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Flexity

Flexity is a family of low-floor, articulated trams and vehicles (LRVs) developed and manufactured by starting in the late , with production continuing under following its 2021 acquisition of . These vehicles are designed for urban transit systems, featuring modular construction for customization to specific network requirements, enhanced passenger accessibility, and capacities of up to 210 passengers per unit. The Flexity platform originated with the Flexity Link model introduced in , , in 1997, marking an early adoption of low-floor technology to improve boarding for passengers with disabilities and strollers. Bombardier expanded the line through the 2000s with variants tailored to low-floor and high-floor infrastructure, incorporating corrosion-resistant steel under-frames, bi-directional cabs, and maximum operating speeds of 80–100 km/h. Following Alstom's acquisition, completed on January 29, 2021, the Flexity brand was integrated into Alstom's portfolio, enabling continued innovation such as battery-electric options and climate-adapted designs for global markets. Key design features include a modular structure with interchangeable components for easier , advanced systems for energy efficiency, and spacious interiors with multi-purpose areas for bicycles and wheelchairs. Notable variants encompass the for European networks with both low- and high-floor options, the optimized for North American standards with lengths up to 33 meters in multi-module configurations, and the tailored for cities like . These models support trainset formations of two or three cars for reliable performance in diverse urban environments. Flexity vehicles operate across more than 20 cities worldwide, including significant fleets in (100 low-floor units delivered from 2013), (204 low-floor streetcars ordered in 2009), and (over 200 vehicles since 2006). Recent deployments highlight ongoing demand, such as the delivery of 40 units to , , in 2023 for enhanced winter resilience, and 119 low-floor trams under a framework agreement since 2015, including options exercised in 2024, each 34 meters long with a 211-passenger capacity. In , secured a framework contract in 2022 for 100 trams to , with production starting in 2025 and the first unit rolled out in October 2025 to phase out older high-floor models. This global adoption underscores Flexity's role in modernizing infrastructure for sustainable urban mobility.

Introduction and Background

Overview

The Flexity is a family of modular and rail vehicles, encompassing trams, vehicles, and tram-trains, designed for versatile deployment in mass transit systems worldwide. Developed as a flexible platform, it supports both low-floor and high-floor configurations to meet diverse infrastructure and operational needs. As of 2025, over 3,500 Flexity units have been delivered, serving more than 100 cities across 20 countries, including notable examples like the in and the in North American networks. Originally produced by , the Flexity line transitioned to following the completion of 's acquisition of in January 2021, which integrated the platform into 's broader portfolio. This shift has enabled continued production and enhancements, with Flexity models now aligned under 's Citadis product family for trams and , facilitating seamless technology sharing and future developments. Key advantages of the Flexity family include its modular , which allows extensive to local requirements such as vehicle length, capacity, and systems; superior through advanced and lightweight materials; and predominantly low-floor designs that enhance passenger accessibility for users, families, and the elderly. These features contribute to reduced operational costs and improved urban mobility. Production occurs at multiple global sites via agreements, including Alstom's facilities in Dandenong, , for local manufacturing; Hennigsdorf and in ; and partnerships supporting assembly in the United States.

Development History

The Flexity platform originated in the late as Bombardier Transportation's strategic response to the rising demand for low-floor trams, which prioritized passenger accessibility and seamless urban integration over traditional high-floor designs, beginning with the Flexity Link model introduced in , , in 1997. Development emphasized modular construction to allow customization across global markets, with the first production orders emerging in 2001, including the low-floor vehicles ordered by the Frankfurt Transport Authority. These early efforts built on prior low-floor innovations, such as the Eurotram series for (later rebranded under the designation), to refine 100% low-floor configurations that eliminated steps for users and reduced boarding times. Key milestones marked the platform's expansion throughout the decade. In 2006, the was formally launched with a major order from the Frankfurt Transport Authority for 146 variants, demonstrating the platform's versatility for both low- and applications in dense urban settings. The 2010s saw further growth into via the variant, first contracted in 2009 for Toronto's streetcar system and subsequently adopted in cities like , adapting European modular principles to stringent local safety and gauge standards. By this period, over 1,000 Flexity vehicles had been delivered worldwide, underscoring the platform's scalability. Technological advancements drove iterative improvements, including the 2005 introduction of 100% low-floor designs in the for , which incorporated corrosion-resistant underframes to withstand harsh environmental conditions like coastal . In the , integrations such as the Obstacle Detection Assistance System (ODAS)—the world's first homologated driver aid for trams—enhanced safety by using sensors to detect and alert on obstacles, as seen in models for and . Production faced challenges from varying international regulations and demands, addressed through agreements with local partners; for instance, assembly of variants occurred at Bombardier's Dandenong facility in to meet domestic content requirements. The 2021 acquisition of by for €7.15 billion integrated Flexity into Alstom's portfolio, enabling hybrid projects that blend Flexity modularity with Citadis efficiency features, such as shared battery systems for non-electrified sections, while adapting to post-acquisition market shifts toward sustainable urban transit.

