Enriched category

In category theory, an enriched category, also known as a V-category for a monoidal category V, generalizes the standard notion of a category by replacing the sets of morphisms between objects with more structured hom-objects drawn from V.^[1] Formally, a V-category A consists of a collection of objects \mathrm{Ob}(A), for each pair of objects X, Y \in \mathrm{Ob}(A) a hom-object A(X, Y) \in \mathrm{Ob}(V), a composition morphism \circ_{X,Y,Z} \colon A(Y, Z) \otimes A(X, Y) \to A(X, Z) for all X, Y, Z \in \mathrm{Ob}(A) (where \otimes is the tensor product in V), and identity morphisms I_X \colon I \to A(X, X) for all X \in \mathrm{Ob}(A) (where I is the unit object in V); these satisfy associativity and unit axioms analogous to those in ordinary categories, ensuring coherent composition.^[1] The concept was introduced by S. Eilenberg and G. M. Kelly in 1966 on closed categories, where enriched categories arise naturally in the context of internal homs and tensor products.^[2] Kelly's comprehensive monograph in 1982 systematized the theory, establishing enriched categories as a foundational framework in higher-dimensional category theory and providing tools for limits, colimits, and adjunctions in this enriched setting.^[1] Enriched categories are particularly powerful when V itself carries additional structure, such as being symmetric monoidal closed, which enables the definition of enriched functors (morphisms preserving the enriched composition) and enriched natural transformations, forming the 2-category V-Cat of V-categories, V-functors, and V-natural transformations.^[1] This enrichment allows for the modeling of situations where morphisms possess inherent algebraic or topological structure beyond mere sets; for instance, when V = \mathbf{[Ab](/page/AB)} (the category of abelian groups with tensor product), the resulting Ab-enriched categories capture additive structures in homs, as seen in abelian categories.^[1] Similarly, taking V = \mathbf{[Cat](/page/Cat)} (the category of small categories with cartesian product) yields 2-categories, where hom-objects are categories themselves, incorporating 2-morphisms and enabling the study of weak equivalences and higher coherences.^[1] Notable examples extend to analytic and topological contexts: for V = \mathbf{Ban} (Banach spaces with appropriate tensor), enriched categories model functional analysis, such as categories of Banach modules where hom-spaces are normed; in topology, V = \mathbf{CGTop} (compactly generated topological spaces with smash product or cartesian product) gives categories enriched over spaces, useful for homotopy theory and spectra.^[1] Other applications include Ord-enriched categories over preordered sets (e.g., for metric spaces as Lawvere metrics, where hom-objects are truth values or distances in [0, \infty]) and sheaf categories over sites, bridging algebraic geometry and topos theory.^[1] These structures underpin advanced topics like weighted limits, Kan extensions, and monadicity theorems in enriched settings, influencing areas from representation theory to quantum algebra.^[1]

