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Erotes

The Erotes (singular Erote; Greek: Ἔρωτες) are a group of winged deities in ancient Greek mythology who embody different facets of love, desire, and erotic passion, serving as attendants to the goddess Aphrodite.^[1] Emerging as a plural extension of the primordial god Eros—initially a singular cosmic force in Hesiod's Theogony—the Erotes represent a diversification of love's manifestations, with their multiplicity first appearing in literature in the late 6th century BCE, as in works by Bacchylides and Simonides, and further used by Pindar in the early 5th century BCE and in visual art from the late 6th century BCE.^[1] Typically portrayed as handsome, winged youths or adolescents rather than infants, they symbolize not only romantic and sexual longing but also the emotional turmoil it entails, often grouped as a triad including Eros (lustful love), Himeros (unfulfilled desire), and Pothos (yearning or longing).^[2] In classical sources, the Erotes lack a unified mythology of their own, functioning instead as poetic and artistic inventions to illustrate the complexities of human affection; for instance, Hesiod associates Himeros with Aphrodite's birth from the sea foam, while later texts expand the group to include figures like Anteros (mutual love) and Hedylogos (sweet talk).^[1] Their depictions evolved from robust, mature forms in Archaic vase paintings to more playful, diminutive cherubs in Hellenistic and Roman art, where they correspond to the Cupids (Latin amores) in the retinue of Venus.^[1] This transformation reflects broader cultural shifts in conceptualizing love, from a powerful, disruptive deity to lighter, multifaceted symbols of interpersonal bonds.^[2] The Erotes' enduring presence in Greek literature and iconography underscores the ancient Greeks' nuanced understanding of eros as both creative and tormenting, influencing later Western traditions of romantic imagery.^[1]

Etymology and Origins

Linguistic Derivation

The term "Erotes" originates from the Ancient Greek noun ἔρως (erōs), which denotes love, particularly in the sense of passionate desire or sexual attraction, and "Erotes" serves as its plural form, ἐρωτες (erōtes).^[3] This root word stems from the verb ἐράω (eraō), meaning "to love" or "to desire," highlighting the erotic and affective dimensions central to the concept. In classical Greek literature and mythology, erōs encapsulates not merely romantic affection but a forceful, often overwhelming impulse toward union, as seen in poetic and philosophical texts.^[4] Within the broader semantic field of erotic affection in Ancient Greek, erōs extends to related terminology that delineates roles in amorous relationships. For instance, ἐραστής (erastēs) refers to the active lover or suitor, derived directly from the verb eraō as an agent noun, while ἐρωμένος (erōmenos) designates the passive beloved or object of desire, formed from the perfect passive participle of the same verb. These terms illustrate the nuanced linguistic framework for expressing asymmetrical dynamics in love, particularly in contexts like pederasty or heterosexual courtship, where desire flows from the erastēs toward the erōmenos. (Note: Theoi references Hesiodic usage for contextual semantic breadth.) The linguistic influence of erōs and its derivatives extended to Roman culture, where direct equivalents emerged as Cupido (from cupido, meaning "desire" or "passion") and Amor (from amor, "love"), often representing the singular and plural manifestations akin to Eros and the Erotes.^[5] These Latin terms adopted and adapted the Greek conceptual core, portraying similar winged figures of amorous impulse in Roman art and literature, thus bridging Hellenistic and Italic traditions of erotic expression.

Mythological Beginnings

The earliest textual references to the Erotes in Greek mythology occur in Hesiod's Theogony, composed around 700 BCE, where they emerge as companions to Aphrodite during her birth from the sea foam created by the severed genitals of Uranus. In lines 188–206, Hesiod recounts: "And with her [Aphrodite] went Eros, and comely Himeros [Desire] followed her at her birth at the first and as she went into the assembly of the gods."^[6] This portrayal introduces Eros and Himeros as a pair of divine entities attendant upon Aphrodite's genesis, embodying aspects of love and longing from the poem's cosmogonic framework.^[6] The concept of the Erotes evolved in Archaic Greek poetry of the following centuries, with Pindar in the 5th century BCE explicitly identifying Aphrodite as their maternal figure. In Fragment 122 from his Eulogies, Pindar describes her as "Aphrodite the heavenly mother of Erotes (Loves)," reinforcing their collective association with the goddess and her domain of desire.^[4] This reference builds on Hesiod's foundation, presenting the Erotes as a grouped progeny rather than isolated figures. Subsequent developments in the mythological tradition introduced variations in the Erotes' number, expanding beyond Hesiod's initial pair of Eros and Himeros into larger ensembles. Hellenistic and later sources, such as Philostratus the Elder's Imagines from the 3rd century CE, depict them as a multitude, with numerous winged Erotes shown gathering apples in a garden and engaging in playful activities symbolizing diverse forms of love.^[7] Philostratus notes their proliferation: "See, Erotes (Loves) are gathering apples; and if there are many of them, do not be surprised. For they are the children of the Nymphai (Nymphs) and govern all mortal kind, and they are many because of the many things men love."^[4] This multiplicity reflects a broadening conceptualization of erotic forces in the cultural imagination.

