy' level, especially during smoke haze periods. Although smoke haze is a ...
[82]
Sea level trend over Malaysian seas from multi-mission satellite ...
Jun 1, 2019 · Therefore, Hamid et al. (2018) in their study revealed that the mean rising rate of sea level in Malaysia is 4.22 ± 0.12 mm/yr with the ...
[83]
ACCELERATION OF SEA LEVEL RISE OVER MALAYSIAN SEAS ...
This paper is proposing a significant effort to quantify the sea level trend over Malaysian seas based on the combination of multi-mission satellite altimeters ...
[84]
Sea level rise estimation and projection from long-term multi-mission ...
The findings presented that sea level rise trends around SEA with overall means of 4.70 ± 0.37 mm yr−1 for the satellite altimeter and 3.41 ± 0.24 mm yr−1 for ...
[85]
ENDAU-ROMPIN PETA – FLORA & FAUNA - Johor National Parks
Endau-Rompin has lowland dipterocarp forest, heath forests, and fan palm forests. Fauna includes Malayan tigers, elephants, and various monkeys, plus over 100 ...
[86]
Avifauna diversity in the environmentally sensitive area: Alpha and ...
Nov 18, 2024 · The State of Johor, comprising 23% forest, with 17% classified as PFRs, displays remarkable biodiversity despite its geographical isolation ( ...<|separator|>
[87]
[PDF] ENDAU ROMPIN MALAYSIA - WordPress.com
Mar 26, 2018 · The. Park has more than 120 species of orchids, 20 species of wild gingers, and 453 species of higher genera or Angiosperm plants. Page 3. New ...
[88]
Malayan tigers in peril: Fewer than 150 left in Peninsular Malaysia ...
Sep 16, 2024 · Fewer than 150 tigers remained in Peninsular Malaysia by 2022. This is a sharp drop from the previous estimate of 250-340 tigers.
[89]
How Many Malayan Tigers Remain In The World?
Sep 7, 2022 · It is estimated that there are 250 to 340 Malayan tigers left in the world. Today, the Malayan Tiger is classified as Endangered in the Red List of Threatened ...<|separator|>
[90]
First documentation on herpetofauna diversity in Gunung Belumut ...
Jan 9, 2024 · Malaysia is blessed with lush tropical rainforests that harbour an exceptional diversity of amphibians and reptiles.
[91]
Butterflies Species Richness and Diversity in Panti Forest Eco-Park ...
Johor, Malaysia is rich in biodiversity, but exhibits a landscape of relatively fragmented forest areas. Therefore, researchers need to continue ...
[92]
Mining In Johor | The Diggings™
Johor has 8 records of mines listed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Quick Facts. 8 USGS records of mines in Johor. Aluminum , Tin , and Titanium ...
[93]
[PDF] JOHOR'S OIL PALM ECONOMY Past, Present, and Future
Introduced over a century ago, oil palms are currently Johor's most significant agricultural offering. Over one-third of Johor's entire landmass is planted ...Missing: natural percentage<|separator|>
[94]
(PDF) Deforestation awareness among the community living near ...
Mar 11, 2018 · Globally, the coastal areas are changing due to increasing threats from different sources. Mangroves are most vulnerable and reducing its size ...
[95]
Conservation planning in national parks may benefit from site ...
The national park protects at least 149 species of mammals and provides varied habitats for endangered flora and wildlife (Aihara et al., 2016), 250 species of ...
[96]
[PDF] CURRENT POPULATION ESTIMATES, MALAYSIA, 2025
Jul 31, 2025 · The three states with the highest population percentage in 2025 are Selangor (21.6%), followed by. Johor (12.3%) and Sabah (11.0%). In contrast, ...
[97]
Stats Dept: Urbanisation rate reaches 75.1pc in 2020 - Malay Mail
Mar 20, 2024 · The rate of urbanisation rose to 75.1 per cent in 2020, leading to improved quality of life and life expectancy of the country's population.<|separator|>
[98]
[PDF] cities in bloom: navigating the journey of urbanization in malaysia ...
Dec 9, 2024 · In contrast, Johor Bahru, with a population of 1.7 million and an urbanization rate of 85%, benefits from its close proximity to Singapore. ...
[99]
[PDF] KEY FINDINGS POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF ...
May 29, 2022 · ... Johor Bahru, Johor (1,711,191) and ... Key Findings of Population of Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Administrative District shows that Kuala.
[100]
TFR and ASFR by State - OpenDOSM
Oct 17, 2024 · Johor, 2001-01-01, tfr, 2.78. Johor, 2002-01-01, tfr, 2.66. Johor, 2003-01-01, tfr, 2.55. Johor, 2004-01-01, tfr, 2.47. Johor, 2005-01-01 ...
[101]
Annual Live Births by State - OpenDOSM
Oct 17, 2024 · Johor, 2000-01-01, 67,183, 24.3. Johor, 2001-01-01, 61,432, 21.7. Johor, 2002-01-01, 59,699, 20.6. Johor, 2003-01-01, 58,230, 19.7.
[102]
https://www.ehm.my/publications/articles/malayas-early-20th-century-population-change
[103]
Johor - e-Census
CITIZEN, NON-CITIZEN. Population, 25.2 milion, 2.3 million. Male, 12.8 milion, 1.3 million. Female, 12.4 milion, 906.3 thousand.
[104]
Malaya's early 20th century population change - Articles
Aug 17, 2024 · Until around 1910, many, or even most, of the Chinese and Indian migrants who came to the Malay peninsula were indentured labourers. Chinese ...
[105]
Population Genetic Structure of Peninsular Malaysia Malay Sub ...
Apr 5, 2011 · Substantial influx of Chinese and Indians were started only during the British colonial era to work as laborers in the tin mines and the ...
[106]
(PDF) Chinese Civilization in Malaysia: History and Contribution
Mar 23, 2022 · According to Zakaria and Ibrahim (2022) , Malaysia has experienced three significant waves of Chinese immigration. The historical origins of ...
[107]
Early post-independence Malay entry into business
This article reviews the government role in bringing about Malay entry into business across different sectors, largely pre-1985.<|separator|>
[108]
Malaysia's young Malays talk race and privilege | The Straits Times
Nov 23, 2024 · While the policy has succeeded in raising the economic status of millions of bumiputeras, it has also been criticised for fostering dependency ...
[109]
Indonesian migrants brave treacherous seas for Malaysian dream
Dec 28, 2021 · There are an estimated 2.7 million Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia, although firm figures are difficult to come by as only about one- ...
[110]
Malaysia no longer top choice for Indonesian workers as ...