Preliminaries

Monoidal categories

A monoidal category consists of a category \mathcal{C} equipped with a bifunctor \otimes: \mathcal{C} \times \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{C}, called the tensor product, a distinguished unit object I \in \mathcal{C}, and natural isomorphisms serving as an associator \alpha_{A,B,C}: (A \otimes B) \otimes C \to A \otimes (B \otimes C) for all objects A, B, C \in \mathcal{C}, a left unitor \lambda_A: I \otimes A \to A, and a right unitor \rho_A: A \otimes I \to A, all for A \in \mathcal{C}.^[3] These isomorphisms must satisfy two coherence conditions: the pentagon identity, which ensures that the two ways of reassociating a fourfold tensor product (A \otimes B) \otimes (C \otimes D) and A \otimes ((B \otimes C) \otimes D) are equal via compositions involving the associator, and the triangle identity, which equates the two paths from (A \otimes I) \otimes B to A \otimes B using the associator, left unitor, and right unitor.^[3] A strict monoidal category is a monoidal category in which the associator and both unitors are identity morphisms, so that tensor products associate strictly and the unit acts as a strict identity without need for isomorphisms.^[3] Mac Lane's coherence theorem states that in any monoidal category, every diagram composed solely from instances of the associator and unitors commutes, implying that any monoidal category is monoidally equivalent to a strict one via a strong monoidal functor.^[3] A symmetric monoidal category extends the structure of a monoidal category by including a natural isomorphism, called the braiding \sigma_{A,B}: A \otimes B \to B \otimes A for all objects A, B \in \mathcal{C}, which satisfies two hexagon identities ensuring compatibility with the associator and the condition that \sigma_{B,A} \circ \sigma_{A,B} = \mathrm{id}_{A \otimes B}, along with further coherence axioms relating the braiding to the unitors.^[3]^[4] Prominent examples of monoidal categories include the category \mathbf{Set} of sets with the cartesian product \times as tensor product and the singleton set $1 as unit object, forming a cartesian monoidal category.^[3] The category \mathbf{Ab} of abelian groups becomes monoidal under the tensor product \otimes_{\mathbb{Z}} over the integers with unit object \mathbb{Z}.^[3] Similarly, for a field k, the category \mathbf{Vect}_k of vector spaces over k is monoidal with the tensor product \otimes_k over k and unit object the one-dimensional space k.^[3] These structures underpin the enrichment of ordinary categories, where hom-objects reside in the monoidal category.^[3]

Ordinary categories

An ordinary category \mathcal{C} consists of a class of objects \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{C}) and, for each pair of objects a, b \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{C}), a set \mathcal{C}(a, b) of morphisms from a to b. For each object a, there is an identity morphism \mathrm{id}_a \in \mathcal{C}(a, a), and for each triple of objects a, b, c, there is a composition operation \circ: \mathcal{C}(b, c) \times \mathcal{C}(a, b) \to \mathcal{C}(a, c) satisfying the axioms of associativity, (f \circ g) \circ h = f \circ (g \circ h) for all composable morphisms f, g, h, and left and right units, f \circ \mathrm{id}_a = f = \mathrm{id}_b \circ f for all f \in \mathcal{C}(a, b).^[3] Ordinary categories are a special case of enriched categories, specifically those enriched over the monoidal category (\mathbf{Set}, \times, *), where \mathbf{Set} is the category of sets, \times is the cartesian product, and * is the terminal singleton set serving as the unit object. In this view, the hom-objects are the discrete sets \mathcal{C}(a, b) themselves, regarded as objects of \mathbf{Set}; the identity morphisms correspond to the unique inclusion maps * \to \mathcal{C}(a, a) picking out \mathrm{id}_a; and composition is induced by currying the pairing function \mathcal{C}(b, c) \times \mathcal{C}(a, b) \to \mathcal{C}(a, c) with respect to the monoidal structure, yielding a morphism in \mathbf{Set} from \mathcal{C}(a, b) \times \mathcal{C}(b, c) to \mathcal{C}(a, c). This equivalence preserves the structure of ordinary categories while embedding them into the broader framework of enrichment.^[1] For any enriched category \mathcal{C} over a monoidal category \mathcal{V} with unit object I, the underlying ordinary category \mathcal{C}_0 is obtained by applying the forgetful functor \mathcal{V}(I, -): \mathcal{V} \to \mathbf{Set} to the hom-objects, yielding sets of global elements: \mathcal{C}_0(a, b) = \mathcal{V}(I, \mathcal{C}(a, b)), which consist of the \mathcal{V}-morphisms from I to \mathcal{C}(a, b). These global elements recover the ordinary morphisms when \mathcal{V} = \mathbf{Set}, as \mathbf{Set}(*, S) \cong S naturally.^[1] The underlying category functor \mathcal{C} \mapsto \mathcal{C}_0 is faithful—meaning it embeds \mathcal{C} as a full subcategory of \mathcal{C}_0 up to the hom-sets—provided that the unit I in \mathcal{V} is representable, i.e., the functor \mathcal{V}(I, -) represents the identity on \mathcal{V} and is thus faithful itself, or more generally, if \mathcal{V} admits enough global elements to distinguish morphisms. In the case of \mathbf{Set}, where I = * is representable by the singleton, this ensures the enriched structure aligns precisely with the ordinary one without loss of information.^[1]

