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Habitation and Logistics Outpost

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) is the first pressurized module of NASA's Lunar Gateway, a planned space station in lunar orbit designed to support the Artemis program's goals of sustainable human exploration of the Moon and preparation for Mars missions.^[1] It serves as the primary living quarters and command center for crews of up to four astronauts, providing habitable volume for up to 30 days when docked with the Orion spacecraft, along with workspaces for scientific research, exercise, and mission planning.^[2] With a diameter of 3.0 meters and three docking ports, HALO facilitates crew transfers, resupply, and integration with other Gateway elements, including the European Space Agency's communications systems and the Canadian Space Agency's robotic interfaces.^[2]^[3] Development of HALO began under a $935 million firm-fixed-price contract awarded to Northrop Grumman in 2021, drawing on the company's experience with the Cygnus spacecraft used for International Space Station resupply missions.^[3] The module's primary structure was fabricated by Thales Alenia Space in Turin, Italy, and shipped to the United States in April 2025 for final outfitting at Northrop Grumman's facility in Gilbert, Arizona. As of November 2025, it is undergoing integration and testing at the facility.^[1]^[4] HALO incorporates advanced systems such as an Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) for managing air quality, humidity, and carbon dioxide; fault-tolerant avionics; and active thermal control with conformal radiators to ensure crew safety in the deep-space environment.^[2] It also hosts science payloads, including the Heliophysics Environmental and Radiation Measurement Experiment Suite, to study space weather and radiation in cislunar space.^[3] As a foundational component of the Gateway, HALO will launch co-manifested with the Power and Propulsion Element aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Kennedy Space Center, targeting insertion into a near-rectilinear halo orbit around the Moon to support Artemis IV and subsequent missions starting in the late 2020s.^[1]^[2] This orbit allows efficient access to the lunar surface while minimizing fuel needs for station-keeping, enabling long-duration stays and serving as a waypoint for international partners like the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, which contributes batteries, and the European Space Agency, which provides additional habitat and refueling capabilities.^[3] By enabling extended human presence beyond low-Earth orbit, HALO represents a critical step in NASA's vision for multi-planetary exploration.^[1]

Development

Historical background

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) originated as the Minimal Habitation Module (MHM) under NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships-2 (NextSTEP-2) program, initiated in 2016 to develop deep-space habitation capabilities through industry partnerships.^[5] This effort involved multiple contractors, including Northrop Grumman, in designing prototype habitats compatible with NASA's Artemis program goals for lunar and beyond exploration. The MHM concept was specifically selected for its integration potential with existing technologies, such as the pressurized structure and systems from Northrop Grumman's Cygnus spacecraft, which had already demonstrated reliability through 13 cargo missions to the International Space Station.^[5] In July 2019, NASA issued a sole-source contract to Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems for the MHM's development as the first pressurized element of the Lunar Gateway, prioritizing timeline and cost efficiency to meet the 2024 human lunar landing mandate set by the Trump administration.^[5] This decision was driven by the need for rapid progress, as a full competitive procurement would have delayed the module's 2023 launch target by 12 to 18 months, and Northrop Grumman was the only NextSTEP-2 participant with a mature design ready for production.^[5] By September 2019, the module had evolved from the earlier "Utilization Module" concept—initially envisioned as a smaller logistics-focused element—into HALO, reflecting a shift toward enhanced habitation features while maintaining its core role in the Gateway architecture.^[6] HALO's design emphasizes its function as a staging point for sustained lunar surface missions and preparation for deep space exploration, providing living quarters and logistics support in lunar orbit to enable extended astronaut operations.^[2] Key milestones advanced this evolution: On June 5, 2020, NASA awarded Northrop Grumman a $187 million contract for preliminary design and development of HALO, culminating in a preliminary design review by late 2020.^[7] This was followed by the finalization of a $935 million firm-fixed-price contract on July 9, 2021, for fabrication, integration, and testing, covering the full development through launch preparation.^[3] As the core habitation module for the Gateway, HALO is scheduled to launch no earlier than 2027 alongside the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.^[8]^[9] This integrated launch will position HALO in a near-rectilinear halo orbit around the Moon, serving as the foundational pressurized volume for the station's initial operations.^[8]

