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Bass

Bass (/beɪs/) denotes the lowest-pitched range in music, encompassing the deepest vocal register for male singers, the foundational harmonic and rhythmic line in polyphonic compositions, and the low-frequency tones produced by instruments such as the double bass, bass guitar, or bass drum, typically spanning frequencies from approximately 20 to 300 Hz.^[1]^[2]^[3] This sonic element provides structural depth, driving the pulse and tonal balance in ensembles from classical orchestras to contemporary genres like rock, jazz, and electronic music, where amplified bass instruments have revolutionized rhythm sections since the mid-20th century.^[4] Distinct from the homonymous fish pronounced /bæs/, the musical bass derives etymologically from the Latin bassus meaning "low," reflecting its causal role in anchoring auditory perception and emotional resonance through subharmonic vibrations.^[1] Key instruments include the contrabass, which underpins symphonic works, and the electric bass, pivotal in post-war popular music for its portability and tonal versatility.^[2]^[5]

Fish

Species classification

The term "bass" denotes a polyphyletic assemblage of ray-finned fishes within the Percomorpha clade, encompassing species from multiple families distinguished by morphological traits such as body elongation, dorsal fin structure, and jaw morphology, corroborated by genetic phylogenies rather than uniform common nomenclature.^[6] Major taxonomic groupings include black basses of the genus Micropterus in the family Centrarchidae, comprising approximately 17 North American freshwater species; temperate basses of the genus Morone in the family Moronidae, with three principal species; and sea basses primarily in the family Serranidae, which includes around 400 species of marine and reef-associated forms often grouped with groupers.^[7]^[8]^[6] Prominent examples include the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), a Centrarchid characterized by an upper jaw extending beyond the eye and native to eastern North American drainages; the striped bass (Morone saxatilis), a Moronid anadromous species with distinct longitudinal stripes; and the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), also in Moronidae, featuring a laterally compressed body and forked tail adapted to coastal and estuarine environments.^[9] These classifications rely on meristic counts (e.g., fin rays) and molecular markers, avoiding conflation with superficial similarities across families.^[10] Genetic analyses have recently refined Micropterus taxonomy, with a September 2025 study formally describing Bartram's bass (Micropterus pucpuggy) and Altamaha bass (Micropterus calliurus) as distinct endemics in southeastern U.S. rivers like the Savannah and Altamaha, based on mitochondrial DNA sequencing and morphological divergences such as scale patterns and blotching from redeye bass hybrids.^[11]^[12] This work, employing phylogenomic methods to exclude introgressed specimens, underscores previously under-recognized cryptic speciation in black basses, driven by isolation in coastal plain drainages.^[11]

Biology and ecology

Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) possess predatory adaptations such as a capacious mouth allowing ingestion of prey exceeding 50% of their own length and primary reliance on binocular vision for detection and pursuit, with a capacity to shift to suction-feeding in low-visibility conditions. The lateral line system enables detection of hydrodynamic disturbances from approaching prey or predators in quiescent water, facilitating ambush strategies in vegetated or structured habitats.^[13]^[14] Reproductive strategies in black bass (Micropterus spp.), including largemouth and smallmouth bass, feature male-driven nest construction in shallow, gravelly substrates during spring when water temperatures reach 15-21°C, followed by fertilization of adhesive eggs, oxygenation via fanning, and extended parental guarding of fry against avian and piscine predators to enhance hatching success rates often exceeding 50% under undisturbed conditions.^[15]^[16] Growth trajectories depend on thermal regimes and prey availability; optimal temperatures of 24-30°C support rapid juvenile development, with trophy-sized largemouth bass averaging 0.54 kg annual increments across multiple years in nutrient-rich systems, though first-year survival and somatic growth can vary widely based on density-dependent competition.^[17]^[18] Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) occupy anadromous niches, undertaking seasonal migrations from marine shelf waters to natal freshwater tributaries for spawning, triggered by photoperiod and temperature cues, which synchronizes larval drift with planktonic food peaks and structures coastal-estuarine predator-prey webs.^[19]^[20] These species exert top-predator influence through selective foraging on abundant clupeids like gizzard shad and macroinvertebrates including crayfish, with diet composition shifting seasonally to exploit high-biomass prey pulses, thereby regulating intermediate trophic levels and maintaining ecosystem stability in temperate lakes and rivers.^[21] Population dynamics reflect resilience to hydrological stressors, as evidenced by Florida largemouth bass exhibiting higher apparent survival during wet and drying phases (up to 80% in refuge habitats) compared to extreme dry or reflooding events, though hatchery-stocked individuals often face initial mortality rates exceeding 99% without conditioning to wild foraging behaviors.^[22]^[23]^[24]

Fishing, economics, and management

Commercial landings of black sea bass (Centropristis striata) in the U.S. totaled 4.6 million pounds in 2023, falling just short of the coastwide quota of 4.8 million pounds, reflecting stable harvest levels under quota management.^[25] Global sea bass aquaculture production exceeded 1.4 million metric tons in 2023, driven primarily by species like European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), with market value surpassing $10 billion amid ongoing expansion in Mediterranean and Asian operations.^[26] Recreational fishing for black bass species, particularly largemouth (Micropterus salmoides) and smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu), supports substantial economic activity, as U.S. freshwater anglers—numbering 35.1 million in 2022—generated $99.4 billion in total fishing-related expenditures, much of it tied to bass pursuits.^[27] Competitive events like the Bassmaster Classic yield direct local impacts exceeding $35 million, as seen in the 2023 Knoxville event, which drew record attendance and boosted tourism through angler spending on lodging, equipment, and services.^[28] Broader sportfishing contributions, including bass angling, underpin an industry valued at over $230 billion annually in economic output nationwide.^[29] Management of black bass populations prioritizes stocking and data-driven regulations to sustain yields, with Florida-strain largemouth bass demonstrating superior survival and growth compared to northern strains in supplementation programs.^[30] The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission stocked over 865,000 Florida bass fingerlings into Lake Talquin between 2022 and 2024 to enhance trophy potential and population resilience, building on research showing improved wild recruitment and size structure.^[24] Stock assessments indicate bass adaptability to varying conditions, supporting harvest levels that avoid empirical overfishing while private pond stewardship and angler self-regulation on non-public lands mitigate risks of excessive restriction; precautionary policies have occasionally faced scrutiny for non-compliance and enforcement challenges without corresponding stock declines.^[31] These approaches yield sustainable fisheries, as evidenced by consistent tournament catches and stable wild abundances countering narratives of pervasive collapse.

Wood

Botanical description

Tilia americana, commonly known as American basswood, belongs to the genus Tilia in the family Malvaceae and is a native deciduous tree of eastern and central North American temperate forests.^[32] It typically attains mature heights of 23 to 40 meters (75 to 130 feet), with trunk diameters reaching up to 1 meter (36 inches), forming a straight bole and a broad, rounded crown in open settings.^[32] The tree thrives in rich, moist upland soils on mid-slopes within mixed deciduous woodlands, exhibiting rapid juvenile growth that slows with age, potentially living over 200 years.^[32]^[33] Leaves are alternate, simple, and cordate (heart-shaped), measuring 10 to 15 cm in length and width, with serrated margins, acuminate tips, and a textured surface supported by prominent veins; they emerge in mid-May, turn yellow in autumn, and abscise seasonally.^[34] Flowers are small, yellowish-white, fragrant, and nectar-rich, 10 to 14 mm across, arranged in drooping clusters of 6 to 20 borne on a winged bract; they bloom from May to June (extending to July in some regions), primarily pollinated by bees.^[34] Fruits consist of small, ovoid nutlets, 6 to 8 mm long, enclosed in a persistent bract that aids wind dispersal, maturing and dispersing in October.^[34] The species propagates primarily via wind-dispersed seeds, though viable seed production is irregular due to factors like frost damage to flowers; vegetative reproduction occurs through root suckers or stem cuttings, facilitating clonal spread in disturbed areas.^[32] Post-glacial migration has shaped its current range from southern Canada (e.g., Manitoba) southward to northern Florida and Texas, with historical expansion tied to warming climates and suitable mesic habitats following the Pleistocene.^[32] Young bark is smooth and dark green, maturing to grayish-brown with vertical fissures and ridges, while inner bark yields tough bast fibers historically noted for cordage, though this derives from phloem structure rather than any phonetic link to unrelated terms like "bass" for fish.^[35]