Mar 19, 2025 · “Even Malaysian statistics show that Indonesian workers are no longer the largest foreign workforce here, with Bangladeshi nationals now ranking ...
[111]
[PDF] Malaysia: Estimating the Number of Foreign Workers
Mar 28, 2019 · This report is one of the first attempts, to our knowledge, to estimate the number of irregular foreign workers in Malaysia. Its contributions ...
[112]
Malaysia - International Organization for Migration
According to the Malaysian Department of Statistics, there were approximately 3 million migrants living in Malaysia by the end of July 2023, which made up 8.9% ...Missing: Johor | Show results with:Johor
[113]
[PDF] Number of Foreign Workers in Malaysia - World Bank Document
Irregular foreign workers are likely to be from Bangladesh and Indonesia according to data from the. Immigration Department. Nevertheless, the exact ...
[114]
Johor Mufti: Do not trifle with Islamic laws, only Fatwa Committee ...
Sep 4, 2023 · "The ruler, Sultan Ibrahim Sultan Iskandar is the head of Islam in the state and Islamic faith remains dignified here," he said. In Johor, ...<|separator|>
[115]
Johor fatwa prohibits Muslims from joining in 'rituals of other faiths'
Feb 2, 2023 · The Johor Islamic Religious Council (MAINJ) has issued a fatwa prohibiting Muslims from attending and taking part in religious rituals of other faiths in the ...
[116]
Shariah Courts of Malaysia
Family Law: Adjudicating matters related to Muslim marriages, divorces, and child custody · Inheritance: Dealing with matters of Muslim inheritance (faraid) ...
[117]
2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malaysia
According to some state laws, Muslims may be fined 1,000 ringgit ($218) if they do not attend “counseling” after being found guilty of wearing what authorities ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[118]
2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Malaysia
According to the most recent census by the Malaysian government in 2020, 63.5 percent of the population practices Islam; 18.7 percent, Buddhism; 9.1 percent, ...
[119]
Hudud law in Malaysia, Brunei and Aceh: How they stack up
Aug 16, 2018 · Hudud law has become a controversial topic in Malaysia since PAS president Datuk Seri Abdul Awang Hadi first sought to amend the Syariah Courts ...Missing: post- | Show results with:post-
[120]
https://dbook.penerangan.gov.my/dbook/dmdocuments/malaysia_focus_3_2016/files/downloads/malaysia_focus_3_2016.pdf
[121]
The Malay language
Malay, called "bahasa Melayu" in some countries, has many dialects. The standard is Johor-Riau. There are also textbook and spoken forms.
[122]
[PDF] Malaysia Focus - DBook Penerangan
In Malaysian context, assimilation is a bit difficult to happen because the number of non-Malays, especially the Chinese are in a size that does not FEATURES 8 ...
[123]
Perak Ranked #1 State In M'sia For English Proficiency, Kedah ...
May 28, 2025 · Surprisingly, Selangor only came in 5th, falling behind Kuantan (582), followed by Johor Bahru (558) and Klang (557) in the English proficiency ...
[124]
Asian countries with the highest English proficiency: Singapore, the ...
May 17, 2022 · #3 Malaysia (28th globally). English proficiency score: 562. Malaysia was rated high on English proficiency in 2021, a move up from its ...
[125]
How Johor Bahru in Malaysia, long in Singapore's shadow, is on the ...
Jan 17, 2020 · The Chiuchow dialect is still widely spoken and Johor is ... Johor's Chinese community, visiting China in 1883 and taking a Chinese wife.
[126]
What Languages Are Spoken in Malaysia? - Asia King Travel
May 15, 2025 · Hakka and Teochew are used in pockets of Johor, Perak, and other towns with old Chinese settlements. These dialects are not just linguistic ...
[127]
Javanese - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Javanese is defined as a language spoken in Malaysia, particularly in Selangor and Johor, with its origins tied to the Javanese people from Indonesia. AI ...
[128]
[PDF] The Resurgent Role of the Monarchy in Malaysia
Feb 11, 2025 · One hundred and seventy provisions in the Federal Constitution confer on the federal King wide-ranging powers in relation to all three branches ...
[129]
Powers and duties of the King | The Star
Jul 20, 2024 · “The King is the ceremonial, dignified head of state, but most of the executive power resides with the prime minister. “This is because of the ...
[130]
MB's appointment is at the discretion of the Sultan, says ... - Sinar Daily
Mar 16, 2022 · “The sovereignty of our country lies within the Sultans. Therefore the Sultan has the discretion to decide on the Menteri Besar of a state. “ ...
[131]
The Resurgent Role of the Monarchy in Malaysia - Fulcrum.sg
Feb 28, 2025 · Legislative veto: Under Article 159(5), the Conference of Rulers has the power to veto legislation on 10 topics. An interesting view has ...
[132]
Political Instability and Enhanced Monarchy in Malaysia - Fulcrum.sg
Mar 4, 2022 · In fact, the Constitution in Articles 38(4) and 159(5) provides for the Conference to exercise veto power after laws are enacted, not before ...
[133]
Don't treat us like a stepchild: Johor Sultan slams federal fund ...
Jun 16, 2022 · Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar claimed that the Federation of Malaya agreement allows Johor to secede should any terms be breached. PHOTO: ...Missing: veto overreach
[134]
3 The Battle over Royal Immunity in - Oxford Constitutional Law
On 10 December, the House of Representatives of the Federal Parliament passed a motion declaring the assault as an abuse of power that goes against the spirit ...Missing: veto overreach
[135]
(PDF) The Interplay of Race, Religion and Royalty in Contemporary ...
Jan 3, 2023 · It was UMNO, for instance, that primarily championed the concept of Ketuanan Melayu (Malay Supremacy), which later morphed into Ketuanan Melayu ...
[136]
Multicultural Policies in Malaysia: Challenges, Successes, and the ...
Jun 1, 2024 · These policies trace back to the colonial “divide and rule” policies, through which the British organized society based on “essentialized ...Missing: Johor census
[137]
Population Table: Administrative Districts - OpenDOSM
Population at district level from 2020 to 2024, by sex, age group and ethnicity. The preview table shows data for the latest year only.
[138]
Johor: Administrative System | PDF | Malaysia | Economies - Scribd
It is bounded by Thailand, the South China Sea, Terengganu, Pahang, and Perak. Johor has 10 districts and is divided into 103 sub-districts called mukims. It ...
[139]
The Johor ruler's role in replacing the menteri besar - Malaysiakini
Apr 11, 2019 · It is true that the sultan appoints the Johor menteri besar (Article 3, Johor Constitution). But such power is explicitly qualified (Article 4) ...