International contributions and contractors

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) represents a key element of international collaboration under the Artemis Accords, with Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems serving as the lead U.S. contractor for overall integration and leveraging its Cygnus spacecraft-derived design.^[3] The company's responsibilities include final outfitting, systems integration, and preparation for launch, building on a $935 million fixed-price contract awarded by NASA in July 2021.^[3] This effort emphasizes cost-sharing among partners, aligning with the program's total fabrication phase valued at $935 million, following an initial $187 million design phase contract in June 2020.^[7]^[3] Thales Alenia Space in Italy, operating under the European Space Agency (ESA), fabricated HALO's primary pressurized cylinder structure in Turin.^[10] The module underwent packaging in February 2025 before shipment to the United States, arriving at Northrop Grumman's facilities in Gilbert, Arizona, on April 4, 2025, for subsequent outfitting and integration of international components.^[10]^[1] Prior to shipment, the structure completed rigorous stress testing in October 2024 at Thales Alenia Space's facilities, verifying its integrity under simulated launch and space environment loads.^[11] International partners contribute specialized elements to enhance HALO's functionality. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) supplies lithium-ion batteries for power storage, utilizing its JMG190 cell technology to ensure reliable energy management in lunar orbit.^[12] The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) provides interfaces compatible with the Canadarm3 robotic arm, enabling external maintenance, payload handling, and module relocation on the Gateway.^[13] ESA contributes radiation monitoring systems, including components of the European Radiation Sensors Array (ERSA) for external exposure assessment and the Internal Dosimeter Array (IDA) for internal dosimetry within HALO, supporting astronaut safety during extended missions.^[13]^[14]^[15] As of November 2025, integration of these international elements continues at Northrop Grumman's Arizona site, with the module on track for a 2027 launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy alongside the Power and Propulsion Element. This collaborative progress underscores the Gateway's role as a multinational outpost, fostering shared technological advancements for deep-space exploration.^[13]

Design and construction

Physical specifications

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) features a cylindrical pressurized structure derived from an enhanced version of Northrop Grumman's Cygnus spacecraft pressurized cargo module, manufactured by Thales Alenia Space.^[16]^[10] The module measures 3 meters in diameter and approximately 7 meters in length, including a 1-meter extension beyond the standard Cygnus design to accommodate additional living space requirements.^[10] The primary structure underwent static load testing at 1.25 times operational loads in October 2024 to verify integrity against launch vibrations and acoustic pressures, with further thermal vacuum and vibration qualification planned at NASA facilities.^[11]^[17] The structure was shipped to the United States in April 2025 for final outfitting at Northrop Grumman's facility in Gilbert, Arizona.^[1] This configuration provides the initial pressurized habitable volume for the Gateway, contributing to the overall station's approximately 125 cubic meters of habitable space when fully assembled with additional modules.^[18] The primary structure employs a monolithic composite design with aluminum honeycomb panels forming the pressure vessel, ensuring structural integrity in the vacuum of space.^[19] It incorporates micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) protection systems, along with external secondary structures and hatches compatible with NASA's International Docking System Standard (IDSS).^[10]^[17] The module's dry mass is constrained to a maximum of 9 metric tons to enable co-launch with the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) aboard a single commercial launch vehicle.^[17] HALO includes three docking ports—two axial (forward and aft) for primary vehicle interfaces and one radial for module expansion—allowing connections to spacecraft such as Orion, logistics resupply vehicles, and future Gateway elements.^[2]^[20] It is integrated with the PPE prior to launch, forming the initial Gateway core in lunar orbit.^[21] Designed for a minimum 15-year operational lifespan in near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO), HALO incorporates thermal radiators for heat rejection and radiation-resistant outer layers to mitigate cosmic radiation exposure.^[18]^[16]