Roles and Attributes

Collective Functions

The Erotes, a collective of winged deities in ancient Greek mythology, functioned primarily as agents instigating and sustaining erotic and affectionate bonds across diverse expressions of love, including heterosexual unions, homosexual desires, and reciprocal affections. In poetic and dramatic literature, they embodied the multifaceted nature of desire, serving to multiply the influence of the singular Eros into varied experiences that permeated human and divine interactions. This role extended beyond mere passion to encompass the facilitation of procreation and fertility, as they were invoked in contexts of natural reproduction and the continuation of lineages.^[4]^[8] Central to their collective purpose was the promotion of social harmony through love's integrative power, often symbolized by their use of bows and arrows to pierce hearts with irresistible longing or torches to kindle flames of passion. In marriage rites and familial bonds, the Erotes collaborated with figures like Peitho (Persuasion) to ensure consensual unions and societal stability, underscoring their function in weaving affection into the fabric of communal life. Ancient authors portrayed them as active participants in divine assemblies, where they amplified the goddess Aphrodite's dominion over relational dynamics.^[9]^[4] Unlike major Olympian gods with independent cults or extensive mythologies, the Erotes were largely poetic inventions—personifications crafted by writers to articulate the nuances of desire without developing distinct narratives or worship practices for the group as a whole. They operated as extensions of Eros, distributing his primal force into specialized yet interdependent aspects of love, thereby enriching literary explorations of human emotion while avoiding the attribution of autonomous agency. This collective characterization allowed poets to evoke the pervasive, often tormenting, yet essential role of desire in mortal affairs.^[8]^[4]

Symbolic Representations

The Erotes, as a collective of winged deities embodying various facets of love and desire, are frequently represented through attributes that evoke the sudden and transformative power of passion. Wings symbolize their swift and capricious influence, allowing them to descend upon mortals unpredictably and stir emotions without warning. Bows and arrows serve as instruments for inflicting love, with golden shafts piercing the heart to ignite uncontrollable longing, while torches represent the kindling of desire, often depicted as flames that illuminate or consume in equal measure.^[4] Their portrayal as youthful or infant-like figures further enriches this symbolism, merging the innocence of childhood with the intensity of erotic impulses to highlight love's dual nature as both pure and provocative. This infantilized form, common in classical depictions, emphasizes vulnerability and playfulness, yet carries an undercurrent of potent sensuality. Erotes often appear in pairs or groups, such as the Hesiodic duo of Eros and Himeros or the balancing twins Eros and Anteros, symbolizing reciprocity and mutual exchange in affectionate bonds, where one love counters or completes another.^[4] In philosophical contexts, such as Plato's Symposium, love is explored through multiple forms, including Pandemian (physical) and Uranian (spiritual) love, representing a progression from bodily desire to intellectual and spiritual fulfillment via the ladder of love that elevates the soul toward the divine Form of Beauty. This framework portrays love not merely as an enabler of desire in myth but as an emblem of hierarchical ascent from urges to virtue.^[10]

Associations with Deities

Retinue of Aphrodite

In ancient Greek mythology, the Erotes are consistently depicted as the primary attendants of Aphrodite, forming an integral part of her divine entourage from her very origin. According to Hesiod's Theogony, as Aphrodite arises from the sea foam near Cyprus, she is immediately accompanied by Eros and Himeros, embodiments of love and longing, who follow her to the assembly of the gods, establishing their role as her constant companions in fostering desire among immortals and mortals alike.^[11] This companionship underscores a hierarchical bond, with the Erotes serving under Aphrodite's authority within her sphere of influence over passion and beauty. The Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite reinforces this portrayal by having the goddess herself present Eros and Himeros as "trusty attendants" and nurses to the other Olympian deities upon her arrival among them, highlighting their supportive function in distributing her gifts of affection and enchantment.^[12] In mythological narratives, the Erotes aid Aphrodite in her pursuits of seduction and harmony, such as adorning her in scenes of erotic allure or participating in rituals that invoke romantic unions; for instance, Sappho describes them arrayed in golden finery, joining Aphrodite in bridal processions to celebrate love's consummation.^[13] Later sources expand the Erotes' service to include cultic devotion in Aphrodite's worship, portraying her explicitly as their "heavenly mother," as Pindar terms her, who oversees their activities in sacred contexts.^[14] Pausanias notes statues of Eros, Himeros, and Pothos—representing love, desire, and yearning—installed in Aphrodite's temple at Megara, crafted by the sculptor Scopas, symbolizing their enduring presence in her ritual processions and sanctuaries.^[15]