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https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/01/16/johor-hits-rm2bil-revenue-in-2024-highest-in-its-history
[141]
Malaysia - Federalism, States, Districts - Britannica
Malaysia comprises 13 states and 3 federal territories. Each state has its own written constitution, legislative assembly, and executive council.<|separator|>
[142]
Johor hits RM2bil revenue in 2024, highest in its history - The Star
Jan 16, 2025 · He added that the state government has set a target of collecting between RM2.3bil and RM2.5bil in revenue this year. “During the audience, ...
[143]
Johor govt tables 2024 state Budget with RM4.2m surplus | Malay Mail
Nov 23, 2023 · The Johor state government has today presented a surplus budget for two consecutive years with a planned surplus of RM4.21 million in 2024.Missing: RM | Show results with:RM
[144]
Johor Presents State Budget 2024 With Surplus Of Rm4.21 Mln
Nov 23, 2023 · The state government presented the Johor Budget 2024 with a surplus of RM4.21 million at the state assembly (DUN) meeting here today.Missing: RM | Show results with:RM
[145]
Malaysia's 'ASEAN Shenzhen' needs some significant legal reform ...
Aug 18, 2025 · To aggravate the issues, legal overlaps and constitutional jurisdiction between federal and state authorities create confusion. The Town and ...Missing: inefficiencies | Show results with:inefficiencies
[146]
Constitutional certainty on the environment – making it work
Dec 31, 2020 · The environment is a thorny issue when it comes to federal-state relations in terms of jurisdiction.
[147]
[PDF] Insufficient States: Revisiting the Roles and Resources of Malaysia's ...
Dec 14, 2023 · This Perspective proceeds with a brief overview of the constitutional framing of federal and state jurisdictions, and a discussion of the ...Missing: inefficiencies | Show results with:inefficiencies
[148]
Down but not Out (Yet): Evaluating the Transition of UMNO's Political ...
Apr 15, 2025 · This article explores United Malays National Organization's (UMNO) status as a dominant party in Malaysia after its setback in the 2018 and ...
[149]
2022/104 "A Granular Analysis of the 2022 Johor State Polls
Oct 27, 2022 · This Perspective looks at data from the 2018 and 2022 state elections in Johor to understand evolving trends in voter behaviour and what they portend for the ...
[150]
[PDF] GE-14 IN JOHOR Shock or Just Awe?
Oct 13, 2025 · In 2013, five large parliamentary seats in urban areas were lost to the opposition coalition Pakatan Rakyat (PR), as were eighteen state seats.
[151]
Barisan Nasional cruises to victory in Johor state election, hits two ...
Mar 12, 2022 · Barisan Nasional (BN) on Saturday (Mar 12) cruised to victory in the Johor state election and achieved its target of a two-thirds majority in the state ...
[152]
In Johor Election's Wake, Malaysian Politics Stay Turbulent - CSIS
Mar 25, 2022 · In Malaysia, the recent state election in Johor has given the upper hand to the former ruling coalition, Barisan Nasional (BN), ...
[153]
Mahkota by-election: Barisan Nasional retains Johor state seat with ...
Sep 28, 2024 · BN's win demonstrates the party's continued dominance in the southern Malaysian state. Read more at straitstimes.com.
[154]
2022/114 "The Johor Vote – The Impact of Ethnicity, Turnout and ...
Nov 16, 2022 · Campaign banners throughout Johor, Malaysia. Photos: Kevin Zhang, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, November 2022. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. This ...<|separator|>
[155]
Johor records 30% drop in commercial crime losses in 2024 - Kumar
Jan 24, 2025 · Johor police chief Datuk M. Kumar said this showed a 30% drop in total losses or RM80 million, compared to the RM261 million total losses ...Missing: CCTV | Show results with:CCTV
[156]
Johor police chief vows to curb misconduct among officers, warns of ...
Feb 26, 2025 · He said the crime index for January 2025 decreased by 1.01 per cent, with 491 cases reported compared to 496 cases in the same period last year.
[157]
Malaysia's 2024 Crime Rate Up 11.1 Pct, Driven By Property ...
Oct 16, 2025 · It said robbery cases saw a notable 6.8 per cent decrease, totalling 4,276 cases, with most involving robbery from individuals (41.7 per cent), ...
[158]
Malaysia's Border Problems: Human Trafficking, Drugs, Illegal ...
Jul 26, 2019 · Terrorism, piracy, smuggling, narcotics trade, human trafficking, and illegal immigrants are all major problems that need to be tackled at the ...Missing: losses | Show results with:losses
[159]
Border Security Crisis in Malaysia and its Impact on the National ...
Oct 10, 2023 · ... immigration, smuggling, drug. trafficking, border disputes especially ... and deal with its economic problems (Karupiah & Tze-Ken, 2019).
[160]
[PDF] communist insurgency in malaysia 1968 – 1989 | abalinx
May 5, 2025 · The Second Malayan Emergency was a period marked by the resurgence of the communist insurgency in. Malaysia, primarily led by the MCP. This era ...
[161]
Johor police chief vows to curb misconduct among officers, warns of ...
Feb 27, 2025 · “A total of 23 senior officers and enlisted personnel in the state were charged and brought to court throughout 2024. “This year alone, three ...
[162]
"No Answers, No Apology": Police Abuses and Accountability in ...
Apr 1, 2014 · The government immediately appealed the civil court verdict. Victims of police abuse and their families can also file civil lawsuits.
[163]
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks ...
The Court finds that Singapore has sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh; that Malaysia has sovereignty over Middle Rocks; and that sovereignty over ...Judgments · Institution of proceedings · Written proceedings · Oral proceedings
[164]
Why has Malaysia launched a royal inquiry into the Pedra Branca ...
Jan 30, 2024 · In 2008, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that Pedra Branca belongs to Singapore while Middle Rocks belongs to Malaysia. It also ...
[165]
S'pore will honour 1962 Water Agreement and expects Malaysia to ...
Jul 9, 2018 · An agreement signed between Singapore and Malaysia in 1962 allows Singapore to draw up to 250 million gallons of raw water from Johor daily at ...
[166]
Johor Bahru – Singapore Rapid Transit System Link
May 5, 2025 · The RTS Link is targeted to commence passenger service at the end of 2026. To facilitate a seamless travelling experience, there will be co ...
[167]
2nd Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ) Joint ... - MTI
Oct 14, 2025 · The 2nd Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ) Joint Investment Forum took place on 14 October 2025 at the Sands Expo and Convention ...
[168]
[PDF] GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) BY STATE 2024
Jul 1, 2025 · This performance was driven by the growth in Pahang and Johor, of 8.4 per cent and 4.2 per cent respectively. Economic growth strengthened ...