Core Design Features

Modular Architecture

The Flexity series employs a modular design based on standardized sections, including motor modules for , trailer modules for additional space, and low-floor modules to facilitate . These interchangeable components enable flexible configurations, allowing lengths ranging from approximately 20 to meters and passenger capacities up to 300, depending on the number of modules combined—typically from five to nine sections per vehicle. This approach uses corrosion-resistant construction with bolted aluminum roofs and sidewalls, promoting durability and ease of maintenance. Adaptability is a key feature of the Flexity platform, supporting track gauges between 1,000 mm and 1,435 mm to suit diverse urban and regional networks, such as narrow-gauge systems in or standard European lines. Power systems are configurable for 600–750 V DC third-rail or overhead , as well as 25 kV 50 Hz AC for operations, with bi-directional capability achieved through cabs at both ends and dual-sided doors for efficient turnaround in city environments. These features ensure the vehicles can operate across varied infrastructures without major redesigns. The manufacturing process involves assembling vehicles from pre-fabricated modules at global facilities, including sites in , , and , which reduces production time and costs while enabling rapid customization to meet local specifications. Modules are produced in controlled environments for , then transported and integrated on-site, supporting efficient scaling for large orders like the hundreds of units delivered to cities such as and . Following Alstom's 2021 acquisition of , the Flexity lineup has seen enhanced modularity through integration into the broader Citadis product family, allowing greater interoperability of components such as shared low-floor elements and digital signaling systems like Alstom's Onboard Digital Architecture Suite (ODAS) for collision avoidance and , including battery-electric options for sustainable operations. This post-acquisition synergy expands customization options, as evidenced in recent contracts for Flexity-Citadis configurations in networks and 2024 deliveries to featuring improved chassis designs for reduced vibrations.

Accessibility and Specifications

Flexity vehicles are designed with as a core principle, featuring a 100% low-floor configuration in most models to enable step-free boarding at standard platform heights. This low-floor height typically ranges from 300 to 350 mm above the rail, facilitating easy access for passengers with mobility impairments, including those using wheelchairs or strollers. In high-capacity variants, such as certain models, the low-floor portion covers 65-70% of the interior, with gradual ramps ensuring continued while optimizing space for larger passenger loads. These designs comply with with Disabilities Act (ADA) standards in North American deployments and accessibility directives, including provisions for barrier-free entry and dedicated spaces. Passenger capacity in Flexity trams generally accommodates 50 to 100 seated passengers, supplemented by standing room for up to 150 or more, depending on configuration, to support efficient urban transit flows. Performance specifications include maximum operating speeds of 80 to 100 km/h in models like the , though most variants are rated for 70 km/h to suit street-level operations. Safety features incorporate IP-rated enclosures for corrosion protection against environmental exposure, enhancing durability in varied climates. Sustainability is advanced through systems, such as the MITRAC Energy Saver, which recover up to 30% of braking energy for reuse, reducing overall power consumption. Interior amenities prioritize user comfort and inclusivity, with energy-efficient LED lighting providing uniform illumination and HVAC systems maintaining optimal climate control across all seasons. Each vehicle includes at least two dedicated spaces, often equipped with securement points and adjacent priority seating, alongside multi-purpose areas for additional mobility aids. The modular permits of these features while adhering to benchmarks.