Connections to Other Gods

The Erotes were frequently associated with the Charites (Graces), the goddesses embodying charm, beauty, and creativity, as fellow attendants in divine processions celebrating harmony and festivity. In ancient Greek art and poetry, they appear together as symbols of joyful abundance, often surrounding Aphrodite or participating in communal rituals that highlight aesthetic and social graces; for instance, reliefs and vases depict Erotes and Charites in synchronized dances or garland-bearing corteges, underscoring their shared role in enhancing mortal and divine pleasures.^[16] This companionship reflects broader mythological themes where love's impulses complement the Graces' ordering influence on human endeavors.^[17] Beyond Aphrodite's primary circle, the Erotes held associations with Dionysus, the god of wine and ecstasy, particularly in contexts of uninhibited desire stirred by intoxication. Representations in Hellenistic art show Erotes attending Dionysian revels, where they symbolize the passionate fervor induced by wine, blending erotic longing with the god's frenzied rites to evoke themes of liberation and sensory excess.^[18] Occasionally, Eros—the chief among the Erotes—is identified as a son of Ares and Aphrodite, linking the domain of love to martial aggression and underscoring the volatile nature of desire as a force akin to warfare. This parentage appears in Roman-era accounts drawing from Greek traditions, portraying Eros as born from the union of war's brutality and love's allure. Rarer connections tie the Erotes to Zeus and the Horae (goddesses of the seasons), integrating love into the cosmic framework of order and renewal. In Orphic traditions, Eros emerges as a primordial power essential to creation, invoked alongside Zeus as the architect of universal harmony, where erotic forces propel the cycles of generation and seasonal change governed by the Horae. These ties, evident in mystical hymns, position the Erotes as subtle agents in the divine regulation of time and fertility, varying across esoteric interpretations that emphasize love's role in maintaining natural and ethical balance.^[19]

Individual Erotes

Eros

Eros, the central figure among the Erotes, is the Greek god embodying erotic love, desire, and procreation, often depicted as a winged youth or playful child armed with a bow and arrows that ignite uncontrollable passion in gods and mortals alike.^[5] In classical art and literature, he appears as a handsome adolescent or chubby infant, symbolizing the irresistible and often irrational force of attraction that drives reproduction and union.^[5] As the son of Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and typically Ares, the god of war, Eros represents the tumultuous nature of romantic pursuit, though variant traditions attribute his parentage to other deities or cosmic origins.^[5] The earliest accounts portray Eros as a primordial deity emerging at the dawn of creation, distinct from his later familial ties. In Hesiod's Theogony (c. 700 BCE), Eros is born self-formed alongside Chaos, Gaia (Earth), and Tartarus, described as "the most beautiful of the immortal gods" and the cosmic force that unites disparate elements to enable generation and order.^[6] This primordial Eros facilitates procreation by binding opposites, such as earth and sky, fostering the birth of subsequent deities and the world's formation.^[20] Alternative myths link him to Aphrodite's own genesis from the sea foam (aphros) produced by Uranus's severed genitals, where Eros and his companion Himeros (Desire) accompany her rise from the waves, emphasizing his role in love's generative power.^[6] In prominent myths, Eros wields golden arrows to instill overwhelming desire, as seen in the tale of Apollo and Daphne, where he retaliates against the sun god's mockery by shooting Apollo with a love arrow, compelling him to pursue the nymph Daphne relentlessly, while piercing her with a leaden arrow of aversion. This narrative, preserved in Ovid's Metamorphoses (1.452 ff., c. 8 CE), though a Roman adaptation of Greek lore, illustrates Eros's capacity to disrupt order through capricious passion. Philosophically, Hesiod's depiction casts Eros as an essential, amoral principle of attraction predating Olympian hierarchy, whereas later Hellenistic views subordinate him as Aphrodite's mischievous attendant, a willful archer whose pranks highlight love's folly and inevitability.^[5] As the foremost Erōs, he extends his influence through the collective band of lesser Erotes, who amplify desires in divine and human realms.^[5]

Anteros

Anteros, one of the Erotes in Greek mythology, personifies requited or mutual love, serving as a counterpart to his brother Eros, who embodies passionate and often unreturned desire. As the avenger of unrequited affection, Anteros ensures balance in romantic pursuits, punishing those who scorn love and emphasizing the necessity of reciprocity for love to flourish.^[21] According to Cicero, Anteros was born to Venus (Aphrodite) and Mars (Ares), positioned as a companion to the lonely Eros to highlight that love requires mutual response to thrive. A key myth illustrates his role: in Athens, the youth Meles rejected the advances of Timagoras, a Rhodian resident alien, prompting Timagoras to leap to his death from the Acropolis in despair. Overcome by remorse upon seeing Timagoras dead, Meles threw himself from the same rock and died. Resident aliens then dedicated an altar to Anteros on the Acropolis as the avenging spirit of the slighted lover, Timagoras, to honor the avenged lover and symbolize love's demand for reciprocity.^[22] Depicted in a similar winged, youthful form to other Erotes, Anteros carries attributes like a palm branch denoting victory in balanced affection, often shown counterweighing Eros on Aphrodite's scales to represent harmony in love.^[21] In later Roman traditions, he appears paired with Eros as one of the Amores, the divine twins underscoring the dual aspects of desire and its fulfillment, while sharing in Aphrodite's retinue as a minor deity of emotional equilibrium.^[21]