[169]
Johor records highest GDP growth among states in 2024: DOSM
Jul 1, 2025 · Johor recorded the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate among the states in 2024 at 6.4 per cent, surpassing the national average of 5.1 per cent.
[170]
Johor - Enterprise Singapore
Sep 30, 2025 · Department of Statistics Malaysia. 6.4%. GDP growth rate (2024), highest growth rate among states in 2024. Department of Statistics Malaysia.<|separator|>
[171]
RHB bullish on Johor as Malaysia's next economic powerhouse
Aug 13, 2024 · ... Malaysia's 3.6% y-o-y growth, driven by the services and manufacturing sectors, which contribute 84% of Johor's GDP. “Johor's services ...
[172]
Johor tops state GDP growth in 2024 amid data centre surge
Jul 2, 2025 · JOHOR led Malaysia's state economies in 2024 with a GDP growth ... Malaysia's GDP per capita rose to RM56,734 in 2024 from RM54,608 the ...
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Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone - Phillip Nova
The proliferation of data centre investments in Johor, driven by spillover demand from Singapore, is positioning the region as a key hub for the digital economy ...
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Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JZ-SEZ) - Lexology
Feb 17, 2025 · Johor, in particular, has emerged as a key investment destination for Singapore companies, attracting RM31 billion in FDI in 2023, primarily in ...<|separator|>
[175]
RM56 billion! Johor leads the nation in approved investments in the ...
Sep 4, 2025 · In the first half of 2025, Johor recorded RM56 billion (around SGD 17.1 billion) in approved investments, once again cementing its position ...
[176]
[PDF] An empirical study in assessing the impact of foreign workers on ...
It can be concluded that the employment of low-skilled foreign workers in Malaysia's manufacturing sector negatively affects labour productivity.Missing: criticism | Show results with:criticism
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[PDF] Low-Skilled Foreign Workers' Distortions to the Economy
Fundamentally, Malaysia would benefit from a clear shift away from an economy that is input-based and dependent on cost suppression as a source of competitive ...Missing: Johor overreliance<|control11|><|separator|>
[178]
[PDF] RHB Research: Johor - AME Elite
Sep 17, 2024 · In 2023, Johor's manufacturing output expanded by 2.8% YoY, outpacing the national growth rate of 0.7%. The state's manufacturing sector is ...<|separator|>
[179]
[PDF] ECONOMIC CENSUS 2023: MANUFACTURING
Jul 29, 2024 · Nearly 70 per cent of gross output in the Manufacturing sector contributed by Selangor (share: 27.3%);. Johor (share: 16.7%); Pulau Pinang ...
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https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012086
[181]
KPK: The export value of Malaysia's oil palm Jan to Oct 2023 is ...
Nov 30, 2023 · Malaysia's palm oil exports from January to October 2023 are valued at RM51.40 billion, with India remaining the main importer.
[182]
Estimation of Soil Erosion Rates in Oil Palm Plantation with Different ...
Soil losses from hill slopes in oil palm plantation in Sedenak Estate, Johor were measured using runoff plot and rainfall simulator.<|separator|>
[183]
[PDF] Environmental consequences of the palm oil industry in Malaysia
May 27, 2011 · Because of this conversion the palm oil industry contributes to biodiversity loss, soil degradation, water pollution and GHG emissions. Most ...
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[PDF] Tourism and Amenities in Malaysia - ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute
By 2023, the number of domestic tourism trips had reached 72 percent of the pre-pandemic levels in 2019 (Figure 4). This recovery is also likely to be reflected ...
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[PDF] One more resource curse: Dutch disease and export concentration
Dutch disease, caused by resource windfalls, leads to higher export concentration, especially in capital-intensive exports, due to wage increases. Countries ...
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[PDF] The Dutch Disease Revisited: Theory and Evidence - HAL-SHS
Nov 18, 2020 · The Dutch Disease, named after the Dutch manufacturing sector's decline, is the unfavorable impact of resource booms, causing real exchange ...
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Iskandar Malaysia Comprehensive Development Plan
The region's Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) requires the cooperation, support, active participation, commitment, and sustained involvement of the many ...Missing: integration | Show results with:integration
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MyGOV | SmartCity | Iskandar Malaysia Urban Observatory (IMUO)
The IMUO Project is listed in the second Comprehensive Development Plan (CDPii) of Iskandar Malaysia, as the Big Move 5. The IMUO also gained support from the ...
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[PDF] Capitalizing on Iskandar Malaysia's growth as a pro-business ...
Subsequently, the new development plan called “Iskandar Malaysia” was initiated in. 2010 by the Malaysian Government as one of the platforms to feature the ...
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A Strong and Sustainable Metropolis of International Standing - MIDA
Oct 1, 2024 · From 2006 to December 2023, Iskandar Malaysia recorded a total cumulative investment of RM413. 1 billion, surpassing the RM383 billion target ...
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[PDF] Unearthing Social Issues Due to Rapid Development of Iskandar ...
The impact could bring about positive and negative changes to the people in the region. It should also be carefully analysed to help future developments be ...
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Work at 160-acre biotech park is bearing fruit | Daily Express Malaysia
Aug 5, 2017 · It is a 160-acre park in Iskandar Puteri, Johor, Malaysia's premier biotechnology park and ecosystem. ... Its establishment is an implementation ...
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Biocon Biologics Malaysia - Asia's largest insulin manufacturing and ...
BHD., Malaysia, was established as Biocon Biologics' first overseas manufacturing facility. Located within BioXcell, a biotechnology park in Iskandar Puteri ...Missing: Successes | Show results with:Successes
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Forest City: Inside Malaysia's Chinese-built 'ghost city' - BBC
Dec 4, 2023 · Forest City, a development project launched under China's Belt and Road Initiative in Gelang Patah in Malaysia's Johor state
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What will it take to revive Forest City, Malaysia's US$100 billion ...
Jun 6, 2025 · The project started stalling in 2017 when the Chinese government introduced capital controls on money leaving the country. This affected ...
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Johor Emerges as Malaysia's Leading Data Centre Hub with RM164 ...
Aug 15, 2025 · Johor has emerged as Malaysia's leading data center investment hub, with state officials approving RM164.45bil in investments for 42 ...Missing: FDI trends 2020s
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Johor Emerges As Southeast Asia's Fastest Growing Data Centre Hub
Sep 25, 2025 · Johor has cemented its position as Southeast Asia's fastest-growing data centre hub, with total capacity nearly doubling over the past year ...
