Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Combe Martin

Combe Martin is a coastal village and civil parish in the North Devon district of Devon, England, located approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Ilfracombe on the northwestern edge of Exmoor National Park. It serves as a small seaside resort with a sheltered shingle cove and is renowned for its historic silver mining heritage, claiming the longest continuous village street in the United Kingdom at over 2 miles (3.2 km) in length. As of the 2021 Census, the built-up area of Combe Martin has a population of 2,705.^[1] The village's history traces back to the medieval era, when it was established as a feudal manor granted by William the Conqueror to a French noble family named Martin, from which it derives its name combining the Old English "cumb" for valley with "Martin." Silver and lead mining began around 1292 and was significant from the medieval period through the 16th century, with the Crown asserting rights over the silver in 1568; ore from the mines was refined to produce notable items, including silver presentation cups presented to Queen Elizabeth I.^[2]^[3] Geological features include Devonian bedrock dating to about 410 million years ago, rich in minerals such as iron, zinc, and argentiferous galena, contributing to the area's industrial past in hemp, flax, wool processing, and shipbuilding along the River Umber.^[2]^[4] Geographically, Combe Martin occupies a narrow, steep-sided valley flanked by downs such as Knap Down and Holdstone Down, encompassing an enclosed area of roughly 1,125 acres as mapped in the 1860s, with dramatic coastal cliffs including the Great Hangman at 318 metres (1,043 ft), England's highest sea cliff.^[3]^[4] The surrounding landscape features limestone outcrops, ancient hedgerows, and protected sites like Hele, Samson's and Combe Martin Bays, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) noted for its fossil-rich formations including brachiopods and corals, alongside diverse wildlife such as orchids and fulmars.^[2] In modern times, the economy centers on tourism, supported by landmarks including the 15th-century Church of St Peter ad Vincula with its medieval wall paintings, the Pack of Cards Inn built in 1713, and the Combe Martin Museum, which preserves local heritage from mining to smuggling eras.^[3]^[5]

Geography and Setting

Location and Topography

Combe Martin is situated on the north coast of Devon, England, at approximately 51°12′00″N 4°01′30″W, with an Ordnance Survey grid reference of SS5846.^[6] The village lies within the western fringe of Exmoor National Park and forms part of the North Devon Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), enhancing its status as a protected coastal landscape.^[7] It is positioned approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Ilfracombe along the A399 road, providing primary vehicular access from nearby towns and connecting to the broader network of Devon's coastal routes.^[8] The topography of Combe Martin is characterized by its setting in a narrow, sheltered valley—known as a "combe"—that opens onto a small bay with golden sands visible at low tide, flanked by dramatic headlands.^[7] To the east, the landscape rises sharply to the Hangman Cliffs, including Little Hangman at around 700 feet (213 m) and Great Hangman, with a cliff face of 800 feet (244 m), the highest sea cliff in England.^[9] These cliffs, part of the surrounding Exmoor coastline, contribute to the area's rugged, indented shoreline and offer panoramic views across the Bristol Channel.^[10] Geologically, the region features Devonian-period formations, including sandstones and mudstones of the Ilfracombe Beds, interspersed with rarer outcrops of Devonian limestone alongside typical shales and sandstones, which have shaped the steep valleys and cliff faces through erosion and tectonic activity.^[11]^[3] Overlying these rocks, an Iron Age univallate hillfort known as Newberry Castle occupies a hillslope enclosure on Newberry Hill, featuring earthwork ramparts that highlight early human adaptation to the terrain.^[12] Historical silver mining in the area has left subtle scars on the landscape, such as adit entrances and spoil heaps, integrating with the natural geology.^[7]

Climate and Environment

Combe Martin experiences a temperate maritime climate characteristic of southwest England, with mild winters and cool summers moderated by the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and the warming influence of the North Atlantic Drift, a continuation of the Gulf Stream. Average winter temperatures range from 3°C to 9°C, while summer highs typically reach 15°C to 19°C, with lows around 12°C; extremes are rare, with temperatures seldom dropping below -2°C or exceeding 23°C. Annual precipitation averages approximately 1,188 mm, distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, though higher amounts—up to 2,000 mm—occur on the inland Exmoor slopes due to orographic effects from prevailing southwesterly winds.^[13]^[14]^[15] The area's biodiversity is enriched by its coastal position within the North Devon Coast National Landscape (formerly Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) and the eastern edge of Exmoor National Park, supporting diverse habitats from rocky shores to cliff-top heathlands. Coastal ecosystems host populations of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), which haul out on nearby beaches and rocks, and seabirds such as fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), and guillemots (Uria aalge) that nest on the dramatic cliffs. Flora includes hardy species like heather (Calluna vulgaris) and gorse (Ulex europaeus) on the exposed slopes, contributing to pollinator-rich environments; protected species in the region encompass the pearl-bordered fritillary butterfly (Boloria euphrosyne) and various orchids, safeguarded under UK Biodiversity Action Plan priorities for coastal heath and grassland.^[16]^[17]^[18] Environmental initiatives in Combe Martin emphasize conservation within Exmoor National Park, focusing on sustainable management of the South West Coast Path, which traverses the area and requires ongoing maintenance to mitigate erosion from foot traffic and weathering. Efforts include path rerouting and stabilization works around Hangman Cliffs—England's highest sea cliffs at 244 m—to prevent landslides and protect underlying geological features, as outlined in the park's management plans addressing climate-driven coastal erosion. These measures also support habitat restoration, such as controlling invasive species and promoting native vegetation to enhance resilience against rising sea levels and increased storm frequency.^[19]^[20]^[9]