Himeros

Himeros, one of the Erotes in ancient Greek mythology, embodies the sudden and physical sexual longing that arises in the presence of beauty. According to Hesiod's Theogony, he emerged alongside Eros from the sea foam at Aphrodite's birth, representing the initial, irresistible stirrings of desire that accompanied the goddess as she rose from the waves and joined the assembly of the gods.^[23] This origin underscores Himeros as a primordial force of attraction, tied to Aphrodite's emergence as the embodiment of erotic power.^[24] Typically portrayed as a lithe, winged youth, Himeros carries a flaming torch to kindle instant lust or a lyre to evoke passionate melodies, often appearing in dynamic, ecstatic scenes of dance or pursuit. In surviving ancient Greek vase paintings, such as Attic red-figure amphorae from the fifth century BCE, he is depicted fluttering around Aphrodite or driving the ardor of figures like Paris in seduction narratives, emphasizing his role in sparking immediate physical desire.^[25] These representations highlight his youthful vigor and the impulsive nature of the longing he inspires, distinct from more enduring forms of affection. In mythological narratives, Himeros serves as a constant attendant to Aphrodite, aiding her in acts of seduction and symbolizing the raw, unmediated aspect of erōs that prioritizes bodily impulse over emotional depth. Pausanias describes statues of Himeros alongside other Erotes in Aphrodite's temple at Athens, where he stands as a companion evoking uncontrollable yearning.^[26] As part of the collective Erotes, he contributes to broader themes of fertility by igniting the desires that drive procreation.^[4]

Pothos

Pothos, one of the Erotes in Greek mythology, personifies intense sexual longing and yearning, particularly for objects or experiences that are absent or unattainable.^[27] As a winged love deity and companion to Aphrodite, he embodies the emotional ache of unfulfilled desire, distinguishing him from other Erotes by his association with prolonged, melancholic passion rather than immediate gratification.^[28] Like his fellow Erotes, Pothos shares the iconography of youthful wings, symbolizing the ethereal and elusive nature of his domain.^[4] In artistic depictions, Pothos often appears as a pursuing figure, leaning forward in a dynamic pose that conveys restless yearning, frequently holding a torch to symbolize the burning quality of desire.^[29] This contrasts with the more forward-rushing Himeros, highlighting Pothos's role in sustained pursuit; for instance, in Attic vase paintings from around 480–470 B.C., he is shown alongside Eros and Himeros carrying love-gifts across the sea, his form emphasizing emotional depth.^[30] Hellenistic sculptures further associate him with melancholy passion, as seen in Roman copies of a lost work by Scopas of Paros (ca. 300–250 B.C.), where Pothos leans forward with crossed feet advancing, his posture evoking pathos and inner turmoil in Aphrodite's retinue.^[31] In mosaics, such as one depicting Pelops and Hippodameia, Pothos holds a torch to represent both desire and the potential for union, underscoring his thematic link to longing's dual creative and tormenting aspects.^[32] Mythologically, Pothos serves as Aphrodite's companion in scenes of unfulfilled love, sprinkling the essence of desire in classical literature and art.^[27] He embodies the concept of pothos as "yearning" for the absent, as articulated in Sappho's Fragment 73 (ca. 6th century B.C.), where the poet expresses a deep longing that signifies desire directed toward what is not present, aligning Pothos with poetic explorations of emotional absence. Variations in his portrayal highlight the destructive potential of such passion; for example, scholars link Pothos to Phaedra's forbidden longing for Hippolytus in Euripides' Hippolytus (428 B.C.), where Phaedra articulates her pothos as an overwhelming, ruinous force driving her to despair and tragedy under Aphrodite's influence.^[33] This connection underscores Pothos's role in narratives of love's perilous intensity.^[34]

Hedylogos

Hedylogos is a lesser-known member of the Erotes, the winged gods of love in Greek mythology, personifying sweet talk and flattery as essential elements of courtship. His name, derived from the Greek terms hēdús (sweet) and lógos (word or speech), directly reflects his domain of persuasive and charming rhetoric used to woo potential lovers. Unlike more prominent Erotes focused on intense passion, Hedylogos represents the subtle art of verbal seduction, facilitating romantic advances through eloquent words rather than overt force.^[35] In his role, Hedylogos aids in Aphrodite's service during romantic pursuits, embodying the eloquence that smooths social interactions and kindles desire. He is often conceptualized as assisting lovers in crafting honeyed phrases to captivate and persuade, serving as a divine facilitator of flirtation and courtship. This function underscores his place among the Erotes as a supporter of Aphrodite's broader influence on human affection.^[4] Depictions of Hedylogos emphasize his youthful, winged form, highlighting charm and grace over physical dominance. A notable example appears on a late 5th-century BC Athenian red-figure pyxis in the British Museum, where he collaborates with Pothos (Longing) to draw Aphrodite's chariot, symbolizing his supportive role in the goddess's processions of love. Such artwork portrays him as a lithe, boyish figure, reinforcing his attribute as the gentle, verbal enabler of desire's progression.^[36]