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Google to invest $2bn in Malaysia for cloud region - DCD
May 30, 2024 · Google has committed to investing $2 billion in developing its first data center and cloud region in Malaysia.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s<|separator|>
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Microsoft Buys Johor, Malaysia Data Centre Site From Crescendo
Jan 29, 2025 · A data centre unit of Microsoft has agreed to buy a land plot in Malaysia's Johor state for MYR 119.8 million ($27.3 million).Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
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Billionaire Robert Kuok, Malaysian Tycoons Seek Profit From Data ...
Apr 16, 2025 · Global tech giants from Microsoft to Oracle are racing to build data centers in Malaysia, committing over $23 billion in investments in the ...
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The Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ) | Article
Jun 5, 2025 · With only 52,000 of the 100,000 skilled jobs in the JS-SEZ filled, Johor aims to attract talent by offering competitive compensation. Ease of ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Data centres to fuel demand for electricity - Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Jul 4, 2025 · Data centers' expansion in Malaysia is boosting electricity demand, with a 9.2% surge in the commercial segment led by DCs. Data center load ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Malaysia to build 50% more gas-fired power capacity to meet data ...
Jun 18, 2025 · Malaysia to build 50% more gas-fired power capacity to meet data centre demand, official says · Rising electricity demand driven by data centres, ...
[204]
Sunway Construction says MACC confirms probe limited to staff's ...
Aug 19, 2025 · ... corruption involving a data centre construction project tender in Johor worth about RM180 million. Two companies were suspected of securing ...<|separator|>
[205]
Johor Regent aids MACC probe on smuggling | The Star
Aug 17, 2025 · CYBERJAYA: Johor Regent Tunku Ismail Sultan Ibrahim has been assisting the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) with information in ...
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Op Sikaro: MACC probes 14 companies for abusing import permits ...
The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) has frozen bank accounts belonging to individuals and companies ...
[207]
Income Inequality by State - OpenDOSM
Gini coefficient by state from 1974 to 2022. Download. Download. Johor. State. Date. Gini Coefficient. Johor, 1974-01-01, 0.439. Johor, 1976-01-01, 0.469. Johor ...
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2025 Investment Climate Statements: Malaysia - State Department
Due to residual economic policies, this limitation most commonly manifests as a 70-30 equity split between foreign investors (maximum 70 percent) and bumiputera ...
[209]
Alternative Views: Outdated policies to help bumiputeras are doing ...
both foreign direct investments ( ...
[210]
Johor - Household Income & Expenditure - OpenDOSM
Latest (2023). RM 9,484 / month. Growth Rate (CAGR). 5.4%. Median Household Income. Latest (2023). RM 7,712 / month. Growth Rate (CAGR). 5.7%. Gini Coefficient.
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Can Malaysia's Anwar fix corruption, inequality and inflation? | ISIS
Nov 25, 2022 · “Corruption is no doubt Malaysia's most critical systematic issue that can lead to uneven wealth distribution, compromising the quality of ...
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[PDF] Aiming High - World Bank Documents & Reports
“Corruption and Growth”. Quarterly Journal of. Economics, 110: 681-712 ... An analysis of growth and inequality data from both Malaysia and globally can ...
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Our Expressways - PLUS Malaysia Berhad
Spanning 748km across the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia, your safety and connectivity are at the core of our mission. The NSE provides 112 strategic ...
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Johor-Singapore Cross-Border Traffic - 90K Trips Daily - Newswav
Oct 23, 2024 · On average, 89,818 vehicle trips are made daily across the Johor-Singapore border through the Sultan Ismail Customs, Immigration, Quarantine, ...
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[216]
First train unveiled for Johor Bahru-Singapore RTS Link - CNA
Jun 30, 2025 · There will be a total of eight trains when the RTS Link starts service at the target date of December 2026.
[217]
Johor Advances Elevated Autonomous Rapid Transit Plan
Aug 18, 2025 · At its core, the e-ART system aims to tackle Johor Bahru's growing transport demands while complementing the Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit ...
[218]
PORT OF TANJUNG PELEPAS MAKES HISTORY AS FIRST ...
Jan 2, 2025 · In July 2024, PTP achieved its highest monthly milestone, handling 1,115,181 TEUs. These achievements are part of a sustained performance that ...
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Malaysia's Tanjung Pelepas Port reaches 1m teu for July - Lloyd's List
The joint venture between Malaysia-based MMC Group and Netherlands-based APM Terminals recorded a total throughput of 1001819 teu in July.
[220]
Senai International Airport - Commercial Airlines & Passenger
Since the inception of Senai Airport Terminal Services Sdn Bhd, passenger throughput has been steadily climbing from 0.8 million in 2003 to 4.27 million in 2019 ...
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Senai Airport growth fuelled by Johor's economy, tourism
Sep 4, 2024 · However, as of Aug 26, Senai International Airport recorded 37.5 per cent growth in passenger traffic. Kennedy said Senai's domestic passenger ...
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You'll Have to Pay to be in Traffic Jam Soon (Congestion Fee ...
May 21, 2025 · Meanwhile, a study by Prasarana found that traffic congestion costs Malaysia around RM20 billion annually. That's why congestion fees have been ...
[224]
Malaysia mulling traffic congestion charges, identifies Johor Bahru ...
Feb 27, 2025 · Preliminary findings suggest that the congestion charge may reduce traffic in Kuala Lumpur by up to 20 per cent, Malay Mail reported the ...Missing: annual | Show results with:annual
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Malaysia - International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
Nov 12, 2024 · Fossil fuels made up 81% of all electricity generated in 2022, and non-hydroelectric renewables made up less than 2%. Although total generation ...
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Malaysia Power Market Size, Scope, Growth, Trends And Forecast
Rating 5.0 (50) Natural gas is the leading power production source in Malaysia accounting for the majority of the country's electrical generation mix. Malaysia's dominance ...
[227]
[PDF] Power Generation Sources in Malaysia: Status and Prospects for ...
The installed capacity for natural gas fired power plant ... Power generation in Malaysia significantly depends on three fossil fuel sources, namely coal,.
[228]
ASEAN's data centres electricity demand keeps growing - Ember
Data centre boom could drive power use up to 30% of Malaysia's national demand and increase the Philippines' data centre emissions up to fourteen times higher ...
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[PDF] Country Analysis Brief: Malaysia - EIA
Nov 12, 2024 · To help develop its renewable sector, Malaysia lifted its ban on renewable energy exports that it initiated in 2021.5. The increase in demand ...
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Imported Water | PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency
Apr 2, 2024 · Constructed by PUB under a 1990 agreement with Johor supplementary to the 1962 Water Agreement, the Linggiu Reservoir is located upstream of ...