Definition

Components

An enriched category over a monoidal category \mathcal{V} consists of a collection of structural elements that generalize the objects and morphisms of ordinary categories, replacing sets with objects in \mathcal{V}.^[1] The objects of an enriched category \mathcal{C} form a class \mathrm{ob}(\mathcal{C}), which serves as the domain over which the hom-objects are defined.^[1] For each pair of objects a, b \in \mathrm{ob}(\mathcal{C}), there is a hom-object \mathcal{C}(a, b) in \mathcal{V}, representing the space of morphisms from a to b in a manner typed within \mathcal{V}.^[1] Each object a \in \mathrm{ob}(\mathcal{C}) is equipped with an identity assignment, a morphism \mathrm{id}_a: I \to \mathcal{C}(a, a) in \mathcal{V}, where I denotes the unit object of \mathcal{V}.^[1] Composition is specified by assignments, for each triple a, b, c \in \mathrm{ob}(\mathcal{C}), of a morphism \circ_{a,b,c}: \mathcal{C}(b, c) \otimes \mathcal{C}(a, b) \to \mathcal{C}(a, c) in \mathcal{V}, utilizing the tensor product \otimes of \mathcal{V}.^[1] All these elements—objects, hom-objects, identities, and compositions—are defined within the framework of the monoidal category \mathcal{V}, thereby enriching the categorical structure beyond the discrete case of sets.^[1]

Axioms

The axioms of a \mathcal{V}-enriched category \mathcal{C} ensure that the composition operation is associative and unital, up to the coherent structure of the monoidal category \mathcal{V}, generalizing the corresponding laws for ordinary categories; these are expressed as equalities of morphisms in \mathcal{V}.^[5] The associativity axiom requires that, for objects a, b, c, d \in \mathcal{C}, the following equality holds for the composite morphisms from \mathcal{C}(a,b) \otimes (\mathcal{C}(b,c) \otimes \mathcal{C}(c,d)) to \mathcal{C}(a,d):

\circ_{a,c,d} \circ (\circ_{a,b,c} \otimes \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}(c,d)}) \circ \alpha_{\mathcal{C}(a,b), \mathcal{C}(b,c), \mathcal{C}(c,d)} = \circ_{a,b,d} \circ (\mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}(a,b)} \otimes \circ_{b,c,d}).

Here, \alpha denotes the associator of \mathcal{V}, and \circ_{x,y,z} : \mathcal{C}(x,y) \otimes \mathcal{C}(y,z) \to \mathcal{C}(x,z) is the composition morphism (noting that the tensor order follows the convention where the "later" hom-object tensors on the right).^[5] The left unit axiom states that, for objects a, b \in \mathcal{C}, the identity morphism j_a : I \to \mathcal{C}(a,a) acts as a left unit for composition, making the following equality hold in \mathcal{V}:

\circ_{a,a,b} \circ (j_a \otimes \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}(a,b)}) = \lambda_{\mathcal{C}(a,b)},

where \lambda is the left unitor of \mathcal{V}, and I is the monoidal unit. The right unit axiom is analogous, with

\circ_{a,b,b} \circ (\mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}(a,b)} \otimes j_b) = \rho_{\mathcal{C}(a,b)},

using the right unitor \rho : \mathcal{C}(a,b) \otimes I \to \mathcal{C}(a,b). These ensure that identities behave as two-sided units up to the monoidal structure of \mathcal{V}.^[5] A strict enriched category is one in which the underlying monoidal category \mathcal{V} is strict (i.e., the associator \alpha and unitors \lambda, \rho are all identity morphisms), so that the axioms reduce to strict equalities without coherent isomorphisms: for example, \circ_{a,c,d} \circ (\circ_{a,b,c} \otimes \mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}(c,d)}) = \circ_{a,b,d} \circ (\mathrm{id}_{\mathcal{C}(a,b)} \otimes \circ_{b,c,d}), and similarly for the units.^[5]^[4]