Hymenaeus

Hymenaeus, also known as Hymenaios, is one of the Erotes, the winged gods of love in Greek mythology, specifically presiding over marriage ceremonies and the bridal hymn known as the hymenaeos. He is typically depicted in ancient art as a youthful, winged figure carrying a bridal torch to symbolize the illumination of the marital union, often appearing more mature and serious than Eros. In some representations, he holds a veil alongside the torch, evoking the bride's transition into wedded life.^[37]^[38] Invoked in wedding songs and rituals, Hymenaeus was called upon to bless unions with prosperity and joy, with his name forming the refrain "Hymen o Hymenaee" chanted by the bride's attendants to ensure auspicious marriages. This invocation appears in classical literature, such as Euripides' Trojan Women, where he is hailed as the "God of Marriage" during ceremonial praises. His presence in these rites underscored the hope for harmonious and fertile wedlock, as seen in Theocritus' Idyll 18, an epithalamium celebrating the marriage of Helen and Menelaus through songs invoking divine blessings for enduring love and progeny.^[39] Mythological accounts vary on Hymenaeus' origins, portraying him as the son of Apollo and the Muse Urania, which aligns with his musical role in nuptial songs, or alternatively as the offspring of Apollo and Calliope or Terpsichore. Other traditions name Dionysus and Aphrodite as his parents, linking him to celebrations of fertility in marital contexts. Legends describe him as a heroic youth from Argos who rescued Attic maidens from pirates, earning eternal praise in bridal hymns for protecting virginal purity leading to happy unions.^[37] While sometimes distinguished as a personification of the wedding song from the god Hymen in Roman tradition, Hymenaeus is frequently merged with this figure in Greek sources, embodying the shift from fleeting erotic passion to enduring, stable love within matrimony. This evolution reflects broader associations with Aphrodite's nurturing aspects of fertility in committed partnerships.^[37]

Hermaphroditus

Hermaphroditus, recognized as one of the Erotes in Greek mythology, is the offspring of Hermes and Aphrodite, the deities embodying male and female sexuality respectively. His name derives from the combination of his parents' names, reflecting his inherent duality from birth. Raised by the naiads of Mount Ida, he grew into a youth of exceptional beauty, which led to his transformative encounter with the nymph Salmacis. In this myth, Salmacis, enamored with Hermaphroditus, beseeched the gods to unite them inseparably; her prayer was answered when their forms merged into a single being possessing both male and female characteristics, as recounted in Ovid's Metamorphoses (4.285–388).^[40]^[41] Depicted as a winged figure blending masculine and feminine traits—such as a lithe female form with breasts and flowing hair, yet retaining male genitalia—Hermaphroditus symbolizes the harmonious union of genders in erotic love. This androgynous representation underscores themes of wholeness and integration in desire, distinguishing him among the Erotes as the patron of effeminacy and hermaphroditism. Classical sources like Diodorus Siculus (Library of History 4.6.5) describe his dual nature explicitly, while artistic portrayals, including Apulian red-figure vases from the 4th century BCE and Roman statues such as the 2nd-century CE Hermaphrodite Endormi in the Louvre, emphasize his gender-fluid appearance.^[40]^[41] In his role within Aphrodite's retinue of love deities, Hermaphroditus embodies transformative eros, often linked to natural settings like gardens and springs where change occurs. The pool of Salmacis, site of his metamorphosis, was believed to imbue bathers with effeminacy, extending his influence to rituals of gender blurring. Later scholarly interpretations associate him with same-sex love and transgender identities, viewing his myth as an ancient exploration of fluid sexuality and intersexuality in Greco-Roman culture.^[40]^[42]^[43]

Phthonus

Phthonus, personified as the daimon of jealousy and envy, embodies the darker, possessive aspect of erōs within the retinue of Aphrodite, inciting rivalry and spite in romantic pursuits. Unlike the more benevolent Erotes who foster desire and harmony, Phthonus represents the cautionary shadow of love, where passion twists into destructive resentment toward lovers or rivals. This malevolent force is particularly tied to the jealous emotions arising from unrequited or threatened affections, serving as a counterpoint to the ideal of mutual fulfillment in Greek conceptions of eros.^[44] In ancient depictions, Phthonus appears as a winged figure akin to the other Erotes, often accompanying Aphrodite as a godling of love, though his form conveys the corrosive nature of envy through pale or distorted features symbolizing inner turmoil. One surviving vase painting portrays him in this role, highlighting his integration into Aphrodite's domain despite his baleful influence, where he might withhold affection or incite biting discord among suitors. His rarity in art underscores his marginal status among the Erotes, appearing primarily in extended mythological lists rather than central narratives.^[44] Phthonus features prominently in Nonnus' Dionysiaca (Book 8), where he, as Envy, disguises himself as Ares to stoke Hera's jealousy over Zeus's affair with Semele, indirectly causing her demise and illustrating his role in amplifying romantic spite to catastrophic ends. In other texts, such as Oppian's Halieutica and Callimachus' Hymn to Apollo, he embodies the envious passions that poison human hearts, often in amatory contexts. Occasionally omitted from standard enumerations of the Erotes or conflated with Nemesis—his female counterpart as the goddess of jealous retribution—Phthonus highlights the spectrum of eros from ecstatic union to toxic possession, emphasizing the perils of unchecked desire.^[45]^[44]

