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Cleveland Engine

The Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1 is a engine manufacturing facility located in , a of , , that opened in 1951 as the company's first dedicated engine plant outside and has produced more than 35 million engines over its history. Originally built to produce Ford's first overhead-valve , the Lincoln Y-block, the facility expanded with a in 1952 and Engine Plant No. 2 in 1955, reaching peak employment of over 15,000 workers in the 1960s while manufacturing cast-iron engine blocks and components for models including the , , and F-Series trucks. The plant became renowned for producing the 351 Cleveland series starting in 1970, which powered various and Mercury vehicles and gained a for high in motorsports. Subsequent decades saw production of 5.0-liter and Duratec V6 engines, with the facility idled briefly in 2007 before reopening in 2008 following a major investment. The foundry and Engine Plant No. 2 closed in 2010 and 2012, respectively, leading to significant job losses, but Plant No. 1 has remained operational on its 93-acre site, now spanning 1.6 million square feet. As of 2025, it employs approximately 1,800 workers and manufactures 2.0-liter and 2.3-liter EcoBoost inline-four engines as well as 3.5-liter EcoBoost V6 engines for vehicles including the , F-150, , and models. The plant has adopted advanced technologies such as AI and to enhance production efficiency for these turbocharged engines.

History

Founding and Construction

In the years following , sought to decentralize its production operations and expand beyond its primary facilities in Michigan to meet surging demand for vehicles. The company selected —a suburb of —for its first engine manufacturing plant outside the state, leveraging the area's established industrial workforce skilled in manufacturing and its access to key transportation infrastructure, including the and proximity to Cleveland's port for efficient shipment of raw materials and components. Construction of Plant 1 commenced in the early , with the facility officially opening in 1951 as Ford's inaugural engine plant in . The initial site encompassed a significant portion of what would become a 365-acre complex, designed to support high-volume engine assembly through advanced automation techniques for the era. This establishment represented a key step in Ford's strategy to distribute geographically, reducing reliance on a single region and enhancing . The plant's opening ceremonies highlighted its role in boosting local employment and , setting the stage for further , including the addition of Plant 2 in 1955.

Early Operations and Expansion

The Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1 commenced operations in 1951 in , initially concentrating on the assembly of Ford's inline-six engines. By 1953, the facility had become the primary producer of most of Ford's six-cylinder engines, leveraging newly constructed infrastructure to ramp up output amid postwar automotive demand. In 1954, production at Plant No. 1 expanded to encompass the Y-block V8, 's inaugural overhead-valve V8 engine, which introduced advanced casting and machining processes to the site's capabilities. This shift supported broader lineup integration, with the Y-block powering various and passenger vehicle models. Employment at the complex grew rapidly during this period, reflecting the scale of early expansion; by mid-decade, the workforce had increased substantially to support heightened assembly volumes. To accommodate surging demand for V8 engines, initiated construction of Plant No. 2 in , a 562,000-square-foot facility dedicated to Y-block V8 assembly. Upon opening, the new plant employed approximately 2,100 workers and featured integrated assembly lines that incorporated early techniques, minimizing manual labor in and component installation. Initial measures emphasized rigorous stations along the lines, including dimensional checks and performance testing on dynamometers to ensure engine reliability before shipment.

Mid-Century Developments

During the , the Cleveland Engine plants in , underwent a major production surge as expanded its manufacturing to meet rising demand for vehicles like and F-Series trucks. Plants 1 and 2 together employed over 15,000 workers by the mid-decade, reflecting the facility's growth into one of 's largest engine complexes worldwide. This expansion built on the plants' foundational role in producing overhead-valve since the early 1950s, enabling higher-volume output of small-block engines such as the 289 and 302 cubic-inch variants. A key milestone came in 1970 with the launch of the 351 Cleveland V8 engine, specifically developed and named after the Brook Park facility where it was exclusively produced. This engine, part of 's new 335-series family, featured innovative canted-valve cylinder heads for improved airflow and performance, powering models like the 351 with up to 330 horsepower. To support its rollout, completed a 510,000-square-foot addition to Engine Plant No. 2, allowing for rapid scaling of production to meet the era's and performance vehicle needs. Output quickly ramped up, contributing significantly to the plant's role in 's lineup. In the 1970s, the plants adapted to stringent federal emissions regulations under the Clean Air Act by modifying designs and production processes, including the introduction of the 400 cubic-inch in 1971 as a larger-displacement option in the 335 series. These changes involved retarding timing and other adjustments to reduce pollutants, with new lines installed to handle the updated 400-series blocks and components. By 1978, the complex reached its mid-century peak, employing 16,000 workers and producing engines for over half of Ford's domestic vehicles, underscoring its critical scale before economic downturns in the auto industry began impacting operations.