Standard Model Variants

Flexity 2

The represents Bombardier Transportation's premium 100% low-floor tram, optimized for high-density urban routes in modern networks. Launched worldwide in 2011 with its debut in , , the model features an articulated, bi-directional design typically comprising five modules and lengths ranging from 30 to 40 meters, enabling efficient passenger flow and maneuverability in city environments. This configuration draws from the broader Flexity family's modular platform, emphasizing adaptability for urban operations. Initial deployments included 16 units for Transport, entering service in 2012 to modernize the historic tramway and replace older heritage vehicles. In , the Gold Coast Light Rail received 18 units starting in 2014, supporting the system's expansion with seven-module variants up to 43.5 meters for higher capacity on coastal routes. More recently, following 's 2021 acquisition of , orders have continued in , including a 2022 contract for 100 customized trams for 's network, with a head car mock-up unveiled in 2023 to advance low-floor fleet integration. As of October 2025, has produced the first tram for the order, which will undergo testing before deliveries begin in 2026. Key distinguishing features of the Flexity 2 include enhanced impact protection through redesigned cab structures and energy-absorbing elements, meeting stringent safety standards for collisions. It also prioritizes quiet with low and levels, contributing to improved comfort and reduced environmental impact in residential areas. Full is ensured via a step-free interior, wide automatic doors, and dedicated spaces for wheelchairs and strollers, aligning with principles for diverse ridership.

Flexity Classic

The Flexity Classic is a versatile partial low-floor vehicle developed by in the early 2000s, optimized for legacy systems in medium-sized cities handling high volumes. It incorporates a low-floor covering 70% of its length to improve for passengers, including those with aids, while retaining high-floor sections at the ends for compatibility with existing infrastructure such as older depots and tracks. This modular approach allows the model to bridge modern accessibility needs with traditional rail setups without requiring extensive network overhauls. Key specifications of the Flexity Classic include lengths ranging from 21 to 30 meters depending on the variant, widths of 2.4 to 2.65 meters, and maximum speeds of 70 to 80 km/h, enabling efficient operation in urban environments. The model features a robust underframe capable of supporting loads up to approximately 40 tonnes, ensuring durability under heavy usage. It is equipped for integration with standard overhead catenary systems for power collection and offers customizable exterior liveries to align with local transit branding, enhancing visual identity in diverse cityscapes. The Flexity Classic entered service in the 2000s with notable deployments in European and Australian cities. In Frankfurt, Germany, 65 units were ordered in 2001 and began operations in 2003, later expanding to over 125 vehicles by 2014 to modernize the network. Similarly, 15 units were delivered to Adelaide, Australia, in 2006 for the Glenelg line, providing a capacity of around 120 passengers per tram and replacing vintage rolling stock. In Dessau, Germany, 10 two-module units measuring 21.07 meters were introduced to serve the local network, accommodating up to 119 passengers each. Following Alstom's acquisition of in 2021, the platform continues to support deliveries and upgrades in cities, including recent contracts for similar partial low-floor variants to replace aging fleets in locations like , with initial units scheduled from 2023 onward. This ongoing activity underscores the model's adaptability and enduring relevance in addressing infrastructure challenges in established networks.

Flexity Outlook

The Flexity Outlook series comprises fully low-floor articulated trams designed by Bombardier Transportation for compact urban networks, with development commencing in the late 1990s to address the needs of narrow-gauge and tight-turning European street environments. The initial major deployment occurred in Strasbourg, France, where 25 units began operations in 2006 as part of the network expansion, marking a key milestone in low-floor tram adoption for historic city centers. These trams feature a 100% low-floor configuration throughout their length, paired with a narrow body width of 2.3 meters to facilitate navigation through constrained streets while maintaining high accessibility for passengers. Sub-variants of the Flexity Outlook include the Eurotram, optimized for and markets with modular configurations suited to standard 1,435 mm systems. The Eurotram, in particular, prioritizes seamless integration into mixed-traffic scenarios with its bi-directional design and powered access ramps. The series demonstrates modular adaptability, allowing adjustments for regional track gauges without compromising the core low-floor structure. In terms of performance, trams operate at speeds ranging from 65 to 80 km/h, enabling efficient urban transit while supporting capacities exceeding 150 passengers per unit through multi-module layouts that optimize standing and seated space. Advanced (HVAC) systems ensure reliable operation across diverse weather conditions, contributing to year-round availability and passenger comfort in variable climates.