Depictions in Art and Literature

Visual Representations

In ancient Greek art from the Archaic and Classical periods, particularly in Attic vase paintings of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, the Erotes were typically depicted as winged youths embodying vigor and potency. These figures often appeared in black-figure and red-figure pottery, shown as athletic, nude or lightly draped young males wielding bows and arrows, participating in symposia, hunts, or pursuits that symbolized the hunt for love. For instance, a red-figure stamnos attributed to the Siren Painter, dated circa 480–470 BCE and housed in the British Museum, portrays three flying Erotes over the sea, inscribed with names like Himeros; they carry ritual objects such as taenias, tendrils, and hares, highlighting their dynamic, adolescent forms in a marine context.^[46] During the Hellenistic period, the iconography of the Erotes began to evolve, with a noticeable shift toward more diminutive, childlike representations that emphasized playfulness over power. By the 3rd century BCE, as seen in polychrome relief vases from Tarentum, the Erotes were rendered as chubby infants engaged in bacchic revels, carrying torches, flutes, amphorae, and thyrsi in friezes that evoke Dionysiac merriment rather than erotic conquest. This transformation reflected broader cultural attitudes, softening the serious, heroic view of love in earlier Greek art into a whimsical, domestic ideal influenced by Hellenistic sentimentality.^[47] In the Roman era, from the 1st to 4th centuries CE, these infant-like Erotes, often equated with Cupids, proliferated in frescoes and mosaics, appearing in groups amid decorative schemes of leisure and mythology. Pompeian wall paintings, such as a Fourth Style fresco from a private home depicting five winged Erotes reclining in a symposium with cups of wine, showcase their pudgy, playful forms interacting in everyday or fantastical scenes. Similarly, Campanian artifacts and Roman fresco fragments, like one from the Getty Villa showing Cupids and Psyche preparing perfumes in a detailed interior setting dated A.D. 50–79, illustrate clusters of these diminutive figures handling garlands, vessels, and tools, underscoring a lighthearted, ornamental role in imperial domestic art. This evolution from robust youths to cherubic infants mirrored shifting Roman perceptions of love as capricious and endearing, rather than overwhelmingly intense.^[48]^[49]

Literary References

In early Greek lyric poetry, the Erotes appear as companions to Aphrodite, embodying the persuasive and enchanting aspects of desire. Sappho, in her Fragment 73 from the 6th century BCE, evokes them as "Sweet-speaking Erotes," portraying these winged figures as melodic agents that soften the heart and facilitate romantic longing in her odes to love and beauty. This depiction aligns with Sappho's broader lyrical tradition, where the Erotes enhance the emotional intensity of erotic encounters, often in ritual or bridal contexts, as seen in Fragment 194, which describes Aphrodite attended by a chorus of Erotes during a wedding procession. Roman and late Hellenistic literature expands the Erotes into more narrative roles within divine myths, integrating them into tales of intrigue and transformation. In Ovid's Metamorphoses (1st century CE), the Erotes, equated with the Roman Amores or Cupids, symbolize the playful yet disruptive forces of love; for instance, in Book 10, line 516, Adonis is likened to "little naked Amores that pictures show," highlighting their childlike mischief amid tragic passions. Similarly, Nonnus's Dionysiaca (5th century CE), a sprawling epic on Dionysus, frequently features the Erotes as attendants in bacchic revels and amorous plots; in Book 3, line 84, Peitho is called the "nurse of the baby Erotes," while Book 41, line 34, invokes Aphrodite as "mother of the Erotes" in scenes of seduction and divine conflict, underscoring their role in weaving desire into the fabric of cosmic battles.^[50]^[51] Philosophical texts from the classical period interpret the Erotes through the lens of love's multifaceted nature, distinguishing them as personifications of various desires. Although Plato's Symposium (4th century BCE) primarily explores Eros as a singular daimon of philosophical ascent, it delineates types of love—such as heavenly and common eros—that parallel the differentiated Erotes, with speakers like Pausanias contrasting reciprocal and one-sided affections, ideas that parallel later personifications like Anteros and Eros.^[52] Complementing this, Plato's Cratylus (400d) explicitly names Himeros (longing) and Pothos (yearning) as offspring or aspects of Eros, etymologizing them as streams of desire that flow from the primal force of love.^[53] Later, Philostratus the Elder's Imagines (3rd century CE) offers ekphrastic vignettes of the Erotes in vivid, painterly scenes; in Book 1, section 6, he describes a group of them gathering apples in an orchard near a shrine of Aphrodite, where pairs play at courtship—one duo igniting love with glances, another shooting arrows to perpetuate desire—thus interpreting them as dynamic emblems of love's playful and inexorable progression.^[54]