History

Origins and Early Settlement

The name Combe Martin originates from the Old English word "cumbe," denoting a narrow valley or hollow, reflecting the village's geographical setting in a steep coastal combe.^[21] This element was combined with "Martin" following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when the manor was granted to a Norman lord named Martin de Tours or a member of his family, leading to the designation "Martin's Combe."^[22] Evidence of early human activity in the area includes an Iron Age univallate hillfort known as Newberry Castle (or Combe Martin Castle), situated on Newberry Hill and dated to approximately 700 BC to 42 AD, which suggests defensive settlement and possible early farming communities in the surrounding landscape.^[4] By the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, Combe Martin was recorded as a settlement within the Braunton Hundred of Devon, held by the Norman tenant-in-chief William of Falaise under the feudal system.^[23] The entry describes a modest agrarian community with 37 households—comprising 18 villagers, 10 smallholders, and 9 slaves—supporting 20 ploughlands, pasture, woodland, and livestock such as 21 cattle and 140 sheep, valued at 5 pounds annually to the lord.^[23] This portrayal underscores its status as a small medieval manor focused on agricultural production within the broader feudal hierarchy of North Devon.^[22] The establishment of St. Peter ad Vincula Church around the 12th century further anchored the community's medieval development, with the current structure likely built on the site of an earlier Saxon wooden church and supported by a Latin charter possibly dating to 1133.^[24] As a small parish in feudal North Devon, Combe Martin operated under manorial oversight with ties to nearby Ilfracombe through shared regional trade routes and administrative hundred structures, culminating in a royal charter for a weekly market and annual fair granted in 1265 by Henry III.^[25] This economic privilege highlighted its role as a localized hub for agrarian exchange within the feudal social order, where land tenure and tithes reinforced ties to the manor lord and the church.^[22]

Silver Mining Era and Medieval Development

Silver mining in Combe Martin began in the late 13th century, with official records dating its discovery to 1292 during the reign of Edward I, though evidence suggests earlier activity. The English Crown took direct control of the mines that year, managing operations to extract silver from argentiferous galena ore as a byproduct of lead mining. Skilled miners, numbering up to 360, were imported from the Peak District in Derbyshire and South Wales to rework the shafts, marking a significant investment in capital and labor for what became a royal enterprise.^[26]^[27]^[28] The mines reached their medieval peak in the 14th century under Edward III, producing substantial quantities of silver that contributed to the royal treasury and financed military campaigns during the Hundred Years' War, including the battles of Crécy in 1346 and Poitiers in 1356. By 1415, under Henry V, the output from Combe Martin and related Devon sites helped fund the English victory at Agincourt, with historical accounts noting that the silver minted from these ores supported the coinage needed for wartime expenditures. Key workings included the extensive silver-lead lodes around Wheal Silver Mine and adjacent sites along the valley slopes, where ore was smelted locally before export through Combe Martin Bay to continental markets and royal mints. Operations involved deep shafts and rudimentary drainage systems, yielding over 270 pounds of silver to the treasury by 1293 alone, though production fluctuated due to technical challenges.^[26]^[28]^[27] The influx of wealth and workers from mining spurred notable social and economic transformations in Combe Martin during the medieval period. Population growth accelerated as immigrant laborers settled, boosting ancillary industries such as rope-making for mine shafts and wool processing, while the prosperity enabled expansions to local infrastructure. Tithes from the mines directly funded enhancements to the Church of St Peter ad Vincula, including its grand 15th-century tower and rood screen, reflecting the community's rising status and the integration of mining revenues into ecclesiastical architecture. This period of development laid the foundation for Combe Martin's medieval identity as a mining hub, with the early settlement's agricultural base providing initial labor support.^[26]^[24]^[29] Mining activities persisted sporadically into the 19th century but declined sharply by the mid-1800s due to exhausted ore veins, flooding in deeper shafts, high operational costs, and competition from cheaper foreign silver imports. The last significant workings ceased around 1880, leaving the industry unviable and shifting the local economy away from extraction. The legacy endures in archaeological remnants, such as abandoned shafts visible along Bowhay Lane and Lester Point, and in the enduring architectural influence on sites like St Peter ad Vincula Church, which stands as a testament to the era's prosperity.^[26]^[30]^[31]

Community and Infrastructure

Village Layout and High Street

Combe Martin's village layout is characterized by its linear development along the narrow Umber Valley, constrained by the steep topography of the surrounding hills and cliffs, which has shaped a ribbon-like settlement pattern stretching from the coastal seafront inland. This arrangement follows the natural contours of the combe—a steep-sided valley—promoting growth primarily along the valley floor rather than across the slopes, with the main thoroughfare serving as the spine of the community. Side lanes, such as Wet Lane, branch off perpendicularly to provide access to higher ground and smaller clusters of homes, while modern housing estates have been developed on the lower valley sides since the mid-20th century to accommodate population growth without disrupting the historic core.^[22] The High Street, forming the core of this layout, measures approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) in length, extending continuously from the beachfront at the village's seaward end to the upper valley near the parish church. The village holds the Guinness World Record for the longest street party, achieved in 2002 with a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) event during the Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations. The street's path integrates seamlessly with the A399 trunk road, which channels traffic through the village and connects it to broader North Devon networks, facilitating both local movement and regional access. This integration supports a pedestrian-friendly environment, featuring narrow pavements, periodic bollards to manage vehicle flow, and open spaces like the churchyard that encourage walking and social interaction along the route.^[22]^[32] Public transport infrastructure enhances connectivity, with the Stagecoach 301 bus service providing regular links from High Street stops to Barnstaple via Ilfracombe, operating multiple daily routes that serve commuters and visitors alike. As the village's social and commercial hub, the High Street hosts a variety of independent shops catering to daily needs, alongside essential services including the post office—currently located within the Co-op on Castle Street—and Combe Martin Primary School, which educates local children and reinforces community ties through its central positioning. This evolution of the layout, influenced briefly by medieval silver mining that spurred initial linear expansion along the valley to support mine access, underscores the street's enduring role in fostering a cohesive village identity.^[33]^[34]