Properties and applications

Basswood (Tilia americana), also known as American linden, exhibits low density ranging from 0.32 to 0.59 g/cm³, with a specific gravity of approximately 0.37 at 12% moisture content, rendering it lightweight compared to denser hardwoods like oak or maple.^[36]^[37] Its fine, even grain and straight texture facilitate smooth machining and finishing without requiring grain fillers, while initial radial and tangential shrinkage values are moderate to high (around 6-10% from green to ovendry), though the wood achieves dimensional stability post-drying.^[38]^[39] This softness and flexibility, stemming from its cellular structure with thin-walled fibers and low lignin content, make it highly workable for hand tools, though it yields low mechanical strength and poor steam-bending properties.^[38]^[37] These traits underpin basswood's applications in carving and sculpting, where its uniformity allows intricate detailing without tear-out, as evidenced by its preference among woodworkers for whittling and model-making.^[40]^[41] In musical instruments, basswood serves for bodies of dulcimers, guitar tops, and soundboards due to its acoustic resonance and ease of shaping, contributing to lightweight construction that enhances portability.^[40]^[42] For furniture, it finds use in non-structural components like panels and upholstered frames, where low weight reduces overall piece mass, though often painted to mask its plain appearance.^[43] Traditional European uses of related Tilia species include bast fiber from the inner bark for ropes and mats, while American basswood timber supports pulpwood production and veneer for blinds.^[40] Economically, mature trees yield substantial timber volumes, with heights up to 40 m and diameters to 122 cm under optimal conditions, supporting harvest in Great Lakes states for sawlogs averaging fair value in mixed hardwoods.^[44]^[45] Basswood's heartwood lacks natural durability against decay fungi, rating non-resistant without chemical treatment or preservatives, in contrast to rot-resistant species like cedar.^[38]^[46] This vulnerability limits outdoor applications unless modified, such as through thermal roasting to enhance moisture and decay resistance for millwork.^[47] It also exhibits low nail-holding capacity due to its softness, necessitating adhesives or mechanical fasteners in assemblies.^[35]

Sound and music

Physical principles of bass frequencies

Bass frequencies refer to sound waves with frequencies typically ranging from 20 Hz to approximately 250 Hz, corresponding to the lower end of the human audible spectrum.^[48] The wavelength \lambda of such waves is determined by the formula \lambda = v / f, where v is the speed of sound in air (about 343 m/s at 20°C and standard pressure) and f is the frequency. For instance, at 200 Hz, \lambda \approx 1.72 m, while at 20 Hz, \lambda \approx 17.15 m. These extended wavelengths enable bass waves to diffract readily around obstacles, unlike shorter high-frequency waves, and to couple more efficiently with large surfaces, producing tactile sensations through vibration./17:_Physics_of_Hearing/17.02:_Speed_of_Sound_Frequency_and_Wavelength) Low-frequency propagation in air experiences minimal attenuation relative to higher frequencies, as atmospheric absorption—primarily from interactions with oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor—increases nonlinearly with frequency due to molecular relaxation processes and viscosity effects. Empirical data show that absorption coefficients for frequencies below 200 Hz are often under 0.1 dB/km under standard conditions, allowing bass to travel farther outdoors compared to midrange or treble sounds, which can lose 1–10 dB/km or more depending on humidity and temperature. In contrast, geometric spreading (inverse square law for point sources) affects all frequencies similarly, but bass's lower absorption supports its role in long-distance signaling, such as thunder or seismic rumbles.^[49]^[50] Human perception of bass is governed by psychoacoustic principles, with the auditory system exhibiting reduced sensitivity at low frequencies; equal-loudness contours (Fletcher-Munson curves) indicate that a 100 Hz tone must reach about 40–50 dB SPL for perceived loudness equivalent to a 1 kHz tone at 20 dB SPL. This stems from the basilar membrane's tuning, where low-frequency hair cells respond to broader displacements but with higher thresholds, often requiring SPLs exceeding 80 dB for prominent detection. Evolutionarily, sensitivity to bass likely arose from adaptations for detecting vital environmental acoustics, such as predator footsteps, animal vocalizations, or geological events, enabling spatial localization via interaural time differences that degrade at higher frequencies. Measurable thresholds confirm detection limits near 20 Hz, beyond which infrasound elicits vestibular rather than purely auditory responses.^[51]^[52] In confined spaces, bass excites room modes—standing waves formed by wave interference between parallel boundaries—calculated as f = v / (2L) for axial modes, where L is the dimension (e.g., ~57 Hz for a 3 m length). These resonances amplify bass unevenly, creating pressure peaks ("boominess") up to 10–20 dB above adjacent frequencies and nulls, as verified by modal analysis in rectangular rooms. Bass impact is quantified via unweighted or C-weighted decibel scales to capture sub-500 Hz energy, contrasting A-weighting's bias toward midrange, with empirical treatments targeting modes below 300 Hz to mitigate causal distortions in frequency response.^[53]^[54]

Instruments producing bass

The double bass, also known as the contrabass, emerged in the 16th century as a descendant of larger viol instruments, with early illustrations dating to 1516 and construction innovations by makers like Gasparo di Bertolotti around 1540-1609.^[55]^[56] Its design features four gut strings historically tuned in fourths to E1 (41.2 Hz), A1, D2, and G2, producing fundamental low frequencies through large body resonance and bowed or plucked excitation.^[57] Modern iterations retain this tuning while incorporating steel-wound strings for durability, enabling sustained low-end output in orchestral settings.^[58] The electric bass guitar, pioneered by Leo Fender, debuted commercially as the Precision Bass in late 1951, featuring a solid-body design with fretted neck and split-coil magnetic pickups that converted string vibrations to electrical signals for amplification.^[59] This innovation addressed the double bass's acoustic limitations in amplified ensembles by delivering precise intonation and consistent low-frequency response down to E1, with patents filed in 1953 formalizing the pickup and body ergonomics.^[60] Percussion instruments like the bass drum generate bass through membrane vibration on a cylindrical shell, where the tubular structure enhances resonance by amplifying air column modes, producing fundamentals around 30-60 Hz depending on diameter (typically 20-24 inches).^[61] Evolving from ancient davul precursors, the modern single-headed pedal bass drum solidified with reliable foot mechanisms introduced by Ludwig in 1909, allowing independent low-end strikes in rhythm sections.^[62]^[63] Brass aerophones such as the tuba, patented in its bass form on September 12, 1835, by Johann Gottfried Moritz, employ valved tubing to access lower partials of the harmonic series, yielding pitches from E1 upward via lip vibration and conical bore expansion.^[64] The design's wide bell and extensive piping (up to 16-18 feet uncoiled) optimize impedance for sub-40 Hz output, distinguishing it from narrower predecessors limited to higher harmonics.^[65] Amplification technologies advanced bass production with magnetic pickups enabling overdrive effects—distortion via tube saturation or clipping circuits introduced in the 1960s—while digital modeling amps, leveraging DSP algorithms, emulate these analog behaviors with precise low-end fidelity as of 2025 models.^[66]^[67] Synthesis innovations, including AI-driven modeling and MIDI-integrated smart basses, extend sub-bass ranges below 30 Hz through virtual analog oscillators and extended low-end filtering, as seen in 2025 hardware trends for hybrid analog-digital rigs.^[68]^[69]