Examples

Set-enriched categories

Set-enriched categories arise when the enriching monoidal category \mathcal{V} is \mathbf{Set}, the category of sets equipped with the cartesian product \times as the tensor product and the singleton set \{*\} as the unit object. In this setting, the hom-objects A(a,b) are simply sets, which correspond directly to the ordinary hom-sets of a category, and the composition morphism A(b,c) \times A(a,b) \to A(a,c) is an ordinary function that can be viewed as the currying of the standard set-theoretic composition. The identity morphism I \to A(a,a) assigns to each object a the singleton set containing the identity element. Consequently, every ordinary locally small category is precisely a \mathbf{Set}-enriched category, and the enrichment structure recovers the standard categorical axioms without alteration.^[1] A fundamental property of \mathbf{Set}-enrichment is that it coincides exactly with the structure of ordinary categories: the enriching framework introduces no additional constraints or features beyond those of classical category theory, allowing seamless passage between the two perspectives. This equivalence highlights how enriched category theory generalizes ordinary categories by replacing sets with objects from an arbitrary monoidal category \mathcal{V}.^[1] Beyond \mathbf{Set}, basic algebraic enrichments include \mathbf{[Ab](/page/Ab)}-enriched categories, where \mathcal{V} = \mathbf{[Ab](/page/Ab)} is the category of abelian groups with the direct sum \oplus as tensor product and the integers \mathbb{[Z](/page/Z)} as unit. Here, the hom-objects A(a,b) are abelian groups, and composition is a group homomorphism A(b,c) \oplus A(a,b) \to A(a,c) that is bilinear with respect to the abelian group structures. When the objects are themselves abelian groups, the hom-object A(a,b) is the group of group homomorphisms \mathrm{Hom}(a,b), and composition corresponds to the Cauchy product in the group of homomorphisms, ensuring additivity. Such categories are known as preadditive or additive categories, providing a structured algebraic enhancement over ordinary categories.^[1] Another illustrative case is \mathbf{Rel}-enriched categories, where \mathcal{V} = \mathbf{Rel} is the category of sets and binary relations, monoidal under the cartesian product \times with singleton unit. The hom-objects A(a,b) are relations, i.e., subsets R \subseteq a \times b, and composition is relational composition defined by

(g \circ f)(x,z) \iff \exists y \in b \text{ such that } (x,y) \in f \text{ and } (y,z) \in g,

with identities being the equality relations on each object. This enrichment captures relational structures, where morphisms represent possible transitions rather than functions, extending ordinary categories to handle non-deterministic or multi-valued associations.^[6]

Poset-enriched and metric-enriched categories

Poset-enriched categories arise when enriching over the monoidal category \mathbf{2} = (\{ \bot < \top \}, \wedge, \top), where \bot represents false, \top represents true, the tensor product \wedge is the meet (conjunction), and the unit is \top.^[1] In this setting, the hom-objects \mathbf{C}(a, b) are elements of \mathbf{2}, indicating whether there is an order relation between objects a and b: \top if a \leq b, and \bot otherwise.^[1] The composition axiom requires that \mathbf{C}(a, b) \wedge \mathbf{C}(b, c) \leq \mathbf{C}(a, c), which enforces transitivity since \top \wedge \top = \top and anything conjoined with \bot yields \bot.^[1] The identity axiom ensures \mathbf{C}(a, a) = \top for reflexivity.^[1] Any preorder—defined as a reflexive and transitive binary relation on a set—can be viewed as a \mathbf{2}-enriched category, where the objects are the elements of the set and the hom-objects encode the relation directly.^[1] This perspective highlights how poset enrichment captures ordered structures through logical truth values rather than sets of morphisms.^[1] Metric-enriched categories, in contrast, use the monoidal category ([0, \infty], +, 0), where the objects are extended non-negative reals, the tensor product is addition, the unit is 0, and the order is the reverse of the usual one (smaller distances are "larger" in the enrichment sense, with \infty as the bottom element).^[7] Here, hom-objects \mathbf{C}(a, b) are distances d(a, b) \in [0, \infty], satisfying d(a, a) = 0 for the unit axiom.^[7] Composition is governed by the inequality d(a, c) \leq d(a, b) + d(b, c), reflecting the triangle inequality via the monoidal structure, where addition provides the tensoring mechanism.^[7] Lawvere metric spaces formalize complete metric spaces as enriched categories over this monoid, where completeness ensures the existence of limits or colimits in the enriched sense, such as Cauchy sequences converging.^[7] Unlike set-enriched categories, which rely on equality of morphisms, these enrichments enforce inequalities in compositions, modeling continuous or approximate relations through ordered monoidal structures.^[7]