Key Buildings and Landmarks

The Church of St Peter ad Vincula stands as the village's most prominent historical structure, a Grade I listed building with origins tracing to the 13th century and a significant rebuild in the 15th century funded by wealth from local silver mining operations.^[35]^[36] Its interior features a chained statue of St Peter, medieval tombs, and a well-preserved 15th-century oak rood screen, reflecting the perpendicular Gothic style prevalent in the period.^[36] The Pack o' Cards Inn, constructed in the early 18th century by local squire George Ley, though local tradition dates it to around 1690, is a distinctive Grade I listed building symbolizing a deck of playing cards through its design: 52 windows representing the cards, 13 doors and fireplaces for the cards in each suit, four floors for the suits, and 52 steps in the central staircase for the total number of cards.^[37] Ley, a teacher and overseer of the poor, reportedly built it to commemorate a substantial win at cards, incorporating unique elements like a central staircase resembling a pack and courtyard walls with bee boles.^[38]^[2] The Combe Martin Museum, opened in 1991, preserves the area's heritage through exhibits on silver mining, maritime history, social customs, and village life, housed in a multi-story building that highlights industrial and agricultural artifacts.^[2]^[39] Other notable structures include the former schoolhouse, now the Combe Martin Community Centre, originally a late 18th- or early 19th-century workhouse extended in the late 19th century for educational use in Victorian Gothic Revival style before closing as a school and repurposing for community activities.^[40]^[41] The Grade II listed war memorial, erected in 1921 near the parish church, commemorates local fallen from the World Wars with a granite obelisk enclosed by rubble stone walls and wrought iron gates.^[42]^[43] Combe Martin's built environment blends architectural styles, featuring 16th-century thatched cottages with stone fireplaces and bread ovens, elegant Georgian houses like Hammond House with wrought iron railings, and Victorian additions in the seaside area such as bay windows, balconies, and Marland brick details.^[22]^[44]

Culture and Traditions

Annual Events and Festivals

Combe Martin hosts several annual events that celebrate its community spirit and historical roots, drawing visitors from across Devon and beyond. The Combe Martin Carnival, traditionally held in mid-August, features a vibrant parade with colorful floats, including the longstanding Uncle Tom Cobley entry dating back to 1911, along with wheelbarrow races, live music, and family entertainment culminating in fireworks.^[45]^[46] This event, organized by local volunteers, attracts thousands of spectators and has been a staple of summer festivities for over a century, fostering a sense of excitement in the village, though it was not held in 2025.^[46]^[47] One of the most distinctive traditions is the Hunting of the Earl of Rone, a four-day festival over the Spring Bank Holiday weekend in late May. It reenacts the local legend of the escape of Hugh O'Neill, the Earl of Tyrone, who fled Ireland in 1607 during the Flight of the Earls and was shipwrecked near Combe Martin, involving costumed processions with hobby horses, grenadiers, and a mock hunt through the streets, ending with the effigy's capture and symbolic drowning at sea.^[48] Originally performed annually around Ascension Day until it lapsed in 1837, the custom was revived in 1970 and remains a unique folk tradition in Britain, emphasizing themes of pursuit and community participation.^[48]^[49] The Strawberry Fayre, held annually in June at the Bowling Green near the church, highlights Combe Martin's agricultural heritage through stalls offering fresh local strawberries, homemade jams, crafts, produce, and live music, with children's activities adding to the festive atmosphere.^[50]^[51] This event commemorates the village's 19th-century strawberry-growing industry, which supplied markets in Barnstaple, London, and the Midlands, transforming the local economy through market gardening on south-facing slopes.^[51]^[52]^[53] Complementing these seasonal highlights is the monthly Farmers' Market, held on the third Saturday from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at the Village Hall, showcasing Devon-sourced fresh produce, meats, artisan goods, and crafts from local vendors.^[45] This recurring event supports the area's rural economy and provides a platform for community interaction year-round.^[45]

Local Customs and Heritage

Combe Martin's folklore is deeply intertwined with its maritime and industrial past, particularly through the legend of the Hunting of the Earl of Rone. This enduring tale recounts the escape of Hugh O'Neill, the second Earl of Tyrone, who fled Ireland in 1607 during the Flight of the Earls, following the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), and was shipwrecked near Combe Martin. According to local tradition, villagers disguised him as a local figure and staged a procession with a barrel-wielding "earl" on a hobby horse to distract pursuing authorities, allowing his safe departure from the woods. The story, rooted in early 17th-century events, blends historical escape with elements of disguise and communal deception, reflecting broader Devon themes of refuge and resistance.^[54]^[48] The village's smuggling heritage further enriches this folklore, as the sheltered cove of Combe Martin served as a hub for illicit trade during the 18th and 19th centuries, with locals evading excise duties on goods like brandy and tea. This history of coastal evasion echoes the deceptive elements in the Earl of Rone legend, where community solidarity thwarts outsiders, tying into wider North Devon narratives of hidden coves and midnight runs. While silver mining legends are less documented locally, the mines' medieval echoes contribute to a sense of subterranean mystery, preserved in oral tales of hidden veins and lost fortunes that symbolize the village's resilient spirit.^[55] Heritage preservation efforts center on the Combe Martin Museum, which archives artifacts from mining, smuggling, and maritime life, including tools, documents, and personal stories curated by the community to safeguard generational narratives. The museum's exhibits highlight these elements, fostering educational talks that connect visitors to the village's layered past. Complementing this, the Combe Martin Local History Group publishes works such as "Out of the World and Into Combe Martin" (1989), compiling essays, photographs, and resident accounts that document folklore and traditions within broader Devon lore, ensuring cultural continuity through scholarly and accessible formats.^[56]^[2]