Vocal and ensemble roles

The bass voice constitutes the lowest adult male vocal classification in classical music, with a typical tessitura spanning from E₂ to E₄, corresponding to roughly two octaves from the E below the bass clef staff to the E above middle C.^[70]^[71] This range arises from anatomical features, including a larger laryngeal structure and longer, thicker vocal folds in males predisposed to low pitches, which enable production of fundamental frequencies as low as 82 Hz for E₂; these dimensions, influenced by prenatal and pubertal testosterone exposure, differentiate bass voices from higher types like baritone or tenor by facilitating greater vocal fold mass and reduced tension for subglottal pressure efficiency.^[72] Higher circulating testosterone levels correlate with lower voice pitch in men, underpinning the physiological basis for such depth as a byproduct of sexual dimorphism rather than isolated training effects.^[73] Exemplary bass singers, such as Feodor Chaliapin (1873–1938), demonstrated exceptional command of this range, extending downward to D₂ with resonant timbre suited to operatic demands, as evidenced by his recordings and contemporary accounts of vocal evenness across registers.^[74] In ensemble contexts, bass voices anchor harmonic progressions; in four-part choral writing, the bass part supplies root tones and fifths, providing structural stability that enables soprano, alto, and tenor lines to deviate without tonal ambiguity, a principle observable in polyphonic traditions from Renaissance motets to 19th-century oratorios where bass sections comprise 25–30% of singers to counterbalance upper voices acoustically.^[75] Subtypes like basso profondo extend the bass capability to C₂ or below (approximately 65 Hz), relying on enhanced pharyngeal resonance and chest register dominance; these voices predominate in Eastern Orthodox choral repertoires, where they intone pedal tones sustaining long-duration fundamentals amid harmonic clusters.^[71] Evolutionarily, lower male pitch functions as a costly signal of genetic fitness, correlating with larger body size, higher testosterone, and perceived dominance in mate selection across cultures, as lower formants demand greater subglottal power output, rendering artificially deepened voices unsustainable without underlying physiological capacity.^[76]^[77] Empirical cross-cultural analyses confirm average male speaking fundamental frequencies cluster 85–180 Hz globally, with singing traditions amplifying bass roles to exploit this dimorphism for auditory signaling of vigor.^[78]

Techniques and cultural evolution

In classical music, the double bass traditionally employs arco technique with a bow for sustained tones in continuo roles, providing harmonic foundation, while pizzicato—plucking strings with fingers—emerged for rhythmic accompaniment, particularly in orchestral and chamber settings from the 18th century onward.^[79] Pizzicato on upright bass involves perpendicular hand positioning for classical precision, yielding a sharper attack compared to jazz variants that prioritize volume and swing through fleshier finger contact.^[80] The electric bass guitar, introduced commercially by Fender in 1951, shifted techniques toward portability and amplification, enabling fingerstyle plucking for root-note emphasis in rock and pick-based strumming in early jazz fusion, diverging from the upright's physical demands.^[81] Slap bass, a percussive method using thumb slaps and index finger pops, originated in the late 1960s with Larry Graham of Sly and the Family Stone to simulate drum patterns amid drummer shortages, gaining prominence in 1970s funk for its rhythmic drive at the expense of tonal sustain.^[82] This technique trades melodic warmth for speed and attack, as evidenced by ergonomic analyses linking repetitive slapping to forearm strain and tendonitis risks in bassists.^[83] Culturally, bass roles evolved from unobtrusive harmonic support in Baroque ensembles to improvisational walking lines in 1940s jazz, with electric amplification from the 1950s onward facilitating solos in rock and fusion, as seen in players like Jaco Pastorius.^[84] By the 2000s, electronic genres like dubstep introduced wobble bass via software synthesis, modulating low-pass filters with low-frequency oscillators (LFOs) in tools like Native Instruments Massive for oscillating sub-frequencies around 35-60 Hz, prioritizing visceral impact over traditional instrumental nuance.^[85] Despite empirical evidence from perceptual studies showing low frequencies enhance timing accuracy and groove induction—superior detection of deviations in basslines versus higher pitches—bassists remain undervalued in mainstream narratives, with credits and awards favoring melodic instruments despite bass's causal primacy in rhythmic cohesion.^[52] ^[86] This underrepresentation persists, as production analyses reveal bass contributions often subsumed under band-wide attributions, overlooking trade-offs where visibility trumps foundational pulse.^[87]

Businesses and organizations

Brewing and beverages

The Bass Brewery was established in 1777 by William Bass in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, England, initially focusing on ale production for local and regional markets.^[88] The brewery gained prominence through its pale ale, which capitalized on Burton's naturally gypsum-rich (calcium sulfate) groundwater; this mineral profile facilitated high attenuation, clarity, and hop stability in the beer, making it resistant to spoilage during extended exports.^[89]^[90] During the 19th century, Bass Pale Ale dominated international trade, with early shipments to Russia in 1784 and North America by 1799; the brand's red triangle logo became the first registered trademark in the UK in 1876.^[88] Production peaked around 1877, when Bass became the world's largest brewery, outputting approximately one million barrels annually—equivalent to roughly 1.6 million hectoliters—with exports comprising a significant portion of output amid surging demand for India Pale Ale styles.^[91] In the modern era, the Bass brand is owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev following a series of mergers, including the 2000 sale of Bass's brewing operations.^[92] Production has since contracted, with UK draught Bass often brewed under license by Marston's in Burton; volumes fell to about 365,000 hectoliters by 2011, reflecting broader market shifts toward lighter lagers and craft beers.^[93]^[94] The pale ale remains available in bottled and cask forms, primarily in the UK and select export markets, though its global footprint has diminished from 19th-century highs.^[95]

Retail and consumer goods

Bass Pro Shops, founded in 1972 by Johnny Morris as a small bait and tackle operation in Springfield, Missouri, has grown into a leading retailer of hunting, fishing, camping, and outdoor recreation equipment, operating over 170 stores across North America by 2023.^[96] The company's success stems from consumer demand for comprehensive outdoor gear and experiential retail environments, achieving annual revenues of approximately $6.5 billion in 2023 through a mix of in-store sales, e-commerce, and branded attractions like Big Cedar Lodge.^[97] A portion of sales supports conservation via the Bass Pro Shops and Cabela's Outdoor Fund, a nonprofit where customers have contributed more than $45 million since its inception through initiatives such as purchase round-ups and direct donations, funding habitat restoration, wildlife research, and public access projects.^[98] G.H. Bass & Co., established in 1876 by George Henry Bass in Wilton, Maine, specializes in premium leather footwear, with its economic viability rooted in enduring consumer preference for durable, handcrafted styles over mass-produced alternatives.^[99] The brand gained prominence with the introduction of the Weejuns penny loafer in 1936, inspired by Norwegian moccasins and featuring a slotted saddle for pennies, which became a cultural staple due to its versatility and quality construction using full-grain leathers tanned for longevity.^[100] This heritage focus on skilled cobbling techniques, including stitched welts and arch support, has sustained the company's market position amid fluctuating fashion trends, appealing to consumers valuing authenticity and repairability in footwear.^[101]

Other commercial entities

Bass Hotels & Resorts originated as a division of Bass PLC, the British conglomerate that expanded from brewing into hospitality in the late 20th century, acquiring brands such as Holiday Inn in 1988 and InterContinental Hotels in 1990.^[102] By the early 2000s, Bass PLC demerged its brewing operations to Interbrew in 2000 and restructured its hotels and pubs into Six Continents PLC, which further split in 2003 to form InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) for hotels and Mitchells & Butlers for pubs and restaurants.^[103] IHG, headquartered in the UK, now operates over 6,000 hotels worldwide under brands including Holiday Inn, Crowne Plaza, and InterContinental, managing approximately 1.2 million guest rooms as of 2023.^[103] Performing Arts Fort Worth, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization established in 1998, owns and operates the Nancy Lee and Perry R. Bass Performance Hall in Fort Worth, Texas, a venue seating up to 2,100 patrons and serving as home to resident companies like the Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra and Texas Ballet Theater.^[104] The organization, funded through philanthropy including contributions from the Bass family foundation, generates revenue via ticket sales, sponsorships, and facility rentals, presenting over 500 performances annually while relying on donations for operational sustainability.^[105]