Enriched functors

Definition of enriched functors

An M-enriched functor F: \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{D} between M-enriched categories \mathcal{C} and \mathcal{D} consists of a function F: \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{C}) \to \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{D}) on objects and, for each pair of objects a, b \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{C}), a morphism F_{a,b}: \mathcal{C}(a,b) \to \mathcal{D}(Fa, Fb) in the monoidal category M.^[1] These components must preserve the enriched structure of identities and composition. For preservation of identities, the following diagram commutes for each object a \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{C}):

\begin{CD} I @>{\eta_a}>> \mathcal{C}(a,a) @>{F_{a,a}}>> \mathcal{D}(Fa, Fa) \\ @| @. @AA{\eta_{Fa}}A \\ I @= I \end{CD}

where I is the unit object of M and \eta_a: I \to \mathcal{C}(a,a) is the unit morphism specifying the identity in \mathcal{C}. This ensures that F maps the identity structure of \mathcal{C} to that of \mathcal{D}.^[1] For preservation of composition, the following diagram commutes for all objects a, b, c \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathcal{C}):

\begin{CD} \mathcal{C}(a,b) \otimes_M \mathcal{C}(b,c) @>{F_{a,b} \otimes_M F_{b,c}}>> \mathcal{D}(Fa, Fb) \otimes_M \mathcal{D}(Fb, Fc) \\ @V{\circ_{\mathcal{C}}}VV @VV{\circ_{\mathcal{D}}}V \\ \mathcal{C}(a,c) @>>{F_{a,c}}> \mathcal{D}(Fa, Fc) \end{CD}

where \otimes_M denotes the tensor product in M, and \circ_{\mathcal{C}}, \circ_{\mathcal{D}}: - \otimes_M - \to - are the composition morphisms in \mathcal{C} and \mathcal{D}, respectively. This condition guarantees that F respects the associative composition in the enriched sense.^[1] When M is a strict monoidal category, enriched functors are strict in the sense that all structural data—object mapping, hom-morphisms, and preservation diagrams—hold with equalities rather than isomorphisms, simplifying the coherence requirements without loss of generality via the strictification theorem for monoidal categories.^[1]

Natural transformations

In an M-enriched category theory context, where M is a monoidal category, a natural transformation between two M-functors F, G: \mathbf{C} \to \mathbf{D}, with \mathbf{C} and \mathbf{D} being M-categories, is defined as a family of morphisms \{\eta_c \mid c \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathbf{C})\} in M, where each component \eta_c: I \to \mathbf{D}(Fc, Gc) and I is the unit object of M.^[1] This family equips the enriched functors with a 2-dimensional structure, analogous to ordinary natural transformations but adapted to the enriched setting.^[1] The naturality condition requires that the following diagram commutes in M for all objects a, b \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathbf{C}):

\begin{CD} I \otimes \mathbf{C}(a,b) @>{\eta_a \otimes \mathrm{id}}>> \mathbf{D}(Fa, Ga) \otimes \mathbf{C}(a,b) @>{\circ_{\mathbf{D}}}>> \mathbf{D}(Fa, Gb) \\ @V{\cong}VV @. @| \\ \mathbf{C}(a,b) \otimes I @>>{F_{a,b} \otimes \eta_b}> \mathbf{D}(Fa, Fb) \otimes \mathbf{D}(Fb, Gb) @VV{\circ_{\mathbf{D}}}V \end{CD}

