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Der Messias

_Der Messias, K. 572, is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 1789 German-language arrangement and re-orchestration of George Frideric Handel's English oratorio Messiah, HWV 56, originally composed in 1741 to a libretto compiled from the King James Bible by Charles Jennens. Commissioned by the Viennese patron Baron , founder of the Gesellschaft der Associierten, the adaptation was created to modernize Handel's score for contemporary tastes and to facilitate its performance in , where Handel's music was being revived through private concerts of sacred works. based his version on the 1767 edition by Randall and Christopher Welch Abell, incorporating a of the text by Christoph Ebeling first published in 1775. Key alterations include an expanded that adds paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons to the winds, along with horns, two trumpets, , and three trombones to the brass, while reinforcing the strings and eliminating the keyboard continuo typical of Handel's era. also reassigned several and —for instance, shifting "But who may abide the day of his coming" from alto to bass—omitted certain movements such as the "Let all the angels of God worship him," and substituted an accompanied for the "If God be for us." These changes reflect 's Classical sensibility, introducing greater elegance, dynamic contrast, and symphonic depth while preserving the core structure of Handel's three-part , which prophesies the 's birth, , and . The premiere took place on March 6, 1789, at the Palffy Palace in , featuring a modest ensemble of 12 singers for the chorus and soloists, under van Swieten's direction. Although not widely performed during 's lifetime, Der Messias was published in 1803 by Breitkopf und Härtel in , with additional edits by Johann Adam Hiller, which helped popularize Handel's across German-speaking regions and influenced subsequent 19th- and 20th-century editions and performances of the original. The exemplifies the 18th-century trend of adapting earlier to evolving performance practices and has sparked ongoing scholarly about , stylistic , and the balance between preservation and in historical works.

Creation and Libretto

Charles Jennens and Textual Sources

Charles Jennens (1700–1773), a wealthy English landowner and patron of the arts from Gopsall Hall in Leicestershire, compiled the libretto for George Frideric Handel's original Messiah (HWV 56). A devout Anglican with scholarly interests in theology, literature, and music, Jennens had previously collaborated with Handel on oratorios such as Saul (1739) and Belshazzar (1745), providing texts that reflected his anti-Deist convictions amid the rising influence of rationalist thought in 18th-century England. For Messiah, Jennens compiled the text exclusively from scriptural sources, drawing from the Old and New Testaments of the King James Bible (1611) and the Psalms as rendered in the Book of Common Prayer (1662), without adding any original words. This approach emphasized the authority of Scripture to affirm Christ's divinity and messianic role, countering deistic skepticism about miracles and prophecy fulfillment. The resulting libretto, sent to Handel in July 1741, unfolds in a carefully structured thematic progression across three parts: Part I focuses on Old Testament prophecies of the Messiah and the incarnation; Part II addresses the passion, atonement, resurrection, and ascension; and Part III celebrates redemption and the final triumph of faith. Key scriptural references underscore this progression, with the dominating Part I through 21 verses prophesying the Messiah's coming, such as Isaiah 7:14 ("Behold, a virgin shall conceive") and :6 ("For unto us a child is born"). from the feature prominently in choral movements, including in "He trusted in God" and selections from Psalms 68 and 69 in ascension choruses, while the famous "" chorus draws from 19:6, 11:15, and 19:16 to proclaim Christ's eternal reign. Jennens' selection of 81 verses from 14 biblical books thus weaves a cohesive theological narrative centered on salvation history. Mozart's Der Messias (K. 572) is based on this , adapted into using a 1775 translation by Christoph Daniel Ebeling, with contributions from Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. This translation, published in , rendered Jennens' English text into poetic while preserving the biblical structure and theological emphasis, facilitating performances in German-speaking regions. Minor adjustments were made to fit Mozart's musical changes, such as reassigning arias, but the core scriptural narrative remains intact.

Mozart's Arrangement Process

In 1788, , facing financial pressures similar to those Handel experienced decades earlier, received a commission from Viennese patron , founder of the Gesellschaft der Associierten, to arrange Handel's for contemporary performance. , an admirer of Handel and promoter of his works in through private concerts, sought to modernize the for Classical-era tastes. Mozart began work on Der Messias in late , using the 1767 edition of Handel's score by John Randall and Christopher Welch Abell as his . Working efficiently over several months into early 1789, he completed the arrangement by February of that year, allowing time for rehearsals before the . Unlike Handel's rapid original , Mozart's process involved detailed re-orchestration and under van Swieten's supervision, with copyists preparing a working score from Handel's edition. Mozart incorporated the and made structural changes, such as omitting the "Let all the angels of God worship him" and replacing the "If God be for us" with an accompanied of his own . Mozart's methods reflected his Classical style, expanding the orchestration beyond Handel's modest ensemble. He added paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons to the winds, along with horns, two trumpets, , and three trombones to the , while reinforcing the strings and eliminating the continuo. These enhancements introduced greater dynamic contrast, symphonic depth, and elegance, reassigning vocal parts (e.g., "But who may abide the day of his coming" from to ) to suit the performers and venue. The resulting score preserved the three-part structure prophesying the Messiah's birth, , and , while adapting it for Viennese audiences.