Key systems and features

The Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) in the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) provides essential life support functions, including air revitalization, carbon dioxide removal, humidity control, and delivery of nitrogen and oxygen to maintain a habitable atmosphere for up to four crew members during visits lasting approximately 30 days.^[21]^[2]^[22] Developed by Paragon Space Development Corporation under contract with Northrop Grumman, the ECLSS incorporates closed-loop processes for water recovery and waste management, ensuring operational efficiency during crewed periods and long dormancy phases between missions.^[23]^[24] It also includes contingency measures for CO2 scrubbing and fire suppression to enhance crew safety in the deep-space environment.^[2]^[25] HALO's power subsystem relies on lithium-ion batteries supplied by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which store energy to support operations during eclipse periods when solar input is limited.^[13]^[12] These batteries are charged through the high-power bus connected to the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), enabling distribution of electrical power to HALO's internal systems and visiting vehicles.^[2] For thermal management, the system features deployable radiators to reject heat in the lunar vacuum, maintaining stable temperatures across the module's pressurized volume during both crewed and uncrewed configurations.^[13] Communications capabilities are anchored by the European Space Agency's (ESA) Lunar Link system, formerly known as the HALO Lunar Communications System (HLCS), which provides high-rate radio-frequency and laser links for data relay between HALO, Earth, the lunar surface, and other Gateway assets.^[26]^[2] Integrated avionics support autonomous operations, including docking coordination with visiting spacecraft, while time-triggered Ethernet networks ensure reliable, high-speed data handling for mission control and scientific payloads.^[27]^[2] Robotics and utility interfaces in HALO include provisions from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) for integration with the Canadarm3 robotic system, offering external mounting points and power/data connections to facilitate maintenance, payload handling, and module relocation.^[13]^[28] Internally, the module features organized cargo stowage racks for logistics resupply, along with integrated waste management and fire suppression systems tied to the ECLSS for safe handling of up to several metric tons of supplies over mission durations.^[16]^[25] To ensure long-term reliability, HALO incorporates redundancy across critical functions, such as dual avionics strings and fault-tolerant designs, supporting in-orbit maintainability for a minimum 15-year operational lifespan in cislunar space.^[29]^[18]^[30] These features allow for repairs and upgrades by crew or robotics, minimizing downtime while housed within the module's pressurized structure.^[31]

Role and operations

Habitation capabilities

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) is designed to support a crew of up to four astronauts during visits to the Gateway lunar space station, enabling stays of 30 days when docked with the Orion spacecraft and extendable to 90 days through periodic resupply missions.^[21] This capacity includes dedicated sleeping quarters equipped with temperature control, noise and light mitigation features, and organized stowage for personal items to promote rest and psychological well-being.^[17] A galley area facilitates meal preparation, storage, and communal dining, while exercise equipment—such as portable devices with vibration isolation systems—helps maintain crew physical health in microgravity.^[17] HALO's human factors design emphasizes ergonomic layouts optimized for efficiency in microgravity environments, derived from extensive analog testing and evaluations of workspace configurations to balance task performance and habitability.^[32] These include intuitive orientation cues, accessible volumes for daily activities, and large windows (at least 50.8 cm in diameter) providing views of Earth and the Moon to support mental health and reduce isolation effects.^[17] For health and safety, an integrated medical workstation supports telemedicine, clinical care, imaging, pharmacy services, and emergency procedures to monitor and address crew wellness.^[17] Radiation protection is achieved through structural materials and module design features, including designated safe havens in crew quarters during solar events, while hygiene facilities incorporate compact waste collection systems and personal hygiene areas separated from living spaces to maintain cleanliness.^[17]^[32] Daily operations in HALO revolve around structured workflows for sustenance, leisure, and mission tasks, such as preparing meals in the galley, recreational activities using exercise gear or viewing ports, and preparations for extravehicular activities (EVAs) via adjacent docking interfaces.^[17] The module connects seamlessly with subsequent Gateway elements like the Lunar I-Hab to expand living and working areas, allowing crews to transition between spaces for collaborative work or rest.^[21] Underlying life support systems, including the Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS), ensure sustainability by regulating atmosphere, temperature (4–27°C), pressure (65–102 kPa), water quality, and waste processing, minimizing resupply needs and facilitating Artemis program crew rotations for extended lunar exploration.^[33]^[17]