Attractions and Economy

Tourist Destinations

Combe Martin offers a variety of natural and historical attractions that draw visitors to its coastal setting on the edge of Exmoor National Park. The Hangman Cliffs, featuring Great Hangman at 318 meters (1,043 feet), represent England's highest sea cliff and serve as a highlight along the South West Coast Path.^[9] This challenging 4.7-mile (7.5 km) walk from Combe Martin ascends steep, muddy paths with substantial elevation gain, offering panoramic views of the Bristol Channel, wildflowers in spring, and sightings of seabirds and ravens, though caution is advised due to slippery terrain and difficult access to nearby coves like Wild Pear Beach.^[9] Adjacent to the cliffs, Combe Martin Beach provides a family-friendly coastal experience with its mix of golden sands, pebbles, and extensive rock pools exposed at low tide, ideal for rock pooling and exploration.^[57] The beach supports activities such as swimming, kayaking, and paddleboarding, with equipment available for hire in the village; however, no lifeguard service operates, and visitors must monitor tides closely to avoid risks from the fast-rising waters of the Bristol Channel.^[58] A second nearby beach at Newbury adds more rock pooling opportunities, enhancing the area's appeal for leisurely seaside visits.^[57] The Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park spans 28 acres in a scenic valley within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, featuring exotic animals such as Amur leopards, sea lions, primates, wolves, and reptiles alongside life-sized dinosaur models, an animatronic exhibit, and playgrounds including a covered area for young children.^[59] In December 2024, Storm Darragh caused significant damage, including fallen trees and breached enclosures, but the park recovered and introduced half-price admissions through July 2025. Opened in 1986 as a family-run attraction, it emphasizes educational encounters with wildlife and prehistoric themes, with new animatronic dinosaurs added for 2025.^[60]^[61]^[59] The park operates seasonally from early April to early November, daily from 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (last admission at 3:00 p.m.), with adult entry at £19.99 (online) and child (ages 3-15) at £15.99 (online); under-3s enter free, and tickets include seven-day return access.^[62] Historical mining sites provide insight into Combe Martin's silver mining heritage through guided tours at Mine Tenement, organized by the Combe Martin Silver Mines Society, where visitors explore old entrances, shafts, and adits via uneven, often muddy paths suitable for ages 14+ (younger children accompanied).^[63] A small on-site museum displays artifacts like tools and personal items unearthed from the area, with interpretive panels explaining medieval extraction techniques.^[63] Tours run Thursdays from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and Sundays from 8:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., free with donations encouraged; advance booking is required, and sturdy footwear is recommended for the terrain.^[63] Complementing these, ranger-led walks trace ancient miners' routes with on-site panels detailing the seven-century industry.^[64] Additional draws include gentle waterfall walks in nearby combes like Heddon Valley, accessible via coastal paths that reveal cascading streams amid wooded valleys, and a stop at the Pack o' Cards Inn, a Grade II-listed pub built c. 1690 in the shape of a house of cards, offering a quirky historical pause en route to other sites.^[65]^[66] Many attractions observe seasonal hours, with coastal paths best in milder weather for safety.^[9]

Economic Activities and Modern Developments

The economy of Combe Martin is predominantly driven by tourism, which supports a significant portion of local employment through bed and breakfast establishments, retail shops catering to visitors, and attractions such as the wildlife and dinosaur park. According to the Northern Devon Tourism Strategy 2018–2022, tourism accounts for approximately 19% of employment across North Devon, with higher concentrations in coastal villages like Combe Martin where visitor-related services form the backbone of the job market. Secondary sectors include small-scale farming, particularly market gardening focused on strawberries and other produce, and limited fishing activities tied to the village's maritime heritage. The rise of remote work since 2020 has also introduced a growing number of home-based businesses, facilitated by improved broadband infrastructure in rural Devon areas.^[67]^[52] Recent developments have emphasized digital enhancements and sustainability to bolster the local economy. The Combe Martin Museum offers virtual tours to support educational tourism.^[68] Broadband upgrades under the UK Government's Project Gigabit initiative have reached rural North Devon properties, including Combe Martin, enabling more reliable connectivity for remote workers and online business operations since 2020.^[69] Sustainable tourism efforts include the promotion of eco-friendly accommodations, such as glamping sites with low-impact designs, aligning with broader North Devon initiatives to reduce environmental footprints while preserving the area's natural appeal.^[70] Challenges persist, including seasonal fluctuations in employment that peak during summer tourism months and leave gaps in winter, as well as ongoing needs for flood defenses to combat coastal erosion along the North Devon shoreline. The Environment Agency maintains seawall structures in Combe Martin to protect against rising sea levels and storm surges, with long-term plans for reinforced defenses. Historically, silver mining served as an economic precursor to these modern activities, providing a foundation for the village's resource-based heritage. Looking ahead, the economy shows promise through expanding glamping facilities, such as new eco-lodges that opened in spring 2025, and deeper integration with Exmoor National Park's eco-tourism network to promote year-round, low-carbon visitor experiences.^[71]^[72]