People

Individuals with the surname Bass

Sam Bass (July 21, 1851 – July 21, 1878) was an American outlaw known for leading a gang that committed the first train robbery in Texas history on April 4, 1874, near Eagle Ford, netting $30,000 in currency, and subsequent robberies including the Union Pacific train in Big Springs, Nebraska, on September 18, 1877, which yielded $60,000. Born in Indiana to a farming family, Bass moved to Denton County, Texas, in 1870, initially working as a ranch hand and cowboy before turning to crime after gambling losses. Pursued by Texas Rangers, he was wounded in a shootout at Round Rock on July 19, 1878, and died two days later from his injuries, marking the end of his brief but prolific criminal career that involved over a dozen stage and train heists across the Midwest and Texas.^[106] Fontella Bass (July 3, 1940 – December 26, 2012) was an American R&B and soul singer-songwriter whose 1965 single "Rescue Me," recorded with Chess Records, topped the Billboard R&B chart and reached number 4 on the pop chart, selling over one million copies and earning gold certification. Born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a family of gospel performers including her mother Martha Bass of the Clara Ward Singers, she began as a pianist and vocalist in gospel groups before transitioning to secular music, collaborating with artists like Aretha Franklin and later exploring jazz and civil rights activism. Her career spanned genres, with later works including the 1972 album Free and advocacy for artists' rights, though she faced disputes over "Rescue Me" royalties, settled in her favor in 1983.^[107] Bass Reeves (July 1838 – January 12, 1910) served as a U.S. Deputy Marshal for 32 years in the Indian Territory, arresting more than 3,000 felons including 14 murderers in a single year, making over 750 capital arrests overall, and killing 14 outlaws in the line of duty without sustaining serious injury. Born enslaved in Arkansas or Texas, Reeves escaped during the Civil War, learned multiple Native American languages, and was appointed in 1875 by Judge Isaac Parker as one of the first Black deputy marshals west of the Mississippi, operating from Arkansas into Oklahoma Territory. His methods, including disguises and tracking skills honed as a guide, contributed to taming the lawless region, though his record was later overshadowed until historical reevaluation in the 20th century confirmed his exceptional arrest rate exceeding that of contemporaries.^[108] Lance Bass (born May 4, 1979) rose to fame as a member of the boy band NSYNC, whose debut album NSYNC (1998) sold over 11 million copies in the U.S., and follow-up No Strings Attached (2000) debuted with 2.4 million first-week sales, a record at the time, propelled by hits like "Bye Bye Bye." Originating from Laurel, Mississippi, Bass joined the group in 1995, contributing to over 70 million records sold worldwide before NSYNC's hiatus in 2002, after which he pursued acting in films like On the Line (2001) and television hosting. He came out as gay in 2006 via a memoir, Out of Sync, and later produced space tourism ventures, including a 2023 civilian orbital flight training. Karen Bass (born October 3, 1953), elected Mayor of Los Angeles in November 2022 as the city's first female and second African American mayor, previously represented California's 37th congressional district from 2011 to 2022, chairing the Congressional Black Caucus and focusing on foreign affairs, including HIV/AIDS initiatives in Africa. A physician assistant by training, Bass founded the Community Coalition in 1990 to address South Los Angeles issues like drugs and poverty, leading to policy shifts reducing liquor licenses by 50% in the area. As mayor, she declared a homelessness emergency on day one, housing over 21,000 people indoors by 2024, and oversaw a 25% drop in homicides since 2022 through expanded community safety programs.^[109] William Bass (1717 – March 2, 1787) founded the Bass Brewery in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, England, in 1777, initially as a carrier-turned-brewer who leveraged the region's water quality for pale ale production, exporting to Russia by 1784 and building a network of over 200 tied houses by his death. Born in Hinckley, Leicestershire, Bass sold his transportation business to finance the venture at age 60, establishing the brewery that became Britain's largest by the 1870s with innovations in Burtonization for consistent flavor. His enterprise laid the foundation for Bass Pale Ale's global dominance, though later generations managed its peak and acquisitions.^[110]

Fictional characters

In the Mega Man video game series developed by Capcom, Bass is a robot master created by the antagonist Dr. Wily as a rival to the hero Mega Man, debuting in Mega Man 7 released in Japan on January 14, 1995.^[111] Portrayed with black armor and a relentless drive for supremacy, Bass frequently engages in battles against Mega Man while occasionally aligning against greater threats, embodying an anti-hero archetype in platformer narratives.^[112] Bass Armstrong appears in the Dead or Alive fighting game franchise by Koei Tecmo (formerly Tecmo), introduced in the original Dead or Alive arcade release on November 21, 1996, as an undefeated professional wrestler and overprotective father to the character Tina Armstrong.^[113] His storyline involves entering the Dead or Alive World Combat Championship tournaments to curb his daughter's pursuit of fame in modeling and wrestling, drawing inspiration from real-life wrestlers like Hulk Hogan in his grappling moveset and persona.^[114] Ernest T. Bass is a recurring figure in the American sitcom The Andy Griffith Show, which aired from 1960 to 1968, depicted as an illiterate, rock-throwing mountaineer from the backwoods who causes chaos in the town of Mayberry through impulsive antics and defiance of social norms.^[115] The character, voiced and played by Howard Morris in a high-pitched falsetto, featured in five episodes across seasons 4 and 5 (1964-1965), including "Mountain Wedding" and "My Fair Ernest T. Bass," highlighting comedic tropes of rural eccentricity.^[116] Chuck Bass functions as a primary protagonist in the Gossip Girl television adaptation (2007-2012) of Cecily von Ziegesar's young adult novels, characterized as the brooding heir to the Bass hotel empire who engages in manipulative schemes, romantic pursuits, and personal redemption arcs amid Manhattan's upper-class social scene.^[117] Portrayed by Ed Westwick, the role evolves from a playboy antagonist in early seasons to a more vulnerable family man, reflecting archetypes of privileged anti-heroes in teen drama.^[118]

Places

Australia

Bass Strait separates the island of Tasmania from the southeastern Australian mainland, primarily the state of Victoria. Approximately 250 km wide and 500 km long, with an average depth of 60 m, the strait facilitates essential maritime connectivity.^[119] It was named after British naval surgeon and explorer George Bass (1771–after 1803), who in December 1798 sailed through the passage aboard the Norfolk with Matthew Flinders, confirming Tasmania as an island separate from the mainland.^[120] The strait supports vital shipping routes, serving as the primary sea link for cargo and passengers between Tasmania and the mainland, as well as a key corridor for east-west coastal trade that avoids the longer path south of Tasmania.^[121]^[122] Bass River, a 30 km waterway in West Gippsland, Victoria, originates in the Strzelecki Ranges and flows eastward through the Bass Valley before entering Western Port bay.^[123] Named for George Bass, who explored the nearby Western Port area in January 1798 during a whaleboat expedition from Sydney, the river drains agricultural lands and supports local ecosystems in the Bass Coast region.^[123]^[124] The surrounding Bass Valley, historically significant for early European settlement, features fertile plains used for dairy farming and horticulture since the 1830s.^[125]

United States

The Bass Museum of Art, located in Miami Beach, Florida, opened to the public on April 7, 1964, as South Florida's first municipally operated art museum, established through the donation of a private collection by John and Johanna Bass to the City of Miami Beach.^[126]^[127] Housed in a historic 1930s Art Deco building, the institution originally showcased European art and decorative arts from the Basses' collection, which has since expanded to emphasize international contemporary works, including recent acquisitions and loans that reflect thematic breadth in modern art history.^[127]^[128] Bass Lake, a census-designated place in Madera County, California, lies within the Sierra National Forest at an elevation of 3,415 feet (1,041 meters), approximately 4.5 miles southeast of Yosemite Forks.^[129] The community's population was recorded as 575 in the 2020 United States Census.^[129] Originally known as Crane Valley Reservoir, the site was renamed Bass Lake after restocking efforts introduced largemouth bass following an earlier poisoning incident that depleted native fish populations.^[130]