Logistics and docking functions

The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) serves as the central docking hub for the Lunar Gateway, featuring one axial port compatible with the NASA Docking System for crewed vehicles such as the Orion spacecraft, and two radial ports designed for resupply and cargo vehicles, including derivatives of the Cygnus spacecraft. This configuration allows for up to three simultaneous docking connections, facilitating efficient integration of visiting spacecraft, lunar landers, and logistics modules during Artemis missions.^[6] HALO's cargo management capabilities include dedicated internal stowage areas optimized for organized storage and handling of supplies such as food, spare parts, and scientific samples delivered from Earth or the lunar surface, supporting just-in-time resupply operations to sustain long-duration missions. Additionally, interfaces for the Canadarm3 robotic arm provided by the Canadian Space Agency allow for the handling of uncrewed deliveries and external payload transfers, including support for extravehicular activities via the Gateway's dedicated airlock module.^[16]^[21] As a key logistics node for NASA's Artemis program, HALO acts as a staging point for surface missions, enabling the preparation and transfer of equipment like rovers and habitats to lunar landers prior to descent. It integrates with the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) to maintain orbital stability in the near-rectilinear halo orbit, ensuring reliable access for mission-critical resupply and crew rotations. Operational protocols include pre-planned docking sequences beginning with the HALO and PPE launch targeted for 2027, followed by sequential additions of other modules to complete Gateway assembly by the late 2020s, all designed to support a minimum 15-year operational lifespan.^[8]^[13]

Scientific instruments

HERMES

The Heliophysics Environmental and Radiation Measurement Experiment Suite (HERMES) is a NASA-led external science payload designed for the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) module of the Lunar Gateway, scheduled for launch no earlier than January 2027 aboard the first Gateway elements on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.^[34] Once deployed in near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO), HERMES will operate for at least two years, providing continuous observations of heliophysics phenomena and space weather from a unique vantage point in lunar orbit, approximately 384,000 km from Earth on average.^[35] This suite addresses key gaps in deep-space monitoring by capturing data on solar activity and its interactions with Earth's magnetosphere, complementing the Heliophysics System Observatory.^[36] HERMES incorporates four compact, high-heritage instruments to measure charged particles and fields in the lunar environment. The Solar Probe Cup (SPC), a Faraday cup-based sensor, detects solar wind ions to determine velocity, density, and flow direction.^[37] The Electron ElectroStatic Analyzer (EESA) measures suprathermal electrons in the 1 eV to 20 keV range, while the Miniaturized Electron pRoton Telescope (MERIT) identifies energetic particles, including electrons and protons up to 100 MeV.^[37] A Mini-Magnetospheric Magnetometer (M3) array provides triaxial measurements of magnetic field variations with sensitivities down to 0.1 nT.^[37] The primary objectives of HERMES center on quantifying space weather variability driven by solar processes and modulated by Earth's magnetosphere. During monthly NRHO traversals through the magnetotail, the suite will observe solar particle events, substorms, and reconnection dynamics, offering insights into how lunar orbit enables dual-view observations of the heliosphere and magnetosphere.^[35] These measurements will enhance models of radiation hazards for deep-space missions, filling observational voids beyond low-Earth orbit where ground-based and near-Earth assets are limited.^[38] HERMES transmits real-time telemetry to ground stations via the Gateway's communication systems, enabling near-instantaneous space weather forecasting for Artemis operations and beyond.^[36] Data products, including particle spectra and magnetic field time series, will be archived in NASA's Heliophysics Data Portal for global research access, supporting predictive analytics for solar energetic particle fluxes.^[39] Mounted externally on HALO's zenith-facing structure, HERMES draws power from the module's batteries and integrates with the Gateway's power distribution without crew intervention.^[13] This configuration allows seamless operation alongside other external payloads, augmenting terrestrial observatories like SOHO and ACE by providing persistent upstream solar wind data from cislunar space.^[40]