Notable People

Historical Figures

John Jewel (1522–1571), a prominent Protestant reformer and Bishop of Salisbury, was born in Buden, a hamlet in the nearby parish of Berrynarbor, with strong familial ties to Combe Martin where descendants of the Jewel family continued to reside.^[73]^[74] Educated at Merton College, Oxford, Jewel played a pivotal role in the Elizabethan religious settlement, authoring the influential Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae in 1562 to defend the Church of England's doctrines against Catholic critiques, which helped establish Anglican identity during a period of doctrinal upheaval.^[75] As bishop from 1559, he oversaw reforms in his diocese, emphasizing scriptural authority and episcopal governance, and engaged in public disputations that solidified Protestant positions in England.^[76] His local roots in the North Devon area likely influenced his early exposure to rural parish life, shaping his commitment to accessible religious education. Sir Richard Pollard (c.1505–1542), a lawyer and Member of Parliament, acquired significant local influence through the 1537 grant of Combe Martin manor from King Henry VIII, integrating the estate into his portfolio amid the Tudor administrative expansions.^[77] Serving as King's Remembrancer of the Exchequer and a close advisor to Thomas Cromwell, Pollard was instrumental in the Dissolution of the Monasteries between 1536 and 1541, overseeing the legal dissolution of religious houses and the redistribution of their assets, which enriched the crown and reshaped land ownership in regions like Devon.^[78] His role extended to parliamentary representation for Taunton in 1536 and Devon in 1540 and 1542, where he advocated for crown policies, though his methods drew controversy for their rigor in enforcing monastic suppressions.^[79] Pollard's ownership of Combe Martin manor marked a contentious chapter in the village's Tudor history, as his administration facilitated the transition of ecclesiastical lands to secular hands, impacting local tenantry and economy. Thomas Harding (1516–1572), believed to have been born in Combe Martin and a leading Roman Catholic controversialist, engaged in one of the era's most notable theological debates with his contemporary John Jewel, challenging the Anglican reforms through a series of polemical exchanges.^[80] Educated at Barnstaple and New College, Oxford, where he became a fellow and later principal of Brasenose College, Harding initially aligned with Protestantism under Edward VI but recanted upon Mary's accession in 1553, fleeing to exile in Louvain after Elizabeth's 1559 settlement.^[81] From there, he authored An Answer to Master Jewel's Challenge (1564), a point-by-point rebuttal that sparked the "Great Controversy," critiquing Anglican practices on sacraments, church authority, and tradition, and prompting Jewel's extensive Defence of the Apology (1569–1571).^[82] Harding's Combe Martin connections underscored the village's role in the broader religious tensions of the Reformation, as his writings from exile amplified Catholic resistance among English expatriates. Clara Ethelinda Larter (1847–1936), a botanist who resided in Combe Martin from approximately 1899 to 1909, contributed to the documentation of Devon's flora during the late mining era, capturing the botanical diversity of the area's coastal and industrial landscapes.^[83] Born in Leeds and later based in Torquay, Larter began systematic studies around 1897, focusing on vascular plants and algae, and collaborated with regional botanists like Frederick Hamilton Davey on surveys that highlighted rare species in North Devon's rugged terrain.^[84] Her key works include The Botany of Torquay (1900) and contributions to The Flora of Devon (published posthumously in 1939), which detailed over 1,200 plant species and noted ecological changes from mining activities, such as altered habitats around Combe Martin's silver mines.^[85] Larter's fieldwork in the village emphasized conservation amid industrialization, providing a scientific record that informed later environmental studies in the region.^[86]

Modern Residents and Associations

One of the most prominent modern figures associated with Combe Martin is Damien Hirst, born in 1965, a leading contemporary artist and co-founder of the Young British Artists movement. Hirst, known for his provocative works exploring themes of life, death, and beauty, has maintained a long-term residence in a remote farmhouse near the village since the early 2000s, where he has spent much of his time raising his family. This connection to North Devon's rugged coastline has notably influenced his artistic output, particularly in series like the Coast Paintings, which capture the vastness and inevitability of the sea through layered abstractions inspired by local walks along Combe Martin's shores.^[87]^[88]^[89] Beyond Hirst, Combe Martin continues to attract and inspire local artists in the 21st century, drawn to its dramatic coastal landscapes and mining heritage. Contemporary painter Joanne Sedgbeer, based in North Devon, has created works such as Early Spring, Combe Martin, an oil painting that evokes the soft light and seasonal colors of the area's beaches, reflecting the village's enduring appeal to visual creators. Similarly, artist Phil Ashcroft incorporates Combe Martin's landmarks into his mixed-media pieces, blending natural scenery with personal expression to highlight the interplay of land and sea. Authors have also woven the village into modern Devon literature, with references to its scenic valleys and community life appearing in regional novels that celebrate North Devon's rural identity.^[90]^[91]^[92] These modern residents and associates contribute to Combe Martin's cultural promotion through artistic and civic engagement. Hirst, for instance, has supported local causes in the region, including a 2025 donation of a limited-edition print to a raffle benefiting the Devon Air Ambulance and RNLI Ilfracombe, organizations serving the North Devon coast and enhancing community resilience. Local artists like Sedgbeer and Ashcroft further amplify the village's visibility by exhibiting works that showcase its natural beauty, fostering tourism and appreciation for its environment.^[93] Terry-Thomas (1911–1990), the English comic actor known for his films in the 1950s and 1960s, is buried in St. Peter's Churchyard in Combe Martin. As of 2025, emerging efforts in tourism and conservation underscore the village's evolving associations, with community-led initiatives improving bathing water quality at Combe Martin beach—from "poor" in 2019 to "good" in 2024—through collaborations between residents, South West Water, and the Environment Agency. These projects, including sewer upgrades and AI-monitored pollution prevention, highlight the role of local advocates in preserving the area's ecological health, though specific individual activists remain tied to broader regional groups like Surfers Against Sewage.^[94]^[95]^[96]