[231]
Malaysia, Johor say no to reviewing raw water rates with Singapore ...
Dec 3, 2024 · The agreement entitles Singapore to draw up to 250 million gallons a day (mgd) of water from the Johor River. Alt Text. Subscribe to CNA's ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] MANAGEMENT OF WATER UTILITIES IN REGULATED ...
Malaysia: On going. 1. SAJ Holdings: 30years water supply concession (2000-2029) for the state of Johor. Annual turnover: USD 235 mill (18 months) for 2006.
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[PDF] Water Issues in Malaysia
The effects exacerbate this issue it also comes from prolonged drought (El Nino phenomenon), increased non-revenue water loss and lack of resource management ( ...
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Johor prepares for future water needs, including for data centres
Jul 1, 2024 · The Johor government will look for additional water resources for future industrial use with Johor Special Water, a subsidiary of state company Permodalan ...
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[PDF] HANDBOOK MALAYSIA ENERGY STATISTICS
This handbook displays data on the energy supply, transformation, consumption, prices, indicators and electricity and piped gas performance. The information ...
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A 'critical' and 'serious' shortage of healthcare workers in Johor
Jul 26, 2025 · Ministry of Health data shows that Johor has 12 public hospitals across its 10 main districts, providing more than 5,200 beds. Hospital Pasir ...
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Doctor-hospital bed ratio in Johor still way off MOH target - Exco
Jun 30, 2019 · Mohd Khuzzan said currently, there are 12 hospital government hospitals in Johor, of which six offer specialists services, while another was a ...
[238]
Life Expectancy - OpenDOSM - Department of Statistics Malaysia
Malaysia. 75.3. #6. Sabah. 75.3. #7. Pulau Pinang. 75.1. #8. Johor. 74.8. #9. Melaka. 74.5. #10. W.P. Putrajaya. 74.5. #11. Negeri Sembilan. 73.9. #12. Perak.
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Malaysia Number of Health Clinics: Johor | Economic Indicators - CEIC
Malaysia Number of Health Clinics: Johor data was reported at 98.000 Unit in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 97.000 Unit for 2015 ...
[240]
COVID-19 Vaccination · Malaysia - KKMNOW
Feb 23, 2025 · Malaysia: How vaccinated against COVID-19 are we? ; 1st Dose -. 86.2%. Number of individuals who have received at least one dose of any vaccine.
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[PDF] Malaysia Situational updates
As of 22 January 2023, a total of 5 034 830 confirmed cases and 36 875 deaths from COVID-19 have been reported in Malaysia. The overall case fatality rate is ...
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Johor Bahru Healthcare Guide: Hospitals, Specialties & Locations
Sep 28, 2025 · Johor Bahru Healthcare Guide: Hospitals, Specialties & Locations · 1. Gleneagles Hospital Johor · 2. KPJ Johor Specialist Medical Centre · 3. KPJ ...
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[PDF] The Health Care Gap in Rural Malaysia - CORE
Jan 1, 2019 · Similarly, a study from the Ministry of Health found that the average time to reach a hospital for rural residents was 43 minutes compared to 28 ...
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Patient Satisfaction in Malaysia's Busiest Outpatient Medical Care
In addition to long waiting times, emotional burnout, service orientation of doctors, particularly doctor's professionalism, the lack of empathy, poor level of ...Missing: Johor | Show results with:Johor
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Breaking down the barriers: Understanding migrant workers' access ...
Jul 3, 2019 · This study explores barriers to healthcare access faced by documented and undocumented migrant workers in Malaysia.
[246]
[PDF] Moving towards culturally competent, migrant-inclusive health systems
This study is a comparative analysis of Malaysia and Thailand's health systems, focusing on moving towards culturally competent, migrant-inclusive systems.
[247]
The outbreak of Covid-19 in Malaysia: Pushing migrant workers at ...
Prior to COVID-19 outbreak, many migrant workers were already facing poor access to healthcare ... Johor (677 cases) and Sarawak (556 cases) (see Table 3) ...
[248]
Facts and Figures | About UTM
UTM in Numbers ; Total Students, 30,142 ; Undergraduate Students, 21,581 ; Master Students, 4,069 ; PhD Students, 4,492 ; International Students, 4,987.
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Malaysia Literacy Rate | Historical Chart & Data - Macrotrends
Malaysia literacy rate for 2022 was 96.00%, a 1% increase from 2019. Malaysia literacy rate for 2019 was 95.00%, a 0% increase from 2018. Malaysia literacy ...Missing: Johor | Show results with:Johor
[250]
Malaysia Tertiary school enrollment - data, chart
The latest value from 2023 is 41.26 percent, an increase from 40.27 percent in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 40.35 percent, based on data from ...Missing: Johor | Show results with:Johor
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[PDF] labour - force statistics
Feb 10, 2025 · The unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 24 years in December 2024 fell to 10.3 per cent, a decline of 0.1 percentage points, with 299.7 ...
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Employability challenges of vocational college graduates in the state ...
The purpose of this research is to determine the difficulties experienced by Vocational College (VC) graduates in selecting a job, aligning their study program ...
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Johor aiming to become southern TVET hub | The Star
Sep 29, 2025 · Through the Malaysian Indian Skills Initiative (MISI), the Indian community in Malaysia is being given a chance to acquire vocational training ...
[255]
[PDF] Technical and Vocational Education Transformation in Malaysia
In 2005, Malaysian government has introduced the National Dual Training System (NDTS) in TVE, which aimed to expose the pioneering to the actual employment ...
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[PDF] Competency Level of Employability Skills among the Apprentices of ...
Nov 11, 2013 · This study seeks to examine the competency level of employability skills among the apprentices of the National Dual Training System (NDTS) ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
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(PDF) The Attractiveness of National Dual Training System (NDTS ...
Aug 9, 2025 · Continuous input from industry is also necessary to ensure that the training benefits all parties and contributes to the employability skills of ...Missing: Johor | Show results with:Johor
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[PDF] The Roots of Law in Malay Muslim Society - Macrothink Institute
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[PDF] MALAY CULTURAL IDENTITIES: A REVIEW Mohd Muzhafar Idrus1
Oct 31, 2014 · Wilder (1982), for example, has argued that Malays are "united by a 'secret code,' that of 'adat' or custom" (115). Or in Mohamad Aris (1977) ...
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Silat - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Silat is a combative art of self-defence and survival rooted in the Malay Archipelago. Traced back to the early days of the Langkasuka Kingdom.
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Silat Martial Art: 10 Unique Styles of Silat
One of the oldest known types of silat martial art in Malaysia, Silat Sendeng is known for its effectiveness in combat. Originating from Johor, this style ...