Flexity Swift

The Flexity Swift is a high-performance variant of the Flexity family of light rail vehicles, originally developed by and now produced by , designed primarily for routes requiring elevated operating speeds of 70 to 100 km/h. Developed in the late , it was first deployed in , , starting in 2002, where the initial K-class vehicles formed the basis for subsequent models suited to grade-separated tracks and mixed urban-interurban operations. The design emphasizes aerodynamic profiling to reduce drag at higher speeds, with options for 100% configurations to accommodate elevated platforms, enabling efficient performance on dedicated rights-of-way. Notable deployments include the 24 units delivered to Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, between 2003 and 2004 for the Hiawatha Line (now the METRO Blue Line), which opened in 2004 and integrated the vehicles into a system blending street-level and grade-separated segments. In Cologne, the operator Kölner Verkehrsbetriebe (KVB) ordered an additional 20 high-floor Flexity Swift vehicles in 2015 to modernize its fleet, with deliveries supporting expanded interurban services. Certain variants incorporate dual-power capabilities, combining overhead catenary (750 V DC) with battery systems for non-electrified sections or backup, as seen in Karlsruhe's tram-train fleet where Saft MSX batteries enable seamless 750 V DC and 15 kV AC operation. These vehicles typically operate in 3-section consists with a of up to 210 passengers, prioritizing standing room for peak loads on longer routes while incorporating advanced braking systems for precise stopping in varied environments. Safety is enhanced through modular construction with corrosion-resistant materials and unrestricted driver visibility, contributing to reliable performance across global networks. Low-floor options are available for urban segments to improve , though high-floor models dominate applications.

Flexity Link

The Flexity Link is a specialized model developed by (now part of ) for dual-mode operation, enabling seamless transitions between urban street-level lines and mainline railway tracks. Launched in the late , it was designed to meet both BOStrab regulations for trams and mainline railway standards, facilitating street-to-regional connectivity without transfers. The model incorporates a 50% low-floor design to enhance in urban environments while accommodating the structural demands of travel. The primary deployment of the Flexity Link occurred in Saarbrücken, , where 28 units were introduced in 1997 for the Saarbahn network, serving routes that link city trams with services across the and into neighboring . These vehicles operate under dual-voltage systems—750 V DC for urban sections and 15 kV AC for mainline rails—supporting speeds up to 100 km/h on railway tracks to efficiently cover longer distances. With typical lengths of 37-38 m, the units provide capacity for approximately 200-250 passengers, prioritizing a balance between urban maneuverability and regional performance. Key features of the Flexity Link include crash-resistant end structures compliant with mainline safety standards, such as those required for interoperability with conventional trains, and integration with advanced signaling systems like for automated train protection on shared rail infrastructure. Its modular architecture allows for customized hybrid configurations, with sections optimized for low-floor boarding at street stops and raised floors for rail bogies. This design has proven effective in promoting integrated transport networks, as evidenced by the 's role in daily commuter flows exceeding 40,000 passengers. As of 2025, ongoing developments in European tram-train networks include pilot replacements for legacy Flexity Link fleets, such as the Saarbahn's introduction of new dual-mode vehicles to modernize operations and expand connectivity, reflecting broader trends toward sustainable regional integration.