Other locations

Bass River is an unincorporated rural community in Colchester County, Nova Scotia, Canada, located near the mouth of the Bass River where it empties into the Northumberland Strait. The area features a mix of Acadian forest and coastal habitats, supporting local industries such as fishing and forestry historically. Settlement traces to the mid-18th century, with early European arrivals including families from New England establishing farms and mills along the river by the 1760s.^[131] In England, Bassenthwaite Lake—also referred to as Bass Lake—is a natural lake in the Lake District National Park, Cumbria, spanning 5.3 km² and serving as the northernmost major body of water in the Borrowdale and Thirlmere valleys. It receives inflows from the River Derwent and Newlands Beck, with outflows continuing via the Derwent toward the Irish Sea; the lake supports brown trout and Arctic char populations, though angling is regulated. The name originates from Old Norse "Bass-un-thwaite," combining elements denoting a settlement ("thwaite") near a river or ridge ("bass" from "beckr" or similar topographic feature), reflecting Norse influence during medieval colonization of the region.^[132]

Other uses

Notation and terminology

The bass clef, also known as the F clef, is a stylized symbol derived from a cursive form of the letter F, consisting of a vertical curve with two dots positioned above and below the fourth line of the musical staff, which designates the pitch F below middle C (F3). This positioning anchors the notation for lower pitches, with lines from bottom to top representing G, B, D, F, and A, and spaces representing A, C, E, and G, facilitating the transcription of music for bass voices or low-register instruments without excessive ledger lines.^[133] In musical terminology, "bass" denotes the lowest part in a polyphonic texture or harmonic progression, often serving as the foundational line that implies or outlines chord roots and progressions.^[134] Basso continuo, a practice originating in the early 17th century during the Baroque period, refers to this continuous bass line, typically played by instruments like the harpsichord or organ, accompanied by figured bass notation—numerals and symbols placed below bass notes to indicate intervals above the bass for realizing harmonies.^[135] These figures, such as "6" for a first inversion triad or "7" for a dominant seventh chord, provide a shorthand for performers to improvise upper voices, emphasizing the bass's role in structural harmonic support rather than melodic elaboration.^[136]

Acronyms and technical terms

The acronym BASS denotes the Bass Anglers Sportsman Society, a nonprofit organization founded on August 4, 1968, by Ray Scott in Montgomery, Alabama, to promote competitive bass fishing tournaments and conservation efforts.^[137] BASS also refers to Beneath a Steel Sky, a 1994 cyberpunk point-and-click adventure video game developed by Revolution Software and published by Virgin Interactive, with its title initials forming the acronym.^[138] In software development, BASS is the name of a cross-platform audio library created by Un4seen Developments, first released in 2002, enabling functions for sample playback, streaming (including MP3 and OGG formats), recording, and effects processing in applications for Windows, macOS, iOS, Android, and Linux.^[139] The library received tag-reading updates in October 2025 to enhance metadata handling for modern audio files.^[140] Other niche expansions include BASS as Brake Activated Suspension System, a motorcycle technology introduced by Yamaha in the 1980s to stiffen rear suspension during braking for improved stability.^[141]