[262]
Malaysia - World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts | UNIMA
The major form of puppetry traditionally practised in Malaysia is shadow theatre, the wayang kulit, a term which may come from bayang or “shadow” and kulit or ...
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(PDF) Cultural heritage preservation efforts in Malaysia: A survey
Aug 7, 2025 · We present an overview of different cultural heritage in Malaysia and available efforts to preserve these treasures found from literature.
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The Interaction of Culture in Shaping the Traditional Landscape of ...
Preserving the cultural landscapes of Johor is essential for maintaining historical and cultural heritage for future generations.Missing: "anthropological | Show results with:"anthropological
[265]
Johor city centre a hive of activity as Chingay Festival enters third day
Feb 17, 2025 · He added that the Chingay Festival is celebrated by the Chinese community in Johor Baru from the 19th to 22nd day of Chinese New Year. StarPicks ...
[266]
Back to JB to join and watch the Chingay Parade 2025.
Feb 19, 2025 · For JB's Chingay Parade, it is held on the 21st day of the first month of the Lunar New Year since the 1870 by the Johor Bahru Old Chinese ...
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Experience Malaysia's Colourful Festivals | Heritage Tours
Discover Malaysia's vibrant festivals like Hari Raya & Thaipusam! Immerse in cultural & heritage tourism with unforgettable celebrations.
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Public holidays in Malaysia - Wikipedia
Table of public holidays ; 30 March, Governor of Sabah's Birthday, Hari Jadi Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah ; 23 March, Sultan of Johor's Birthday, Hari Keputeraan ...Overview · Table of public holidays · Types of holidays · Festivals of Malaysia
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Unveiling Traditional Malay Crafts at Johor Craft Complex
Aug 22, 2024 · Discover the beauty of traditional Malay crafts at Johor Craft Complex with our tour guide course site practice. Experience the art of batik ...
[270]
A Guide to Malaysia's Traditional Arts and Crafts - Akhtar Travel
Traditional Malaysian crafts include Batik fabric, Songket, Wau kites, wood carvings, and pottery/ceramics.
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Saving heritage: Five traditional crafts and where to master them
Feb 23, 2025 · 1. Songket Weaving · 2. Batik Painting · 3. Keris Making · 4. Rattan Weaving · 5. Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppetry).<|separator|>
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CRAFTS IN MALAYSIA - Facts and Details
Malaysian crafts include textiles like batik, ceramics, jewelry, and the Malay Kris dagger, often influenced by Islam.
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15 Johorean Dishes You Should Try Before You Die - SAYS
Apr 21, 2016 · 15 Johorean Dishes You Should Try Before You Die · 1. Laksa Johor · 2. Cathay laksa · 3. Lontong or Lodeh · 4. Mee rebus · 5. Pontian wantan mee · 6.
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Johor Food Trails - Malay Food Heritage Branding Project
Johor Traditional Food · Mee Bandung · Mee Rebus · Laksa Johor · Soto Ayam · Asam Pedas Johor · Nasi Ambeng · Kacang Pool · Lontong Darat/Kering.
[275]
When asked which one dish is highly recommended in Johor Bahru ...
Aug 20, 2021 · When asked which one dish is highly recommended in Muar Johor, the answer is this: Muar Otak-otak Char Kuey Teow (fried together with noodles)!.<|separator|>
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Johor eateries raising prices, cashing in on Singaporean visitors
Aug 19, 2022 · Some restaurants and coffee shops around Johor Bahru have raised their prices by at least a few sen to more than RM1.
[277]
Johor Darul Ta'zim - Club achievements - Transfermarkt
Johor Darul Ta'zim · Info · 11x Malaysian Champions · 5x Malaysian FA Cup Winner · 9x Malaysian Supercup Winner · 6x Malaysia Cup Winner · 1x AFC Cup Winner · All ...
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meet Malaysia's 'Invincibles' Johor Darul Ta'zim - BBC Sport
Dec 8, 2023 · They are runaway champions of the Malaysian Super League, the south-east Asian country's premier competition, for the 10th consecutive year. The ...
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ACHIEVEMENTS – Johor Darul Ta'zim FC
Johor Darul Ta'zim (JDT) becomes the first team in the history of Malaysia Super League to win the league title three years in a row when they beat Terengganu 3 ...
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Daiman Johor Jaya Sports Complex
At Daiman Johor Jaya Sports Complex, we offer comprehensive lessons in swimming, badminton, and even scuba diving, accommodating enthusiasts of all ages.
[281]
SKYWORTH Badminton Tournament 2025 – Johor Station* One ...
Sep 18, 2025 · *SKYWORTH Badminton Tournament 2025 – Johor Station* One of Malaysia's biggest tournament is HERE !!! 29–30 November 2025 ...
[282]
300 shuttlers expected as Johor kicks off badminton revival with ...
Jul 2, 2025 · KUALA LUMPUR – Johor is back on the international badminton map, with some 300 players expected to compete in the Malaysia Super 100 tournament ...
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https://sportsworldmalaysia.com/more-sports/educity-sports-complex-2-0-a-new-hub-for-sports-events/
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Johor Tigris (@officialjohortigris) • Instagram photos and videos
Sep 3, 2025 · Champions Cup 2019 Tun Ali Cup 2022 Piala Emas Khir Johari 2022. Follow. Message. Photo by Johor Tigris on September 06, 2025.
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sepak takraw SKILL kampung.muar JOHOR malaysia - YouTube
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EduCity Sports Complex 2.0: A New Hub for Sports & Events
Feb 27, 2025 · EduCity Sports Complex 2.0 launches in Johor, boosting sports tourism with major events and youth programs, aiming for 100K visitors and RM1 ...
[287]
Xperia Merdeka Fun Run 2025 is coming! ‍♂️ EduCity ...
Aug 20, 2025 · Join the Xperia Merdeka Fun Run 2025 in Johor, a community-driven event that brings together runners and families to celebrate Malaysia's ...
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Mr Malaysia Contestant Confirmed Positive For Doping - ADAMAS
Sep 17, 2024 · ADAMAS confirmed a bodybuilding athlete who participated in the 53rd National Bodybuilding Championship @ Mr. Malaysia 2024 in Johor Bahru, last month, tested ...
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Doping scandals still haunt Malaysia
Sep 30, 2014 · In the recent Mr Malaysia Championships, eight bodybuilders were tested positive for banned substance. Among the decorated athletes in Malaysia ...
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MACC identifies two more companies involved in data centre graft
The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) has identified two more companies suspected of obtaining data centre ...