Premiere and Early History

Viennese Premiere

Der Messias received its world premiere on March 6, 1789, at the Pálffy Palace in Vienna, organized by the Gesellschaft der Associierten under the direction of its founder, Baron Gottfried van Swieten. The performance featured a modest ensemble, including 12 singers serving as both chorus and soloists, reflecting the private nature of the event for noble patrons. Mozart's adaptation was tailored for this setting, emphasizing the expanded orchestration while maintaining Handel's sacred oratorio structure. A repeat performance followed soon after at the same venue.

Early Performances and Publication

Following the , Der Messias was performed in other private residences of Viennese , including Johann Wenzel Paar's home and twice around Christmas 1789 at Duke Joseph Schwarzenberg's . These concerts were limited to elite circles, aligning with van Swieten's efforts to revive Handel's music in German-speaking regions through adapted sacred works. Despite 's involvement, the saw no public performances or widespread adoption during his lifetime, which ended in 1791. The score was first published in 1803 by Breitkopf und Härtel in , with additional edits by Johann Adam Hiller that incorporated refinements to the German text, blending translations by Christoph Daniel Ebeling and Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. This edition facilitated broader dissemination and performances across German-speaking areas, contributing to the popularization of Handel's Messiah in the and influencing later adaptations.

Musical Structure

Overall Form and Movements

Der Messias, K. 572, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's arrangement of George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah, HWV 56, follows a three-part structure that traces the Christian narrative from prophecy to , adapted from the original with omissions, shortenings, and reassignments to suit Classical tastes and the libretto. The work comprises 38 movements, including an instrumental , accompanied and secco recitatives, arias for solo voices, choruses for the ensemble, and one duet, creating a dynamic alternation that propels the theological arc. A full performance typically lasts about 2 to 2.5 hours, depending on tempi and any further cuts. Mozart based his adaptation on the 1767 London edition, omitting several movements such as the chorus "Let all the angels of God worship him" (after the prophecy of the Messiah's coming) and the aria "Thou art gone up on high," shortening some da capo arias to their first section only, and reassigning vocal parts—for instance, shifting "But who may abide the day of his coming" from alto to bass and distributing several original tenor arias between two sopranos. He also substituted an original accompanied recitative for the soprano aria "If God be for us" at the request of Baron van Swieten. These changes reduce the scope while preserving the core dramatic progression outlined by librettist Charles Jennens. Part I, consisting of 15 movements, centers on the prophecy of the Messiah's birth and its fulfillment, organized into scenes similar to Handel's but condensed: the prophecy and realization of salvation, the coming of the Messiah, the , the , and the light brought by the Messiah. This section draws primarily from to establish anticipation, culminating in pastoral choruses evoking the . Part II, with 17 movements, depicts the Messiah's passion, , , and triumph, divided into scenes that intensify the drama: the accomplishment of redemption, suffering, , and (omitting some ascension details), the gospel's spread, rejection and triumph, and the defeat of death via the "" chorus. The "" serves as the structural climax, marking the transition from earthly strife to divine victory. Part III, the briefest at 6 movements, explores and eternal life across scenes on the promise of , the day of , final , and acclamation. Unlike Handel's version, Mozart's lacks the of alternative arias. Mozart adhered closely to the selected texts from the 1775 German translation by Christoph Daniel Ebeling, setting them sequentially to maintain narrative flow while adapting for musical . In practice, early performances and later editions occasionally omitted additional recitatives or arias to fit time constraints, altering slightly. Movement numbering has standardized to 38 in modern critical editions, such as Bärenreiter's, to reflect the adapted musical units.

Orchestration and Key Features

Der Messias is scored for a Classical expanding Handel's Baroque forces, comprising strings (first and second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses), paired flutes (including in the "Pifa"), oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, two trumpets, , three trombones (often doubling the , , and choral lines in tutti passages per Viennese practice), and realized on or . The vocal forces include a four-part chorus and four soloists: two s (replacing Handel's soprano and ), , and . This instrumentation reflects Mozart's symphonic style, providing richer color and dynamic contrast suited to late 18th-century performance in halls. Key stylistic elements blend and Classical aesthetics, with re-orchestrating about three-fifths of the score to add winds for specific timbres while preserving fugal choruses that showcase contrapuntal complexity, such as the celebratory "Denn uns ist ein Kind geboren" (For unto us a child is born), featuring imitative entries. The known as the Pifa employs a 12/4 meter and effects on flutes and strings to evoke a shepherd's , enhanced by 's additions. Many arias are abbreviated, focusing on the A section with ornamentation for emotional depth, as in several and solos. Harmonically, the score retains Handel's innovations, such as striking modulations and ostinatos, but with smoother transitions; the "" chorus in builds energy through dynamic contrasts and wind reinforcements, shifting to for dramatic effect before resolving. Similarly, the bass aria "Das Volk, das im Finstern wandelt" (The people that walked in ) uses a descending ground bass in to depict gloom, underscored by added clarinets. Mozart incorporated Handel's self-borrowings seamlessly, such as material from Ariodante in "Und er wird seine Jünger aussäen" (And he shall purify), while adding his own symphonic touches for unity. These adaptations enhance thematic cohesion without disrupting the original's dramatic contexts. The vocal writing demands virtuosity, particularly in soprano arias with coloratura runs, as in "Freue dich sehr, du Tochter Zion" (Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion), where rapid scales convey exuberance; in Mozart's version, this is assigned to tenor in some cases. Choruses exploit antiphonal effects, with added brass and winds heightening spatial dialogue, such as in "Ehre sei Gott" (Glory to God).