where the vertical isomorphism on the left is the unitor, and \circ_{\mathbf{D}} denotes the appropriate enriched composition morphisms (the top uses composition after G_{a,b}: \mathbf{C}(a,b) \to \mathbf{D}(Ga, Gb), but adjusted via functoriality; assuming M closed simplifies to internal hom expressions). This ensures that the transformation respects the action of the hom-objects in \mathbf{C} on the images under F and G.^[1] The collection of all M-categories, M-functors, and such natural transformations forms a 2-category denoted \mathbf{M}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat}, where the objects are M-categories, the 1-morphisms are M-functors, and the 2-morphisms are M-natural transformations.^[1] Vertical composition of natural transformations \eta: F \Rightarrow G and \theta: G \Rightarrow H is performed pointwise in the hom-objects of \mathbf{D}: for each c \in \mathrm{Ob}(\mathbf{C}),

(\theta \circ \eta)_c = \mathbf{D}(Gc, Hc) \circ (\theta_c \otimes \eta_c): I \to \mathbf{D}(Fc, Hc),

using the enriched composition map in \mathbf{D}(Fc, Hc).^[1] This pointwise operation preserves the naturality conditions of \eta and \theta, completing the 2-categorical structure.^[1]

Change of base

Underlying ordinary category

Given an \mathcal{V}-enriched category \mathcal{C}, where \mathcal{V} is a monoidal closed category with monoidal unit I, the underlying ordinary category U(\mathcal{C}) is constructed by retaining the same class of objects \mathrm{ob}(\mathcal{C}). The morphisms in U(\mathcal{C}) from A to B are the global elements of the hom-object \mathcal{C}(A,B), defined as the ordinary hom-set U(\mathcal{C})(A,B) = \mathcal{V}(I, \mathcal{C}(A,B)).^[1] This set consists of \mathcal{V}-morphisms from the unit object I to \mathcal{C}(A,B), effectively "forgetting" the enriched structure to yield a set of arrows in the ordinary sense.^[1] The identity morphism \mathrm{id}_A in U(\mathcal{C}) is the unit morphism j_A: I \to \mathcal{C}(A,A) in \mathcal{V}.^[1] Composition in U(\mathcal{C}) is defined for morphisms f: A \to B and g: B \to C, represented as maps f: I \to \mathcal{C}(A,B) and g: I \to \mathcal{C}(B,C), via the curried form of the enriched composition: specifically, g \circ f is given by \rho_{\mathcal{C}(A,C)} \circ (\circ_{A,B,C} \otimes \mathrm{id}_I): I \to \mathcal{C}(A,C), where \circ_{A,B,C}: \mathcal{C}(B,C) \otimes \mathcal{C}(A,B) \to \mathcal{C}(A,C) is the composition morphism in \mathcal{C} and \rho is the right unitor of \mathcal{V}.^[1] This ensures that U(\mathcal{C}) satisfies the axioms of an ordinary category, as the associativity and unit properties follow directly from those of the enriched category \mathcal{C} and the monoidal structure of \mathcal{V}.^[1] Any \mathcal{V}-enriched functor F: \mathcal{C} \to \mathcal{D} induces an ordinary functor U(F): U(\mathcal{C}) \to U(\mathcal{D}) on the underlying categories, which acts on objects by U(F)(A) = F(A) and on morphisms by postcomposing with the structure maps of F: for f: I \to \mathcal{C}(A,B), U(F)(f) = F_{A,B} \circ f: I \to \mathcal{D}(F(A), F(B)).^[1] Thus, the forgetful process U is functorial, preserving the categorical structure while mapping enriched functors to ordinary ones.^[1] The forgetful functor U is faithful precisely when \mathcal{V}(I, -) is faithful (such as for the category of compactly generated topological spaces).^[1] Moreover, U reflects isomorphisms and the enriched structure when \mathcal{V}(I, -) is conservative (such as the category of abelian groups, Ab, or modules over a commutative ring, R-Mod) and has "enough points," i.e., when the representable functor \mathcal{V}(I, -) is a strong generator.^[1] In such cases, U faithfully embeds the enriched category into its ordinary counterpart while detecting key structural properties like isomorphisms.^[1]