References

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[PDF] Eros: Erotes Author(s): T. G. Rosenmeyer Source - PhilArchive
Let us formulate the question as follows: what circumstances, or what psycho- logical motivation, induced the ancient god Eros to transform himself into several ...
[2]
What the mythical Cupid can teach us about the meaning of love ...
Feb 11, 2022 · The Greek Eros often appears in early Greek iconography along with other Erotes, a group of winged gods associated with love and sexual ...
[3]
Eros - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Eros, from late 14c. Greek "eros" (plural "erotes"), means god of love, derived from "eran" (to desire), possibly of Pre-Greek origin per Beekes.
[4]
EROTES - Greek Gods of Love & Desire (Roman Cupids)
The Erotes were the winged gods of love, a multiplication of the god Eros. Their number was varied--Hesiod describes a pair, Eros (Love) and Himeros (Desire)Himeros · Anteros · Hymenaios · HermaphroditosMissing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
[5]
EROS - Greek God of Love (Roman Cupid, Amor)
EROS was the mischievous god of love, a minion and constant companion of the goddess Aphrodite. The poet Hesiod first represents him as a primordial deity.
[6]
HESIOD, THEOGONY - Theoi Classical Texts Library
### Extracted Lines from Hesiod's Theogony
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PHILOSTRATUS THE ELDER, IMAGINES BOOK 1.1-15
1.1 SCAMANDER · 1.2 COMUS · 1.3 FABLES · 1.4 MENOECEUS · 1.5 DWARFS · 1.6 CUPIDS [EROTES] · 1.7 MEMNON · 1.8 AMYMONE.Missing: variations Hellenistic
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Eros: Erotes - jstor
THE industrious cupids of the House of the Vettii, like their cousins who decorate many an ancient wall, have long spelled one of the more.
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AESCHYLUS, SUPPLIANT WOMEN - Theoi Classical Texts Library
AESCHYLUS was a Greek tragedian who flourished in Athens in the early C5th B.C. Of the 76 plays he is known to have written only seven survive--1.Missing: 1035 | Show results with:1035
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Plato on Friendship and Eros - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Feb 20, 2004 · Plato discusses love (erôs) and friendship (philia) primarily in two dialogues, the Lysis and the Symposium, though the Phaedrus also adds significantly to his ...
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https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D191
[12]
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0137%3Ahymn%3D6
[13]
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Sappho%20fr.%20194
[14]
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0002%3Abook%3D3%3Acard%3D122
[15]
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D43%3Asection%3D6
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Percussion Music in Athenian Religious Rituals and Festivals - jstor
Feb 12, 2021 · with Erotes in relief, placed/moved in procession carrying cult ... with Demos and the Charites in the Agora45. In the same location ...
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The pleasures of reciprocity : Charis and the Athletic Body in Pindar
This paper seeks to bring together a number of themes, in the general context of modes of representing the Greek male body.
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[PDF] Beardless Dionysus in Ancient Greek and Roman Art
Blissful Dionysus is often depicted half or even completely naked, and when the god is standing, he is often supported by Ariadne, Heracles, a satyr, or Eros. ...
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ORPHIC HYMN TO EROS - HellenicGods.org
The Orphic Hymn to Eros describes Eros as central to interaction between gods and men, a mighty archer, and holding the keys to all things.Missing: Erotes | Show results with:Erotes
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EROS - Greek Primordial God of Procreation
Eros was the primordial god (protogenos) of procreation who emerged self-formed at the dawn of creation. He was the driving force behind the generation of new ...
[21]
ANTEROS - Greek God of Requited Love & Love Avenged
ANTEROS was the god of requited love and the avenger of the unrequited. He was numbered amongst the Erotes, winged godlings in the train of Aphrodite.
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http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D30%3Asection%3D1
[23]
https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D188
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HIMEROS - Greek God of Sexual Desire
When Aphrodite was born from the sea-foam's she was greeted by the twin loves Eros and Himeros. Some say Aphrodite was born pregnant with the twins and ...
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Himeros & Paris - Ancient Greek Vase Painting
Detail of Paris and Himeros (Desire) from the scene depciting the seduction of Helen. Winged Himeros drives the passion of Paris while Aphrodite, Eros (Love) ...
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https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D43%3Asection%3D6
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POTHOS - Greek God of Sexual Longing
The three Erotes--Pothos, Himeros and Eros--were often depicted together in Greek vase painting. In the image right, Pothos sprinkles the essence of desire ...
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Pothos - Livius.org
Apr 23, 2020 · Pothos, meaning 'longing', is a Greek divine power, associated with unattainable goals, and linked to the longing for a better world.<|control11|><|separator|>
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The Sculpture of the Hellenistic Age 9780231897266 - dokumen.pub
Another figure of Pothos by Skopas stood next to Aphrodite at Samothrace (Pliny Nat. ... leaning f o r w a r d and advancing the crossed feet toward the spectator ...