Flexity Freedom

The Flexity Freedom is a low-floor, articulated light rail vehicle (LRV) developed by Bombardier Transportation—now part of Alstom—for the North American market, specifically tailored to meet the needs of urban transit systems in the United States and Canada. Introduced in the early 2010s, it emphasizes full accessibility in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), featuring a 100% low-floor design that eliminates steps for seamless boarding, particularly benefiting passengers with mobility aids. The vehicle's modular configuration allows lengths of 20 to 30 meters, accommodating varying route demands, while its maximum operating speed of 80 km/h supports efficient service in mixed-traffic environments. Key to its design is a bidirectional layout with operator cabs at both ends and doors on both sides, enabling flexible operations without turning facilities. Constructed primarily from stainless steel, the body withstands corrosion from road salts and harsh winter conditions prevalent in Canadian climates, enhancing durability and reducing long-term maintenance costs. Wide doors—typically paired plug or sliding types—facilitate rapid passenger flow and further support ADA requirements by providing ample clearance for wheelchairs and strollers. The interior prioritizes passenger comfort with ergonomic seating, climate control, and space for up to 250 standees plus seated passengers, depending on the module count (three, five, or seven sections). Major deployments include the ION light rail system in Kitchener-Waterloo, , where 14 units were ordered in 2010 to launch Stage 1 service in 2019, marking the model's North American debut. In , , 52 seven-module vehicles were procured in 2015 for the Valley Line Southeast, opening in 2023, with deliveries extending into the early 2020s to support low-floor network expansions. For Toronto's Eglinton Crosstown LRT (Line 5), ordered 76 units in 2010 (reduced from an initial plan of 182), with production ramping up in the late 2010s and full delivery completed in early to equip the 19 km underground and surface route. These orders highlight the model's role in modernizing legacy streetcar fleets with high-capacity, accessible vehicles suited to dense urban corridors. Following Alstom's 2021 acquisition of Bombardier Transportation, production transitioned seamlessly, with the Thunder Bay, Ontario facility handling final assemblies and technology transfers for ongoing maintenance programs. By 2024, all primary Flexity Freedom orders for ION, Edmonton, and Toronto LRT were complete, enabling full fleet integration and operator training, while Alstom continues to support lifecycle services including predictive maintenance tools for these assets. This has ensured reliable performance amid growing ridership, with the vehicles demonstrating energy efficiency through regenerative braking and compliance with Buy America standards.

Customized and Regional Variants

Berlin Variant

The Berlin Variant of the Flexity tram, known as the Urbanliner, represents a customized extra-long configuration developed specifically for the (BVG) to address capacity demands on the city's dense tram network. Planning for this variant began in the , culminating in a framework agreement signed in December 2020 with (now part of ) for up to 117 vehicles, including an initial firm order for 20 units comprising three five-module and 17 nine-module trams. The nine-module design measures 50.89 meters in length and 2.40 meters in width, making it the longest tram ever built for , with a 100% low-floor layout to enhance accessibility across its entire length. It accommodates 312 passengers, including 92 seated and 220 standing, surpassing the capacity of previous double-traction GT6 trams by 12 passengers. Deliveries of the Urbanliner commenced with a prototype presented in July 2024, followed by the first series vehicles arriving from summer 2024 onward, with the prototype entering service in early 2025 and full series production continuing through 2026. In February 2025, BVG exercised an option for an additional 45 nine-module units under the framework, bringing confirmed orders to 65 vehicles and supporting fleet expansion to over 80 by the end of 2025 to replace aging stock. Manufactured at Alstom's facility in , these trams build on the modular Flexity architecture while incorporating Berlin-specific adaptations for high-density urban routes. Key features include the Obstacle Detection Assistance System (ODAS), a camera-based driver assistance technology that replaces traditional mirrors to improve and prevent collisions; it achieved world-first in in 2020. The trams also feature innovative low-noise bogies that reduce track and wheel noise, promoting quieter operation suitable for Berlin's residential areas along tram lines. Additional amenities encompass , adjustable LED lighting, real-time passenger information screens, and multifunctional barrier-free zones for wheelchairs, bicycles, and strollers. Operationally, the Urbanliner primarily serves the M4 trunk line from to Falkenberg and Zingster Strasse, handling up to 100,000 passengers per day per direction on this 24-hour route, thereby alleviating overcrowding and enhancing reliability in Berlin's extensive network—the third-largest in the world. With platforms extended to accommodate up to 60-meter vehicles, the introduction of these high-capacity trams supports sustainable by increasing throughput without expanding footprint.