References

[1]
BASS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
1. a : the lowest voice part in a 4-part chorus b : the lower half of the whole vocal or instrumental tonal rangeGround bass · Bass drum · Bass clef · Sea bass
[2]
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/bass
[3]
bass noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes
1[uncountable] the lowest tone or part in music, for instruments or voices He always plays his stereo with the bass turned up. He sings bass. a pounding ...
[4]
BASS definition in American English - Collins Dictionary
1. the range of the lowest male voice, usually from middle C to two or more octaves below a. a voice or singer with such a range b. an instrument with a ...
[5]
The Role of the Bass - StudyBass
Bass provides the rhythmic foundation. Bass provides the harmonic foundation. The Rhythmic Foundation. The rhythmic foundation refers to the consistent pulse of ...<|separator|>
[6]
Bass | Freshwater, River, Lake | Britannica
Sep 20, 2025 · ... three families of the order Perciformes: Serranidae, including approximately 400 species of sea bass and grouper; Moronidae, sometimes
[7]
Types of Bass and How to Identify Them - Wired2Fish
Sep 26, 2025 · Your guide to all 17 black bass species. We teach you about the different types of bass, including temperate species too.
[8]
Fish Identification: Find Species - FishBase
Class: Teleostei Order: Eupercaria/misc. Family: Moronidae Temperate basses. Genus: Morone (See list of species below) ; Morone mississippiensis, Yellow bass ...
[9]
Micropterus salmoides, Largemouth black bass - FishBase
Popular game fish in North America. Preyed upon by herons, bitterns, and kingfishers (Ref. 1998). Excellent food fish (Ref. 1998).
[10]
https://www.fishbase.se/identification/SpeciesList.php?famcode=487
[11]
UGA ecologists document two new species of bass
Sep 19, 2025 · A team led by University of Georgia ecologists documented two new species of black bass, Bartram's bass and Altamaha bass, in a new paper.Missing: bartrami | Show results with:bartrami
[12]
Two new species of Micropterus (Centrarchidae) endemic to Atlantic ...
Aug 19, 2025 · (2011) Decline of the Savannah River Redeye Bass (Micropterus coosae) Due to Introgressive Hybridization with Invasive Alabama Spotted Bass ( ...
[13]
Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) switch feeding modalities ...
Deprived of visual cues, this visual ram-feeding predator switches towards suction-based feeding to successfully capture prey. They approach prey slowly but ...Missing: adaptations | Show results with:adaptations
[14]
The Ecomechanics of Predator–Prey Interactions in Fishes
May 16, 2015 · Prey fish use the lateral-line system to detect approaching predators in still water. Predatory fish disturb the water ahead of themselves while ...<|separator|>
[15]
[PDF] Northeast Black Bass Technical Committee Report - NJ.gov
Jul 12, 2006 · Although biology does differ among black bass species, reproductive strategies are similar. Males build nests as water temperature and ...
[16]
Nesting activity, parental care behavior, and reproductive success of ...
Temperature plays a critical role in the reproductive ecology of smallmouth bass, affecting factors such as the timing of spawning, offspring development ...
[17]
[PDF] Biological Synopsis of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
The temperature for optimal growth of adult largemouth bass is 24-30 OC (Venables et al. 1978; Stuber et al. 1982). The minimum temperature that permits growth ...
[18]
[PDF] Age and Growth of Trophy Largemouth Bass in Florida - SEAFWA
Growth rates of trophy largemouth bass ranged from 0.28 to 1.27 kg/year and averaged 0.54 kg/year. Sixteen fish (2.0%) exhibited growth rates >0.91 kg/year.
[19]
Comparative migration ecology of striped bass and Atlantic sturgeon ...
Jun 17, 2020 · Atlantic sturgeon and striped bass, two critical anadromous species, are known for their extensive migrations along the US Mid-Atlantic Bight.
[20]
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) migration timing driven by estuary ...
Jan 15, 2021 · Anadromous fish migrations can have broad scale impacts on human communities and marine, aquatic and terrestrial food webs. However, isolating ...
[21]
[PDF] Biotic and Abiotic Determinants of Stocking Success for Striped Bass ...
For striped bass, prey supply exceeded predator demand by. 30% for gizzard shad but only by 4% for ale- wives. As a result, the forage-fish prey base for.
[22]
Survival of Florida Largemouth Bass in a Coastal Refuge Habitat ...
Aug 6, 2025 · Apparent survival of Florida Bass in the coastal Everglades was highest in wet and drying periods and lowest in dry and reflooding periods.
[23]
[PDF] Florida and Northern Largemouth Bass: Growth and Survival in a ...
In contrast, the overall survival of Florida bass was less than 1%, and survival varied little with season (Table 2).Missing: resilience | Show results with:resilience
[24]
Florida Bass Research - FWC
Conditioned fish tend to outgrow and survive other hatchery bass, indicating both improved foraging and avoidance of predators. Additional research is under way ...Missing: resilience | Show results with:resilience
[25]
Black Sea Bass - Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission
Commercial landings declined in 2023 to 4.6 million pounds, just under the coastwide quota of 4.8 million pounds. Commercial fishery discards historically ...
[26]
Sea Bass Market Size | Growth Forecast To 2034 - Industry Research
Sep 4, 2025 · In 2023, global sea bass production exceeded 1.4 million tons, with European sea bass contributing 41% of supply. Asia-Pacific accounted for 36% ...<|separator|>
[27]
[PDF] 2022 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated ...
They spent. $99.4 billion in fishing-related expenses during the year. Freshwater anglers numbered 35.1 million. They fished 559 million days and took 359 ...
[28]
Bassmaster Classic generates more than $35 million for Knoxville
Apr 20, 2023 · ... economic impact of $32.2 million. That tournament earned recognition as a 2019 Champion of Economic Impact in Sports Tourism (Mid-Market ...
[29]
New Report Highlights Sportfishing Industry's Expanding Economic ...
Mar 12, 2025 · The new Sportfishing in America report shows that industry contributions continue to grow, now generating more than $230.5 billion annually for the US economy.Missing: 2023 | Show results with:2023
[30]
Factors Regulating Florida Largemouth Bass Stocking Success and ...
Higher relative survival rates were evident for hybrid and Florida largemouth bass than for the northern subspecies, and a size‐dependent fecundity advantage ...
[31]
Analysis of Public Comments on Experimental Regulations for ...
Jun 4, 2024 · This is the case in eastern Ontario, where high levels of non-compliance and difficult to enforce regulations have impacted black bass ( ...Missing: overregulation evidence
[32]
Tilia americana - USDA Forest Service
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS: American basswood is a native deciduous tree. Mature heights range from 75 to 130 feet (23-40 m) with diameter ranges from 36 ...
[33]
Tilia americana (American Basswood) - Minnesota Wildflowers
Life cycle: perennial woody ; Origin: native ; Habitat: part shade, sun; average moisture; deciduous forests, woodland/field edges, urban landscapes ; Bloom season ...
[34]
[PDF] AMERICAN BASSWOOD - Tilia americana L. var. americana
Jun 19, 2002 · Flowers yellowish-white, 10-14 mm broad, fragrant and nectar-bearing, in drooping,. 6-20-flowered clusters hanging on a stalk that diverges from ...
[35]
[PDF] American Basswood - Forest Products Laboratory
The bark of young American basswood trees is dark green and shiny. On older trees it becomes grayish with deep, longitudinal fissures. The common name of the.
[36]
Density of Wood Species: Data & Material Guide
Densities of various wood species - apple, ash, cedar, elm and more. ; Bamboo, 310 - 400 ; Basswood, 320 - 590 ; Beech, 700 - 900 ; Birch, 510 - 770.
[37]
American basswood hardwood | AHEC
Basswood is light and soft but said to be 'tough', with low density and strength. It has poor steam bending classification. 0.37. Specific Gravity (12% M.C.) ...
[38]
Basswood | The Wood Database (Hardwood)
Though basswood has high initial shrinkage, the wood is stable in service after it has been dried. ... Basswood is a tight gain wood and requires no grain filler.Missing: physical | Show results with:physical
[39]
Basswood - American Hardwood Information Center
It has fairly high shrinkage but good dimensional stability when dry. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Basswood is light and soft with generally low strength properties and ...Missing: density | Show results with:density
[40]
Basswood – Characteristics and Uses of Tilia Wood
Basswood is light, soft, and easily workable, used for carving, musical instruments, and commercial products like plywood and window blinds.Missing: physical | Show results with:physical
[41]
https://beavercrafttools.com/blogs/wood-for-carving/is-basswood-good-for-carving
[42]
Basswood - MacDonald & Owen
The wood dries quickly with minimal degrade and maintains good dimensional stability once dry. COMMON USES. Mouldings; Carving; Furniture; Musical instruments ...
[43]
Using Basswood for Furniture? | Blog | Videos | Plans | How To
Nov 20, 2001 · Basswood is often used as the wooden components of upholstered furniture. As it is a great wood to carve, you often find inset carved panels of basswood in ...<|separator|>
[44]
Tilia americana L - Southern Research Station - USDA
American basswood (Tilia americana), northernmost Tilia species, is a large, rapid-growing tree of eastern and central hardwood woodlands.
[45]
Tilia americana (basswood) | CABI Compendium - CABI Digital Library
Its growth is moderately fast and it produces commercially valuable lumber. The soft, lightweight wood is used for cabinet work, wooden goods, and pulpwood, ...Tilia Americana (basswood) · Distribution Map · Distribution Table
[46]
A Guide to Basswood: Characteristics, Working Properties, and Uses
However, basswood is non-durable when it comes to heartwood decay and has poor nail holding or steam building qualities, even though suited for hand-carving as ...
[47]
Roasted Basswood Lumber & Guitar Blanks
Adding moisture & decay resistance makes it an option for more exposed millwork where untreated basswood would falter. Inside the home, roasted basswood ...
[48]