References

[1]
Coastal communities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and ...
Feb 7, 2024 · BUAs are classified by population size as minor, small, medium, large or major, and characteristics are explored using Census 2021 data. Data ...
[2]
Combe Martin History Timeline
Jul 4, 2025 · Combe Martin's history includes 400 million years of geology, early silver mining, the Pack o' Cards Inn, smuggling, and becoming a seaside ...Missing: geography | Show results with:geography
[3]
Combe Martin - North Devon Coast – National Landscape
Combe Martin has a long main street, ancient hedgerows, a history of hemp/flax and wool, and a stunning church. It was accessible by sea until recently.Missing: geography | Show results with:geography
[4]
Introduction to Combe Martin | Combe Martin Village History [The Little Parish with a Big Story]
### Key Facts About Combe Martin
[5]
Combe Martin Parish Council – News and updates from Combe ...
Welcome to Combe Martin · Combe Martin is an English civil parish within the district of North Devon and the county of Devon · Forthcoming Meetings · News · Events.
[6]
Where is Combe Martin? - Get The Data
The centre of Combe Martin is located at the grid reference easting 258427 and northing 146656 within the British National Grid (OSGB36) system. Easting, 258427.
[7]
The Village | Visit Combe Martin
Combe Martin is a resort on the North Devon coast situated in a sheltered valley on the western fringe of the Exmoor National Park.
[8]
Ilfracombe to Combe Martin - 3 ways to travel via line 301 bus, taxi ...
The distance between Ilfracombe and Combe Martin is 5 miles. How do I travel from Ilfracombe to Combe Martin without a car?
[9]
The Hangman Hills - Walk - South West Coast Path
At 1044 feet, or 318 metres, Great Hangman is England's highest sea cliff. From the cairn at the top here are tremendous views over the surrounding ...
[10]
England's highest sea cliff Great Hangman is a 'monstrous climb'
Aug 29, 2025 · At 1,044ft (318m), Great Hangman - part of the South West Coast Path on the north Devon coast - claims that national title and offers views ...
[11]
[PDF] SITE Name: Hele, Samson's and Combe Martin Bays Parish
Summary of Geology / Geomorphological Interest: This site provides excellent exposures of sandstones and mudstones of the Ilfracombe 'Beds', formed during ...
[12]
https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=34091
[13]
Combe Martin Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature ...
Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 37°F to 66°F and is rarely below 28°F or above 73°F.
[14]
Combe Martin Weather & Climate | Year-Round Guide with Graphs
Combe Martin experiences significant rainfall throughout the year, averaging 1188 mm of precipitation annually. While rainfall varies throughout the year, each ...
[15]
How does the Gulf Stream affect the British climate? - Encounter Edu
The Gulf Stream brings warm water from the Caribbean to North West Europe, keeping the climate in Britain warmer than other places at a similar latitude.
[16]
Biodiversity & Geodiversity - North Devon Coast – National Landscape
Priority habitats found in the AONB include oak woodland, parkland and wood pasture, species-rich hedgerows, farmland, Culm grassland, coastal heathland, sand ...
[17]
Wildlife and Nature: Spotting Seals, Birds, and More in North Devon
Sep 9, 2024 · These charming seabirds nest on the cliffs during the spring and summer months and can often be seen swooping over the waves to catch fish. The ...Missing: Combe | Show results with:Combe
[18]
[PDF] NORTH DEVON COASTAL CREATURES
This coastal footpath runs along 80 miles of the AONB from Combe Martin down to the Cornish Border at Marsland Mouth. Suitable for every type of walker, you ...
[19]
[PDF] Exmoor National Park Management Plan 2025-2030
Coastal erosion of Exmoor's high cliffs also threatens heritage assets and public access. ... quality at Combe Martin, Dunster, Minehead and Blue Anchor. G4 ...
[20]
[PDF] Exmoor State of the Park Report final 2025
On Exmoor, this primarily affects coastal settlements including Porlock Weir and Lynmouth. Coastal erosion of Exmoor's high cliffs also threatens heritage ...Missing: initiatives | Show results with:initiatives
[21]
[PDF] Combe Martin Beach - Coastwise North Devon
Combe Martin derives its name from 'combe' – a wooded valley, and from the. Norman family 'Martin' (Martin of Tours) who, some believe, was given this manor ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[22]
[PDF] Combe Martin Conservation Areas Character Appraisal
The formal layout of towns and villages during the medieval period was as a series of burgage plots. These plots of land were long and narrow so as to allow a ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[23]
Combe [Martin] | Domesday Book
Combe [Martin] was a settlement in Domesday Book, in the hundred of Braunton and the county of Devon. It had a recorded population of 37 households in 1086, ...
[24]
Churches | Combe Martin Village History [The Little Parish with a Big Story]
### Early History of St Peter ad Vincula Church, Combe Martin
[25]
Middle Ages in Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, north Devon - John H Moore
Ilfracombe and Combe Martin were both permitted to hold markets; Combe Martin by 1265 and Ilfracombe by 1278. There is reference to a Hall in Combe Martin in ...
[26]
Early Silver Mining in Combe Martin / Combe Martin Industrial History
Oct 29, 2025 · Royal Origins and Medieval Expansion. Silver mining in Combe Martin was officially recorded under Edward I in 1292, though activity likely ...
[27]
[PDF] The Crown silver mines in Devon: capital, labour and landscape in ...
ABSTRACT: In the late 13th century the English Crown introduced direct manage- ment of silver mining in Devon and maintained it for over 50 years.
[28]
North Devon in 100 Objects: 19. Combe Martin Silver Ore
It is said that the battles of Poitiers in 1356, Crecy in 1415 and even Agincourt were won in the shafts of Combe Martin. In the 1640s Charles I clothed his ...Missing: Edward III Henry V
[29]
https://www.combemartinvillage.co.uk/combe-martin-industrial-history/combe-martin-ores-and-smelting
[30]
Combe Martin Silver Mines – North Devon Coast
The valley slopes of Combe Martin still show evidence of silver and lead mining and smelting from the 13th to the 19th century.Missing: medieval | Show results with:medieval
[31]