Late 20th-Century Challenges and Adaptations

The Cleveland Engine Plant encountered severe difficulties during the 1979-1982 automotive recession, driven by high fuel prices from the second oil crisis and declining demand for large vehicles, resulting in substantial layoffs that reduced the workforce at the Brook Park engine complex from 16,000 in 1978 to 11,000 in 1980. Ford implemented temporary production shutdowns across multiple facilities, including elements of the operations, to align output with conditions and manage buildup. In response to ongoing pressures from oil shortages and regulatory demands for better fuel economy, the plant retooled in the to manufacture more efficient powertrains, notably the 4.9-liter inline-six engine for trucks, which offered improved mileage over traditional V8s while supporting the company's shift toward lighter-duty applications. This adaptation helped the facility secure new production assignments, including V8 and six-cylinder truck engines, sustaining operations amid competitive bidding with other sites. Labor tensions arose periodically, reflecting broader disputes with over wages, job security, and working conditions during economic uncertainty, though specific local actions were often resolved through national negotiations. Entering the 1990s, the plant invested in modernization efforts, incorporating and manufacturing technologies to enhance precision and streamline assembly processes for V6 and V8 engines. These upgrades improved productivity, enabling the facility to maintain or increase output despite a shrinking , which fell to approximately 3,500 by 2000 through , retirements, and efficiency gains. This period of adaptation positioned the plant for future transitions, including the eventual shift to advanced turbocharged EcoBoost engines in the .

Facilities

Plant 1

Plant 1, located at 5600 Henry Ford Blvd. in , occupies 93 acres of land and features approximately 1.6 million square feet of production floor space. The facility, originally opened in 1951, has historically been a key site for engine manufacturing, including the production of the iconic 351 Cleveland V8 engine during the 1970s. As of 2025, it employs approximately 1,800 workers and operates on three shifts to support high-volume output. The plant's infrastructure includes advanced automated assembly lines capable of producing EcoBoost engines at scale, along with integrated testing facilities for and performance validation. Recent integrations of (AI) and technologies have enhanced prototyping capabilities, allowing for rapid development of engine components, tools, and custom parts for models like the 2025 Ford . These innovations support efficient iteration in design and manufacturing processes, aligning with broader industry trends in additive manufacturing and smart automation.

Plant 2

Plant 2 of the Cleveland Engine complex was constructed in 1955 as a major expansion adjacent to the original Plant 1 in , spanning approximately 1.7 million square feet and initially dedicated to the assembly of V8 engines, starting with the Y-block 292 for the . During the 1970s and 1980s, Plant 2 reached its operational peak, becoming renowned for producing the iconic 351 Cleveland V8 engine and its variants, such as the 351M, which powered a range of vehicles including Mustangs, Thunderbirds, and trucks. The facility played a central role in 's engine , supporting high-volume output for domestic and markets amid the automaker's growth in the post-war era. Operations began to decline in the late 2000s, exacerbated by the 2008 recession, which prompted to eliminate a production shift at Plant 2 and lay off hundreds of workers as demand for its engines waned. The plant fully closed in May 2012 after 57 years, with its final engines assembled that month; approximately 250 employees were transferred to the adjacent Plant 1 to continue operations there. Following closure, the 195-acre site remained idle for nearly a decade before sold it in May 2021 for $31.5 million to a development group including the DiGeronimo Companies and others. The property has since been redeveloped into the Forward Innovation Center, a mixed-use industrial and commercial hub featuring modern warehousing, advanced manufacturing spaces, and tenants such as for logistics operations, transforming the former automotive site into a hub for contemporary economic activity near .

Production

Key Engines Manufactured

The Cleveland Engine plants began production in 1951 with the introduction of Ford's first overhead-valve V8, the Y-block engine, which became foundational for the company's truck and passenger car lines during the and . Plant No. 1 initially focused on the Lincoln Y-block V8, while Plant No. 2, opened in 1955, produced the 292 cubic-inch Y-block variant specifically for the , marking a significant expansion in V8 output capacity. Concurrently, inline-six engines, including the durable 300 cubic-inch (4.9-liter) model introduced in the mid-, were manufactured for trucks and vans, providing reliable power for Ford's commercial and light-duty vehicle segments. In the 1970s, the plants shifted emphasis to the 335-series V8 family, with Plant No. 2 becoming the primary site for the renowned 351 Cleveland V8, produced from 1970 to 1974 and celebrated for its performance in vehicles like and Torino. The 400 cubic-inch V8, a stroked variant of the 351 Cleveland design, followed in 1971, offering enhanced torque for larger cars and trucks while maintaining the family's canted-valve architecture for improved breathing and power delivery. These engines solidified 's role in Ford's high-performance lineup, with over 3.7 million 351 units alone assembled at Plant No. 2 through 1981. From the through the , production adapted to industry trends toward and downsized vehicles, with the manufacturing the 5.0-liter (302 cubic-inch) V8—part of the Windsor family—for iconic models like and F-Series trucks, totaling 24.3 million units across the 302/5.0L lineage. The 4.9-liter inline-six continued as a staple for trucks, emphasizing longevity and torque. Plant No. 2 was retooled in the late 1990s to produce the Duratec V6, a more efficient overhead-cam design for midsize cars and SUVs, reflecting Ford's pivot to versatile . Overall, the two plants produced more than 35 million engines from 1951 to the early , underscoring their historical significance in Ford's . By the 2010s, the facilities began transitioning to advanced turbocharged engines like EcoBoost, aligning with stricter emissions standards before Plant No. 2's closure in 2012.