The science of sound - Perception of frequency and loudness
Feb 15, 2022 · Our ear processes frequencies in a similar way. In the study of psychoacoustics these regions are referred to as "critical bands". Studies have ...
[49]
echolocation - Why are high frequency sounds absorbed more than ...
Jul 7, 2022 · Atmospheric attenuation of sounds limits the distance over which high frequency sounds travel, so that they don't propagate as far as low frequency.
[50]
Why do low frequency signals attenuate slowly as compared ... - Quora
Aug 29, 2014 · The reason high frequency waves have greater attenuation than low frequency waves is due to viscosity.
[51]
Psychoacoustics 101: The science of what we hear - Blog - Splice
If you follow an equal loudness contour graph, you'll notice that we're actually way more sensitive to high and mid frequencies than we are to low bass ...<|separator|>
[52]
Superior time perception for lower musical pitch explains why bass ...
The auditory system evolved to identify and locate streams of sounds in the environment emanating from sources such as vocalizations and environmental sounds. ...
[53]
Room Modes Explained - Acoustic Fields
Feb 5, 2023 · Room modes, also known as standing waves, are a common problem in room acoustics that can negatively impact the sound quality in a room.
[54]
Listening Room Acoustics: Room Modes & Standing Waves Part I
Jun 29, 2009 · This article focuses on dealing with standing waves to improve bass problems for small room acoustics.
[55]
History of the Double Bass - Ars Antigua Presents
The earliest known illustration of a double bass type of instrument dates from 1516 but in1493 Prospero wrote of 'viols as big as myself.' Planyavsky (1970) ...Missing: verifiable | Show results with:verifiable
[56]
The Evolution of the Double Bass and the Orchestra
Apr 11, 2015 · One of the earliest known makers of the double bass was the great Brescian violin-maker Gasparo di Bertolotti (1540-1609) who was born in the ...<|separator|>
[57]
"The Origin and the Evolution of the Double Bass" by Patrick James ...
Nov 14, 2021 · This dissertation will trace the double bass from the 16th century to the 21st century. The double bass is the largest and lowest pitched member ...Missing: historical verifiable
[58]
Gut Core Double Bass Strings Archives - lemur music
Gut core bass strings give the warmest, deepest, smoothest fundamental of any bass string. No wonder gut strings are a favorite with so many bass players.
[59]
Legendary Lows: The Precision Bass Story - Fender
The first commercial unit of the Precision Bass was produced in October 1951. ... It borrowed several features from the Telecaster, including its headstock shape, ...The Rundown · The Bass · The 1950s
[60]
Good Design: Fender Precision Bass Guitar - The BYU Design Review
Oct 29, 2021 · The P-Bass was designed by Clarence Leo Fender in 1950, and patented in 1953 [3]. To set the stage for the P-Bass design ...<|separator|>
[61]
Kick & Snare Recording Techniques - Sound On Sound
Well, the resonant qualities of the tubular structure certainly impart a unique character to the sound, and what particularly impressed me was the way in which ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[62]
A Brief, Mostly Factual History Of The Bass Drum
May 2, 2025 · A major turning point came in 1909, when drummer–entrepreneurs William and Theobald Ludwig introduced a compact, reliable and affordable bass ...
[63]
Bass Drum - Organology: Musical Instruments Encyclopedia
The bass drum is a large percussion instrument known for its deep, resonant sound. It has evolved over centuries to become an integral part of various musical ...
[64]
[PDF] The History and Development of the Tuba. - George Palton
This whirlpool of activity led to the invention of the one musical instrument for which we know a specific birth date, the bass tuba. On September 12, 1835, ...
[65]
The History and Future of the Tuba Family: Material-, Resonance ...
Mar 20, 2024 · The new valved instruments were able to intonate precisely in the high register using the shortest (and therefore most stable) harmonic series ...
[66]
How to Overdrive Your Bass Amp (Without Losing Your Hearing)
Dec 31, 2015 · An amp with built-in modeling technology is probably the easiest and most cost-effective way to get an overdriven sound. (But personally, I hate ...
[67]
Best modeling amps 2025: iconic amp tones - Guitar World
May 8, 2025 · Digital Signal Processing (DSP) - The technology that creates the emulated sounds of guitar amplifiers and effects pedals in modeling amps.
[68]
The Future of Bass: New Technologies and Techniques 2025
May 23, 2025 · Smart Basses & MIDI Integration: Imagine a bass that talks directly to your computer, triggering synths, samples, or even entire drum patterns ...
[69]
Best synthesizers 2025: Top analogue, digital, mono and polysynths
Feb 6, 2025 · From mini monosynths, through to mighty polyphonic workstations, our experts have hand-picked hardware synth recommendations for every budget.
[70]
Bass Vocal Range - 30 Day Singer Blog
Dec 16, 2022 · A bass voice typically ranges from E2 to E4, sometimes even lower, making it the lowest male voice type.
[71]
Do You Have A Bass Vocal Range? (Identify Your Vocal Type)
Aug 26, 2023 · The average bass range is E2-E4, with the lowest note being E2. Some basses, like Basso Profondo, can reach C2. Basses usually sing no more ...
[72]
Contribution of laryngeal size to differences between male and ... - NIH
In humans, the vocal fold length, thickness, and depth are known to differ significantly between adult males and adult females and vary with age in children ( ...
[73]
High testosterone levels predict low voice pitchamong men
Higher levels of testosterone were significantlyassociated with lower pitched voices among males but not among females.
[74]
Feodor Chaliapin - Naxos Records
Chaliapin possessed a superb vocal technique. The voice was even throughout its range, allowing him to tackle certain baritone rôles as well as the more ...
[75]
Bass Voice in Music | Overview, Range & Position - Study.com
The bass voice is the deepest, lowest of four primary vocal ranges, with a typical range of E2 to E4, and is the lowest of the classical choir.<|separator|>
[76]
The low male voice is a costly signal of phenotypic quality among ...
Researchers often assert that low male voices are costly signals of phenotypic quality; however, no evidence currently exists linking low voices with indicators ...
[77]
Linking human male vocal parameters to perceptions, body ... - Nature
Dec 4, 2020 · This research offers empirical evidence of possible evolutionary functions for attention to men's vocal characteristics in contexts of sexual selection.
[78]
Emancipation of the voice: Vocal complexity as a fitness indicator
Jul 18, 2016 · Predictably, lower voice pitch predicts the mating success of males (Apicella, Feinberg, & Marlowe, 2007). An important transition in the ...
[79]
Exploring Different Pizzicato Techniques on Double Bass
In this post, we will explore the distinctive characteristics of jazz and classical pizzicato, discussing the techniques, sounds, and roles of the bass in each ...
[80]
How to play pizzicato faster on double bass
One finger classical pizzicato technique tends to use less “finger flesh.” In this approach, the hand is perpendicular to the string and the sound is a bit ...
[81]
History of the Electric Bass Guitar - InSync - Sweetwater
Mar 8, 2025 · Explore the history of the electric bass guitar from early inventors like Paul Tutmarc and Leo Fender. Learn about Rickenbacker, Danelectro, ...
[82]
Larry Graham on how he invented slap bass | Guitar World
May 25, 2024 · “I came up with slap bass out of necessity. I was basically trying to play drums on the bass”: Larry Graham recounts the birth of “thumpin' and ...
[83]
Bass Guitar Injuries. Prevention and Healing. - Dr. Lou Jacobs
In bass players, repetitive stress injuries of the forearm, shoulder, neck, elbow, wrist, and hand are especially common.
[84]
History of the Bass Guitar: From Jazz to Rock | Musicians Institute
Mar 5, 2022 · One of the first individuals to perform with a bass guitar was a jazz artist named Monk Montgomery in the late 1950s. In 1961, the 4001 model ...
[85]
Create the famous wobble bass sound from scratch using Logic's ...
Jan 28, 2023 · This tutorial is aimed at recreating the wobble synth bass that you've heard so many times in drum'n' bass and dubstep.
[86]
Bass player is most important band member, claims new research
Mar 1, 2017 · The bass player is the most important member of any band, new research has claimed. The study from the Proceedings of the National Academy ...
[87]
Science says the bassist is the most important member of a band
Feb 27, 2017 · According to a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the bass is the most important part of a song.
[88]
Bass & Company | The Oxford Companion to Beer
Bass was the first brewery to use the term “barley wine” for a bottled beer named No. 1 in 1903. Although it was widely distributed for decades, it currently is ...
[89]
The Making of a Classic: Bass Pale Ale - Beervana Blog
Sep 27, 2024 · The story of Bass Pale Ale charts the course of English brewing over the past two centuries. To tell Bass' story is to describe the rise of ...
[90]
[PDF] Burton's Brewing Heritage - Brewery History Society
Burton's gypsum-filtered hard water supply being rich in calcium sulphate proved eminently suitable to brew- ing 'India Pale Ale' (or 'I.P.A.' as it ...
[91]
Bass & Co. Ltd., Old Brewery, Burton-upon-Trent
William Bass founded his brewery in Burton-upon-Trent in 1777. By 1877 Bass & Co. was the largest brewery in the world. In 2000 Bass's brewing business was sold ...
[92]
Campaigners save iconic beer - What's Brewing
May 15, 2025 · But Bass left brewing in 2000 and the brand ended up owned by the world's biggest beer group, AB InBev, best known for American Budweiser and ...Missing: current | Show results with:current
[93]
No Treble — The Inextinguishable Appeal of Draught Bass — Pellicle
Jul 5, 2023 · Bass is a beer that lodges in the mind. Its distinctive toffee ... It's now owned by Joule's Brewery which was closed by Bass in 1974 ...
[94]
I'm trying to estimate the current annual production of UK Draught ...
Dec 3, 2024 · Working from Wiki the stated volume (all Bass?) in 2011 was 365,000 hectolitres pa. This translates as 223,000 UK bbl. Two obvious questions ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[95]