ERSA

The European Radiation Sensors Array (ERSA) is an exterior payload developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and integrated onto the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) module prior to launch as part of NASA's Gateway station in lunar orbit.^[41]^[42] This array monitors galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) to assess radiation hazards for astronauts during deep space missions.^[43] By providing real-time data on particle fluxes beyond Earth's magnetosphere, ERSA supports enhanced safety protocols for the Artemis program.^[41] ERSA incorporates several specialized instruments to characterize the radiation environment. Silicon detectors, including Miniaturized Pixelated Detectors (MiniPix) units, measure particle spectra for protons and heavy ions, enabling identification of GCR and SEP compositions.^[41] Dosimeters, such as the ESA Active Dosimeter (EAD) boards, quantify dose rates across different phases of the Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO), capturing variations in exposure levels.^[41]^[42] Time-of-flight sensors within the Next Generation Radiation Monitor (NGRM) provide directionality information for incoming particles, aiding in the reconstruction of radiation field geometry.^[41] Additional components like the Standard Radiation Environment Monitor (SREM) and ICARE-NG contribute to comprehensive particle tracking and effects on electronics.^[41] The primary objectives of ERSA include evaluating the radiation environment in NRHO, with particular attention to solar wind modulation effects on particle fluxes near the Moon.^[41] This data informs shielding design optimizations and mission planning for operations extending beyond low-Earth orbit, such as Mars transit scenarios.^[42] Data analysis involves comparing in-situ measurements against ground-based models to refine predictions of radiation events and support risk assessments for Artemis crewed missions.^[41] ERSA is planned to operate starting in 2027 for long-term datasets even during uncrewed phases.^[41] Physically, ERSA is attached to the radial port area of PPE, drawing redundant power from the module's systems via a Central Electronic Unit (CEU) for reliable operation.^[41] Data from the array will be shared internationally through ESA and NASA collaborations, contributing to global space weather forecasting and radiation protection standards.^[41]^[42]

IDA

The Internal Dosimeter Array (IDA) is a joint European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) payload designed to monitor radiation exposure inside the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) module of the Lunar Gateway.^[15] It consists of a suite of passive and active dosimeters distributed throughout the habitable volume to provide real-time data on crew radiation levels from sources such as solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays.^[14] The array complements external sensors by focusing on internal fields, enabling validation of total exposure through correlation with broader environmental measurements.^[44] Key instruments in the IDA include the TRITEL silicon detector telescope for directional dose measurements, the European Active Dosimeter (EAD) for real-time active monitoring, and the MediPix Timepix pixel detector for particle tracking and spectroscopy.^[45] These sensors track dose equivalents in units such as micrograys (μGy) across various body locations and module areas, capturing both charged and neutral particle contributions to exposure.^[44] The system operates autonomously with low power requirements, drawing from HALO's environmental control systems.^[45] The primary objectives of the IDA are to evaluate the shielding effectiveness of the HALO structure against deep-space radiation, measure internal dose rates during solar particle events, and generate data to refine radiation models for future human missions to Mars.^[44] By providing long-term datasets over at least seven years, it supports astronaut health risk assessments and informs habitat design improvements.^[45] Data collection involves fixed installations in critical zones such as sleeping quarters and workstations, as well as portable units worn by crew members to map personalized exposure profiles.^[14] Measurements are processed onboard and downlinked via the Gateway's communication systems for analysis, ensuring continuous monitoring from HALO's arrival in lunar orbit.^[46] The IDA was integrated into HALO during U.S. outfitting operations in 2025, prior to the module's launch aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket.^[47] This placement in a dedicated payload enclosure allows for seamless operation within the module's pressurized environment, contributing to the Gateway's overall radiation protection strategy.^[41]

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