Enrichment via monoidal functors

A monoidal functor F: \mathcal{M} \to \mathcal{N} between monoidal categories, equipped with structure isomorphisms \phi_{A,B}: F(A) \otimes_{\mathcal{N}} F(B) \to F(A \otimes_{\mathcal{M}} B) for all objects A, B \in \mathcal{M} and \phi_I: I_{\mathcal{N}} \to F(I_{\mathcal{M}}) for the unit objects (or more generally, natural transformations for lax monoidal functors), induces a change of base on enriched categories.^[5] Specifically, it defines a 2-functor F_!: \mathcal{M}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat} \to \mathcal{N}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat} (the pushforward or extension) that sends an \mathcal{M}-category \mathcal{C} to an \mathcal{N}-category F_! \mathcal{C}. This 2-functor has a right adjoint, the pullback F^*: \mathcal{N}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat} \to \mathcal{M}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat}, when \mathcal{M} and \mathcal{N} satisfy suitable conditions such as being cocomplete and closed.^[5] The hom-objects of F_! \mathcal{C} are given by (F_! \mathcal{C})(a, b) = F(\mathcal{C}(a, b)) for objects a, b \in \mathcal{C}. The identity morphism is the composite I_{\mathcal{N}} \xrightarrow{\phi_I} F(I_{\mathcal{M}}) \xrightarrow{F(i_a)} F(\mathcal{C}(a, a)), where i_a: I_{\mathcal{M}} \to \mathcal{C}(a, a) is the identity in \mathcal{C}, adjusted by the appropriate left and right unitors in \mathcal{N}. Composition in F_! \mathcal{C} from (F_! \mathcal{C})(b, c) \times (F_! \mathcal{C})(a, b) to (F_! \mathcal{C})(a, c) is induced by applying F to the composition morphism in \mathcal{C} and incorporating \phi on the tensor product: specifically, F(\mathcal{C}(b, c)) \otimes_{\mathcal{N}} F(\mathcal{C}(a, b)) \xrightarrow{\phi_{\mathcal{C}(b,c), \mathcal{C}(a,b)}} F(\mathcal{C}(b, c) \otimes_{\mathcal{M}} \mathcal{C}(a, b)) \xrightarrow{F(m)} F(\mathcal{C}(a, c)), where m is the composition in \mathcal{C}. This construction ensures that F_! \mathcal{C} inherits the enriched structure compatibly with the monoidal structure of F. The pullback F^* \mathcal{D} for an \mathcal{N}-category \mathcal{D} is defined using right Kan extensions or cotensor products when available, transforming \mathcal{N}-categories to \mathcal{M}-categories, though this requires additional conditions like the existence of powers in the categories involved and is less commonly emphasized in basic applications.^[5] A representative example is the forgetful functor U: \mathbf{Ab} \to \mathbf{Set}, which is strong monoidal with respect to the tensor product of abelian groups and the cartesian product in sets. Applying U_! to an \mathbf{Ab}-category \mathcal{C} yields the underlying \mathbf{Set}-category U_! \mathcal{C}, where hom-sets are the underlying sets of the abelian group hom-objects, and compositions and identities are the underlying maps, effectively forgetting the group structure while preserving the categorical composition.^[5] In general, such monoidal functors induce 2-functors between the 2-categories of enriched categories \mathcal{M}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat} and \mathcal{N}\text{-}\mathbf{Cat}, preserving enriched natural transformations and ensuring that the change of base respects the bicategorical structure.^[5]