https://www.combemartinvillage.co.uk/combe-martin-industrial-history/silver-mining-in-devon-and-cornwall
[32]
BBC NEWS | UK | England | Jubilee party makes record books
Oct 6, 2002 · Combe Martin's Golden Jubilee street party on 3 June has won the accolade from The Guinness Book of World Records. The 1.5 mile-long event ...Missing: 2009 | Show results with:2009
[33]
301 Bus Route & Timetable: Combe Martin - Barnstaple - Stagecoach
Find out times, routes and more for the South West 301 Combe Martin - Barnstaple. Download a timetable today at StagecoachBus.com.
[34]
Combe Martin Primary School
Our school is situated in a fantastic location where the Exmoor National Park and the North Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty meet.ContactOur TeamSchool CalendarCalendarKey Information
[35]
CHURCH OF ST PETER AD VINCULA, Combe Martin - 1106799
The Church of St Peter ad Vincula is a Grade I listed building, first listed on 25-Feb-1965, and is located at CHURCH STREET.Missing: features | Show results with:features
[36]
Church History - Welcome to: St Peter Ad Vincula, Combe Martin
The Parish Church of Combe Martin is one of the most striking objects in the neighborhood. Its tower forms a trio with those of Hartland and Berrynarbor.Missing: features | Show results with:features
[37]
the pack of cards including courtyard walls incorporating bee boles ...
The National Heritage List for England is a unique register of our country's most significant historic buildings and sites. The places on the list are protected ...Missing: landmarks | Show results with:landmarks
[38]
About The Pack o' Cards - Pack o' Cards inn
A monument to lady luck. The Pack O' Cards was constructed over 300 years ago by a man called George Ley. He was the local squire in Combe Martin – but ...
[39]
Combe Martin Museum and Information Point
Explore our village timeline, learn about Exmoor's history, and visit exhibitions on the strawberry industry, market gardening, and more at the Combe Martin ...
[40]
Former Workhouse, Church Street, Combe Martin, Devon
The left hand range was built in the late 18th or early 19th century as a workhouse. A large extension was added in the late 19th century when it became a ...
[41]
https://www.combemartinvillage.co.uk/combe-martin-landmarks/combe-martin-community-centre
[42]
combe martin war memorial - Historic England
List entry 1391933. Grade II Listed Building: Combe Martin War Memorial. May include summary, reasons for designation and history.Missing: schoolhouse | Show results with:schoolhouse
[43]
https://www.combemartinvillage.co.uk/combe-martin-landmarks
[44]
Ancient Cottage, Combe Martin, Devon - Snaptrip
This delightful 16th Century thatched cottage has a wealth of charm and character. Cosy sitting room with stone fireplace with original bread oven, and stone ...
[45]
Combe Martin Events
Combe Martin Events · Combe Martin Carnival · Farmers' Market · Hunting the Earl of Rone · Mini Madness · Strawberry Fayre · Event Listings ...Missing: annual | Show results with:annual
[46]
Combe Martin and North Devon Events - Nutcombe Holiday Cottages
During the past 30 years, Combe Martin Carnival week has earned many superlative comments of endorsement from a nationwide following who make the annual ...
[47]
The Hunting of the Earl of Rone
The Hunting of the Earl of Rone. An annual custom held in Combe Martin, North Devon, is unique among the folk traditions of Great Britain.
[48]
Combe Martin The Earl of Rone | Combe Martin Village History [The Little Parish with a Big Story]
### Summary of the Hunting of the Earl of Rone Custom
[49]
What's On in Combe Martin - Visit Devon
What's on in Combe Martin ; Seeds of Change: Farming in Devon in the 1920s. August 1, 2025 - January 31, 2026 ; A Forever Home Winter Trail. November 4, 2025 - ...
[50]
Combe Martin Strawberry Fayre is a fruitful experience!
Apr 24, 2011 · As well as celebrating the villageâ€™s strawberry-growing history, the fayre is also about promoting local produce, home-baked goods and crafts.
[51]
https://www.northdevongazette.co.uk/news/local-news/1213369/combe-martin-strawberry-fayre-is-a-fruitful-experience.html
[52]
Customs uncovered: The Hunting of the Earl of Rone - Tradfolk
May 24, 2022 · The Hunting of the Earl of Rone is a little-known and woefully under-celebrated tradition repeated yearly in Combe Martin, a small town in North Devon.
[53]
Smuggling in North Devon / Early Histories - Combe Martin
Nov 5, 2023 · During the 18th-19th centuries, smuggling activities operated around Combe Martin's sheltered fishing cove in North Devon, England.
[54]
Local History | Combe Martin Museum and Information Point
Aug 25, 2025 · Combe Martin Museum offers heritage exhibits, local history, accessible visitor services, and serves as a Tourist Information Point for North ...
[55]
Visiting Combe Martin - Visit Devon
How long is Combe Martin high street? Combe Martin high street is 2 miles long and is believed to be one of the longest village high streets in England.Missing: actual length
[56]
Combe Martin - Devon - UK Beach Guide
Rating 3.9 (87) · FreeYou can enjoy safe bathing, kayaking, rock pooling in this area of outstanding natural beauty. Plenty of places to eat and drink nearby but sparse car parking ...
[57]
Combe Martin Wildlife & Dinosaur Park – A North Devon Adventure
### Combe Martin Wildlife & Dinosaur Park Summary
[58]
Blog 1 – In the Beginning - Combe Martin Wildlife & Dinosaur Park
Sep 16, 2025 · Combe Martin Wildlife Park first opened its doors in 1986 and my father, with an abundance of enthusiasm, drove into Barnstaple and opened the ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[59]
Book Your Visit - Combe Martin Wildlife & Dinosaur Park
Online ticket prices: Adult: £19.99, Child (age 3-15): £15.99, Under 3's: Free, Concession Adult: £15.99, Concession Child: £7.99, Wheelchair Users: Free.
[60]
Visiting - Combe Martin Silver Mines
You are able to have a guided tour of Mine Tenement and look through our small yet detailed museum. The museum houses many artifacts found on site from above ...
[61]
Walk in the footsteps on the silver miners of Combe Martin
Join Ione, a National Park ranger for a walk that takes in the ancient routes cut into the rocks that were traversed by pack-horse ponies carrying the ...
[62]
https://cmwdp.co.uk/product/book-your-visit/
[63]
Combe Martin / North Devon / Heddon Valley Circular Walk to ...
Jan 26, 2025 · Combe Martin / North Devon / Heddon Valley Circular Walk to Hollow Brook Waterfall. 269 views · 8 months ago ...more ...