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Eros, Pothos & Himeros - Ancient Greek Vase Painting
Three Erotes (winged love-gods) wing their way across the sea bearing love-gifts--a hare, a wreath and a sash. The names of the gods--Eros, Pothos and Himeros--
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Pothos | Uffizi Galleries
Pothos is a minor divinity in the court of Aphrodite, embodying amorous yearning, and is the subject of the Uffizi sculpture.<|control11|><|separator|>
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On the Interpretation of Pothos in a Mosaic from the Antiquities ...
The mosaic features Pothos holding a torch, symbolizing both desire and the potential for union. ... erotes, which, uniquely identified with a name, are ...
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About Euripides the anthropologist, and how he reads the troubled ...
Feb 20, 2021 · In what follows, I quote the relevant words, staged by Euripides, as spoken by Phaedra in dialogue with her “nurse. ... [pothos], to do that ...
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The Symbolism of Space in Euripidean Choral Fantasy ("Hipp". 732 ...
excessive chastity and Phaedra's excessive lust. Yet the Chorus points to ... home of Pothos (desire) and the Graces, goddesses also associated with marriage.37.
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HEDYLOGOS - Greek God of Sweet-Talk
HEDYLOGOS was the god of sweet-talk. He was one of the winged love-gods known as Erotes. Hedylogos does not occur any extant literature.
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k31.5 aphrodite, pothos & hedylogos - Theoi Greek Mythology
DESCRIPTION. Band: Aphrodite drives a chariot drawn by a pair of Erotes (winged love-gods)--Pothos (Sexual-Longing) and Hedylogos (Sweet-Talk).Missing: depictions art
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HYMENAEUS (Hymenaios) - Greek God of Weddings & the Bridal ...
Hymenaios was numbered amongst the Erotes, the youthful, winged gods of love. As a god of song he was usually described as a son of Apollon and one of the ...
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Hymen - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
1580s, Greek god of marriage, represented as a youth carrying a torch and a veil ... Compare Latin hymenaeus, from Greek hymenaios "belonging to wedlock;" also ...
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THEOCRITUS, IDYLLS 12-18 - Theoi Classical Texts Library
After sundry encounters in the crowded streets, they enter the palace, and soon after, the prima donna begins the Drie – which is really a wedding-song ...Missing: Hymenaeus | Show results with:Hymenaeus
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HERMAPHRODITUS (Hermaphroditos) - Theoi Greek Mythology
Hermaphroditos was depicted as a winged youth with both male and female features--usually female thighs, breasts, and style of hair, and male genitalia. FAMILY ...
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Hermaphroditus in Greek Mythology: Origins, Depictions, Powers ...
Apr 19, 2021 · As a member of the Erotes – i.e. the winged Greek deities associated with sexuality – Hermaphroditus was often depicted as a winged, young god ...
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Hermaphroditism in Greek and Roman antiquity - Hormones.gr
Hermaphroditus was the son of Aphrodite and Hermes. According to the legend, the union of these gods led to the birth of a son of exceptional beauty. At ...
[43]
Transgender and Intersex People in the Ancient World
Aug 21, 2020 · In this article, I want to talk about some examples of figures from ancient history, mythology, and literature whom we might consider transgender, intersex, or ...
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PHTHONOS - Greek God of Jealousy & Envy
PHTHONOS was the personified spirit (daimon) of jealousy and envy. He was particularly concerned with the jealous passions of love.Missing: Erotes | Show results with:Erotes
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NONNUS, DIONYSIACA BOOK 8 - Theoi Classical Texts Library
DIONYSIACA BOOK 8, TRANSLATED BY W. H. D. ROUSE. The eight has a changeful tale, the fierce jealousy of Hera, and Semele's fiery nuptials, and Zeus the slayer.Missing: Phthonus | Show results with:Phthonus
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stamnos | British Museum
(b) Three Erotes flying over the sea. The sea is represented as in a. The Erotes fly in single file to right, the foremost inscribed HIMEPOΣ, Ιμερος, carrying ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
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[PDF] BACCHIC EROTES AT TARENTUM
The five Erotes on the front carry the following objects (beginning at our right): a pair of flutes; a torch and a pointed amphora; a torch and a pail; a cithar ...
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Symposium of erotes and psyches
Beneath a canopy, five winged erotes recline on beds to enjoy the wine in cups. Symposium of erotes and psyches. Medium: Fresco. Dimensions: 54 cm wide, 58.4 cm ...Missing: Greek youths bows hunts
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Fresco Fragment with Cupids and Psyche Making Perfume
Feb 14, 2025 · Both frescoes depict scenes of Cupids and Psyche (Cupid's beloved) engaging in everyday activities–a popular humorous subject in Roman art, especially wall ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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https://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca41.html
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https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Agreek%2Ftext%3A1999.01.0166%3Atext%3DSym.%3Asection%3D180e
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PHILOSTRATUS THE ELDER, Imagines 1.6. Cupids
In a word, the first pair in their play are intent on falling in love, while the second pair are shooting arrows that they may not cease from desire. Erotes ...