[291]
MACC Identifies 2 More Companies Involved In Johor Data Centre ...
Jul 20, 2025 · The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) has identified two additional companies suspected of securing data centre construction ...
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Sunway Construction employee under investigation for corruption in ...
Jul 23, 2025 · An employee of Malaysia's Sunway Construction is under investigation for alleged corruption in the handling of a data center project. ... (MACC) ...
[293]
Seven enforcement officers among 12 nabbed as Johor MACC ...
Sep 24, 2025 · The Johor Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) has arrested another 12 individuals, including seven enforcement officers, ...
[294]
Two More Cops Remanded To Assist In RM635,000 Bribery Case
Jul 31, 2025 · So far, the MACC has detained four suspects,” he said. Meanwhile, Johor MACC deputy operations director Hairul Ilham Hamzah, when contacted, ...Missing: scandals | Show results with:scandals<|separator|>
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Johor MACC busts 'counter-setting' ring, arrests 12 including seven ...
The Johor Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) has arrested 12 individuals, including seven enforcement ...
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JB mayor remanded for 3 days over alleged bribery during his ... - CNA
Aug 11, 2021 · Johor Bahru mayor Adib Azhari Daud has been remanded for three days to assist in investigations over alleged corruption when he was serving at Iskandar Puteri ...Missing: scandals | Show results with:scandals
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Former Johor Exco member, two others acquitted on corruption ...
The Sessions Court today acquitted former Johor exco Abdul Latif Bandi, his son and a real estate consultant on charges of corruption and money laundering, ...
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Not just Forest City: a look at Malaysia's Chinese-backed projects ...
Jan 13, 2024 · The Forest City mega-project in Johor has faced years of scrutiny over project delays, low uptake and controversy.
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Oil palm plantations in Peninsular Malaysia - PubMed Central
Feb 20, 2019 · Almost all (> 99%) of the forest loss between 1988 and 2012 that has been converted to industrial oil palm plantations is within 1 km from oil ...
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Association between $$PM_{10}$$ and respiratory diseases ...
Sep 9, 2024 · This study intends to investigate how exposure of influenced hospital admissions for respiratory diseases during the haze period in peninsula Malaysia.
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Economic losses due to health hazards caused by haze event in ...
The average annual economic losses due to the outpatient health impact of haze were valued at RM83,233 and RM107,486 for Pasir Gudang and Larkin, respectively.Missing: environmental costs
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Water resilient data centres can drive Asia's digital economy
Aug 25, 2025 · A single hyperscale data centre can use up to 1.5 million litres of water a day for cooling. As urban centres in ASEAN transform into digital ...
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Local Community's Perception of Mangrove Change Impact on Their ...
The perceived impacts were both negative and positive. As negative impacts, the respondents perceived 'species and habitat loss' followed by 'coastal ...
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March 25 deadline to eradicate hardcore poverty in Johor
Mar 10, 2025 · ... reducing hardcore poverty to zero on July 31, 2024. "Previously, we managed to bring down the number from 4,378 cases in March 2023 to zero ...
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Response of habitat quality to land use changes in The Johor River ...
Aug 13, 2024 · ABSTRACT. Rich resources and fragile ecosystems of estuaries are increasingly impacted by land use and land cover (LULC).
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Assessing Mangrove Conservation Efforts in Iskandar Malaysia
Mangrove deforestation is occurring at the highest of any forest type (WWF 2015). In 2002, mangrove coverage was estimated at 14 to 24 million hectares, ...
[308]
[PDF] FORCED LABOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRONIC GOODS ...
These workers gave two or more hours of their very limited free time to the project, typically agreeing to meet on weeknights after a long day of work, or on ...
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Migrant workers issue legal claim against Dyson for alleged forced ...
The claimants argue that within the Johor factor facilities there was widespread use of unlawful forced labour, false imprisonment, and the systematic exposure ...
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[PDF] Neutral Citation Number: [2024] EWCA Civ 1564 Case No
Dec 13, 2024 · ... Dyson group, alleging that they were trafficked to Malaysia and there subjected to conditions of forced labour, exploitative and abusive.
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Malaysia Salaries & Wages: Median: Johor | Economic Indicators
Malaysia Salaries & Wages: Median: Johor data was reported at 2450.000 MYR in Dec 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2216.000 MYR ...<|separator|>
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2024 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Malaysia
Migrant workers often worked in sectors where violations were common. They performed hazardous duties and had no meaningful access to legal counsel in cases of ...
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2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Malaysia
The government arrested and prosecuted some officials engaged in corruption ... Media outlets reported numerous cases of alleged official corruption during the ...
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Malaysia: Sedition Act upheld in further blow to free expression
Oct 6, 2015 · The use of the Sedition Act to suppress dissent in Malaysia has received significant criticism from the UN, including by a host of UN Human ...
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Water Agreements - Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore
PUB has also acceded to Johor's ad-hoc requests for even more potable water, during periods of severe and prolonged drought in Johor and when Johor's waterworks ...Missing: shortage | Show results with:shortage
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Mahathir picks a water fight with Singapore - Asia Times
Jul 11, 2018 · Malaysian premier says a decades-old, fixed rate supply contract is 'too costly' and 'ridiculous' while the rich city-state maintains that a deal is a deal.
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Mahathir Revives Singapore Water Issue, Takes Swipe at Trump
Jun 25, 2018 · Malaysia wants to renegotiate water supply deal with Singapore · Prime minister shows off tougher foreign policy in interview.Missing: Johor | Show results with:Johor
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Putting out the Fire: The Water Dispute Between Malaysia and ...
Jul 19, 2018 · On July 5, the chief minister of the Malaysian state of Johor suggested that the price at which Singapore buys water should be raised by 1600 percent.
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Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor ...
Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore). The Permanent Court of Arbitration acted as registry in this ...
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[PDF] Case concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the ...
Sep 1, 2005 · This Agreement accordingly terminates the Case Concerning Land. Reclamation by Singapore In and Around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia v.
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Johor fishermen say engine failure, strong currents among reasons ...
Sep 8, 2023 · There have been no media reports in both Singapore and Malaysia of detention or physical altercations between fishermen and border enforcement ...
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Syndicates hiring young people in Johor to smuggle vapes into ...
Sep 15, 2025 · Open fight involves a buy-and-sell scheme, where individuals procure vapes from suppliers and smuggle them into Singapore themselves, where they ...Missing: issues | Show results with:issues
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After years of delays, Malaysia, Singapore finalise vast SEZ
Jan 7, 2025 · Malaysia and Singapore on Tuesday signed a deal to establish the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ) after multiple delays.