[64]
[PDF] Northern Devon Tourism Strategy 2018 – 2022
including as a result of tourism business spending locally and employee spending. 19% of employment in North Devon. 10% of employment in Torridge. 9% were ...
[65]
Home - Combe Martin Museum and Information Point
We offer an attractive, interesting and easily accessible resource for anyone interested in the history of Combe Martin and the surrounding area. The museum is ...
[66]
Full Fibre broadband coming to rural properties in Devon - Openreach
Jul 10, 2025 · Work has started to bring Full Fibre broadband to some of the most rural homes in Devon through the UK Government's Project Gigabit ...Missing: 2020 | Show results with:2020
[67]
Eco Friendly North Devon | Sustainable Travel & Stays
Travel sustainably in North Devon. From eco-friendly stays and wildlife experiences to low-impact adventures, enjoy a greener way to explore the region.
[68]
Combe Martin 7D10 | Shoreline Management Plans
Maintain the existing seawall defences, eventually replacing them with larger structures which will be maintained long-term to continue protecting Combe Martin.Missing: defenses seasonal employment
[69]
Longlands Devon – Longlands North Devon
Grant funding received is contributing towards the development of new tourism accommodation at Longlands which will be launched in Spring 2025. Connect with us.
[70]
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jewel, John - Wikisource
JEWEL, JOHN (1522–1571), bishop of Salisbury, born on 24 May 1522, was the son of John Jewel of Buden, in the parish of Berimber, or Berrynarbor, ...
[71]
[PDF] Untitled
Thomas Harding ... The world of Jewel's youth is a little better known than John Jewel's ... Descendants of the Jewel family still live in nearby Combe Martin and.
[72]
John Jewel, a key figure in defining the Anglican Church
John Jewel (1522-71) was a leading Protestant reformer who did much to start to define what was unique and different about the English church.
[73]
Bishop John Jewel Issued a Challenge and an Apology
Born in 1522, Jewel lived through the tumultuous changes brought about by the Reformation. A graduate of Merton College, he became a fellow at Corpus ...
[74]
https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781317110682_A26853070/preview-9781317110682_A26853070.pdf
[75]
POLLARD, Richard (by 1505-42), of Putney, Surr., London and ...
Richard Pollard began his career as a practising lawyer; he had chambers above the gateway to the Middle Temple, received annuities from Cornish and Devonshire ...Missing: Combe Martin
[76]
Sir Richard Pollard (1505-1542) - Find a Grave Memorial
Oct 31, 2013 · King's Remembrancer of the Exchequer and a law reporter. He was assistant of Thomas Cromwell in administering the surrender of religious houses ...
[77]
Combe Martin Famous People / Community | Combe Martin Village History [The Little Parish with a Big Story]
### Summary of Historical Figures from Combe Martin
[78]
Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harding, Thomas ...
Oct 3, 2021 · HARDING, THOMAS (1516–1572), divine and controversialist, was born at Beckington, Somersetshire, in 1516, and educated first at Ba'rnstaple ...Missing: Combe | Show results with:Combe
[79]
[PDF] Bishop John Jewel and the Catholicity of the Church of England ...
Oct 29, 2013 · to Master Jewel's Challenge, by Thomas Harding. There were no overt statements that the notetaker was a member of the clergy, but the ...
[80]
Combe Martin Village History [The Little Parish with a Big Story]
Combe Martin once shipped its famous strawberries across Britain, built schooners on the River Umber, and mined silver for English kings and queens.Combe Martin Industrial History · Combe Martin Landmarks · Early Histories · Ships
[81]
Clara Ethelinda Larter | Women in Cornwall
A botanist notable for her studies of the flora of Devon, authoring several books on the topic. Full biography. Larter was named by Frederick Hamilton Davey as ...Missing: Combe Martin mining era
[82]
[PDF] Introduction and Acknowledgements - The Devonshire Association
The Flora is dedicated to both Hiern and to Clara Ethelinda Larter (1847–1936). Larter, who was born in Leeds, lived for a while in. Torquay and returned ...
[83]
[PDF] he botanical society and exchange club - BSBI Archive
MISS CLARA ETHELINDA LARTER (1847-1930). Though not personally a memb.er of this Society, Miss Larter identified herself largely with its objects and was ...
[84]
How Damien Hirst became an MBA (middle-aged British artist)
Jul 21, 2023 · Hirst grew up in Leeds and spent childhood summer holidays in ... In adulthood he has spent many years at Ilfracombe and Combe Martin on the north ...
[85]
The interesting fate of Damien Hirst's Devon eco-housing dream
Nov 17, 2019 · Damien Hirst's connections to North Devon are well documented. The artist has a home in Combe Martin, a town just outside Ilfracombe on the ...
[86]
https://archive.bsbi.org.uk/BEC_1936_Vol_11_pt_3.pdf
[87]
https://www.thetimes.com/culture/art/article/how-damien-hirst-became-an-mba-middle-aged-british-artist-s89ltkxtl
[88]
Combe Martin Study | Phil Ashcroft | Fousion Gallery Barcelona
Phil Ashcroft, inspired by the landmarks of Ilfracombe and Combe Martin (England), transfers to its particular art expression the natural scenery of the ...
[89]
North Devon Literary Heritage | Authors & Inspiration
Arguably the most famous literary works to come out of North Devon are the classic novels Lorna Doone and Tarka the Otter.
[90]
Damien Hirst supports Devon Air Ambulance with art donation
Nov 3, 2025 · World-renowned artist Damien Hirst has donated one of his original paintings to a raffle supporting Devon Air Ambulance and RNLI Ilfracombe.Missing: Combe Martin
[91]
Bathing water classifications 2024 - GOV.UK
Nov 26, 2024 · Combe Martin, Good. 34800, Lynmouth, Excellent. 34900, Porlock Weir, Excellent. 35000, Minehead Terminus, Sufficient. 35100, Dunster Beach, Poor.Missing: 2025 | Show results with:2025
[92]
Combe Martin | WaterFit Live - South West Water
However, there is no lifeguard service, so care should be taken. Combe Martin is also a great place to come with children as there are many rock pools to ...
[93]
AI to stop water pollution before it happens - BBC
Jun 15, 2023 · It's hoped the pilot project in Devon will help improve water quality at the seaside resort of Combe Martin, making it a better place for ...