Technological Advancements and Modern Output

In 2009, the Cleveland Engine Plant No. 1 reopened following a $55 million to initiate of Ford's innovative EcoBoost engines, marking a pivotal shift toward turbocharged, direct-injection for improved and performance. The 3.5L EcoBoost V6 variant debuted that year, powering vehicles such as the Taurus SHO, Flex, and , while ramped up in 2010 to support broader applications including the F-150 and Explorer models. Plant No. 1 handled final assembly of these engines, with Plant No. 2 providing critical cast components until its closure in 2012, after which operations consolidated at Plant No. 1. The 3.7L Ti-VCT V6, a naturally aspirated counterpart, was also produced alongside the EcoBoost lineup for vehicles like the F-150 and , enabling flexible manufacturing to meet diverse vehicle demands. During the 2010s, the facility adopted the Production System, incorporating principles to streamline workflows and reduce waste, alongside expanded use of for precision tasks like machining and assembly. These advancements, including automated guided vehicles and robotic welders, supported the plant's transition to high-volume EcoBoost output and contributed to overall operational improvements across 's network. By mid-decade, investments exceeding $200 million enhanced capabilities for smaller-displacement variants, such as the 2.0L and 2.3L EcoBoost engines introduced in 2014 and 2015, respectively, for models including the Focus ST and . The plant's name, incidentally, originates from its historical production of the 351 V8 engine at Plant No. 2 starting in 1970. Pre-2025, Plant No. 1 achieved peak output of up to 440,000 EcoBoost V6 engines annually, encompassing 2.0L, 2.3L, and 3.5L models that powered a range of and vehicles, underscoring the facility's role in supporting the brand's downsized, high-performance engine strategy. This capacity reflected cumulative production exceeding 1 million units since 2009, with the 3.5L variant alone accounting for significant shares in F-150 sales. In early 2025, innovations included AI-driven systems for real-time defect detection during assembly and for prototyping engine components tailored to the Expedition's 3.5L EcoBoost, enhancing ergonomics and reducing lead times before production deferral later that year. The deferral, announced in May 2025, has paused operations at Plant No. 1 for an expected 12 months to optimize efficiencies elsewhere in 's network. As of November 2025, the plant remains idled under this deferral.

Economic and Community Impact

Employment and Workforce

At its peak in the late 1970s, the Cleveland Engine plants employed around 16,000 workers across the complex, with the vast majority being residents from the surrounding and Brook Park areas. This workforce supported high-volume production of V8 engines during a period of robust automotive demand, though employment began declining in the early due to industry recessions. The employees have been represented by (UAW) Local 1250 since the plant's establishment in 1952, which has played a central role in negotiating labor contracts and addressing workplace issues. Key milestones include participation in national contract talks, such as those in the that advanced wage and benefit standards, and involvement in strikes like the 1976 walkout that idled approximately 10,000 workers at the Brook Park facilities over contract disputes. Local 1250 also mobilized during the 1987 national UAW strike against to secure improved and compensation. Workforce demographics have evolved significantly since the , when assembly lines were overwhelmingly male-dominated, reflecting broader patterns in the automotive sector. By the , diversity initiatives led by and the UAW have promoted inclusion of women and minorities through targeted , , and programs. These efforts align with Ford's company-wide commitment to equitable hiring and , fostering a more representative . As of 2025, Plant 1 employs approximately 1,800 workers. Temporary disruptions, such as the 2023 layoff of 370 workers due to upstream supply issues from the UAW strike, highlighted workforce volatility but also resilience, with most recalled shortly after resolutions.

Local Economic Role and Legacy

The Cleveland Engine plants served as a cornerstone of the Brook Park economy, particularly at their operational peak when they generated significant economic impact through wages and supplier spending, while supporting indirect jobs across . These contributions extended beyond direct , bolstering local businesses, transportation, and services in the region during periods of high production in the mid-20th century, including peaks in the . The facilities' role in the automotive amplified regional prosperity, with supplier networks drawing and fostering economic multipliers in Cuyahoga County. The closure of Plant 2 in 2012 marked a transitional phase, yet the site's redevelopment into logistics and commercial uses has revitalized the property and sustained economic activity post-manufacturing. By 2025, amid Ford's broader shift toward electrification, the Brook Park City Council adopted resolutions affirming support for the company, underscoring the enduring legacy of Plant 1 through continued generation and its status as a vital economic anchor for the community.

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