Reception and Legacy

Contemporary Responses

Mozart's Der Messias premiered on March 6, 1789, at the Pálffy Palace in during a private concert organized by Baron , who directed the performance with a modest ensemble of 12 singers serving as both and soloists. Mozart did not conduct but focused on the arrangement, which was repeated later that year in van Swieten's residence. The work received positive attention within Viennese aristocratic circles interested in reviving Handel's music, but it was not performed publicly or widely during Mozart's lifetime, remaining confined to these exclusive sacred concerts. This limited exposure reflected the niche appeal of adapted oratorios amid Vienna's preference for Classical-era compositions.

Enduring Traditions and Adaptations

Although not widely disseminated immediately after its creation, Der Messias was first published in 1803 by Breitkopf und Härtel in , with additional edits by Johann Adam Hiller that facilitated its adoption in German-speaking regions and contributed to the broader popularization of Handel's Messiah. This edition influenced 19th-century performances across , where 's enriched and German text aligned with local choral traditions, embedding the work in festival repertoires and amateur societies. A notable was Robert Franz's 1884 mixed German-English version, which drew on 's arrangement alongside Handel's original but garnered limited scholarly support due to its eclectic approach. In the , Der Messias continued to be performed in German-speaking areas, often during Advent seasons, preserving its role in sacred music cycles while sparking discussions on stylistic fusion between and Classical elements. The arrangement has informed modern editions and recordings, exemplifying 18th-century practices of updating historical works for contemporary audiences and influencing debates on in performance.

Recordings

Pioneering Recordings

Recordings of Mozart's Der Messias, K. 572, are relatively rare compared to those of Handel's original Messiah, reflecting its niche status in the repertoire. The earliest complete recording dates to 1974, conducted by Sir with the ORF Symphony Orchestra and ORF Choir, featuring soloists Edith Mathis (soprano), Birgit Finnilä (alto), (tenor), and Theo Adam (bass), sung in German. Released by (427 173-2), this performance used large forces and highlighted Mozart's expanded , marking a revival of the arrangement in the late . In 1988, Mackerras returned with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Huddersfield Choral Society, soloists and Felicity Palmer (sopranos), Philip Langridge (tenor), and Robert Lloyd (bass), performing in English on (77862RC). This version emphasized the work's dramatic contrasts and was praised for its clarity and soloist quality. The 1990s saw further pioneering efforts, including Hermann Max's 1991 recording with Das Kleine Konzert and Rheinische Kantorei, soloists Monika Frimmer and Mechthild Georg (sopranos), Christoph Prégardien (tenor), and Stephan Schreckenberger (bass), in German on (CDS 7 54353 2). Another 1991 release by Helmuth Rilling with the Bach-Collegium and Gächinger Kantorei, featuring Donna Brown (soprano), Cornelia Kallisch (alto), Roberto Saccà (tenor), and Alastair Miles (bass), also in German, was issued by Hänssler (98.975). These used period-informed approaches, bridging and Classical styles.

Modern and Authentic Versions

Modern recordings have increasingly adopted historically informed practices (HIP), with smaller ensembles and attention to 18th-century performance traditions. A notable example is Nikolaus Harnoncourt's 2014 recording with the Arnold Schoenberg Choir and Concentus Musicus Wien, performing in German on Warner Classics, emphasizing textual transparency and dynamic elegance. In 2020, a live recording from the Mozartwoche Salzburg Festival at Haus für Mozart featured the Salzburg Mozarteum Orchestra and Choir, with soloists Elena Tsallagova (soprano), Wiebke Lehmkuhl (alto), Richard Croft (tenor), and José Coca Loza (bass), conducted by Ádám Fischer, released by Naxos (803408) in video format. This production highlighted the work's theatrical potential. Recent releases include Frieder Bernius's 2006 complete recording with the Klassische Philharmonie and Chamber Choir, performed according to contemporary traditions and available on (83.235), sung in German. As of 2025, digital reissues and streaming on platforms like have increased accessibility, with around 20 commercial recordings total, favoring German texts and Mozart's symphonic enhancements.

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