Bass Ale is back. I wish I were more delighted. - Pete Brown
Nov 12, 2018 · It's been brewed under licence by Marston's for years. It's simply been given no support by its owners. Where you occasionally found it, it wasn ...
[96]
Meet Founder Johnny Morris | Bass Pro Shops
Johnny (John L) Morris, founder and Lead Outfitter of Bass Pro Shops, got his start in 1972 by selling fishing tackle out of the back of his father's store.Missing: date | Show results with:date
[97]
Bass Pro Shops Revenue: Annual, Quarterly, and Historic - Zippia
Bass Pro Shops's annual revenue is $6.5B. Zippia's data science team found the following key financial metrics about Bass Pro Shops after extensive research ...
[98]
Conservation Legacy: Bass Pro Shops and Cabela's Outdoor Fund ...
Dec 25, 2024 · Since inception, our customers, through the Outdoor Fund, have invested more than $45 million in priority conservation efforts,” Glaser said.Missing: revenue | Show results with:revenue
[99]
https://www.ghbass.com/pages/our-story
[100]
https://www.ghbass-eu.com/blogs/news/celebrating-85-years-of-the-original-penny-loafer
[101]
How G.H. Bass & Co. turned the penny loafer into a cultural icon
Bass & Co.'s turning point as a style icon came in 1936 when the Bass Weejuns was born. Inspired by a traditional Norwegian slipper-style moccasin used 'for ...
[102]
History of Bass PLC – FundingUniverse
Entering 2000, Bass was an international group operating in four main areas: hotels and resorts; pubs, restaurants, and entertainment venues; brewing; and soft ...
[103]
Our history - InterContinental Hotels Group PLC
Bass swaps beer for hotels. Bass acquires Southern Pacific Hotels Corporation in Australia and US-based hotel management company, Bristol Hotels & Resorts Inc.
[104]
Official Website | Performing Arts Fort Worth - Bass Performance Hall
Bass Performance Hall serves as the permanent home to four resident companies: Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra, Texas Ballet Theater, Fort Worth Opera,
[105]
Official Website | Ways To Support - Bass Performance Hall
Performing Arts Fort Worth is the 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that owns and operates Bass Performance Hall. As a non-profit organization, we rely on ...
[106]
Sam Bass | Train Robber, Wild West & Texas - Britannica
Sam Bass was an American Western outlaw who was finally gunned down by the Texas Rangers. Bass left his Indiana home at age 18 and drifted to Texas, ...
[107]
Fontella Bass obituary | Soul | The Guardian
Dec 28, 2012 · She was born in St Louis, Missouri, into a highly musical family. Both her mother, Martha, and her grandmother were professional gospel singers.
[108]
Bass Reeves | Biography, U.S. Marshal & Facts | Britannica
Sep 23, 2025 · Bass Reeves was an American lawman who was one of the first deputy U.S. marshals of African descent in the American West.
[109]
About Mayor Karen Bass - City of Los Angeles
Mayor Bass is the 43rd Mayor of Los Angeles and the first woman and second African American to be elected as the city's chief executive. She earned her ...
[110]
Brewer William Bass' 300th birthday celebrated - BBC
Jun 4, 2017 · William Bass, who is believed to have been born in Hinckley, Leicestershire, in 1717, founded the Bass Brewery in Burton-upon-Trent, aged 60.
[111]
Bass | Capcom Database - Fandom
Bass, known as Forte (フォルテ, Forute?) in Japan, is a character from the original Mega Man series of platform games. First appearing in Mega Man 7, ...
[112]
Bass | MMKB - Fandom
Bass is the prominent antihero of the original Mega Man series, and his goal is to become the most powerful robot in existence.
[113]
Bass Armstrong | Dead or Alive Wiki - Fandom
Bass and Jann Lee are the two characters in the Dead or Alive series that are inspired by real life fighters, they are inspired by Hulk Hogan and Bruce Lee ...
[114]
Bass Armstrong (Dead or Alive) - The Fighters Generation
Mar 2, 2024 · He enters the "Dead or Alive World Combat Championship" to protect his beloved daughter from getting hurt and at the same time he hopes to teach ...
[115]
ErnestT.com — Official home of Ernest T. Bass
May 21, 2025 · ... Andy Griffith Show. This note marks a milestone of sorts being that it is just one year shy of twenty years since Howard's passing. I ...
[116]
Which episodes of 'The Andy Griffith Show' did Howard Morris ...
Sep 4, 2023 · The character first appeared in the "Mountain Wedding" episode. That appearance was followed by "Ernest T. Bass Joins the Army," "My Fair Ernest ...<|separator|>
[117]
Chuck Bass - Gossip Girl Wiki - Fandom
He is described as having flamboyant fashion sense, with a penchant for scarves. Lazy and vain, Chuck's only interests are sex and money, and he is frequently ...Bart Bass · Chuck Bass/Gallery · Elizabeth Fisher · Eva Coupeau
[118]
Chuck Bass | Origin and History | Dictionary.com
Mar 1, 2018 · Chuck Bass is the name of a character from the Gossip Girl book series and television adaption. Edward Westwick plays him on the TV show.
[119]
Bass Strait - World Atlas
Jun 16, 2021 · The Bass Strait has a length of about 500 km and an average depth of 60m. The strait has a width of 250 km, with the widest part being situated ...
[120]
George Bass - Australian Dictionary of Biography
George Bass (1771-1803), surgeon and sailor, was born on 30 January 1771 at Aswarby in Lincolnshire, England, the only child of George Bass, a tenant farmer.
[121]
Factsheet: Coastal Shipping Reform
These movements highlight the importance of coastal shipping in meeting Australia's energy and fuel needs. ... Bass Strait a fundamental part of the supply chain.
[122]
[PDF] International Straits and UNCLOS: An Australian Case Study
Jul 3, 1992 · By using Bass Strait, ships can bypass the more difficult route to the south of Tasmania through the waters of the Indian and Southern Oceans.
[123]
Bass River | Melbourne Water
Dec 7, 2022 · The 30-kilometre Bass River begins in West Gippsland's Strzelecki Ranges and flows through the flat expanses of the Bass Valley into Western Port.Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[124]
Municipality of Bass, Victoria
The Shire of Bass was named after Surgeon George Bass, the first European to 'discover' Western Port on 4 January 1798. Samuel Anderson was the first ...
[125]
Bass | Victorian Places
It is a place of considerable historical importance. In 1797 George Bass explored and named Western Port Bay.Missing: facts | Show results with:facts
[126]
This Month in Miami Beach: Opening of The Bass Museum of Art
On April 7, 1964, The Bass Museum of Art opened as South Florida's first municipally operated art museum. Discover its lasting impact on Miami Beach's ...
[127]
About - Bass Museum
HISTORY. The Bass Museum of Art opened in 1964 through the donation of a private collection by John and Johanna Bass to the City of Miami Beach.
[128]
The Bass - Greater Miami Convention & Visitors Bureau
Founded in 1964 through the donation of John and Johanna Bass's private collection to the City of Miami Beach, the museum occupies a historic 1930s Art Deco ...<|separator|>
[129]
Bass Lake, California on House of Highways
It is located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) southeast of Yosemite Forks, at an elevation of 3,415 feet (1,041 m). The population was 575 at the 2020 census. Results for: ...
[130]
Bass Lake - Visit Yosemite | Madera County
Originally called Crane Valley Reservoir, its name was later changed to Bass Lake after the reservoir had to be restocked with fish following a poisoning of the ...
[131]
Historical Society - Bass River Heritage Museum
The Bass River Heritage Society was formed in 1997 when a group of local volunteers decided that it was time to start officially preserving, the community's ...Missing: etymology | Show results with:etymology
[132]
Bassenthwaite Lake, England, United Kingdom Vacation Info
Bassenthwaite Lake is a scenic peaceful lake located in England's Lake District. In this land of many lakes, Bassenthwaite Lake is the only body of water to ...
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The Staff, Clefs, and Ledger Lines - musictheory.net
Next, let's discuss the Bass Clef (also called the F Clef). The staff line in between the two dots of the clef is F. The stave line in between the two dots of ...
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Glossary of Musical Terms - Austin Symphony Orchestra
Glossary of Musical Terms. ALL0-9ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ. 0. A · absolute ... bass clef · basso continuo · battaglia · bequadro · berceuse · binary form ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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How to Read Figured Bass: Introduction to Thoroughbass ...
Figured bass is a shorthand system for chords above a given bass note or series of bass notes. Basso continuo musicians, who accompany Baroque music from a bass ...
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String Bass Online Music Glossary
Continuo Also known as basso continuo or figured bass, the term continuo describes a bass part in a composition, often with numbers over the notes to indicate ...
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What does B.A.S.S. stand for and how did it get its name?
Jul 24, 2013 · I knew I wanted it to have the acronym BASS, but I wasn't sure what the letters should stand for. We tried different things, but none of them stuck.Missing: meanings | Show results with:meanings<|separator|>
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BENEATH A STEEL SKY - Revolution Software
Unravel dark conspiracies, defeat a terrifying antagonist in this dramatic, humorous, cyberpunk thriller, which explores contemporary themes: social control, AI ...
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BASS - Un4seen Developments
Apr 2, 2018 · BASS is an audio library for use in software on several platforms. Its purpose is to provide developers with powerful and efficient sample, stream.
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Un4seen Developments - News
Including the XMPlay audio player, the BASS audio library and the MO3 audio format! Latest news. click on a headline to visit the software's page. 15 Oct 2025 ...BASS · 2MIDI · Forum · XMPlay
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BASS - What does BASS stand for? The Free Dictionary
BASS ; BASS, Brake Activated Suspension System (Yamaha motorcyles) ; BASS, Battlefield Area Surveillance Systems ; BASS, Basecom Automated Support System ; BASS ...