Vienna Variant

The Flexity Wien represents a customized low-floor variant developed in the 2010s for , the public transport operator in , , to modernize the city's tram network. This model draws from the broader Flexity family but incorporates adaptations for 's infrastructure, including a 100% low-floor design across five modules for enhanced accessibility. The trams measure 34 meters in length, 2.4 meters in width, and reach a maximum speed of 70 km/h, providing capacity for 211 passengers with wide passageways and dedicated multi-purpose areas for strollers, bicycles, and wheelchairs. In June 2015, Wiener Linien placed an order for 119 Flexity Wien trams from , with an option for up to 37 more, as part of a broader effort to replace older high-floor vehicles and expand service in the . Deliveries began in late 2019, enabling deployment on key lines such as 1, 2, D, O, and 71, and by February 2025, the 100th unit had entered revenue service, contributing to a fleet length equivalent to over 3.4 kilometers if lined up end-to-end. In July 2024, exercised the option for an additional 27 trams to further support network growth and increased ridership. The Flexity Wien's design prioritizes regional within Austria's standard-gauge networks, facilitating potential shared operations across cities. A closely related variant was selected for , where in May 2023 Holding Graz awarded a for 15 five-section Flexity trams, including , with an option for 16 additional units. The was formally signed in January 2024, and the first prototype was presented at Alstom's facility in May 2025, with initial deliveries slated for late 2025 to replace aging trams on 's lines. These units feature localized adaptations, such as -specific exterior styling compliant with updated regulations, while maintaining compatibility with Austrian standards for seamless integration. Following Alstom's 2021 acquisition of , production and support for the Flexity Wien have transitioned to Alstom's Austrian operations, ensuring continued local manufacturing and added value within the country.

Toronto Variant

The Toronto variant of the Flexity streetcar was developed specifically for the (TTC) under a signed in 2009 with , now part of Alstom, to replace the aging fleet with modern low-floor models tailored for urban operations in a Canadian . These vehicles, known as , feature a 100% low-floor for seamless , measuring 30.2 meters in length with four wide doors per side, , and interior bike racks to accommodate up to 251 passengers (70 seated and 181 standing). Built on the established Flexity platform, the Toronto adaptations include enhanced durability for mixed-traffic environments and integration with local infrastructure, such as TTC's track network. The initial order comprised 204 units, with deliveries commencing in 2014 after prototype testing in 2012-2013, and the final vehicle arriving in January 2020 despite earlier production delays caused by manufacturing issues at Bombardier's facility. In 2021, the TTC exercised an option for an additional 60 vehicles from , valued at approximately CAD 396 million, with the first entering service in November 2023 and the full batch completing delivery by late 2025 to expand the fleet to 264 units. These expansions support growing ridership demands and align with the 's capital plan for sustainable transit. Key Toronto-specific features include onboard integration with the PRESTO contactless fare system, featuring card readers and vending machines at each door for efficient boarding, which was rolled out alongside the vehicles to modernize fare collection. is prioritized through the low-floor configuration, wide doorways (over 1.3 meters), and dedicated spaces for mobility devices, enabling level boarding at upgraded stops without ramps or lifts. While early deliveries faced setbacks, including supply chain disruptions that pushed timelines beyond the original 2019 completion, these were resolved by 2020 for the core fleet, allowing progressive integration across routes like 504 King and ; by November 2025, the expanded fleet operates fully, enhancing service reliability and capacity.

Other Regional Adaptations

In , beyond the major variants in and , Flexity trams have been adapted for local needs in cities like and . In , , the local transport operator Duisburger Verkehrsgesellschaft AG ordered 47 low-floor trams from in 2017, with deliveries commencing in 2020 to replace older vehicles. These 34-meter-long, bidirectional units accommodate up to 200 passengers and incorporate 70% low-floor design for , along with the world's first approved image-based driver assistance system, known as the Obstacle Detection and Assistance System (ODAS), which uses cameras to detect obstacles and alert drivers to prevent collisions. In , , 26 trams, delivered starting in 2007, feature a distinctive ship-like design inspired by the city's maritime heritage, with a bow-shaped front end and wood-paneled interiors to evoke a nautical theme while providing low-floor access and capacity for 250 passengers across 42.5 meters. In and , Flexity implementations include the established fleet in , , where 14 Flexity Classic low-floor trams have operated on the Glenelg line since 2008, customized with air-conditioning suited to the region's climate and integrated into network extensions for improved urban connectivity. Following 's 2021 acquisition of , the company has continued fleet support and upgrades for sustainability. In , post-2021 developments signal potential growth as part of "" initiatives to localize production and expand networks in major cities. Emerging markets in and the are exploring Flexity technology transfers, though specific pilots remain in early stages without confirmed deployments as of 2025. Overall, since Alstom's acquisition, Flexity adaptations have trended toward , incorporating hybrid battery systems in select tram variants to enable catenary-free operation on non-electrified sections, reducing emissions and supporting greener urban mobility worldwide.

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